Professional Documents
Culture Documents
VERBELE NEREGULATE
Sunt verbe care nu formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea lui "ed" la sfarsitul formei de infinitiv. Practic
aceste verbe neregulate trebuiesc invatate ca atare.
Infinitiv
-forma 1to abide
to arise
to awake
Participiu trecut
-forma 3abode
arisen
awoken
awaked
been
born
beaten
become
begun
beheld
bent
besought
bet
Traducere
verb
a astepta, a sta, a locui
a se ridica
a se trezi
to be
to bear
to beat
to become
to begin
to behold
to bend
to beseech
to bet
Trecut
-forma 2abode
arose
awoke
awaked
was, were
bore
beat
became
began
beheld
bent
besought
bet
to bid
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to bless
to blow
to break
to breed
to bring
to broadcast
bade
bound
bit
bled
blest
blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
bidden
bound
bitten
bled
blest
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
a oferi, a licita
a lega
a musca
a sangera
a binecuvanta
a sufla
a sparge
a creste
a aduce
a transmite prin radio
a fi
a se naste
a bate
a deveni
a icepe
a zari, a vedea
a indoi, a curba
a implora
a paria
to burn
to burst
to buy
can
to cast
to catch
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to come
to cost
to creep
to cut
to deal
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
to find
to fly
to forbid
to forecast
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forgo
burnt (burned)
burst
bought
could
cast
caught
chose
cleft
clung
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt (dreamed)
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forbade
forecast
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forwent
burnt (burned)
burst
bought
been able to
cast
caught
chosen
cleft
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt (dreamed)
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidden
forecast
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forgone
forsake
to freeze
forsook
froze
forsaken
frozen
a arde
a izbucni
a cumpara
a putea
a arunca
a prinde
a alege
a despica
a se lipi
a veni
a costa
a se tara
a taia
a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
a sapa
a face
a desena
a visa
a bea
a conduce masina
a locui, a ramane, a insista
a manca
a cadea
a hrani
a simti
a lupta
a gasi
a zbura
a interzice
a prevedea
a prevedea
a prezice
a uita
a ierta
a renunta la,
a da uitarii
a parasi
a igheta
to get
to give
to go
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to keep
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lay
to lead
to lean
to learn
to leave
to lend
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
to misgive
to mislead
to mistake
to outdo
to overcome
to overdo
to pay
to put
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung (hanged)
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knit
knew
laid
led
leant
learnt (learned)
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
misgave
misled
mistook
outdid
overcame
overdid
paid
put
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung (hanged)
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knit
known
laid
led
leant
learnt (learned)
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
misgiven
misled
mistaken
outdone
overcome
overdone
paid
put
a primi
a da
a merge
a macina
a creste
a spanzura
a avea
a auzi
a ascunde
a lovi
a tine
a rani
a pastra
a igenunchia
a tricota
a sti, a cunoaste
a aseza
a conduce
a se sprijini de
a ivata
a parasi
a mprumuta (cuiva)
a permite
a fi culcat
a aprinde
a pierde
a face
a isemna
a intalni
a inspira neicredere
a induce in eroare
a intelege gresit
a intrece
a invinge
a face exces
a plati
a pune
to read
to rend
to ride
to ring
to rise
to run
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake
to shave
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to sling
to slit
to smell
to smite
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
read
rent
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shaved
shed
shone
shod
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slung
slit
smelt (smelled)
smote
sowed
spoke
sped
spelt (spelled)
spent
read
rent
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn (sewed)
shaken
shaven
shed
shone
shod
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid
slung
slit
smelt (smelled)
smitten
sown
spoken
sped
spelt (spelled)
spent
a citi
a sfasia, a rupe
a calari
a suna
a se ridica
a alerga
a spune
a vedea
a cauta
a vinde
a trimite
a regla, a fixa
a coase
a scutura, a clatina
a se barbieri
a varsa (lacrimi)
a straluci
a icalta, a potcovi
a mpusca
a arata
a se strange
a inchide
a canta
a se scufunda
a sta (pe ceva)
a ucide
a dormi
a aluneca
a azvarli
a despica
a mirosi
a lovi
a semana
a vorbi
a accelera
a pronunta litera cu litera
a cheltui
to spill
to spin
spilt
spun
spilt
spun
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to string
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
struck
strung
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck
strung
to strive
to swear
to sweep
to swim
to swing
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread
to underlie
to understand
to upset
to wake
to wear
to weave
to wet
to win
to wind
strove
swore
swept
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
underlay
understood
upset
woke
wore
wove
wet
won
wound
striven
sworn
swept
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden
underlain
understood
upset
woken
worn
woven
wet
won
wound
a varsa
a toarce,
a se roti
a scuipa
a despica
a strica
a intinde
a sari, a tasni
a sta in picioare
a fura
a infige, a se lipi
a itepa
a mirosi urat
a lovi
a insira,
a incorda
a se stradui
a jura
a matura
a inota
a se legana
a lua
a invata, a preda
a rupe, a sfasia
a spune
a gandi, a crede
a arunca
a mbranci
a calca
a sustine
a intelge
a supara
a se trezi
a purta
a tese
a uda
a castiga
a se rasuci
to wring
wrung
wrung
to write
wrote
written
Exemple
a frange,
a smulge
a scrie
Cum se identifica
Exemple
Exemple
Mary washes herself.
