CIP in 1997

International
Potato Center
Annual Report

International Potato Center

Av. La Universid a d 795 La Molina
Apartado 1558
Lima 12, Peru
E-mail : cip@cgnet.com
On-line at: http://www.cipotato.org

CIP. 1998.
CIP in 7997.
Intern ation al Potato Center Annual Report.
Lim a, Peru.

ISSN 0256 -6 3 11
Press run: 2,500
May 1998

Contents
A Year to Remember

El Nino: A Dress Rehearsal for Global Warming?

Virus Cleanup Boosts Chinese Sweetpotato Production

10

Getting the Numbers Right

12

Milestone Reached in Bacterial Wilt Research

13

Integrated Control of Bacterial Wilt Paying Off in East Africa

14

Late Blight Project Initiated a Year Early; Damage Reports Increasing

16

Genotype X Environment

19

Biotechnology Speeds New Potato Development

21

Brazil Achieves Seed Self-Sufficiency

24

Producing Pesticide-Free Sweetpotatoes

26

TPS Hybrid May Eliminate Need for Seed Tubers

28

Breeding Deep-Rooted Potatoes

30

1997 Briefs

31

Board of Trustees

32

Donor Contributions in 1997

33

Finance and Administration

34

Staff in 1997

36

Selected Scientific Publications 1997

41

Research in 1997

44

Training in 1997

50

Research Partners

53

Cl P's Global Contact Points

56

The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

58

A Year to Remember
Th e child shown in th e photograph o n the following page is sy mbo li c of milli ons of poor
people in deve lop in g countries w ho benefit from CGIAR resea rc h on root and tuber cro ps . Fo r
producers and co nsumers, new root and tuber c rop tec hn o log ies represe nt alternatives for
ac hi ev ing food sec urity and protecting the env ironm ent, both at an affo rd able pri ce.
Thi s fact was underscored by a 199 7 study that showed potatoes and sweetp otatoes acco unt
fo r a co nsid erab ly greater perce ntage of th e food grow n in developing co untri es than was
previously beli eved. Acco rdin g to th e study, produced by a CGIAR interce nter work in g group ,
annual growth rates for potato now stand at a remark ab le 4% and show no sign of slow in g
down.
N egati ve predictions for sweetpotato also ap pear to have mis sed th e mark. Not o nl y is
sweetpotato production in creasing, produ ct io n is tak in g place in so me of Asia and Africa ' s
poo rest regions. CIP scientists be lieve th at w ith additi o nal improve ments, it wi ll be possible to
use sweetpotato fo r a greater number of industrial us es, thus c re at in g a st rong er and m o re
lu c rati ve m ar ket fo r farmers . Th e use of sweetpotato for feeding anim als m ay also relieve th e
pressure on th e internation al grai n mark et and possibl y eve n stabilize the pric es paid by
developing co untri es for food and feed.
To sustain these adva nces, howeve r, w ill require conti nu ed tec hn o log ica l inn ovat io n
thro ugh res ea rc h and trainin g, alo ng w ith stro nger scientific partn ershi ps. An example of th e
type of effo rt that w ill be needed ca n be fo und on page 10 of thi s repo rt. Entitl ed Virus
Clea nup Boosts Chinese Sweetpotato Production, th e story describes how a brok ered tec hnology developed in industrializ ed co untri es was ada pted to developing wor ld conditions and
extend ed through o ne of Cl P's training programs to low in co me fa rm ers in China. In this
in stance a tissue c ulture tec hniqu e, we ll-kn ow n in the United States and Europe for co ntrollin g
v iru s diseases, was used to boost sweetpotato produ ct io n o n an est im ated 300,000 hectares .
CIP eco nomi sts believe that th e tech no logy, w hich is curren tl y bein g extended to other
sweetpotato-prod uc in g re gions in China, m ay eve ntu all y account fo r the Center's sin gle
greatest impact in developing co untri es.
Th e exa mpl e of a brokered tec hnology extended through CIP und ersco re s th e importance of
m aintaining stro ng re lation sh ip s w ith a va ri ety of partn ers. It also demonstrates how it is
possible for resea rc h ce nters suc h as CIP-a ll of w hi c h have limi ted resources-to provide
in vestors with broad imp act that meets CG IAR goa ls fo r productivity, sustain ab ili ty, eq uity,
and env ironm ental friendliness. The impo rtance of such partnerships was further und erlin ed
this past year by El Nino.
In Peru , CIP co ll abo rated w ith the Ministry of Agr ic ul t ure to alert fa rm ers to th e dangers of
the El Nino and to provide technological opt io ns for dealing w ith m aj or shifts in temperature
and rainfall. By all acco un ts, the 199 7-98 El Nino created nea r-p erfect co nditi o ns for late
b li ght infe cti o n in the hi gh Andes and m ay have helped to sp read more v irulen t for ms of th e
disease. Th e v irtu al collapse of a CIP-developed Per uvia n potato c ulti va r (see page 20) hi ghli ghts the d angers in vo lved in depend ence o n just a few m ajo r c ul t iva rs and undersco res th e
need for clones w ith more durab le res ista nce . Happil y, field trial s of th e Center's seco nd
ge neration of late blight-resistant materials showed co nsid era bl e promise during the yea r. As a

