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Experiment #1
Properties of Fluid
Name:
Salam f.albaradie
Lecturer name:
Dr. kaled alrababa
&
eng. Zaki alqasi.
Table of Contents
Object .... p. 1
Procedure ....p. 4
References ....p. 5
Object
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the dynamic viscosity of a given fluid using the falling
sphere viscometer method.
Theory
Fluid:
A fluid is defined as a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress.
No matter how small that shear force may be. All liquids and all gases are fluids. Fluids are a
subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.
Fluid Mechanics:
Fluid mechanics is the branch of science that deals with the behavior of the fluids (liquids or
gases) either in motion or at rest and the subsequent effects of the fluid upon the boundaries,
which may be either solid surfaces or interfaces with other fluids.
The study of fluids in motion, where pressure forces are not considered, is called fluid
kinematics and if the pressure force are, is called fluid dynamics.
Fluid Properties:
Density or Mass density:
Density or Mass density is defined as the ratio mass of a fluid to its volume. It is denoted by the
symbol (rho). It is expressed in kg/m3. The density of liquids may be considered as constant
while that of gases changes with the variation of pressure and temperature.
Mathematically, density is written as
Mass of fluid
m
Volume of fluid V
kg
m3
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Volume of fluid
Volume of fluid
V
kN
m3
Specific Volume
Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by unit mass or volume
per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume. It is denoted by v. it is expressed in m3/kg.
Voulme of a fluid 1
Mass of fluid
m3
kg
For Gases S
Density of Liquid
Density of Water H 2O
Density of Gas
Note: if the specific gravity of a substance is less than one, then it indicates that the substance
floats on water. Hence it is very interesting property since it will allow us to immediately
determine that given fluid floats on water or not.
Viscosity
The viscosity is an essential property of the fluid. It is the measure of resistance to flow. It is a
characteristic which decides the ease with which a fluid will flow. It is often identified with the
stickiness or sometimes by the thick appearance of liquid. Thin liquids, such as water, benzene,
alcohol etc. flow easily and are less viscous than thick liquids like liquids like honey, syrup or
lubricating oils. It is denoted by the symbol .
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Let us consider two layers of a fluid, at a distance dy apart, move one over the other at different
velocities, say u and u+du as shown the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear
stress() acting between the fluid layer. The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower
layer while lower layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent top layer. This shear stress is
proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to y.
Mathematically, shear stress
Or
du
dy
du
dy
Where is the constant of proportionality and is known as the co-efficient of dynamic viscosity
du
or only viscosity,
represents the rate of shear strain or shear deformation or velocity
dy
gradient.
From the above equation we have
du
dy
Thus viscosity is also defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear strain.
Unit of viscosity:
The unit of viscosity in SI is
Where 1 Poise =
N -s
m2
1 kg - sec
1 N -s
=
2
2
9.81 m
10 m
Kinematic viscosity:
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. It is denoted by the
symbol (nu).
Mathematically
Visosity
Density
Procedure
Equipment:
Experiment:
1. Take note of the ambient air temperature. This will be used as the temperature of the
2.
3.
4.
5.
fluid.
Measure the mass of empty beakers.
Fill the beakers, with 25ml of the fluid.
Measure the mass of beakers with the 25ml of the fluid and divide the mass of beakers
and fluid. from empty beakers to know the mass of fluid.
Use the upper equation to find the properties.
Results
Table 1. The initial condition
Mass of beakers
Volume of fluid
Density of water
Length of distance
Radius of ball
Density of solid
51.9 g
25 ml
1000 kg/m3
30 cm
2.569 mm
7800 kg/m3
water
1084
9.22*10-4
1.084
oil
888
1.12*10-3
0.888
glasyoren
1128
8.865*10-4
1.128
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Plastic
1121.77
8.9144*10-3
1.12177
Brass
8000
1.25*10-4
8
water
1158
8.6355*10-3
1.158
Density (kg/m )
Specific volume (m3/kg)
Spicfic gravity
D) Viscosity
Table 3. Viscosity
Fluid
Time (sec)
Velocity (m/s)
Viscosity (pa.sec)
Kinematic
viscosity
water
oil
glasyoren
0.695
0.800
1.459
0.4316
0.375
0.205
0.2266
0.266
0.4603
2.266*10-4
3.093*10-4
3.7120*10-4
References
1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Edition William S. Janna (1993)
2. Fluid mechanics: fundamentals and applications Yunus A. engel, John M. Cimbala. 1st ed.
3. A Manual for the Mechanics of Fluids Laboratory William S. Janna (2008)
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