MODUL INDICATIV
CONJUGAREA VERBELOR IN ENGLEZA
Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza - Modul indicativ
Trecut/ Past
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana
Past Simple
Past Continuous
I singular
I came
I was coming
I had come
II singular
You came
III
singular
He/She/It came
I plural
We came
We were coming
We had come
II plural
You came
III plural
They came
Persoana
Past Simple
Past Continuous
I singular
II singular
III singular
I plural
II plural
III plural
Past Simple
Past Continuous
I singular
Did I come?
Was I coming?
Had I come?
II singular
III
singular
Was he/she/it
coming?
I plural
Did we come?
Were we coming?
Had we come?
II plural
III plural
Prezent/ Present
Persoana
Present Simple
I singular
II singular
III singular
I plural
II plural
III plural
I come
You come
He/She/It comes
We come
You come
They come
Present Perfect
Simple
Present Continuous
I am coming
You are coming
He/She/It is coming
We are coming
You are coming
They are coming
I have come
You have come
He/She/It has come
We have come
You have come
They have come
Present Simple
Present Continuous
I singular
I don't come
I am not coming
II singular
III
singular
He/She/It doesn't
come
He/She/It is not
coming
I plural
We don't come
II plural
III plural
Persoana
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Continuous
I singular
Do I come?
Am I coming?
Have I come?
II singular
Do you come?
III
singular
Does he/she/it
come?
Is he/she/it coming?
I plural
Do we come?
Are we coming?
Have we come?
II plural
Do you come?
III plural
Do they come?
Viitor/ Future
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana
Be Going To Future
Simple Future
Future Continuous
I singular
I am going to come
I will come
I will be coming
II singular
III singular
I plural
We will come
We will be coming
II plural
III plural
Persoana
Future Perfect
I singular
I am about to come
II singular
III singular
I plural
II plural
III plural
Be Going To Future
Simple Future
Future Continuous
I singular
II singular
III
singular
I plural
II plural
III plural
Persoan
a
Future Perfect
I singular
II singular
III
singular
I plural
II plural
III plural
Be Going To Future
Simple Future
Future Continuous
I singular
Am I going to come?
Will I come?
Will I be coming?
II singular
III
singular
I plural
Will we come?
Will we be coming?
II plural
III plural
Persoan
a
Future Perfect
I singular
Am I about to come?
II singular
III
singular
I plural
II plural
III plural
TIMPURILE VERBELOR
Timpurile verbelor in limba engleza
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment
viitor
PREZENTUL SIMPLU
Cum se formeaza
2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc si devin general
valabile)
I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.)
I never drink tea.
In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year, occasionally, often,
usually, sometimes, seldom, twice a week.
6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa
accentueze surprinderea, sau rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare
actiunii de baza)
I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map.
(Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.)
Comentarii
a) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z, sh, ch, consoana+y
b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate
persoanele singular si plural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se adauga (e) s.
Cum se formeaza
1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum)
I am just writing my exercise. (Tocmai imi scriu exercitiul.)
I am writing my exercise now. (Imi scriu exercitiul acum.)
In acest caz, de regula, in propozitie intalnim cuvinte (care sa intareasca aceasta idee) precum: just,
now.
2. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (dar care se va termina in viitorul mai departat)
Cand fac afirmatia poate ca nu studiez franceza (la acea ora), insa aceasta actiune/ activitate e inceputa in
trecut si va continua si in viitor. In acest caz nu se folosesc cuvinte de subliniere a prezentului precum just,
now.
3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz
nu are nuanta subiectiva)
What are you doing tomorrow ? (Ce faci maine?)
In acest caz frecvent se folosesc verbe de miscare precum to come, to arrive, to go, to leave:
My friend is leaving tomorrow. (Prietenul meu pleaca maine.)
