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Abstract
Now, after many years the new ISO 12494: "Atmospheric Icing of Structures" has been finished and is ready for use. As it is the first standard,
where all issues about ice and dimensioning for ice have been collected in
the same standard, it differs in its substance from "normal" constructional
standards (codes of practice) for actions on structures. Therefore, it may be
necessary to introduce the use of it for meteorologists, designers and other
interested engineers as well as other users.
This paper explains how the structural designer or engineer should use the
ISO 12494 and point out the most important facilities for this use. The
types of actions specified are ice mass as well as wind action from wind
load on the iced structure. The standard has been prepared in such a way
that it invites to use small "calculation tools" which very much facilitates
the use of information and improves the understanding of the whole structure of the standard.
The standard could be used also even if a National Standard of icing already exists, because more or less of the content could be adopted by the
National Standard without any problems or contradictions. The ISO 12494
could e.g., be used for preparing icing maps for countries or part of countries, as National Bodies often want this.
Keywords: Icing; structural design; ice actions; calculation of loads; combination of loads.
Introduction
As it is the first time a standard include all necessary information for dimensioning structures for both glaze and rime, a guidance for its use may
be appropriate, and this paper might be a start.
The definitions of Ice Classes for both glaze and rime as well as the principle for using the standard including examples of the most needed tools is
presented and commented. The steps through the whole dimensioning process are shown and how this process needs connection to information of
icing data, given in the standard. For practical use of cause it is necessary to
have the ISO 12494 itself as only few examples from its content are shown
in this paper, but it is possible to use the standard in a very constructive
way when designing for atmospheric ice.
678
Paper No: 01-MF-04
Page: 1 of 8
The expression: "Ice Class" (hereafter IC) has been introduced as the simple way to define which amount of ice is or will be present on the structure
in question. ICs have been defined for both glaze and hard rime because
characteristics for these differ. ICG is for glaze deposits and ICR for rime
deposits (wet snow is here treated as rime).
Table 1 is an example from the standard, which gathers some basic information on the types of ice accretion. Figure 1 is a guideline to predict the
likelihood for the type of ice accreted on the site in question.
Table 1" Meteorological parameters, controlling atmospheric ice
accretion
Type of
ice
Air temperature [ ~ C]
Wind
speed
[m/s]
Droplet
size
Water
content
in air
Typical
storm
duration
any
any
large
flakes
medium
very
high
hours
hours
see
fig. 1
see
fig. 1
see
fig. 1
medium
medium
small
high
hours
medium
days
low
days
If you as an exception need to design for soft rime or wet snow (this is
normally not necessary), the standard suggest that you "on the safe side"
use the data for (hard) rime instead.
[ Precipitation icing
Glaze)
Wet
snow
- 10 < ta <0
0 < ta < +3
I In-cloud icing
Glaze
see fig. 1
Hard
rime
Soft
rime
see fig. 1
see fig. 1
250
200
150
100
50
0
I .....
..
". . . . . . . . . .
t
7i
o.orHi
... i
[
i--
Mass of ice is always calculated as the cross sectional area of accreted ice
(outside the cross sectional area of object inside the ice) multiplied by density of the accreted ice. In practise the ISO 12494 makes it possible to find
the necessary information to design for any ice accretion on almost any
structure if you just know which IC you are dealing with.
Table 2 - - Ice Classes for glaze (ICG). Density of ice = 900 [kg/m 3 ]
i
6
7
8
Height factor: Kh
Ice
Classes
IC
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
Ice thickness
t
[ mm ]
10
20
30
40
50
1c6
10
0,6
1,7
3,4
;5,7
8,5
Ice Classes
What is needed in designing for ice load is in principle rather simple:
Weights, dimensions and shapes. Based on these few data it is possible to
do the necessary design and calculation work. Of cause it has to be followed by other, detailed information, but they can be taken from already
known engineering science.
The accretion model for glaze is shown in figure 3 and is very simple, but
close to reality: a constant ice thickness around all possible cross sections
of profiles.
