vvsv

Field hockey, or simply hockey, is a team sport of the will rebound o.[4]
hockey family. The earliest origins of the sport date back
to the Middle Ages in Scotland, the Netherlands, and
England.[1] The game can be played on a grass eld or a 1 History
turf eld as well as an indoor board surface. Each team
plays with eleven players including the goalie. Players use
sticks made out of wood or ber glass to hit a round, hard, Main article: Field hockey history
rubber like ball. The length of the stick depends on the There is a depiction of a hockey-like game from 200 BC
players individual height.[2] There are no left hand sticks
in eld hockey, and only one side of the stick is allowed to
be used. The uniform consist of shin-guards, cleats, skirts
or shorts, and a jersey. At the turn of the 21st century,
the game is played globally, with particular popularity
throughout western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, and
Australasia. Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan, and
is sometimes assumed to be India's national sport as well,
although ocially India does not have a national sport.[3]
The term eld hockey is used primarily in Canada, the
United States, Eastern Europe and other regions of the
world where the sport of ice hockey is more popular.
During play, goal keepers are the only players who are
allowed to touch the ball with any part of their body (the
players hand is considered 'part of the stick'), with this
only applying within the shooting circle (also known as the
D, or shooting arc, or just the circle), while eld players
play the ball with the at side of their stick. The team
that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins.
If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is
declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty
shootout, depending on the competitions format.

A game of hockey being played between Germany and Scotland

at the 1908 London Olympics

in Ancient Greece when the game may have been called

"" (kertzein) because it was played with
a horn ("" in Greek) and a ball-like object.[5] In
East Asia, a similar game was entertained, using a carved
wooden stick and ball prior to 300 BC. In Inner Mongolia,
China, the Daur people have been playing Beikou a game
with some similarities to eld hockey for about 1,000
years.[6] The word 'hockey' itself was recorded in 1363
when Edward III of England issued the proclamation:
"[M]oreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of
imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and
iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and
cock-ghting, or other such idle games.[7]

The governing body of hockey is the International Hockey

Federation (IHF), with men and women being represented internationally in competitions including the
Olympic Games, World Cup, World League, Champions
Trophy and Junior World Cup, with many countries running extensive junior, senior, and masters club competitions. The FIH is also responsible for organising the
Hockey Rules Board and developing the rules for the
sport.
The modern game grew from English public schools
A popular variant of eld hockey is indoor eld hockey, in the early 19th century. The rst club was in 1849
which diers in a number of respects while embodying at Blackheath in south-east London, but the modern
the primary principles of hockey. Indoor hockey is a 5- rules grew out of a version played by Middlesex cricket
a-side variant, with a eld which is reduced to approxi- clubs for winter sport. Teddington Hockey Club formed
mately 40 m 20 m (131 ft 66 ft). With many of the the modern game by introducing the striking circle and
[8]
rules remaining the same, including obstruction and feet, changing the ball to a sphere from a rubber cube. The
there are several key variations Players may not raise Hockey Association was founded in 1886. The rst inthe ball unless shooting on goal, players may not hit the ternational took place in 1895 (Ireland 3, Wales 0) and
ball (instead utilising pushes to transfer the ball), and the the International Rules Board was founded in 1900.
sidelines are replaced with solid barriers which the ball Field hockey was played at the Summer Olympics in 1908
1

2
and 1920. It was dropped in 1924, leading to the foundation of the Fdration Internationale de Hockey sur
Gazon (FIH) as an international governing body by seven
continental European nations, and hockey was reinstated
in 1928. Mens hockey united under the FIH in 1970.

2 FIELD OF PLAY
womens teams, 1042 boys teams, 966 girls teams and
274 mixed teams.[10] In 2006 the Irish Hockey Association reported that the gender split among its players was
approximately 65% female and 35% male.[11] In its 2008
census, Hockey Australia reported 40,534 male club players and 41,542 female.[12] However, in the United States
of America, there are few eld hockey clubs, most play
taking place between high school or college sides, almost
entirely of females. The strength of college eld hockey
reects the impact of Title IX which mandated that colleges should fund mens and womens sports programmes
comparably.

The two oldest trophies are the Irish Senior Cup, which
dates back to 1894, and the Irish Junior Cup, a 2nd
XI only competition instituted in 1895.[9] In India, the
Beighton Cup and the Aga Khan tournament commenced
within ten years. Entering the Olympics in 1928, India
won all ve games without conceding a goal and won from
1932 until 1956 and then in 1964 and 1980. Pakistan won
in 1960, 1968 and 1984.
The games roots in the English public girls school mean
In the early 1970s articial turf began to be used. Syn- that the game is associated in the UK with active or overthetic pitches changed most aspects of eld hockey, gain- achieving middle class and upper class women. For exing speed. New tactics and techniques such as the Indian ample, in Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell's novel
dribble developed, followed by new rules to take ac- set in a totalitarian London, main character Winston
count.Indian history says that similar game like hockey Smith initially dislikes Julia, the woman he comes to
was played in 17th century in Punjab state of India un- love, because of the atmosphere of hockey-elds and
der name 'Khido Khundi' khido is a woolen ball and cold baths and community hikes and general cleanwhich she managed to carry about with
khundi is stick.The switch to synthetic surfaces ended In- mindedness
[13]
her.
dian and Pakistani domination because articial turf was
too expensivein comparison to the wealthier European
countriesand since the 1970s Australia, the Netherlands and Germany have dominated at the Olympics.

2 Field of play

Womens eld hockey was rst played at British universities and schools. The rst club, the Molesey Ladies, was Main article: Field hockey pitch
founded in 1887. The rst national association was the Most hockey eld dimensions were originally xed usIrish Ladies Hockey Union in 1894, and though rebued
penalty corner penalty corner
defender's mark attacker's mark
by the Hockey Association, womens eld hockey grew
goal
rapidly around the world. This led to the International
long corner
Federation of Womens Hockey Associations (IFWHA)
attacker's mark
penalty spot
in 1927, though this did not include many continental
European countries where women played as sections of
shooting circle
mens associations and were aliated to the FIH. The
IFWHA held conferences every three years, and tourna23-metre line
ments associated with these were the primary IFWHA
competitions. These tournaments were non-competitive
until 1975.
By the early 1970s there were 22 associations with
womens sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the
IFWHA. Discussions started about a common rule book.
The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974,
forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive
eld hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982
for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed the introduction of womens eld hockey to the Olympic games from
1980 where, as in the mens game, The Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since
2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010
and medals at the last three Olympics.

centre line

22.8m

23-metre line

5.0m

22.9m

14.63m
6.47m

5.0m
5.0m
3.66m

10.0m

Outside North America, participation is now fairly evenly

balanced between men and women. For example, in
Diagram of a hockey eld
England, England Hockey reports that as of the 2008
09 season there were 2488 registered mens teams, 1969
ing whole numbers of imperial measures. Nevertheless,

3
metric measurements are now the ocial dimensions as
laid down by the International Hockey Federation (FIH)
in the Rules of Hockey. The pitch is a 91.4 m 55 m
(100.0 yd 60.1 yd) rectangular eld. At each end is a
goal 2.14 m (7 ft) high and 3.66 m (12 ft) wide, as well as
lines across the eld 22.90 m (25 yd) from each end-line
(generally referred to as the 23-metre lines or the 25-yard
lines) and in the center of the eld. A spot 0.15 m (6 in) in
diameter, called the penalty spot or stroke mark, is placed
with its centre 6.40 m (7 yd) from the centre of each goal.
The shooting circle is 15 m (16 yd) from the base line.