(Ii multumesc lui Dumnezeu in permanenta, pentru oportunitatile pe care mi le-a dat in
viata.)
PREZENTUL PERFECT
Cum se formeaza
1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut)
I have seen that movie 10 times. (Am vazut acel film de 10 ori.)
Yes, I have seen that movie. (Da, am vazut acel film.)
Uneori se pot folosi adverbe de frecventa sau de timp care nu precizeaza timpul cu exactitate ( ever,
4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE
In cazul in care actiunea/ activitatea e facuta fara intrerupere sau se doreste accentuarea ei se va
folosi The Present Perfect Continuous
6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut dar care nu s-a
terminat
I have eaten a good cake this morning. (este ora 9 am si dimineata nu s-a
terminat)
Cum se formeaza
I have been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the novel.
(Am citit toata dupa-masa. Tocmai am terminat de citit romanul.)
TRECUTUL SIMPLU
Cum se formeaza
Acest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in momentul prezent.
Observatii:
1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede este scurta si
accentuate:
stop -> stopped
prefer -> preferred
2) verbele terminate in y precedat de consoana il schimba in i:
study -> studied
3) verbele terminate in e adauga doar d:
move -> moved
(Am mers la Marea Neagra in fiecare an. /Obisnuiam sa mergem la Marea Neagra in fiecare
an)
3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)"
Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?
Cum se formeaza
3. folosind "Past Continuous Tense" pentru actiuni trecute sublinieaza ideea de paralelism,
simultaneitate (se cunoaste timpul)
TRECUTUL PERFECT
Cum se formeaza
The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the garden.
(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.)
Cum se formeaza
They had been talking for over two hours before Tom arrived.
(Ei vorbeau de peste doua ore, cand Tom a ajuns.)
VIITORUL SIMPLU
Cum se formeaza
will + verb
Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce
exprima promisiunea, actiuni neplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in
propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think, assume, expect, hope, doubt, belive,
suppose, be sorry, wonder, be surepentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o
actiune viitoare.
(predictia)
Comentarii
Daca actiunea e planificata in decursula a 1-7 zile sau e vorba de o activitate repetitiva in viitor de
regula se foloseste viitorul format cu "to be going to":
Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul simplu continuu:
Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu prezentul simplu
continuu nu are nici o nuanta de acest fel.
VIITORUL CONTINUU
Cum se formeaza
1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp)
Comentarii
1) O varianta a cazului 1 de folosire a lui "Future Continuous Tense" este cand se vrea sa se
sublinieze faptul ca in viitor doua sau mai multe actiuni vor avea loc simultan:
minunata.)
cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, ifnu vom avea viitor !
VIITORUL PERFECT
Cum se formeaza
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor
Comentarii
2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"
Cum se formeaza
will have been + present participle
VIITORUL IN TRECUT
Cum se formeaza
would + VERB
or
Exemple
Comentarii
Propozitiile (de timp) care incep cu before, when, while, after, as soon as, by the time,
if, unless nu au verbul la viitor.
MODUL CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL IN TRECUT-REAL
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Past ..., ... Simple Past ...
Exemple
Tom helped me with my homework when he had time. (situatie general valabila in
trecut)
If the weather were nice, I walked to my office. (situatie general valabila in trecut)
When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. (situatie general valabila in
trecut)
Comentarii
"Past Real Conditional" face referire la un obicei trecut (nu mai e valabil in
prezent).
1)
2) If
e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente;
When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
CONDITIONAL IN TRECUT-IREAL
Comentarii
1)
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...
Exemple
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
valabila in prezent)
If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent)
Where do you stay if you go to Bucharest?
Comentarii
1) "Present Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii care apar in
mod normal in viata de zi cu zi; sint situatii generale si care se repeta frecvent sau sunt
sigure (sunt reale si nu fictive);
2) If
e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente;
When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
CONDITIONAL IN PREZENT-IREAL
Cum se formeaza
If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...
Exemple
What would you do if you won the lottery?
(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul)
Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?
(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; calatoria la Bucuresti in acest caz nu e reala)
If the weather were nice, I would walk to my office.
(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; vremea nu e frumoasa)
Tom would help me with my homework if he had time.
(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; Tom nu are timp deci nu ma ajuta, dar daca ar avea timp
m-ar ajuta)
Comentarii
1) "Present Unreal Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii ipotetice.
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ...
Exemple
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (valabila pentru o situatie particulara in
viitor)
Tom will help me with my homework when he has time.
particulara in viitor)
Comentarii
1) "Future Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a spune ce se va face intr-o situatie
particulara viitoare.