679
Paper No: 01-MF-04
Page: 2 of 8
wind direction, but at a slower rate than in the windward direction. In this
way it is now possible to calculate all rime vane dimensions by means of
rather simple equations, see Annex A in ISO 12494.
~
t
Wind direction
t
TypeA
Type B
,j/,. t
\/t
Now, by using ICGx arid the model shown in figure 2 it is possible to calculate masses and dimensions needed, and in table 2 glaze masses are given
for the cylinder dimensions 10, 30, 100 and 300 ram. Accreted glaze can
easily be calculated for all other object dimensions. The 30 mm diameter
has been included because it is the recommended diameter for standard
measurements, see later. The shown model for glaze accretion can be used
for all object dimensions, but for practical use the effect on structure dimensions is insignificant, when object dimension is around or above 5000
mm in cross section, so object size has been limited to < 5000 mm in cross
section.
I
i<
Type C
8t ._ max W
/--.
IC
_~
It
Type D
\~, t
--T
/I~,
iW~D
ji
t[<=
at .. i
_-
max W
8t
max W
j-,
lee C l a s s e s f o r R i m e
Rime in this standard has to be understood as "hard rime". In the same way
as for glaze, a model for accreted rime has defined the amount of rime in
different ICRs. However, the model itself has been constructed quite differently compared to the model for glaze because the nature of forming those
types is very distinct. For rime accretions the ice mass has been defined
constant in every ICRx and ice dimensions vary with both object/profile
type and dimension. The table 3 below shows the definitions of ICRx,
which have been numbered from ICR1 to ICR9, and as for glaze: ICR10
may be used for extreme rime accretions exceeding the defined classes.
i-
Type E
-.
i., t
Type F
I t
,]
!
8t
-<-
I- ~
iI
'/
i'\
i max "W
EZ 8t >!
i
.maxW
r
Classes
IC
R1
[kg/m]
0,5
R2
0,9
R3
R9
1,6
2,8
5,0
8,9
16,0
28,0
50,0
RI0
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
Ice
500
700
900
47
43
50
62
77
100
131
173
228
40
47
56
70
89
116
153
201
1268
56
71
90
ll7
154
204
269
358
303
D a t a for d e t e r m i n a t i o n of ICs
'
Now that ICs have been defined and a certain building site has been chosen, it is necessary" to find the most correct IC for the structure in question.
3 possible ways to use have been mentioned:
-
The rime accretion model in figure 3 is valid only for object/profile dimensions up to 300 mm. For bigger cross sections the model changes, see later.
The model shows the chosen principle of accretion: Rime is building up in
windward direction and in the horizontal plane. Until an accreted vane
length of W or lAW (see different types of profile), the accretion is occurring without any increase of object dimension perpendicular to wind direction. Beyond that point the accretion is growing also perpendicular to the
680
Paper N o 01-MF-04
Page: 3 of 8
based on this density and adjustment for correct density has to be done, see
Annex A in ISO 12494.
Table 4 - Ice dimensions for vane shaped accreted ice on bars,
types A and B
(Valid only for in-cloud icing. Density of ice - 500 [kg/m3] )
Types A and B
Object width
IC
Ice
m
R1 '
~,g/m]
R2
0,9
R3
1,6
R4
2,8
R5
5,0
R6
8,9
R7
16,0
R8
28,0
R9
50,0
R10
I10
L
54
78
109
150
207
282
384
514
694
130
D
22
28
36
46
60
79
105
137
182
1300
82
120
174
247
348
478
656
47
56
70
88
113
146
190
41
67
106
165
253
372
543
Figure 6 below shows how this correction should be done for masses
and dimensions. The vane dimensions given or calculated in accordance
with this standard must always be measured in the horizontal plane and
in windward direction of the icing wind.