2.1

Playing Surface

Historically the game developed on natural grass turf. In

the early 1970s, "synthetic grass" elds began to be used
for hockey, with the rst Olympic Games on this surface being held at the 1976 Montreal edition. Synthetic
pitches are now mandatory for all international tournaments and for most national competitions. While hockey
is still played on traditional grass elds at some local
levels and lesser national divisions, it has been replaced
by synthetic surfaces almost everywhere in the western
world. There are three main types of articial hockey
surface:[14][15][16]

3 Rules and play

The game is played between two teams of whom eleven
are permitted to be on the pitch at any one time. The
remaining players, the substitutes, may be substituted in
any combination. There is an unlimited amount of times
a team can sub in and out. Substitutions are permitted at
any point in the game, apart from between the award and
end of a penalty corner; two exceptions to this rule is for
injury or suspension of the defending goalkeeper, which
is not allowed when playing with a eld keep, or a player
can exit the eld, but you must wait until after the inserter
touches the ball to put somebody back in.
Players are permitted to play the ball with the at of the
'face side' and with the edges of the head and handle of the
eld hockey stick with the exception that, for reasons of
safety, the ball may not be struck 'hard' with a forehand
edge stroke, because of the diculty of controlling the
height and direction of the ball from that stroke.

The at side is always on the natural side for a righthanded person swinging the stick at the ball from right to
left. Left-handed sticks are rare, but available; however
they are pointless as the rules forbid their use in a game.
To make a strike at the ball with a left to right swing the
player must present the at of the 'face' of the stick to
the ball by 'reversing' the stick head, i.e. by turning the
handle through approximately 180(while a reverse edge
Unlled or water-based - articial bres that are hit would turn the stick head through approximately 90
densely packed for stabilisation, requires irrigation from the position of an upright forehand stoke with the
or watering to avoid pitch wear
'face' of the stick head).

Edge hitting of the ball underwent a two-year experi Dressed or sand-dressed - articial bres can be less
mental period, twice the usual length of an experimendensely packed and sand supports the bres for part
tal trial and is still a matter of some controversy within
of the pile depth
the sport. Ric Charlesworth, the former Australian coach,
has been a strong critic of the unrestricted use of the re Filled or sand-lled - articial bres can be longer verse edge hit. The 'hard' forehand edge hit was banned
and less densely packed and sand supports the bres after similar concerns were expressed about the ability of
for 100% of the pile depth
players to direct the ball accurately, but the reverse edge
hit does appear to be more predictable and controllable
Since the 1970s, sand-based pitches have been favoured than its counterpart.
as they dramatically speed up the game. However, in recent years there has been a massive increase in the number of water-based articial turfs. Water-based synthetic turfs enable the ball to be transferred more quickly
than on sand-based surfaces. It is this characteristic that
has made them the surface of choice for international and
national league competitions. Water-based surfaces are
also less abrasive than sand-based surfaces and reduce the
level of injury to players when they come into contact
with the surface. The FIH are now proposing that new
surfaces being laid should be of a hybrid variety which
require less watering. This is due to the negative ecological eects of the high water requirements of water-based
synthetic elds. It has also been stated that the decision to
make articial surfaces mandatory greatly favoured more
auent countries who could aord these new pitches.[17]

Other rules include; no foot to ball contact, no use of

hands, no obstructing other players, high back swing, and
no third party. If a player is dribbling the ball and either loses control and kicks the ball or another player interferes that player is not permitted to gain control and
continue dribbling. The rules do not allow the person
who kicked the ball to gain advantage from the kick, so
the ball will automatically be passed on to the opposing
team. Conversely, if no advantage is gained from kicking
the ball, play should continue. Players may not obstruct
anothers chance of hitting the ball in any way. No shoving/using your body/stick to prevent advancement in the
other team. Penalty for this is the opposing team receives
the ball and if the problem continues, the player can be
carded. While a player is taking a free hit or starting a
corner the back swing of their hit cannot be too high for

this is considered dangerous. Finally there may not be

three players touching the ball at one time. Two players
from opposing teams can battle for the ball, however if
another player interferes it is considered third party and
the ball automatically goes to the team who only had one
player involved in the third party.

3.1

Positions

RULES AND PLAY

an understanding of every position on the eld. For example, it is not uncommon to see a halfback overlap and
end up in either attacking position, with the mideld and
strikers being responsible for re-adjusting to ll the space
they left. Movement between lines like this is particularly
common across all positions.
This uid Australian culture of hockey has been responsible for developing an international trend towards players occupying spaces on the eld, not having assigned
positions. Although they may have particular spaces on
the eld which they are more comfortable and eective as players, they are responsible for occupying the
space nearest them. This uid approach to hockey and
player movement, has made it easy for teams to transition between formations such as; 3 at the back, 2 centre
halves, 5 at the back and more.

3.1.2 Goal keepers

A Virginia Cavaliers eld player passing the ball

" hockey positions are discussed, notions of uidity are

very common. Each team can be elded with a maximum
of 11 players and will typically arrange themselves into
forwards, midelders, and defensive players (fullbacks)
with players frequently moving between theses lines with
the ow of play. Each team may also play with:"

When the ball is inside the circle they are defending and
they have their stick in their hand, goalkeepers wearing
full protective equipment are permitted to use their stick,
feet, kickers or leg guards to propel the ball and to use
their stick, feet, kickers, leg guards or any other part of
their body to stop the ball or deect it in any direction
including over the back-line. Similarly, eld players are
permitted to use their stick. They are not allowed to use
their feet and legs to propel the ball, stop the ball or deect
it in any direction including over the back-line. However,
neither goalkeepers, or players with goalkeeping privileges are permitted to conduct themselves in a manner
which is dangerous to other players by taking advantage
of the protective equipment they wear.[4]