-4

result, the chances of achieving durable resistance that can be applied in a range of different
environments appears to be better than at any time in recent years.
Even so, improved varieties cannot be expected to do the job on their own. In the future,
farmers will need to combine the planting of disease-resistant cultivars with sound management techniques, a practice known as integrated disease management (IDM). IDM is now a
major element of CIP's late blight work. It is being pursued in cooperation with a variety
partners, including many of the agencies working under the umbrella of the Global Initiative
on Late Blight (GILB).
Through GILB, CIP is working to increase scientist-to-scientist interaction and make better
use of existing resources. The first genotype by environment study involving a root and tuber
crop, for example, will be generating results in 1998 with the cooperation of scientists in
eight countries. It is a striking example of how researchers, by pooling funds, facilities, and
talent, can tackle a global problem that would have been beyond their individual resources.
To achieve this type of integration across all elements of our research agenda, Center
scientists worked throughout 1997 to put the final touches on the Center's project-based management structure. The new system, which is fully supported by our on-line project budgeting
system and newly developed CIP management information software, is designed to bring
greater focus to our research priorities and stimulate innovation by giving greater flexibility and
responsibility to scientists on the front line.
Starting in 1998, the new system puts day-today control of project funds and operations in the
hands of some of our youngest and most capable
researchers. It should also help to create a
broader base of research managers needed to
tackle the difficult problems that lie ahead.
While it is too soon to show practical results,
early indications are that the system is stimulating innovation and new research partnerships. If
the experience of 1997 is any guide, innovation
and partnership must go hand in hand if we are to
achieve food security and environmental goals at
affordable prices.

Hubert Zandstra
Director General

El Nifio:

In certain ways 1997-98 El Nino may be remembered as a dress rehearsal for global
warming. Along Peru's coastal desert, directly adjacent to the center of the El Nino
phenomenon, farmers produce potatoes during the winter growing season and
sweetpotatoes year-round. This year temperatures were 3 to 5 degrees above
Even so, the immediate effects of higher temperatures were mixed.

El Nino: A Dress Rehearsal for Global Warming?