If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie generala)
vezi "Present
Real
Conditional"
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (situatie particulara)
Diferenta dintre cele 2 mesaje e foarte mica, practic insesizabila in vorbirea curenta.
2) If
e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente;
When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
CONDITIONALUL IN VIITOR-IREAL
Cum se formeaza
Forma 1
If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Cu aceeasi semnificatie se poate folosi Present Unreal Conditional (Forma 2); aceasta forma e preferata
formei de Present Unreal Conditional)
Forma 3
If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Se traduce cu "Daca se va intampla sa/ ca sa ..." (se pune accentul pe predictie) ... dar stiu ca nu se va
intampla)
Exemple
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were having time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca va avea timp. (dar stiu ca nu va avea)
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were going to have time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca se va intampla sa aibe timp. (dar stiu ca nu va avea)
Comentarii
1) "Future Unreal Conditional" face referinta la o situatie imaginara (nu e rela) in
viitor.
2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se considera ca
actiunea/ evenimentul nu va avea loc.
3) Forma 2 e cea mai folosita (in aceasta situatie) in manualele de gramatica.
MODUL SUBJONCTIV
Cum se identifica
Subjonctivul se foloseste cand avem :
o actiune posibila in viitor
o actiune nerealizata (ireala) in trecut sau prezent
o recomandare, un sfat
Exemple
It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
He speaks as if he were not from Bucharest. (situatie ireala in prezent, deci AVEM
subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar e din Bucuresti.
He speaks as if he is not from Bucharest. (situatie reala in prezent, deci NU AVEM
subjonctiv)
Comentarii
Subjonctivul in engleza se formeaza cu :
a) infinitivul scurt al verbului
1) dupa constructii ca: It is necessary, It is advisable, It is recommendable, It is possible, It is
unsure, It is probable ( ca si formularile de genul "He recommends", "He advices", "He requests" );
2) in propozitii de scop (so that ...); ex.: Come earlier so that you find him at
home. (forma americana)
Come earlier so that you can find him at
home. (forma britanica)
3) in propozitii concesive ( however ... ); ex.: I go there however difficult it be.
4) in exclamatii afective: ex.: Bless you !
5) In formulas (short infinitive):
Long live the queen. (Triasc regina!)
So be it. (Aa s fie.)
Come what may. (Fie ce o fi.)
Suffice it to say. (Este suficient de zis.)
Be that as it may. (Fie ce o fi.)
Say what you will. (Spune ce vrei.)
b) forma de "Past Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima:
1) un regret prezent
I wish I knew her address. ( ... nu-i stiu adresa si regret);
They demanded that the meeting be held in our new conference room.
(Au cerut ca ntlnirea s se in n sala nou de conferine.)
We planned that they should see the room beforehand.
(Am plnuit s vedem camera nainte.)
She was anxious that they should see her dancing.
(Era emoionat c o vor vedea dansnd.)
f) cu "may/might"
May you live long!
(S trieti mult!)
However tired might he be, he must come down.
(Orict de obosit ar fi, trebuie s vin jos.)
Alte comentarii:
i) Forma de "Past Tense" a lui "to be" este "were";
ii) in constructiile cu "for + subiect" se foloseste forma lunga a infinitivului:
It's time for you to go to bed.
iv) In engleza americana, in propozitia subordonata introdusa de "that" cand propozitia principala
exprima o recomandare, decizie, cerere, speranta, intentie sau surprindere.
MODUL IMPERATIV
Cum se identifica
Exemple
Let him go !
( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )
( Incuie usa ! )
Go there !
( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know !
Leave me alone !
Lasa-ma in pace!
Take it easy !
Usor !
INFINITIVUL SI GERUNZIU
advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate, intend,
like, love, mean, need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret, remember,
require, start, stop, try, used to
-
cant bear
intend
They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.)
o
it needs/requires/wants
regret, remember, forget (when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action)
go on, stop
He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat s ne spun despre planurile lui noi.)
I cant stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot s l opresc s nu vorbeasc cu presa.)
o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest,
dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind,
miss, practice, report. resent, resist, risk, postpone, stand, sit, suggest.
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an
infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai picat examenul.)
I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.)
try, used to
They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun gard de srm n jurul
grdinii.)
I used to swim all the year around. (Obinuiam s not tot anul.)
1. Verbele de perceptie
to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste
ex: I see a red car.