* a goalkeeper who wears a dierent color shirt and

full protective equipment comprising at least headgear, leg
guards and kickers; this player is referred to in the rules as
Neither goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privia goalkeeper; or
leges may lie on the ball, however, they are permitted to
* a eld player with goalkeeping privileges wearing a dif- use arms, hands and any other part of their body to push
ferent color shirt and who may wear protective headgear the ball away. Lying on the ball deliberately will result
(but not leg guards and kickers or other goalkeeping pro- into a penalty stroke, whereas if an umpire deems a goaltective equipment) when inside their defending 23m area; keeper has lay on the ball accidentally (e.g. it gets stuck in
they must wear protective headgear when defending a their protective equipment), a penalty corner is awarded.
penalty corner or stroke; this player is referred to in the
* The action above is permitted only as part of a goal savrules as a player with goalkeeping privileges; or
ing action or to move the ball away from the possibility
* Only eld players; no player has goalkeeping privileges of a goal scoring action by opponents. It does not permit
or wears a dierent color shirt; no player may wear pro- a goalkeeper or player with goalkeeping privileges to protective headgear except a face mask when defending a pel the ball forcefully with arms, hands or body so that it
penalty corner or stroke.[4]
travels a long distance
3.1.1

Formations

As hockey has a very dynamic style of play, it is dicult to simplify positions to the static formations which
are common in association football. Although positions
will typically be categorized as either fullback, halfback,
mideld/inner or striker, it is important for players to have

When the ball is outside the circle they are defending,

goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privileges are
only permitted to play the ball with their stick. Further, a
goalkeeper, or player with goalkeeping privileges whom
is wearing a helmet must not take part in the match outside the 23m area they are defending, except when taking a penalty stroke. A goalkeeper must wear protective
headgear at all times, except when taking a penalty stroke.

3.3

3.2

Set plays

General play

For the purposes of the rules, all players on the team in

possession of the ball are attackers, and those on the team
without the ball are defenders, yet throughout the game
being played you are always"defending your goal and
attacking the opposite goal.[18]

5
Obstruction typically occurs in three circumstances
when a defender comes between the player with possession and the ball in order to prevent them tackling; when
a defenders stick comes between the attackers stick and
the ball or makes contact with the attackers stick or body;
and also when blocking the oppositions attempt to tackle
a teammate with the ball (called third party obstruction).
When the ball passes completely over the sidelines (on the
sideline is still in), it is returned to play with a sideline hit,
taken by a member of the team whose players were not
the last to touch the ball before crossing the sideline. The
ball must be placed on the sideline, with the hit taken from
as near the place the ball went out of play as possible. If
it crosses the back line after last touched by an attacker, a
15 m (16 yd) hit. A 15 m hit is also awarded for oenses
committed by the attacking side within 15 m of the end
of the pitch they are attacking.

3.3 Set plays

Sideline hit in a match Standard Athletic Club vs. British School
of Paris (1996)

The match is ociated by two eld umpires. Traditionally each umpire generally controls half of the eld, divided roughly diagonally. These umpires are often assisted by a technical bench including a timekeeper and
record keeper.

Set plays are often utilized for specic situations such as a

penalty corner or free hit. For instance, many teams have
penalty corner variations that they can use to beat the defensive team. The coach may have plays that send though
balls between two defenders and let the player attack the
opposing teams goal. There are no set plays unless your
team has them.

Prior to the start of the game, a coin is tossed and the

winning captain can choose a starting end or start with
the ball. The game time is divided into four equal halves
of 15 minutes each, although at local and regional level,
games may be reduced to 25- to 30-minute halves to ease
turf availability constraints. At the start of each half, as
well as after goals are scored, play is started with a pass
from the centre of the eld. All players must start in their
defensive half (apart from the player making the pass),
but the ball may be played in any direction along the oor.
Each team starts with the ball in one half, and the team
that conceded the goal has possession for the restart.

3.3.1 Free hits

Field players may not play the ball with their feet, but if
the ball accidentally hits the feet, and the player gains no
benet from the contact, then the contact is not penalised.
Although there has been a change in the wording of this
rule from 1 January 2007, the current FIH umpires briefing instructs umpires not to change the way they interpret
this rule.[19]

an attacking free hit is awarded within 5 m of the circle

everyone including the person taking the penalty must be
ve metres from the circle and everyone apart from the
person taking the free hit must be ve metres away from
the ball. When taking an attacking free hit the ball may
not be hit straight into the circle if you are within your
attacking 23 metre area (25 yard area). It must travel 5

Free hits are awarded when oences are committed outside the scoring circles (the term 'free hit' is standard usage but the ball need not be hit). The ball may be hit,
pushed or lifted in any direction by the team oended
against. The ball can be lifted from a free hit but not by
hitting, you must ick or scoop to lift from a free hit. (In
previous rules versions hits in the area outside the circle
in open play have been permitted but lifting one direction from a free hit prohibited). Opponents must move 5
m (5.5 yd) from the ball when a free hit is awarded. A
Field players may only play the ball with the face of the free hit must be taken from within playing distance of the
stick. If the back side of the stick is used, it is a penalty place of the oence for which it was awarded and the ball
and the other team will get the ball back. Tackling is per- must be stationary when the free-hit is taken.
mitted as long as the tackler does not make contact with As mentioned above, a 15 m hit is awarded if an attacking
the attacker or his stick before playing the ball (contact player commits a foul forward of that line, or if the ball
after the tackle may also be penalised if the tackle was passes over the back line o an attacker. These free hits
made from a position where contact was inevitable). Fur- are taken in line with where the foul was committed (takther, the player with the ball may not deliberately use his ing a line parallel with the sideline between where the ofbody to push a defender out of the way.
fence was committed, or the ball went out of play). When

RULES AND PLAY

metres before going in.