-8

In the Canete Valley south of Lima, potato yields were cut in half; but in other
coastal areas they were essentially unchanged. In the high Andes, two phenomena
were observed. In northern Peru, higher rainfall led to severe outbreaks of late
blight. And in the southern Andes drought and higher temperatures reduced frost
damage, but led to early plant maturity and lower yields. In the case of sweetpotato,
the area planted in the Canete Valley increased 50 % and production was believed to
be higher than any year in the past decade, probably in response to hotte weather
and higher pest pressure on other crops.
CIP eco no mi sts be li eve El Nin o p rovide d an
indi ca ti o n of w hat could be in sto re if globa l
wa rmin g is seve re. If temperatures ri se substanti all y, fa rm ers w ill c hange how and w here th ey
gro w po tato and sweetp otatoe s. To acco mm od ate
clim ate c hange th ey w ill need va ri et ies th at are
in c reas in g ly heat and d ro ught to lerant and
res istant to pes ts and di seases .
Sin ce th e last El N ino in 1982 - 83 , CIP pl ant
b reeders have bee n buildin g a co ll ecti o n of potato
va ri eti es that are heat tol erant, ca rry v iru s res istance, and are ear ly maturing . Two c lo nes bred for
use alo ng Peru ' s coa stal desert loo k parti c ul arl y
promi sin g, y ie lding 30-40 to ns per hecta re in ju st
1 00 d ays. CIP sc ienti sts say th at th ese potatoes
req uire less wate r than th e best co mm erc ial
va ri eti es and are suitabl e fo r process ing. Se ri es of
both im proved potato and sweetpotato va rieti es
have also bee n deve loped in coope rati o n w ith th e
Uni ve rsid ad Jo rge Basadre Grohm ann in Tac na,
Peru , and th e Euro pean Economi c Co mmunity
M aj es Pro j ect.

Marginal Areas Facing Danger

It is im poss ibl e to say w hat th e ove rall impact of
c lim ate c hange w ill be. Th e seco nd ary effects of
g lobal warmin g, suc h as c hanges in rain fa ll
pa ttern s and yea r- to- yea r tempera tu re va ri ab i I ity,
are not we ll un de rstood , and co ul d have mark edl y
different co nsequ ences in different pl aces . So me
areas-reg io ns pron e to frost, for exa mpl e- co uld
benefit fro m wa rm er temp eratures but suffe r fro m
drou ght. O th ers areas, suc h as tro pi ca l low land s,
co uld suffe r fro m heat stress, bu t benefi t fro m
hi gher atm os ph eric levels of ca rb o n di ox ide.
Ce nter eco no mi sts beli eve, howeve r, if c limate
c hange is gradu al, most far mers sho uld be abl e to

adapt by adju stin g pl anting dates and c hangin g

crop va ri eti es.
" In ge neral, major pro ducti o n zo nes sho uld no t
be adve rse ly affected," says Rob ert H ijm ans, a CIP
geographi c in fo rm ati o n speciali st . " Th e dange r is
in marg in al areas w here c rops are alrea dy pu shin g
the l im its of hea t, d ro ught, and pests." Hijm ans
sa ys th e exte nt of glo bal w armin g remain s uncl ea r,
but tem pe ratu res are pred icted to ri se betw een 2
and 5 deg rees by th e middle of th e next ce ntury,
as th ey did in Peru durin g the 1997 El Nin o .
Clim ate c hange appea rs not to have bee n mu c h of
a pro bl em in th e pas t. But it mi ght beco me o ne as
popul ati o n grows, and if c lim ate c hange is large
and deve lops mo re qui c kl y th an expected . In that
eve nt, th e fl ow of tec hn o log ies w i 11 need to
increase so th at fa rm ers ca n co pe w ith mo re
difficult pro bl em s. Late b li ght di sease, Hijm ans
notes, wo uld likely in c rease fro m a co m b in ati o n of
hi gher temperatu res and rainfall.

CIP Advises Peru on El Nino

Mu c h depend s o n th e farm ers' skill s, says CIP
Directo r Genera l Hubert Z and stra. " Peru v ian
potato fa rm ers w ere adv ised ea rl y b y th e Mini stry
of Ag riculture of th e o nse t of anoth er Nin o.
Kn ow in g its effects, m any pro du cers shi fted th eir
pl antin gs to coo ler, hi gher altitud es . In d oi ng so,
the y ke pt produ ct io n and pri ces at prev io us yea rs'
leve ls, alth o ugh the qu ality of th e c rop was
poorer."
" Ce nter scie nti sts wo rk ed cl ose ly w ith Peru vian
ag ri c ultural offic ials, " Z and stra adds, " by recommen din g spec ific m anage ment programs to
farm ers o n how to dea l w ith in creases i n heat and
rain fal l. " Aside fro m effects on yie ld , hi gher

LAREPUBLI CA

temperatures and humidity produ ced signifi ca nt

c hanges. Farm ers on Peru's central coast, for
exa mpl e, were force d to nearly tripl e pesticide use
as in sect populations exploded. In southern Peru ,
o utbreaks of a trad itionally min or ap hid-like pest
(Russelliana solanicola), led to an in c rease in an
unu sual strain of potato v irus Y, for which th e
in sect is a vecto r.