TOTUSI, daca actiunea e una voluntara, una constienta se poate folosi
aspectul continuu:
What are you seeing ? (se presupune ca persoana care vede ceva realizeaza o actiune voluntara;
de exemplu: se uita cu binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai departe, etc)
DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de baza, iar se poate
folosi forma continua:
I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de a fi consultat, de a se
duce la)
5. verbele modale
can, may, must, ought to
ex.: I can do it.
VERBE MODALE
CAN
neoficial
Nota:
Aceasta forma de exprimare a permisiunii nu este foarte delicata si poate fi vazuta si ca o cerere
politicoasa.
Comentarii
2. Cererea cu "Could" este may politicoasa decat cea cu "Can"; de aceea de regula cererile se fac
cu "Could";
MAY
2. exprima posibilitatea
Nota: Daca se foloseste "might" probabilitatea e mai mica decat "may", insa diferenta nu e foarte mare:
3. exprima o dorinta
Comentarii
1. "May" in situatia in care exprima posibilitatea poate fi inlocuit cu "it is possible" fara ca
sensul sa se schimbe:
MUST
I must go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea)
Nota:
Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":
I have to go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung
undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una obiectiva)
Comentarii
OUGHT TO
Nota:
Comentarii
2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult "should not".
SHALL
1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofert sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ)
(Ce sa fac?)
(S te ascult ?)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaie sau o ameninare care provin de la cel care
vorbete ( Folosit cu persoanele II i III)
You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me.
Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine.
He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that.
Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa.
You shall hear from me again!
Vei mai auzi tu de mine!)
The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the examination.
Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.
Comentarii
WILL
Comentarii
1. Will - are si intelesul de a voi. La casatorie se foloseste expresia I will.
Comentarii
NEED poate fi folosit si ca verb principal:
He needs help.
Are nevoie de ajutor.
USED TO nu are forma de prezent. Pentru a exprima un obicei in prezent folositi prezentul simplu:
I (usually) spend my holidays in the mountains.
De obicei imi petrec vacantele la munte.
DARE ca verb modal este urmat de:
a) infinitivul fara to dupa forma invariabila dare (persoana a III-a singular sau Past Tense):
I wonder wheter he dare come.
Ma intreb daca va indrazni sa vina.
He felt that he daren't try.
Si-a dat seama ca n-are curajul sa incerce.
b) infinitivul cu to, dupa participial prezent sau dupa persoana a III-a singular:
Now he dares to attack me !
Acum indrazneste sa ma atace!
c) infinitivul cu sau fara to dupa forma de infinitiv a verbului, forma de Past Tense dared si participiul
trecut:
He wouldn't dare (to) tell me this.
N-ar indrazni sa imi spuna acest lucru.
He dared (to) write upon the subject.
A avut curajul sa scrie despre acea problema.
ATENTIE!
Verbul dare este urmat de infinitivul cu to cand este folosit ca verb principal:
He dared me to compete with him.
M-a provocat la intrecere.
ADJECTIVUL
ADJECTIV CALITATIV
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu proprietati ale obiectelor ce pot
avea grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati.
Exemple
big (mare)
clever (destept)
profound (profund)
small (mic)
dry (uscat)
good (bun)
activ (activ)
blue (albastru)
ADJECTIV POSESIV
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al
tau, etc ...);
Exemple
my book (cartea mea)
your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra)
his book (cartea lui)
her book (cartea ei)
its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni)
our book (cartea noastra)
our books (cartile noastre)
your books (cartile voastre)
their book (cartea lor)
their books (cartile lor)
Comentarii
Corespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive:
Persoana
Pronumele
posesiv
Adjectivul
posesiv
1st singular
mine
my
2nd
yours
your
3rd (female)
hers
her
3rd (male)
his
his
3rd (neuter)
its
its
1st plural
ours
our
3rd plural
theirs
their
ADJECTIV DEMONSTRATIV
Cum se identifica
Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:
closer
farther
singular
plural
this
(acesta/ aceasta)
these
(acestia/
acestea)
that
(acela/ aceea)
those
(aceia/
acelea)
Exemple
this house (aceasta casa)
ADJECTIV NEHOTARAT
Cum se identifica
Adjectivul nehotarat este adjectivul care nsoeste substantivul fr s individualizeze obiectul denumit de
acesta.
Exemple
Comentarii
ADVERBUL
ADVERBUL DE MOD
Cum se identifica
Adverbul se poate defini astfel:
Este partea de vorbire care:
Exemple
She touched him sweetly on the hand. (L-a atins usor pe mana.)
He danced so beautifully! (A dansat atat de frumos.)
They behaved foolishly. (S-au comportat proseste.)
After the party he left sadly. (Dupa petrecere, a plecat suparat.)