2009 experimental changes In February 2009 the FIH
introduced, as a Mandatory Experiment for international competition, an updated version of free hit rule.
The changes allows a player taking a free hit to pass the
ball to themselves. Importantly, this is not a play on situation, but to the untrained eye it may appear to be. The
player must play the ball any distance in two separate motions, before continuing as if it were a play-on situation.
They may raise an aerial or overhead immediately as the
second action, or any other stroke permitted by the rules
of eld hockey. At the high school level, this is called a A group of ve defenders, including the goalkeeper, prepare on
self-pass and was adopted in Pennsylvania in 2010 as a the back line for a short corner.
legal technique for putting the ball in play.
Also, all players (from both teams) must be at least 5 m
from any free hit awarded to the attack within the 23 m
area. Additionally, no free hits to the attack are permitted
within 5m of the circle, so if a free hit is awarded inside
this area it must be dragged back outside this zone. The
ball may not travel directly into the circle from a free hit to
the attack within the 23 m area without rst being touched
by another player or being dribbled at least 5 m by a player
making a self-pass. These experimental rules apply to
all free hit situations, including sideline and corner hits.
National Associations may also choose to introduce these
rules for their domestic competitions.
3.3.2

Corner

4. for intentionally playing the ball over the back-line

by a defender
5. when the ball becomes lodged in a players clothing
or equipment while in the circle they are defending
Short corners begin with ve defenders (usually including
the keeper) positioned behind the back line and at least 10
yards from the nearest goal post.[20] All other players in
the defending team must be beyond the centre line, that
is not in their 'own' half of the pitch, until the ball is in
play. Attacking players begin the play standing outside
the scoring circle, except for one attacker who starts the
corner by playing the ball from a mark 10 m either side
of the goal (the circle has a 14.63 m radius). This player
puts the ball into play by pushing or hitting the ball to
the other attackers outside the circle; the ball must pass
outside the circle and then put back into the circle before
the attackers may make a shot at the goal from which a
goal can be scored. FIH rules do not forbid a shot at goal
before the ball leaves the circle after being 'inserted', nor
is a shot at the goal from outside the circle prohibited,
but a goal cannot be scored at all if the ball has not gone
out of the circle and cannot be scored from a shot from
outside the circle if it is not again played by an attacking
player before it enters the goal.

A corner is awarded if the ball goes over the back line

after last being touched by a defender, provided they do
not play it over the back line deliberately, in which case
a penalty corner is awarded. Corners are played by the
attacking team and involve a free hit on the sideline 5 m
from the corner of the eld closest to where the ball went
out of play. These restarts are also known as long corners
(as opposed to short corner which is an alternative name
for the penalty corner). The defense must wait until the
oender passes the ball in. The oender has to pull the
ball out of the circle before trying to make a goal.
For safety reasons, the rst shot of a penalty corner must
not exceed 460 mm high (the height of the backboard
of the goal) at the point it crosses the goal line if it is hit.
3.3.3 Penalty corner
However, if the ball is deemed to be below backboard
height, the ball can be subsequently deected above this
The short or penalty corner is awarded:
height by another player (defender or attacker), providing
that this deection does not lead to danger. Note that the
1. for an oence by a defender in the circle which does Slap stroke (a sweeping motion towards the ball, where
not prevent the probable scoring of a goal
the stick is kept on or close to the ground when striking
the ball) is classed as a hit, and so the rst shot at goal must
2. for an intentional oence in the circle by a defender be below backboard height for this type of shot also.
against an opponent who does not have possession
If the rst shot at goal in a short corner situation is a push,
of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball
ick or scoop, in particular the drag ick (which has be3. for an intentional oence by a defender outside the come popular at international and national league stancircle but within the 23-metre area they are defend- dards), the shot is permitted to rise above the height of the
ing
backboard, as long as the shot is not deemed dangerous

3.4

Dangerous play and raised balls

to any opponent. This form of shooting was developed

because it is not height restricted in the same way as the
rst hit shot at the goal and players with good technique
are able to drag-ick with as much power as many others
can hit a ball.

7
on the umpires perception of the skill of the players i.e.
on the level of the game, in order to maintain game ow,
which umpires are in general in both Rules and Brieng
instructed to do, by not penalising when it is unnecessary
to do so, this is also a matter in the umpires discretion.

The term falling ball is important in what may be

termed encroaching oences. It is generally only con3.3.4 Penalty stroke
sidered an oence to encroach on an opponent receiving
a lifted ball that has been lifted to above head height (alMain article: Penalty stroke
though the height is not specied in rule) and is falling.
So, for example, a lifted shot at the goal which is still risA penalty stroke is awarded when a defender commits a
ing as it crosses the goal line (or would have been rising
foul in the circle (accidental or otherwise) that prevents a
as it crossed the goal line) can be legitimately followed up
probable goal or commits a deliberate foul in the circle or
by any of the attacking team looking for a rebound.
if defenders repeatedly run from the back line too early at
a penalty corner. The penalty stroke is taken by a single In general even potentially dangerous play is not penalised
attacker in the circle, against the goalkeeper, from a spot if an opponent is not disadvantage by it or, obviously,
6.4 m from goal. The ball is played only once at goal by not injured by it so that he cannot continue. A personal
the attacker using a push, ick or scoop stroke. If the shot penalty, that is a caution or a suspension, rather than a
is saved, play is restarted with a 15 m hit to the defenders. team penalty, such as a free ball or a penalty corner, may
When a goal is scored, play is restarted in the normal way. be (many would say should be or even must be, but again
this is in the umpires discretion) issued to the guilty party
after an advantage allowed by the umpire has been played
3.4 Dangerous play and raised balls
out in any situation where an oence has occurred, including dangerous play (but once advantage has been alAccording to the current Rules of Hockey 2013[21] issued lowed the umpire cannot then call play back and award a
by the FIH there are only two criteria for a dangerously team penalty).
played ball. The rst is legitimate evasive action by an
It is not an oence to lift the ball over an opponents
opponent (what constitutes legitimate evasive action is an
stick (or body on the ground), provided that it is done
umpiring judgment). The second is specic to the rule
with consideration for the safety of the opponent and not
concerning a shot at goal at a penalty corner but is generdangerously. For example, a skillful attacker may lift the
ally, if somewhat inconsistently, applied throughout the
ball over a defenders stick or prone body and run past
game and in all parts of the pitch: it is that a ball lifted
them, however if the attacker lifts the ball into or at the
above knee height and at an opponent who is within 5m
defenders body, this would almost certainly be regarded
of the ball is certainly dangerous.
as dangerous.
The velocity of the ball is not mentioned in the rules conIt is not against the rules to bounce the ball on the stick
cerning a dangerously played ball. A ball that hits a player
and even to run with it while doing so, as long as that does
above the knee may on some occasions not be penalized,
not lead to a potentially dangerous conict with an oppothis is in the umpires discretion. A jab tackle for examnent who is attempting to make a tackle. For example,
ple, might accidentally lift the ball above knee height into
two players trying to play at the ball in the air at the same
an opponent from close range but at such low velocity as
time, would probably be considered a dangerous situation
not to be, in the opinion of the umpire, dangerous play.
and it is likely that the player who rst put the ball up or
In the same way a high velocity hit at very close range
who was so 'carrying' it would be penalised.
into an opponent, but below knee height, could be considered to be dangerous or reckless play in the view of Dangerous play rules also apply to the usage of the stick
the umpire, especially when safer alternatives are open to when approaching the ball, making a stroke at it (replacing what was at one time referred to as the sticks rule,
the striker of the ball.
which once forbade the raising of any part of the stick
A ball that has been lifted high so that it will fall among
above the shoulder during any play. This last restriction
close opponents may be deemed to be potentially danhas been removed but the stick should still not be used
gerous and play may be stopped for that reason. A lifted
in a way that endangers an opponent) or attempting to
ball that is falling to a player in clear space may be made
tackle, (fouls relating to tripping, impeding and obstrucpotentially dangerous by the actions of an opponent clostion). The use of the stick to strike an opponent will usuing to within 5m of the receiver before the ball has been
ally be much more severely dealt with by the umpires than
controlled to ground a rule which is often only loosely
oences such as barging, impeding and obstruction with
applied; the distance allowed is often only what might be
the body, although these are also dealt with rmly, espedescribed as playing distance, 23 m, and opponents tend
cially when these fouls are intentional: eld hockey is a
to be permitted to close on the ball as soon as the renon-contact sport.
ceiver plays it: these unocial variations are often based