D
300
300
100 14
300
104 24
300
114 42 3 0 0
129 76
300
151 136 300
181 217 317
223 344 349
Wind d i r e c t i o n , . _
l cemass m
per unit 1
~ \ L
P ' - ~
~
x sin c,
"~~'.-'--7
~
__L (round bar shown)
p ane
Now the principle for the rime accretion model is clearly shown: Because
of the constant ice mass in ICRs, the rime dimensions are decreasing as
profile dimension is increasing, and up to ICR3 and ICR7 ice accretion has
not changed object widths 100 mm and 300 ram. This is in fine agreement
with the effect observed in practise. The rime dimensions will vary slightly
with the type of profile used, and this effect will be controlled by the correct use of equations, see Annex A in ISO 121494.
Model for rime accretion on big objects
Of cause profile dimensions cannot be limited to 300 mm cross section.
When object dimension increases 300 ram, the obtained rime vane
length for 300 mm is kept constant, and then only rime masses still
grow, but not vane lengths and widths.
This model is valid up to object dimensions of 5000 mm, and beyond this
dimension, rime accretion might be neglected or the same result as for 5000
mm might be used, if it seams reasonable for the structure in question. For
objects of that size, rime accretion would normally be of almost no importance compared to all other, normal actions on the structure.
Figure 5 shows the model for rime accretion, where only 2 different types
of object shape have been found necessary to introduce: flat or circular
='-
Wind
[
,! 150mm
,I,150mm
direction
IC
Thickness
[mm]
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
10
20
30
40
50
G6
0,50
0,68
0,86
1,04
1,22
1,40
0,88
1,01
1,14
1,27
1,40
1,08
1,16
1,24
1,32
1,40
1,28
,31
1,34
1,37
1,40
1,48
1,46
1,44
1,42
1,40
1,68
1,61
1,54
1,47
1,40
1,88
1,76
1,64
1,52
1,40
> 300ram
~,/
It can be seen that all you need to know beside ICs is the C-value for the
profile in question without ice, and this value can be found in the technical
literature for all wanted cross sections.
The principle for glaze accretions are that very smooth profile shapes (low
C-values without ice) become more rough and very rough shapes (high Cvalues without ice) become more smooth with glaze accretion. When object dimensions are very big the effect of glaze accretion is negligible.
cross sections. Again the equations in Annex A in ISO 12494 for big objects control the dimensions to be used.
681
Page: 4 of 8
Table 6 -
IC
Obiect
wRith
G3
[m]:
1.~ '3
210
310
>_+5,0
0,841,001,151,311,46
0,73
0,92
1,10
1,29
0,50
0,75
1,00
1,25
0,50
1,47
1,50
2,00
1,62
1,66
1,64
1,69
1,77
1,85
1,75
2,00
single bar or profile or big massive object. It is also possible to use the
principle for single bars even if several single bars form the structure. In
that case the total structure load can be found as the sum of all single
bar's load, but if the structure is a real lattice structure this method is
much too conservative.
,--
Wind direction
Fw (90 )
Rime accretion
-'~
Almost the same principle is used for rime accretion. C-values for profile
dimensions up to 300 mm are shown in table 7 below, and table 8 shows an
example for big objects and ICR5.
Table 7 - -
C i
m
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R1
[kg/m]
0,5
0,9
1,6
2,8
5,0
8,9
16,0
28,0
50,0
to be used
0,50
0,62
0,74
0,87
0,99
1,11
1,32
1,23
1,41
1,36
1,51
1,48
1,60
1,60
for extreme ice
1,40
1,47
1,53
1,60
1,48
1,52
1,56
1,60
1,57
1,58
1,59
1,60
bars
= Co
1,75
2,00
1,73
1,96
1,72
1,91
1,87
1,70
1,68
1,67
1,65
1,63
1,82
1,78
1,73
1,69
1,62
1,64
1,60
1,60
R5
[m]
0,50
_<0,3
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
1,11
3,0
4,0
>- 5,0
1,09
1,02
0,96
0,89
0,83
0,76
0,63
0,50
For rime accretions the ice vane should for not horizontal members be
placed in a plane, perpendicular to the direction of the dimensioning
wind.