You should do that carefully! (Ar trebui sa faci acel lucru cu grija !)
Comentarii
Adverbele de mod pot fi:
- de intarire: actually (de fapt), certainly (in mod sigur), obviously (evident), really (intr-adevar) ;
- de amplificare: absolutely (absolut), completely (complet), barely (cu greu), hardly (cu
greu), scarcely (cu dificultate);
- de afirmatie sau negatie: yes (da), no (nu), of course (desigur), not at all (deloc);
- de probabilitate: maybe (poate), perhaps (posibil), probably (probabil).
Daca adjectivul de mod se termina in e, acesta se pastreaza inaintea sufixului ly:
entire (adjectiv) -> entirely (adverb de mod)
extreme (adjectiv) -> extremely (adverb de mod)
Exceptii: true (adjectiv) -> truly (adverb de mod)
due (adjectiv) -> duly (adverb de mod)
whole (adjectiv) -> wholly (adverb de mod)
Daca adjectivul se termina in l , adverbul va avea ll, prin adaugarea terminatiei -ly:
beautiful (adjectiv)+ ly -> beautifully (adverb de mod)
Adjectivele terminate in le silabic pierd e si adauga y:
simple (adjectiv) -> simply (adverb de mod)
Adjectivele terminate in y il transforma in i inaintea sufixului ly:
happy (adjectiv) -> happily (adverb de mod)
Adjectivele terminate in ll pierd un l:
full (adjectiv) -> fully (adverb de mod)
Adjectivele terminate in ic primesc ally pentru a devein adverbe (exceptie: public -> publicly):
automatic (adjectiv) -> automatically (adverb de mod)
Cum se identifica
Adverbul se poate defini astfel:
Este partea de vorbire care:
Unele adverbe de loc indica locul propriu-zis (here, there), altele indica directia (aside, forward,
behind), insa majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot fi folosite pentru a indica atat locul cat si directia.
Exemple
I bought a house somewhere. (Am cumparat o casa undeva.)
I will wait for you here. (Am sa te astept aici.)
Move aside! (Da-te la oparte!)
Clothes models like this one are anywhere. (Modele de haine ca acesta gasesti oriunde.)
Diana was found crying there. (Diana a fost gasita plangand acolo.)
Read forward, you will find the information. (Citeste mai departe, vei gasi informatia.)
Please wait for her out! (Te rog asteapt-o afara!)
She lived a long period abroad. (A trait o perioada lunga in strainatate.)
They found the terrorists hidden underground. (Au gasit teroristii ascunsi sub pamant.)
Can you go downstairs and smoke there? (Poti sa mergi jos si sa fumezi acolo?)
Please come home for that special party. (Te rog vino acasa pentru acea petrecere speciala.)
You won't find that car nowhere. (Nu vei gasi acea masina nicaieri.)
Sheila went far in the woods to pick up mushrooms. (Sheila s-a dus departe in padure sa culeaga
ciuperci.)
Comentarii
Exista adverbe de loc care au aceeasi forma ca si adjectivul din care provin: outside, next,
right, left
Outside
Ex.. There's only an outside chance of winning this game Sansele de a castiga acest joc
sunt mici. Adjective
The weather outside is horrible Vremea de afara e oribila - Adverb de loc
Next
Ex. Im leaving with the next train. Plec cu trenul urmator. Adjective
What happens next ? - Ce se va intampla in continuare ? Adverb de loc
Right
Ex. He is not the right person for you. Nu e persoana potrivita pentru tine. Adjective
Im right behind you.- Sunt chiar in spate tau. Adverb de loc
Left
Ex. She is wearing a bracelet on her left hand. Ea poarta pe mana stanga o bratara.
Adjective
Turn left at the end of the street.- Fa la stanga la capatul strazii. - Adverb de loc
ADVERBUL DE TIMP
Cum se identifica
Adverbul se poate defini astfel:
Este partea de vorbire care:
Exemple
I expect my friends soon. (Ii astept pe prietenii mei curand.)
Comentarii
Adverbele de timp pot exprima si o idee temporala nedefinita:
often
(deseori)
seldom (rareori)
usually (de obicei)
COMPARATIA REGULATA A ADVERBULUI
Cum se formeaza
Exemple
I arrived to my uncle more quickly than my cousin. (Am ajuns la unchiul meu mai repede decat verisorul
meu.)
They drive more slowly than her. (Ei conduc mai incet decat ea.)
She speaks English as fluently as her brother. (Vorbeste engleza la fel de fluent ca si fratele ei.)
He dances quite beautifully. (El danseaza destul de frumos.)