Players may not play or attempt to play at the ball above

their shoulders unless trying to save a shot that could go
into the goal, in which case they are permitted to stop
the ball or deect it safely away. A swing, as in a hit,
at a high shot at the goal (or even wide of the goal) will
probably be considered dangerous play if at opponents
within 5 m and such a stroke would be contrary to rule in
these circumstances anyway.
Within the English National League it is now a legal action to take a ball above shoulder height if completed using a controlled action.

3.5

Warnings and suspensions

The penalty cards

RULES AND PLAY

player for the entirety of a game. (In some modes,

including indoor, shorter periods of suspension are
applied, dependent on local rules).
A red card, just like in association football, is a permanent exclusion from the rest of the game, without substitution, and it usually results in the player
being banned for a certain period of time or number of matches (this is governed by local playing
conditions, rather than the rules of eld hockey).
The player must also leave the pitch and surrounding
area.
In addition to their colours, eld hockey penalty cards are
often shaped dierently, so they can be recognized easily.
Green cards are normally triangular, yellow cards rectangular and red cards circular.

green card (warning)

Unlike football, a player may receive more than one green

or yellow card. However, they cannot receive the same
yellow card (temporary suspension)
card for the same oence (for example two yellows for
red card (permanent suspension)
dangerous play), and the second must always be a more
serious card. In the case of a second yellow card for a
Hockey uses a three-tier penalty card system of warnings dierent breach of the rules (for example a yellow for
deliberate foot, and a second later in the game for dangerand suspensions:
ous play) the temporary suspension would be expected to
be of considerably longer duration than the rst. However, local playing conditions may mandate that cards
are awarded only progressively, and not allow any second
awards.
Referees may also advance a free-hit by up to 10 m
for dissent or other misconduct after a penalty has been
awarded; or, if the free-hit would have been in the attacking 23 m area, upgrade the penalty to a penalty corner.

3.6 Scoring
The teams object is to play the ball into their attacking
circle and, from there, hit, push or ick the ball into the
goal, scoring a goal. The team with more goals after two
35-minute halves wins the game. The playing time may
A green card is fairly similar to an associationbe shortened, particularly when younger players are infootball yellow card: the player does not have to
volved, or for some tournament play.
leave the pitch (although at international standard
the player has to leave the eld for two minutes),
but any further infractions will result in a yellow or 3.7 Tie breaking
red card.

A Penn State player receives a green card.

A yellow card is an ocial suspension similar to

the penalty box in ice hockey. The duration is decided by the umpire issuing the card and the player
must go to a pre-dened area of the pitch as chosen
by the umpires at the beginning of the match. Most
umpires will opt for a minimum of ve minutes duration without substitution; the maximum time is at
the discretion of the umpire, depending on the seriousness of the oence, for example the second yellow to the same player or the rst for danger might
be given ten minutes. It is possible to yellow-card a

Main article: Penalty shoot-out (eld hockey)

In many competitions (such as regular club competition,
or in pool games in FIH international tournaments such
as the Olympics or the World Cup), a tied result stands
and the overall competition standings are adjusted accordingly. Since March 2013, when tie-breaking is required, the ocial FIH Tournament Regulations mandate
since March 2013 to no longer have extra time and go directly into a penalty shoot-out when a classication match
ends in a tie.[22] However, many associations follow the

9
previous procedure consisting of two periods of 7.5 min- is not permitted under FIH rules.[24]
utes of golden goal extra time during which the game
ends as soon as one team scores.

5 Equipment
3.8

Rule change procedure

The FIH implemented a two-year rules cycle with the

200708 edition of the rules, with the intention that the
rules be reviewed on a biennial basis. The 2009 rulebook was ocially released in early March 2009 (eective 1 May 2009), however the FIH published the major
changes in February. The current rule book is eective
from 1 January 2011.
The FIH has adopted a policy of including major changes
to the rules as Mandatory Experiments, showing that
they must be played at international level, but are treated
as experimental and will be reviewed before the next rulebook is published and either changed, approved as permanent rules, or deleted.

5.1 Field hockey stick

Main article: Field hockey stick
Each player carries a stick that normally measures between 8095 cm (3138) long; shorter or longer sticks
are available. Sticks were traditionally made of wood,
but are now often made also with breglass, kevlar and/or
carbon bre composites. Metal is forbidden from use in
eld hockey sticks, due to the risk of injury from sharp
edges if the stick were to break. The stick has a rounded
handle, has a J-shaped hook at the bottom, and is attened
on the left side (when looking down the handle with the
hook facing upwards). All sticks are right handed. Left
handed sticks are not permitted.

