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01/20/2015
Plant X
Cyclohexane
502,085
84.16
960
18,700
1.09
17.37
1.0000
33.554
0.3
1
7,680.00
150
0.012
560
0.965
300
REQUIRED BY
LB/HR
DEG R
BTU/LB
PSIA
Perturb
MPH
Calc by BLEVE
0.80
BTU/HR SQFT
FT
MOLE FRAC
DEG R
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
API , B&S
API , B&S
API , B&S
ALL
ALL
B&S
B&S
BTU/hr/sf
RESULTS
(Inches) =
R.A. Hawrelak
API
BRAUN
B&S
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.14
15.00
15.00
124.06
93.87
74.99
75.00
< -------Btu/hr/sf
5,405
6,148
6,893
7,549
8,005
0.00
75.70
85.76
Check Min. In Stk Ht
Qrad+Q solar
Btu/hr/sf
16,476
15,994
14,705
12,971
11,144
31.42
54.16
68.82
------->
Btu/hr/sf
14,212
15,080
14,789
13,467
11,605
01/20/2015
125
150
175
200
300
500
Average for 50 to 200 ft. in 10 seconds =
8,161
7,980
7,505
6,839
4,069
1,620
7,677.8
24.21
9,448
7,980
6,756
5,753
3,282
1,517
Btu/hr/sf
kW/m2
DISCUSSION OF METHODS:
The three methods are similar though there are a few key differences. The
Braun method is for still air only, while the Brzustowski and Sommers (B&S)
method is for use in a wind field only. The API method can be used with or
without wind. Both the API and B&S methods take into account the bend in the
flame due to wind velocity. All three methods determine stack diameter to give
an exit velocity that is a fraction of the sonic velocity.
The length of the flame is calculated in the API report as a log-log function
of heat release while in the Braun method the flame length is directly related
to stack diameter. In all methods the point that the radiation emits from is the
centre of the flame. However, the calculation of this centre is different in each
case. API uses an arithmetic average of the flame length which is then added to
the stack height. The Braun method uses a geometric average of the stack
height and the stack height plus the flame length. The third method (B&S) uses
a two parameter correlation to determine the centre of the flame. These
parameters are a lower explosive limit concentration parameter and a
parameter for jet thrust and wind speed. The distances found from the
correlation are then added to the stack height.
The radiant heat reaching the ground is dependent on the fraction of the
heat generated that is radiated. Both API and B&S use a fixed factor. Braun uses
a correlation for the emissivity of the gas as a function of molecular weight.
This emissivity is then used as the fraction radiated.
DOW DESIGN PRINCIPLES:
See LPP 14.2
Flare stack height should be based on a maximum heat intensity of 3000
Btu/hr sq ft at the base and personnel restricted from the area where radiation
exceeds 1500 Btu/hr sq ft (including solar radiation of 400 Btu/hr sq ft).
LPP14.2 recommends the use of API 521.
6000
5000
4000
3000
R.A. Hawrelak
2000
1000
9,686
7,980
6,572
5,448
2,869
1,255
8000
Level 2 Eqt Damage By TNO
(7,927
BTU/hr/sf - 30 Minutes)
7000
BTU/HR/SF
Flare Stack6000
Design
01/20/2015
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
100
200
300
400
R.A. Hawrelak
500
600
Cht
10000
9000
8000
7000
BTU/hr/sf
6000
Avg Flux
L2 Eqt Damage
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000
1000
Cht
0
0
100
200
300
400
Page 5
500
600
Example
01/20/2015
A Rating Basis: Case 1: BCon & Reactor - External Fire - RV = 8"x10" T to 16" Sch 40 Stack