Because of the iced members some parameters in the calculation model
must be changed:
width
As for glaze, there is a table for each ICR in the standard, so use of the
standard does not necessarily mean a lot of calculating. Most of the figures
you need for further calculating can just be taken from the tables. It is allowed of cause to interpolate between the values given, if you so wish, but
be aware of the fact that improving those figures does not mean a more reliable calculation as sucht
IC Object
= 90
Figure 7 -
IC Ice mass
F,~_(90 o) sin30
Wind area exposed shall be increased in accordance with the dimensions found for the iced members in the standard.
C-value shall be adjusted in accordance with the C-values found for
the iced members in the standard.
If the model includes use of"structural panels" and solidity ratio these
parameters also must be changed:
2,00
1,78
1,79
1,81
1,83
1,86
1,88
1,91
1,95
2,00
.
.
-
Solidity ratio shall be increased with the ratio: total iced exposed area/
total un-iced exposed area.
Increased solidity ratio will decrease wind load on all leeward placed
panels of the structure.
If nothing else is specified, it is allowed for ICRs (but not for ICGst)
to use one class lower ice accretion on all leeward placed panels in the
structure.
If every aspect should be taken care of in the optimal way a rather advanced computer program for calculating ice and wind actions on lattice
structures is necessary. We have for some years been using such programs with success.
682
Paper No: 01-MF-04
Page: 5 of 8
This co-operation has for some years with success taken place between the
Norwegian meteorologists and us as designers of big telecommunication
masts for the greatest mast owner in Norway.
The standard has given a rather precise answer to that question. The table 9
below shows how to combine wind and ice with each of the 2 actions as the
major one. The table 10 shows the factor for reducing 50 years wind pressure, when this is combined with a heavy ice load (3 years) at the same
time.
To illustrate how some of the design work can take place below a normal
procedure for a calculation of ice load and wind action on the ice load is
shown for an approx. 200 m high guyed mast in the middle of Norway"
I n f o r m a t i o n from N o r w e g i a n M e t e o r o l o g i s t
50-years
ice (IC)
50-years
ice (kg/m)
ICR9
50
(% o f S0-years)
50
1,65 x
ICR9
92
50
Combina(Major load)
Wind action
Wind pressure
T (years)
Ice loads
Ice mass
T (years)
Height =
I (wind)
II (Ice)
k " q s0
~w" k - q s0
~)ice" m
Height =
200m
50
3
3
50
The factor ~w should be taken from national codes for the possible decrease of wind action for simultaneous variable actions. The factor k
should be used to decrease wind pressure because of reduced probability
for simultaneous 50 years wind action combined with heavy icing condition.
Factor k has values as shown in table 10.
ICR
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
R
R
R
R
R
:: .
. , . : : :;ilj ~
.i~:
.i:..: . .
1
2
3
4
5
R 6
R 7
.:
i~:i~.. R 8
.:i ~:~.:ii ~:.::i; .. R 9
k
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
It can be seen that it is assumed most unlikely that you will get maximum
wind speed together with glaze and lower ICRs accretions. However, the
higher ICR the more likely is the situation where you at the same time can
get maximum wind speed and much ice accretion. This is partly because
that type of ice accretion can remain in the structure for very long time before it melts or in other way disappears. In some areas this ice accretion can
stay for several months.
Concluding remarks
The new ISO 12494 has already proved its value as en helpful tool for the
designing engineers dealing with the difficult subject: Actions from ice
load on structures.
To make the full benefits of such a "design tool" a close co-operation between meteorologists and engineers are necessary. At best the engineers
should tell the meteorologists which information or data they need for their
calculations and the meteorologists should try to find them by including the
subjects into their research.
683
e'H
To show how these matters look like in practice some photos of light
and heavy rime accretions on masts and guy ropes are enclosed as separate paper.
T a b l e 10 m F a c t o r for r e d u c t i o n of wind p r e s s u r e
1
2
3
4
5
e '~H
and qbware used to change actions and load from 50 years to 3 years
occurrence. The factor (Diceis used to reduce 50 years ice to 3 years ice, and
from to day's experience a value between 0,3 and 0,5 could be recommended.