Recent examples of such experiments include a xed 2minute suspension for a green card and a (limited) ability There was traditionally a slight curve (called the bow, or
rake) from the top to bottom of the face side of the stick
to request video umpiring decisions.
and another on the 'heel' edge to the top of the handle
(usually made according to the angle at which the handle
part was inserted into the splice of the head part of the
4 Local rules
stick), which assisted in the positioning of the stick head
in relation to the ball and made striking the ball easier and
There are sometimes minor variations in rules from com- more accurate.
petition to competition; for instance, the duration of The hook at the bottom of the stick was only recently
matches is often varied for junior competitions or for car- the tight curve (Indian style) that we have nowadays. The
nivals. Dierent national associations also have slightly older 'English' sticks had a longer bend, making it very
diering rules on player equipment.
hard to use the stick on the reverse. For this reason playThe new Euro Hockey League has made major alterations ers now use the tight curved sticks.
to the rules to aid television viewers, such as splitting The handle makes up the about the top third of the stick.
the game into four quarters, and to try to improve player It is wrapped in a grip similar to that used on tennis racket.
behaviour, such as a two-minute suspension for green The grip may be made of a variety of materials, including
cardsthe latter was also used in the 2010 World Cup. In chamois leather, which many players think improves grip
the United States, the NCAA has its own rules for inter- in the wet.
collegiate competitions; high school associations similarly play to dierent rules, usually using the rules pub- It was recently discovered that increasing the depth of
lished by the National Federation of State High School the face bow made it easier to get high speeds from the
Associations (NFHS). This article assumes FIH rules un- dragick and made the stroke easier to execute. At rst,
less otherwise stated. USA Field Hockey produces an an- after this feature was introduced, the Hockey Rules Board
placed a limit of 50 mm on the maximum depth of bow
nual summary of the dierences.[23]
over the length of the stick but experience quickly demonIn the United States, the games at the junior high level strated this to be excessive. New rules now limit this
consist of two 25-minute halves, while the high school curve to under 25 mm so as to limit the power with which
level consists of two 30-minute halves. Many private the ball can be icked.
American schools play 25-minute halves, and some have
adopted FIH rules rather than NFHS rules. Players are
required to wear mouth guards and shin guards in order 5.2 Field hockey ball
to play the game. Also, there is a newer rule requiring certain types of sticks be used. In recent years, the NFHS Standard eld hockey balls are hard spherical balls, made
rules have moved closer to FIH, but in 2011 a new rule of plastic (sometimes over a cork core), and are usurequiring protective eyewear was introduced for the 2011 ally white, although they can be any colour as long as
Fall season. The 'cage style' goggles favored by US high they contrast with the playing surface. The balls have a
school lacrosse and permitted in high school eld hockey circumference of 224235 mm (8.89.3 in) and weigh

10

6 TACTICS

A goalie may not cross the 23 m line, the sole exception

to this being if the goalkeeper is to take a penalty stroke
at the other end of the eld, when the clock is stopped.
The goalkeeper can also remove their helmet for this action. However, if the goalkeeper elects to wear only a
helmet (and a dierent colored shirt), they may cross the
23 m line if they have removed their helmet (and placed
it safely o the eld of play). If play returns to the circle
without them having opportunity to replace the helmet,
this player still has goalkeeping privileges, that is, they
are not limited to using their stick to play the ball whilst
it is in the circle, and the helmet must be worn whilst defending penalty corners and penalty strokes but the best
thing to do would be to wear it at all times. While goal156163 g (5.55.7 oz). The ball is often covered with tenders are allowed to use their feet and hands to clear
indentations to reduce aquaplaning that can cause an in- the ball, they too are only allowed to use one side of their
stick. Slide tackling is permitted as long as it is with the
consistent ball speed on wet surfaces.
intention of clearing the ball, not aimed at a player. It is
now also even possible for teams to have a full eleven out5.3 Goalkeeping equipment
eld players and no goalkeeper at all. No player may wear
a helmet or other goalkeeping equipment, neither will any
player be able to play the ball with any other part of the
body than with their stick. This may be used to oer a
tactical advantage, or to allow for play to commence if no
goalkeeper or kit is available.

6 Tactics
The basic tactic in eld hockey, as in association football
and many other team games, is to outnumber the opponent in a particular area of the eld at a moment in time.
When in possession of the ball this temporary numerical
superiority can be used to pass the ball around opponents
so that they cannot eect a tackle because they cannot get
within playing reach of the ball and to further use this numerical advantage to gain time and create clear space for
making scoring shots on the opponents goal. When not
in possession of the ball numerical superiority is used to
isolate and channel an opponent in possession and 'mark
out' any passing options so that an interception or a tackle
may be made to gain possession. Highly skillful players
can sometimes get the better of more than one opponent
and retain the ball and successfully pass or shoot but this
tends to use more energy than quick early passing.

A goalkeeper makes a glove save. Equipment worn here is typical

gear for a eld hockey goalkeeper.

The 2007 rulebook has seen major changes regarding

goalkeepers. A fully equipped goalkeeper must wear a
helmet, leg guards and kickers. Usually the eld hockey
goalkeepers must wear extensive additional protective
equipment including chest guards, padded shorts, heavily
padded hand protectors, groin protectors, neck guards,
arm guards, and like all players, they must carry a stick.

Every player has a role depending on their relationship to

the ball if the team communicates throughout the play of
the game. There will be players on the ball (oensively ball carriers; defensively - pressure, support players, and
movement players.
The main methods by which the ball is moved around the
eld by players are a) passing b) pushing the ball and running with it controlled to the front or right of the body and
c)"dribbling"; where the player controls the ball with the
stick and moves in various directions with it to elude opponents. To make a pass the ball may be propelled with a
pushing stroke, where the player uses their wrists to push

11
the stick head through the ball while the stick head is in
contact with it; the ick or scoop, similar to the push
but with an additional arm and leg and rotational actions
to lift the ball o the ground; and the hit, where a swing
at ball is taken and contact with it is often made very
forcefully, causing the ball to be propelled at velocities in
excess of 70 mph (110 km/h). In order to produce a powerful hit, usually for travel over long distances or shooting
at the goal, the stick is raised higher and swung with maximum power at the ball, a stroke sometimes known as a
drive.

ranked teams. Field hockey has also been played at the

Commonwealth Games since 1998. Amongst the men,
India lead in Olympic competition, having won 8 golds
(6 successive in row). Amongst the women, Australia and
Netherlands have 3 Olympic golds while Netherlands has
clinched the World Cup 6 times. The Sultan Azlan Shah
Hockey Tournament and Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Hockey
Tournament is for the junior team but both tournament
held annually in Malaysia, is becoming a prominent eld
hockey tournament where teams from around the world
participate to win the cup.

Tackles are made by placing the stick into the path of

the ball or playing the stick head or shaft directly at the
ball. To increase the eectiveness of the tackle, players
will often place the entire stick close to the ground horizontally, thus representing a wider barrier. To avoid the
tackle, the ball carrier will either pass the ball to a teammate using any of the push, ick, or hit strokes, or attempt
to maneuver or drag the ball around the tackle, trying
to deceive the tackler.