Insect Populations Expand

"A lmost all insect pests of potatoes do better in
hi gher temperatures," says CIP entom o log ist
Fausto Cisneros. "U nder normal co nditi o n s, we
mi ght see three ge nerations of a particular in sect
during th e grow ing season. When temperatures
rise, the I ife cycle is shorten ed, and th ere m ay be

five ge nerat io ns of the sa me insect. In so me cases,

in sects that coex isted for years with a crop can
sudd enl y become importa nt problems. Hi ghe r
popul ations ca n also in crease th e speed at w hi c h
pests adapt and become resistant to pesticides,"
Cisneros adds.

During the 1997-98 El

Nino, much of Peru's
highly-productive coastal
desert farmland resembled flooded Asian
ricefields. Potato yields
fell by half in many
locations.

"Th e most im po rt an t lesso n of this yea r' s El

Nin o," Zandstra co nc ludes, " is that the entire
agricultural commun ity needs to be better p repared and have access to a strategic rese rve of
technology th at w ill all ow farmers to adapt. Th at
mea ns research, new technological op ti o ns, and
improveme nts in o ur abi lity to forecast c hange. It
also mea ns better exte nsio n, so th at far mers can
access new technology and put it to work befo re
disaster strik es ."

Virus Cleanup Boosts

Chinese Sweetpotato Production
China, the world's largest producer of
root and tuber crops, is also the first
developing country to benefit on a large
scale from technology designed to
eliminate virus diseases in sweetpotato
planting materials. According to recent
reports, Chinese sweetpotato farmers
are planting an estimated 330,000
hectares of virus-free sweetpotato
annually in Shandong Province alone.
The value of this technology over the
past four years is estimated at $80
million and growing.
CIP eco nom ist Th omas Walker notes th at th e
work is an exce llent exa mp le of how intern at io nal
re searc h ce nters can broker technologies from
indu striali zed co untri es and extend th em to the
deve lop in g wo rld . Th e v iru s c lea nup te chniques
be in g used in Chin a, he says, are based on hi gh
tec hn o logy tissu e culture tec hniqu es developed in
industriali zed co untri es. " CIP' s ro le," he says,
"was to id entify a tec hnol ogy th at cou Id be taken
off the she lf, adapt it to deve loping cou ntry needs,
and help Chin a' s sc ientists modify it to loca l
co nditi o ns."

Impact Through Training

Th e ori gi n of th e p roje ct dates bac k to 1987
w hen C IP co ndu cted a small trainin g co urse o n
v iru s detection tec hniqu es. Th e next year, Ce nter
sc ienti sts, in coo peration wi th co l leag ues at the
Asia n Vegetable Research and D eve lopme nt
Center, organ ized a ti ss ue culture trainin g wo rkshop at th e Xuzhou Sweetpotato Res ea rch Ce nter
on Chi na' s east coast . Acco rding to D ape ng
Zhang , w ho se rved as a translator and now heads
CIP's sweetpotato breeding proj ect, 30 of Ch in a's
top sweetp otato resea rchers attend ed. Its main
focus was on developing symptom- free ti ssue
culture plantlets. He att ributes th e success of the
co urse to th e fact th at most participants were
yo un g sc ienti sts eage r to app ly hi gh tec hn o logy to
th e co untry's ag ri cultural problem s. " We also had
exce ll ent instructo rs from CIP," he ad ds, amon g
them John Dodds and Masa lwa naga , both now
directors of resea rch at other CGIAR ce nters.

