Q1)

Name the pigment at the reaction centre (1)

chlorophyll a

Name an accessory pigment (1)

carotene/xanthophyll/chlorophyll b (POSSIBLY carotenoids)

Purpose of accessory pigments (1)

absorb a range of wavelengths not well absorbed by chlorophyll and pass on that energy
maybe protect chlorphyll from very intense light

Name of compound formed (1)

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Enzyme that fixes CO2 in calvin cycle (1)

rubisco

stable intermediate formed (1)

Glycerate-3-phosphate

Compound regenerated (1)

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

Polysaccharides that can be formed (1)

Cellulose and starch/(amylose/amlyopectin)

Q2)
Why is it a transducer? (1)

converts one form of energy to another (pressure stimulus converted to electrical energy
of nerve impulse)

Suggest how membrane made more permeable to Na+ (1)

Gate of sodium ion channel forced open/ deformation by pressure

What is the all or nothing law? (1)

action potentials do not vary in size, either happens or doesn't (if reaches threshold
potential (-50mV))

How intensity of stimulus signalled to brain? (2)

frequency of action potentials indicates strength

greater frequency = more intense
OR
All action potentials same magnitude but stronger stimuli produce more action potentials

Why do the impulses generated stop? (1)

acclimitisation/runs out of vesicles/fatigued

Role of synapses (3)

Ensure one direction only

Intergration (convergence/divergence)
Summation (temporal/spatial)
memory and conscious thought
Filter out low level signals

Q3)
Condition tested for (1)

diabetes mellitus

Why was he fasting? (1)

Needs to have a high blood glucose concentration so effect of insulin can be seen

Calculate % increase (2)

18.6%

Explain when a glucagon injection is needed (1)

blood glucose concentration low/hypoglacaemia

Hb complex thing why not useful after 8-12 weeks? (2)

red blood cells broken down and recycled in liver

therefore less Hb complex thing than there should be

Explain why blood glucose was higher in test than over 8 week period (1)

nervous before taking exam = increased blood glucose levels/had just been exercising

Describe role of glucagon (5)

detected by alpha cell receptors

glucaon secreted binds to complementary receptor cells in liver plasma membrane
gluconeogenesis (making glucose from fats/amino acids)
glycogenolysis(breaking down glycogen to glucose)
more fatty acids used in respiration
role of adenyl cylase/cyclic AMP

glucose leaves cells by faciliated diffusion

reference to inhibitory effect of hormone (stops insulin secretion)

Explain why concentration of NAQ thing builds up (2)

the glutathione runs out

enzymes become saturated, cannot work quickly enough

Name a neurotransmitter (1)

acetylcholine

Where are the receptors located on the neurone and explain (2)

either pre or post synaptic membrane

stop secretion/stop binding

Diagram of liver (5)

sinusoid
bile duct
hepatic portal vein (branch of)
hepatic artery (branch of)
hepatic vein (branch of)

Liver cells that divide are called and how they do (1)

hepatocytes and mitosis

Describe how respiration rate of cauliflower changes with temperature (2)

rate increases as temperature increases

figures quoted, trend (5 to 10 degrees rate doubles)

What are the best conditions from table? (1)

low temperature (0 degrees)

Which is the best fruit/vegetable to store and explain (3)

Onion as slowest rate of respiration at all temperatures

possibly potato at 0 degrees? unknown rate of respiration
really don't know what else to put for this one

Which is the worst one and why? (1)

asparagus as has highest rate at all temperatures

Why do parasites in blood respire anaerobically? (2)

oxygen tightly held to haemoglobin

no oxygen was the selection pressure for natural selection

can't kill host, so cannot use their oxygen

travel in deoxygenated areas of body (in veins) (possibly)

Why is anaerobic respiration in animals reversible? (3 + QWC)

In mammals pyruvtae turned into lactate

lactate converted back to pyruvate in liver
in yeast CO2 released
Maybe doesn't have enzymes for conversion back?
possibly lactate/ethanol dehydrogenase catalyse both directions, pryruvate carboxylase
cannot

Where is glucose reabsorbed? (1)

PCT ( I think the label was Q)

Parts of the nephron in cortex (1)

All of them except the loop of henle and lower part of the collecting duct

Where are podocytes found? (1)

Renal capsule label

how long loop of henle helps desert mouse (2)

greater salt concentration in medulla

more water reabsorbed by osmosis from collecting duct
maybe ref. to mechanism, impermeable ascending walls, greater countercurrent
mechanism

Substance tested for in urine (1)

anabolic steroids