India and Pakistan dominated mens hockey until the

early 1980s, winning four of the rst ve world cups,
but have become less prominent with the ascendancy of
the Netherlands, Germany, New Zealand, Australia and
Spain since the late 1980s, as grass playing surfaces were
replaced with articial turf (which conferred increased
importance on athleticism). Other notable mens nations
include Argentina, England (who combine with other
British Home Nations to form the Great Britain side
In recent years, the penalty corner has gained importance at Olympic events) and South Korea. Despite their reas a goal scoring opportunity. Particularly with the tech- cent drop in international rankings, Pakistan still holds
nical development of the drag ick. Tactics at penalty the record of four World Cup wins.
corners to set up time for a shot with a drag ick or a The Netherlands was the predominant womens team behit shot at the goal involve various complex plays, includ- fore eld hockey was added to Olympic events. In the
ing multiple passes before a deections towards the goal early 1990s, Australia emerged as the strongest womens
is made but the most common method of shooting is the country although retirement of a number of players weakdirect ick or hit at the goal.
ened the team. Other prominent womens teams are
At the highest level, eld hockey is a fast-moving, highly Argentina, China, Korea, Germany and South Africa.
skilled sport, with players using fast moves with the stick,
quick accurate passing, and hard hits, in attempts to keep
possession and move the ball towards the goal. Tackling
with physical contact and otherwise physically obstructing players is not permitted, Some of the tactics used resemble football (soccer), but with greater ball speed.
With the 2009 changes to the rules regarding free hits
in the attacking 23m area, the common tactic of hitting
the ball hard into the circle was forbidden. Although at
higher levels this was considered tactically risky and lowpercentage at creating scoring opportunities, it was used
with some eect to 'win' penalty corners by forcing the
ball onto a defenders foot or to deect high (and dangerously) o a defenders stick. The FIH felt it was a
dangerous practice that could easily lead to raised deections and injuries in the circle, which is often crowded at
a free-hit situation, and outlawed it.

International competition

Main article: International eld hockey tournaments

The biggest two eld hockey tournaments are the
Olympic Games tournament, and the Hockey World Cup,
which is also held every 4 years. Apart from this, there
is the Champions Trophy held each year for the six top-

As of June 2013 Germanys mens team and the Netherlands womens teams lead the FIH world rankings.
This is a list of the major International eld hockey
tournaments, in chronological order. Tournaments included are:
Olympic Games - held every four years.
World Cup - held every four years, in between the
Olympics.
Champions Trophy - currently held every year, for
the top 8 ranked nations.
Champions Challenge - held every year for teams
ranked 9th-16th in the world.
Champions Challenge II - held every year for teams
ranked 17th-24th in the world.
Although invitational or not open to all countries, the following are also considered international tournaments:
Commonwealth Games held every four years between members of the Commonwealth of Nations
Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Tournament - held annually in Malaysia, an invitational tournament.

12

10

Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Hockey Tournament -held annually for athletes aged under-21 in Malaysia, an invitational tournament.

Variants

See also: Indoor eld hockey, Bandy and Hockey 9s

8.1

Hockey 5s

An Asian qualication tournament for two places at the

2014 Youth Olympic Games was the rst time an FIH
event used the Hockey 5s format. Hockey 5s will be
used for the Youth Olympic hockey tournament. As the
name suggests, Hockey 5s is a hockey variant which features ve players on each team (which must include a
goalkeeper). The eld of play is 55 m long and 41.70
m widethis is approximately half the size of a regular
pitch. Few additional markings are needed as there is no
penalty circle nor penalty corners; shots can be taken from
anywhere on the pitch. Penalty strokes are replaced by a
challenge which is like the one-on-one method used in a
penalty shoot-out. The duration of the match is three 12minute periods with an interval of two minutes between
periods. The rules are simpler and it is hoped that the
game will be faster, create more shots on goal with less
play in mideld, and be more attractive to spectators.[25]

References

[1] http://fieldhockey.isport.com/fieldhockey-guides/
history-of-field-hockey
[2] http://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/
products/1951/
[3] Hockey not Indias national sport. NDTV.
[4] Field Hockey Rules. International Hockey Federation.
[5] Oikonomos, G. ". Archaiologikon
Deltion 6 (19201921):
56 59; there are
clear depictions of the game, but the identication with the name is disputed at
http://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/
(English summary at http://hellenisteukontos.blogspot.
com/2010/03/ancient-greek-field-hockey.html )
[6] McGrath, Charles (22 August 2008). A Chinese Hinterland, Fertile With Field Hockey. New York Times.
Retrieved 23 August 2008.
[7] http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.
htm accessed 12 March 2009
[8] Egan, Tracie; Connolly, Helen (2005). Field hockey:
rules, tips, strategy, and safety. The Rosen Publishing
Group. ISBN 978-1-4042-0182-8. Retrieved 2014-0227.

EXTERNAL LINKS

[9] http://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/about
[10] Clubs. England Hockey Board. Retrieved 10 August
2010.
[11] Ireland. FIH. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
[12] National Census Executive Summary 2008 (PDF).
Hockey Australia. p. 2. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
[13] "''Nineteen Eighty Four'', Part I, Chapter 1.
ilivres.ca. 2011-11-09. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

Wik-

[14] Hockey Pitches Basic Information (PDF). Great

Britain Hockey. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
[15] FIH Pitches 2014, p.8 2.
[16] FIH Pitches 2014, p.19 5.5.1.
[17] Merchant, Minhaz (15 January 2013). The untold story
of how India lost hockey supremacy. Times of India. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
[18] Anders, Elizabeth. Field Hockey: Steps to Success 2nd Edition: Steps to Success. Barnes & Noble. 2008.
Web. 29 Feb 2012. <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/
w/field-hockey-elizabeth-anders/1101100144>.
[19] Title of presentation. Fihockey.org. Retrieved 201402-27.
[20] Basic Field Hockey Rules.
[21] 2013 FIH Rule Book http://www.fih.ch/files/
Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%
202012-interactif.pdf
[22] Executive Board makes key decisions at latest meeting.
2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-08-04.
[23] Summary of NCAA and NFHS rule dierences
[24] Approved FIH and USA Field Hockey protective eyewear. USA Field Hockey. 22 April 2011. Retrieved 19
December 2012.
[25] Its here! Hockey 5 set to make ocial debut.
=International Hockey Federation. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2014.

10 External links
The FIH Fdration Internationale de Hockey (International Hockey Federation) the games international governing body
FIH Rules of Hockey 2006 (pdf le)
FIH Rules of Hockey 200708 (pdf le)
FIH Rules of Hockey 2007/8 Brieng and Guidance
for Umpires (pdf le)
FIH Rules of Hockey 2009 (pdf le)
FIH Rules of Hockey 2013 (pdf le)