10

M.IWANAGA

Foll owi ng a five-year per iod of adapti ve

resea rch by Chinese sc ienti sts, c lose ly suppo rted
by CIP virologists, large-sca le pl antin g of virus-free
sweetpotato began in 19 94, mostl y in Shandong
Prov in ce. Presently, about 40 perce nt of
Shandong's 700,000-hectare sweetpotato growing
area is planted to v irus-free materi als. If exte nsi on
targets are met, that figure w ill ris e to 80 percent,
cove rin g more th an half a million hectares by th e
end of 1998.
Th e produ ction of v iru s- free cuttin gs begins
with meristem ti ss ue cultures that are used to
produ ce virus-free pl antl ets in heated gre enh ouses
durin g the winter. Th e plants are replanted to
nethou ses in the sprin g. From there, v irus-free
seed roots are produ ce d in the autumn to ge nerate
v in e cuttings, which then serve as a so urce of
planting materi al for the summer cro p. Because
two fi eld-multipli ca tions per ye ar are poss ibl e,
500 v irus-fre e plantlets are suffici ent to prod uce
planting mater ial for 13,000 hectares within two
years, a highly impress ive fi eld mul t ipli cation rate
for a root crop.

Impressive Yield Advantages

Yi eld advantages are equ all y impress ive. In
tests co nducted at nine sites with five va ri et ies,
average produ ct ivity ga in s were abo ut 40 percent,
but ranged as hi gh 160 percent. But productivity
ga ins disappear after three or four yea rs. For
example, an older Chinese variety, cultivar
Xindazi , showed a yield adva ntage of 350 percent
in th e first year, 130 perce nt in th e seco nd and
third yea rs, but onl y 14 percent in th e fourth yea r.
At that point, far mers need to be res upplied with
fres h pl antin g mate ri als.
W alker notes that th e program has been
impl emented without inves tment in spec ialized
facilities. " You would be hard pressed to come up
with better conditions for economic impact than
those embodi ed in the Shandong v irus-free
propagation prog ram ," he says. Th at in c lud es a
limited gestati on time for resea rch (the res ults he
notes were achieved larg ely throu gh tr ainin g),
swift transfer of tec hnol ogy; huge potential for area
coverage; and relati ve ly hi gh unit benefits. Added
to th at are hi gh yield s, emerging expo rt dema nd,

Cll' -BEljl NG

and the fact th at fa rm ers do not have to change

any of their exist in g practices.
A back-of-the-envelope ca lcul ation gives th e
project a net present va lu e of abo ut $250 milli on
at a 10 percent disco unt rate. Th e estim ated
internal rate of return is 120 percent, w ith annu al
net benefits already exceedin g $40 milli on
ca lcul ated over 30 yea rs.

A single CIP training

program in 1988 led to
major increases in
China's sweetpotato
production.

Assuming the diffu sion data refl ect rea lity, one
co uld vary these assumptions by seve ral orde rs of
mag nitude and still not affect th e res ults all that
mu c h, Walker add s. " In all likelih ood, this wo rk
has had more eco nomi c impact th an any other
project, perhaps eve n more than the aggregate of
all other CIP projects co mbin ed," he says. Walker
notes th at a forma l impact case study wi ll be
co ndu cted in 199 8 by the CIP econo mi cs an d
virology groups, in assoc iat io n wit h biol og ists at
the sweetpotato program of the Shandon g Crops
Research In stitute and eco nomi sts at th e Center for
Chinese Agricultural Po li cy.
CIP has wo rked in Ch in a sin ce the establ ishment of its scientifi c li aiso n office in th e 1980s.
Co ll aborat ive resea rch is co ndu cted und er a
fo rm al ag re ement w ith the Chin ese Acad emy of
Agricultural Sciences of the Ministry of Agriculture.