We do everything we do more carefully. (Noi tot ceea ce facem, facem cu o mai mare atentie.)
Comentarii
Comparatia adverbelor in engleza apare numai la unele adverbe de mod, loc sit imp.
Ea are aceleasi caracteristici ca si comparatia adjectivului in limba engleza.
Cum se formeaza
In limba engleza exista adverbe care formeaza gradele de comparative in mod neregulat, adica
isi schimba radacina in momentul in care intra in structura unor grade de comparatie.
Mai jos este prezentat un tabel cu cele mai utilizate astfel de adverbe:
Gradul pozitiv
Gradul comparativ
Gradul superlativ
well (bine)
badly (rau)
much (mult)
little (putin)
far (departe)
Exemple
Darius sings better than Florina. (Darius canta mai bine decat Florina.)
Marina corrected the exercise the worst of all. (Marina a corectat exercitiul cel mai rau dintre toti.)
He ran farther than the mentioned place. (A fugit mai departe de locul mentionat.)
Sofia worked more than yesterday. (Sofia a lucrat mai mult decat ieri.)
He is the best. (El este cel mai bun.)
CONJUNCTIA
Cum se identifica
Conjunctia :
a) exprima raporturi de coordonare sau de subordonare intre doua propozitii, raporturi de
coordonare intre doua parti de propozitie sau intre o parte de propozitie si o propozitie;
b) este neflexibila din punct de vedere morphologic;
c) nu indeplineste nicio functie sintactica in propozitie dar marcheaza raporturile de
coordonare si subordonare in cadrul propozitiei ai al frazei.
Exemple
Dorina went to mall but she forgot the money at home.
Dorina a plecat la mall, dar si-a uitat banii acasa.
Will you come or should I come?
Vii tu sau sa vin eu?
I didn't call you yesterday because I was busy.
Nu te-am sunat ieri pentru ca am fost ocupata.
Comentarii
A. Conjunctiile coordonatoare (Coordinating Conjunctions)
Conjunctiile coordonatoare leaga parti de propozitie cu aceeasi functie sintactica sau propozitii de
acelasi fel.
1. Dupa relatiile pe care le stabilesc, conjunctiile coordonatoare pot fi:
a) copulative: and (si), as well as (precum), both and (atat cat si), not only but also (nu
numai dar si)
Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma pozitiva:
You can't see me unless you call me first.
INTERJECTIA
Cum se identifica
Prin interjectie se exteriorizeaza sentimente, manifestari, sau se reproduc sunete din natura.
Interjectiile sunt scurte exclamatii ca si : Oh!, Um sau Ah!
Ele nu au o valoare gramaticala reala, dar le folosim chiar des, de obicei mai mult in vorbire
decat in scris.
Exemple
admiratie: Whew!
manifestari de vointa: Oh! Help! Look out! Cheer up! - Oh! Ajutor! Ai grija! Capul sus!
Comentarii
PREPOZITIA
PREPOZITIA DE LOC
Cum se identifica
Arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite.
Exemple
at, on, in
at - folosim "at" pentru
un eveniment
Dan is at the concert.
on - folosim "on"
pentru a arata pozitia pe o suprafata verticala sau orizontala (inclusiv strazi, sosele, alei,
bulevarde)
The plate is on the table.
Tom lives on Herring Cove Road in London. (adresa nu e foarte exacta !)
in
- folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis (inclusiv orase, judete,
state, continente, regiuni)
The dress is in the closet.
She lives in Halifax.
Comentarii
Alte prepozitii de loc in limba engleza:
after, below , in front of , between , among, beside ,behind, between,
in front of, next to, above , beside, by, over, above, under, from, onto
PREPOZITIA DE TIMP
Cum se identifica
Se utilizeaza pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni.
Exemple
at, on, in
at - folosim "at" pentru a arata timpul exact (ora exacta)
She arrived at 8.00 a.m. (when?)
Ea a ajuns la ora 8 A.M.
in - folosim in pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui an, zi, luna,
anotimp
It is very warm in August.
Este foarte cald in august.
Comentarii
Alte prepozitii de timp:
after, by, since, during, for, throughout, to, till, until
NUMERALUL
NUMERALUL CARDINAL
Cum se identifica
Numeralul cardinal (in general, deci si in engleza) este partea de vorbire care
exprima un numar de obiecte, persoane (numeralul cardinal).