13
New hockey laws ended Indias rule, Times of India, 27 February 2010 summary of some historical
rule changes

14

11

11
11.1

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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Yintan, M.thoriyan, Addiscombehockey, Keilana, Sam575, Toddst1, Tiptoety, LibStar, Emily heusgen, CutOTies, Lightmouse, Yomophobe, Dodger67, Iloveej, Anchor Link Bot, Veldin963, Arciall, Imran786pak, Denisarona, Barkjon, Nannymcphee, Atif.t2, Elassint,
ClueBot, Fribbler, Snigbrook, The Thing That Should Not Be, Sabbe, EoGuy, Vivewiki, Oblomow, Dpmuk, Franamax, Mild Bill Hiccup,
Uncle Milty, CounterVandalismBot, Lpu05bb, LonelyBeacon, 7jones, Les woodland, Coop-rman, On Thermonuclear War, DragonBot,
Excirial, Taifarious1, Winston365, Estirabot, Hockeyaddict, Sun Creator, Brownie07, TheRedPenOfDoom, Eustress, Razorame, Rhebinthas, Mikaey, BOTarate, Thingg, Shj95, Versus22, GrahamDo, Centish, Hwalee76, J matula, Qwfp, I-del-wild, SoxBot III, Egmontaz, DumZiBoT, Dthomsen8, Ajcheema, Skarebo, PL290, Jacant 2, Addbot, Some jerk on the Internet, Landon1980, AkhtaBot, Hellokitty7484, CactusWriter, Cazwilson, Download, Morning277, CarsracBot, Sillyfolkboy, Glane23, Jomunro, Jonoikobangali, Favonian,
Pongalongdadong, 5 albert square, Arteyu, Nizil Shah, Mr.Xp, Tide rolls, BrianKnez, Lightbot, Teles, Pleclown, CountryBot, Matt.T,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D, Fraggle81, Zagothal, GlowInTheDarkSushi, Velocitas, Tempodivalse, Radiopathy, Jrgen-Michael Glubrecht,
AnomieBOT, Kristen Eriksen, 1exec1, Ginyild, Jim1138, Pyrrhus16, Kingpin13, RobertEves92, O-man1c, Caztealwilson, Csgeldhockey,
Mechamind90, Frankenpuppy, Leeswoo00, Nheplayer190, Bigpez5, Fatkid714, Xqbot, MonsterWiki, Ali944rana, Bob John33333, Brgod, Johnsmith12321, Mofunzone1150, Capricorn42, Awesome718, Khajidha, 205ywmpq, Lovecriesblood, Wil0527, Kid19, Tad Lincoln, Grim23, Loganhockey32, Skarl the Drummer, J04n, GrouchoBot, Frankie0607, Nij90, Sophus Bie, Fastesteddie, Thehelpfulbot,
Haldraper, Nixn, Mblem1, FrescoBot, Sometung, HJ Mitchell, Eagle4000, Xxehhhxwhtvrxx, Bubblegumpie, Pinethicket, Blaze256,
Calmer Waters, Hamtechperson, Hoo man, CHawc, RedBot, Robo Cop, Blindedbtlight, Nirinsanity, Rpt0, Dinamik-bot, Duoduoduo,
ThinkEnemies, Minimac, Natalieb23, Mangoshake90, Recnalew, Clemsonfan69, Loire Hockey, Liptakas123, Salvio giuliano, Funkruf,
EmausBot, John of Reading, Acather96, Heymid, Honeyxox, GoingBatty, CaptRik, RenamedUser01302013, NotAnonymous0, Wikipelli,
Kmcnovel, John Cline, Jenks24, Proteinbar, Daniash007, Forestek, Megene, Ireebs95, Access Denied, Styles79, Thehockeysocial, Unreal7, Jensimo29, TyA, Rajiv d, Jgundry12, Wonderwizard, Orange Suede Sofa, Bigshaqdaddy, Rangoon11, NTox, Kamble23, William
Fuchs, E. Fokker, Harvardhockeygirl, EHBhockey, ClueBot NG, Caitmoy, MelbourneStar, Mr.Straight4ward, Intoronto1125, Satellizer,
Trumy, Bak3dskater, Ranjitkct, Billyjoe234567, Neljack, Widr, Tyronefrance, ClasshwJMS, Helpful Pixie Bot, Liamdabomb, Kyle91011,
Manella5, Qbgeekjtw, RH20147, Bintish wonder, MollySR, Kangaroopower, MusikAnimal, Megamindpp, Mmarkon, Bill649154, Jaydenpock, Muneeb2000, Michael Barera, Nick5001, Pilotofdoom, Over18needed, Stuartie29, Approved.crab, DPL bot, Fockey1234,
Bballman18738, Loriendrew, Fieldhockey56, Dineshkumar.srinivas, Lieutenant of Melkor, 14ladybug14, ClothNapkin, Pratyya Ghosh,
DiseaseAction5844, Ahmed brothers, Aleshaf10, Khazar2, Jamshaidshaikh, Mogism, GyaroMaguus, Pothead1238, PeytonIsobella, Lugia2453, Jamesbrennan13, SFK2, Jamesx12345, Ehsan Tarar, 93, Karanchugh003, Catgomeow1, KnoxNoelle, MikeTas20, Spackis333,
PinkAmpersand, Rhetoric3300, Followqueen, Tentinator, Goodc468, Aidan-braunz, Kanhakris, ChrisvonSteinbach, Jjpp123, Ashtonmallick, DJFryzy, Sadfweafd, John type au, Tricks123, Lmorrisetcher, W. P. Uzer, Madeleinepeck, Gcummin, Merbear4, Jane J Smit,
Wanamakerelaina, Daniimilt, Sydneyskiles, Dodge Charger98, Mads101234, Samantharupp, Adamkonarik, Samsrisahnuv, Kkk ocial,
Pishcal, Benny69, Jimmy Gimmy, MONTYMAN1 and Anonymous: 1107

11.2

11.2

Images

15

Images

File:Balle_de_hockey_sur_gazon_avec_pice_de_5_francs.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Balle_

de_hockey_sur_gazon_avec_pi%C3%A8ce_de_5_francs.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Clment
Bucco-Lechat
File:Brenda256.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Brenda256.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors:
Dimitri Aguero Original artist: Dimitri Aguero
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Fieldhockey_shortcorner_defense.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Fieldhockey_shortcorner_
defense.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JMC Wiki
File:Hockey_field_metric.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Hockey_field_metric.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Hockey_eld.svg <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hockey_field.svg' class='image'><img
alt='Hockey eld.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hockey_field.svg/50px-Hockey_field.svg.png'
width='50' height='71' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hockey_field.svg/75px-Hockey_field.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hockey_field.svg/100px-Hockey_field.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='608'
data-le-height='864' /></a>
Original artist: Hockey_eld.svg: User Robert Merkel on en.wikipedia
File:Indiana_(80)_(5028145116).jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Indiana_%2880%29_
%285028145116%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Indiana (80) Original artist: Cathi Alloway
File:International_Hockey_Federation_map.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/International_
Hockey_Federation_map.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:London_1908_Hockey.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/London_1908_Hockey.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:M060519_vit_vipers-dragons_0071.JPG
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/M060519_vit_
vipers-dragons_0071.JPG License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:UVA_field_hockey.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/UVA_field_hockey.jpg License: CC BY 2.0
Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/83850382@N02/11170983334 Original artist: Jack Marion

11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0