TNO
TNO
Code No. =
Ist Burns
1
Time, secs =
kW/m2 =
BTU/hr/sf
Radn Dose =
Probit =
0-50% Fat
50-100% F
Total % =
Comments
Probit Note
2nd Burns
2
TNO
Lethal
Unptotected
3
TNO
Lethal
Protected
4
Eisenberg
5
10
24.21
7,678
7.01E+06
10
24.21
7,678
7.01E+06
10
24.21
7,678
7.01E+06
10
24.21
7,678
7.01E+06
10
24.21
7,678
7.01E+06
7.7496
4.4396
3.9711
3.1211
1.8726
k1 =
k2 =
n=
R.A. Hawrelak
% Fatality
0.70%
0.00%
0.70%
Eisenberg
0.70%
TNO Constants
Code No. =
CPQRA
TNO
Ist Burns
1
2nd Burns
2
-39.83
3.0186
1.333333
-43.14
3.0186
1.333333
TNO
Lethal
Unptotected
3
-36.38
2.56
1.333333
04:58:56
TNO
Lethal
Protected
4
-37.23
2.56
1.333333
CPQRA
Eisenberg
5
-14.9
2.56
1.333333
01/20/2015
TNO
Glasstone
Eisenberg
6
10
24.21
7,678
7.01E+06
1.8711
% Fatality
0.70%
0.00%
0.70%
(kW/m2)^1.333333 } ]
kW/m2)^1.333333 } ]
TNO
Glasstone
Eisenberg
6
-38.48
2.56
1.333333
R.A. Hawrelak
04:58:56
Eisenberg
Eisenberg Pool And Flash Fire Thermal Radiation Hazards - 1975 CPQRA,
100
10
1
1
10
100
Page 8
100
Eisenberg
100% Fatality
90% Fatality
50% Fatality
10% Fatality
2nd Burns
1st Burns
U.S. Pain TH
Data Pt
1000
Page 9
Hymes
1,000.00
100.00
10.00
1.00
1
10
Exposure Time - Secs
Page 10
100
Hymes
Chart
Pain
Lwr Blister
Upper Blister
Start 2 Burns
LC01 Avg Clthg
LC50 Avg Clthg
3 Burns 2mm thk
Data Pt.
100
Page 11
Mudan
Fig 2.33: Serious Injury/Fatality Levels For Thermal Radiations (Mudan 1984, CP
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
1
10
100
Incident Thermal Flux, kW/m2
Page 12
100
Mudan
100% Fatality
50% Fatality
1% Fatality
1st Deg Burns
Pain Threshold
Data Pt
1000
Page 13
Prugh
1000
100
10
0.1
0.1
10
Page 14
100
1000
Prugh
ation Chart
1000
Page 15
01/20/2015
Determine Vent Heights for Emergency Releases of Heavy Gases From Stacks
Method By F.T. Bodurtha, Plant/Operations Progress (Vol 7, No. 2) April, 1988, P-122
A Rating Basis: Case 1: BCon & Reactor - External Fire - RV = 8"x10" T to 16" Sch 4
15.00
2.24
84.16
28.84
100.00%
500
100
502,085
14.7
2.5
1.20%
1
6
15
inches
mph
Propane
Vol %
deg F
deg F
lb/hr
psia
Min = 2.5, Max = 5.0, by Bodurth
Vol %
Rural Terrain
F - Very Stable
Minutes
Results for a Point Sorce Release at Ground Level With Zero Momentum & No Plume Rise:
Vf, Volume of Fuel in Flammable
C.L. Distance to LEL
Mass From 100% to LEL
#NAME?
#NAME?
#NAME?
2.0562
1.2272
0.1201
1,161.24
946.26
0.0706
Nozzle Diam, D =
Exit Stack Temp, Ts =
Wind Velocity, u =
Stack exit Velocity, vs =
Vapor Specific Gravity, SG =
A = SG^0.6667/(SG - 1)^0.333
Lower Flammable Limit, L =
Source Conc, Xs =
381.00
533.33
1.00
288.43
1.70
1.60
1.20%
100.00%
mm
K
meters/sec
meters/sec
R.A. HAWRELAK
04:58:57
cubic ft.
Feet
lbs
A factor
v/v%
v/v%
01/20/2015
Stack Height, hs =
Momentary Conc Multiplier, B =
By Eq 4, p-122, Fr =
Plume Rise (Eq 2), H =
22.11
2.50
232.30
149.86
meters
Min = 2.5, Max = 5.0, by Bodurth
Froude No.
meters
22.43 m/s
22.11 m
1.0014
288.4250
1.9238
1.1302
0.3810
232.30
0.62
149.86
71.38
22.11
R.A. HAWRELAK
m/s
m/s
kgm/cu.m.
kgm/cu.m.
meters
meters
meters
meters
252.22 meters
1,377 ppmv
04:58:57
01/20/2015
0.381
1.00
meters
meters/sec
cubic meters
meters
kgms
15
kgm/cm
cubic m/s
meters/sec
R.A. HAWRELAK
04:58:57
01/20/2015
73.60
ft./sec
72.53
ft.
g=
R.A. HAWRELAK
9.8146793465
04:58:57
Sketch
Figure C-1:
Page 86
dX
Yc
Xc
D
H
R'
R
Page 20
Sketch
dY
Page 21