G
G
G
G
G
Factor K h (see f i g u r e 2 )
100m
~ice
ICG
1-year ice
Level in
mast
Page: 6 of 8
Annex A
F l o w c h a r t o f c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e ref. I S O 12494"
I
~.
I
~i MethodA: Collectingexistingexperience
~
/Use
/
table 3
/Use
/
table 4
i
(
Q iCRx )
ICGx )
___>---
i2-----
I Profile or
big object
dimen/
Usefi, i /
gure 3
~ - Ice weights
(I.._
Big object
dimension
Profile dimension
Use figure 4 /
and table 5 - 7
/Use
figure 5 /
and table 8 - 9
are calculated-~
Use table 10
for bars
and 1115 for
big ob-
Use table
16 for
bars and
table 1725 for big
objects
Calculate
" - ~ wind action
and ice load
684
PaperNo:01-MF-04
FirstAuthor'sName:MogensH. Foder
5;i':
Page: 7 of 8
Annex B
Table of Contents in ISO 12494
W i n d a c t i o n s on iced s t r u c t u r e s .................
S c o p e .........................................................................
1.1
1.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
G e n e r a l ....................................................................
A p p l i c a t i o n .............................................................
N o r m a t i v e r e f e r e n c e s .................................................
8.1
8.2
D e f i n i t i o n s .................................................................
8.3
8.4
8.2.1
8.2.2
A c c r e t i o n ................................................................
D r a g c o e f f i c i e n t ......................................................
G l a z e .......................................................................
Ice a c t i o n .................................................................
Ice class (IC) ...........................................................
I n - c l o u d icing ..........................................................
P r e c i p i t a t i o n icing ...................................................
R e t u r n p e r i o d ..........................................................
R i m e ........................................................................
Symbols
9.1
9.2
G e n e r a l ......................................................
S i n g l e m e m b e r s .........................................
D r a g c o e f f i c i e n t s for g l a z e .........................
D r a g c o e f f i c i e n t s for r i m e ..........................
A n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e .....................................
L a t t i c e s t r u c t u r e s .......................................
C o m b i n a t i o n o f ice l o a d s and w i n d a c t i o n s
10.
G e n e r a l ......................................................
C o m b i n e d l o a d s .........................................
U n b a l a n c e d ice load on g u y s
11.
F a l l i n g ice c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
Annex A (informative)
E q u a t i o n s u s e d in the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d
E f f e c t s o f icing
Annex B (informative)
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.1
6.2
G e n e r a l ....................................................................
Icing t y p e s ...............................................................
Glaze
Wet snow
Rime
O t h e r t y p e s o f ice
T o p o g r a p h i c i n f l u e n c e s ...........................................
V a r i a t i o n w i t h h e i g h t a b o v e terrain .........................
Icing on s t r u c t u r e s
S t a n d a r d M e a s u r e m e n t s for Ice A c t i o n s
Annex C (informative)
T h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l l i n g o f icing
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.4
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.6
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
Annex D (informative)
C l i m a t i c e s t i m a t i o n o f ice c l a s s e s b a s e d on w e a t h e r d a t a
Annex E (informative)
S h o r t i n t r o d u c t i o n a b o u t u s i n g this s t a n d a r d ......................
G e n e r a l ....................................................................
Ice c l a s s e s ...............................................................
D e f i n i t i o n o f ice class, IC .......................................
G l a z e .......................................................................
G e n e r a l .......................................................................
G l a z e on lattice s t r u c t u r e s ..........................................
R i m e ........................................................................
G e n e r a l .......................................................................
R i m e on s i n g l e m e m b e r s ............................................
R i m e on lattice s t r u c t u r e s ........................................
G e n e r a l .......................................................................
T h e d i r e c t i o n o f ice v a n e s on the structure ................
Icing on m e m b e r s i n c l i n e d to the w i n d d i r e c t i o n .......
685
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