Exemple
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty-one
22 twenty-two
23 twenty-three
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
Comentarii
intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilor se foloseste cratima;
punctul se foloseste pentru a marca zecimalele : (Ex: 3.10);
Cand sunt folosite la singular, numeralele hundred, thousand si million sunt intotdeauna precedate
de articolul nehotarat sau de un numeral:
100 one/ a hundred books
141 a hundred and forty- one
1200 a thousand and two hundred
1500000 a million and five hundred-thousand
Cand sunt precedate de numarul unitatilor si acesta este mai mare decat 1, numeralele hundred si
thousand nu primesc "-s" la plural:
300 three hundred
5000 five thousand
Atentie! Aceste numerale primesc terminatia "-s" cand sunt folosite:
a) ca substantive:
Thousands have read this book.
Mii au citit aceasta carte.
b) cand sunt urmate de prepozitia OF:
The number of young people studying in our schools amounts to hundreds OF
thousands.
Numarul de tineri ce studiaza in scolile noastre se ridica la sute de mii.
inaintea zecilor este obligatorie conjunctia "and".
NUMERLUL ORDINAL
Cum se identifica
Numeralul ordinal in limba engleza arata ordinea; locul pe care se afla un obiect, o
actiune, un eveniment, etc dintr-o multitudine de obiecte, evenimente, etc.
Exemple
Numeral
Cardinal
Numeral
Ordinal
( forma I )
Numeral
Ordinal
( forma II )
the1st
the first
the 2nd
the second
the 3rd
the third
the 4th
the fourth
the 5th
the fifth
the 6th
the sixth
the 7th
the seventh
the 8th
the eighth
the 9th
the ninth
10
the 10th
the tenth
11
the 11th
the eleventh
12
the 12th
the twelfth
13
the 13th
the thirteenth
14
the 14th
the fourteenth
15
the 15th
the fifteenth
16
the 16th
the sixteenth
17
the 17th
the seventeenth
18
the 18th
the eighteenth
19
the 19th
the nineteenth
20
the 20th
the twentieth
21
the 21st
the twenty-first
30
the 30th
the thirtieth
100
the 100th
the hundredth
1000
the 1000th
the thousandth
NUMERALUL MULTIPLICATIV
Cum se identifica
Numeralul multiplicativ in engleza arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune, eveniment, etc.
Exemple
once = o data
twice = de doua ori
three times = de trei ori
four times = de patru ori
five times = de cinci ori
ten times = de zece ori
fifty times = de cincizeci de ori
sixty times = de saizeci de ori
a hundred times = de o suta de ori
a thousand times = de o mie de ori
Comentarii
Tot cu sensul de multiplicare se mai folosesc:
double
= twofold
triple
= threefold
fourfold = impatrit
( dublu )
( triplu )
NUMERALUL ITERATIV
Cum se identifica
Arata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va intampla).
Exemple
NUMERALUL ADVERBIAL
Cum se identifica
Exemple
first(ly)
= in primul rand
third(ly)
= in al 3-lea rand
fifth(ly)
= in al 5-lea rand
sixth(ly)
= in al 6-lea rand
NUMERAL FRATIONAL
Cum se identifica
Exemple
= un intreg
one half
= o jumatate
(1/2)
= o treime
= un sfert, o patrime
one tenth
(1/10) = o zecime
two tenths
NUMERAL DISTRIBUTIV
Cum se identifica
Exemple
NUMERALUL NEHOTRAT
Cum se identifica
Exemple
many (multi)
several (cativa)
A [ei]
B [bi:]
C [si:]
D [di:]
E [i:]
F [ef]
G [dji:]
H [eitch]
I [ai]
J [gei]
K [kei]
L [el]
M [em]
N [en]
O [ou]
P [pi:]
Q [kju:]
R [a:]
S [es]
T [ti:]
U [ju:]
V [vi:]
W ['dablju:]
X [eks]
Y [wai]
Z [zed]
ZILELE SAPTAMANII
Romana
Engleza
Romana
(Abreviat)
Luni
Monday
Mon.
Marti
Tuesday
Tue.
Miercuri
Wednesday
Wed.
Joi
Thursday
Thu.
Vineri
Friday
Fri.
Sambata
Saturday
Sat.
Duminica
Sunday
Sun.
LUNILE ANULUI
Numar
luna
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Romana
Engleza
Ianuarie
Februarie
Martie
Aprilie
Mai
Iunie
Iulie
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
Romana
(Abreviat)
Ian.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Mai
Iun.
Iul.
Engleza
(Abreviat)
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Numar zile
31
28/ 29
31
30
31
30
31
8
9
10
11
12
August
Septembrie
Octombrie
Noiembrie
Decembrie
August
September
October
November
December
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Noi.
Dec.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
31
30
31
30
31