11

Getting the Numbers Right

Revised projections for major food commodities, including roots and tube rs, show a
highly promising future for potatoes and sweetpotatoes in developing cou ntries. The
new estimates indicate that the two ci:.ops taken together will account for at least 6. 5
percent, and potentially as much as 9.9 percent, of the value of all major fo od commodities produced in the year 2020.
" Th e new numbers, " says C IP economist
Grego ry Scott, "demo nstrate that potatoes and
sweetpotatoes will maintain their relative importa nce and wi ll in c rease in importance relative to
ce rea ls. Th e projections were p roduced by the
Internati o nal Food Po l icy Resea rc h In stitute and
CIP, in co ll abo rati on with th e Ce ntro Intern acio nal
de Agricu ltura Trop ica l.

Grow rate (%)

6 . 0~----------------~

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
o+-~----.------,----,----r---,-------i

Growth rates for potato are particularly robust

(abo ut 4% annua l ly) and show no sig n of slowing
down, espec ial ly in As ia, says Scott. W hat is
rem ark ab le is that as potato production in developi ng countri es in c reased fro m 75 million tons
ann uall y in 1988 to over 100 million tons today,
the ave rage annu al growth rate increased from
2.5% to more than 4% . Growth in area and y ield
con tribu ted to th e increased production. This
co ntrasts w ith earlier projecti o ns founded o n a
3.9% average annu al rate of decline in area
planted. " Th e d iscrepancy betwee n past projections and actual trends has become in creas in gly
appa rent in rece nt yea rs," he add s.

12
16
10-year intervals

23

Annual average growth rates for potato production

and area (source: FAO) .

Millio n tons
115
105
95
85
75
65

Calculating for Poverty

0+---~---------....._.-~-~

1984 - 86 1987

Recent FAQ d ata also show a turnaround fo r

sweetp otato. Average annual growth rates in
production are now c lose to 1 pe rce nt per annum
and risin g (figu re ri ght). Th e turnaround is large ly
because of the in creas in g use of sweetpotato in
Chin a for processing and for anim al feed. Because
sweetpotato is grown mostly in Ch in a' s poorer
inland reg io ns, th ese uses are helpin g to increase
rural in come and red uce poverty. G iven this fact,
Scott believes the ca lc ul ation s previously used by
t he CGIAR to establi sh research priorities underest im ated the importance of sweetpotato to the poor.
Mo reove r, the mas sive use of sweetp otato fo r
anim al feed red uces grain impo rts and , in the
process, rel ieves the pressure on internatio nal
grain prices fo r other developing co untri es,
Scott says .

1989

1991

1993

11995 - - - 2010

Actual and projected growth in potato production

in developing countries (source: FAO/CIP)_

Grow rate (%)

6.0 ~------------~---~
- - Production

4.0

--Area

2.0

-2.0

12

16

10-year intervals

Annual average growth rates for sweetpotato

production and area (source: FAO).

() 1=1961-63 to1 971-73; 23=1984-86 to 1994-96.

23

Milestone Reached 1n Bacterial W i It Research

CIP pathologists have reached a
milestone in bacterial wilt research that
vastly increases their ability to detect
the bacterium responsible for the
disease (Ralstonia solanacearum). The
procedure, which multiplies the
bacteria in samples to be tested in the
standard NCM-ELISA technique
(nitrocellulose membrane, enzymelinked immunosorbent assay) was
refined by CIP bacteriologist Sylvie
Priou. It is one million times more
sensitive than previously available
serological methods used to detect
latent infection in potato tubers.
Pri o u's resea rch is part of a co ntinuin g effo rt at
CIP to deve lo p mo re effecti ve and less ex pensive
di sease detecti on kits fo r deve lopin g co untri es .
Th e new kit s are currentl y bein g di stributed in 15
deve l"opin g co untri es on three co ntin ents. Beca use
th ey are so simpl e to use, th ey sho uld p lay an
im po rtant ro le in stimul at in g in fo rm al seed systems and in eva lu atin g ge rmpl as m fo r res ista nce.
Acco rdin g to hi ghl y co nse rva ti ve estim ates, th e
new kit, w hi c h costs $2 00, ca n be used to eva luate th e equi va lent of 2, 000 tons of seed tubers,
enough to pl ant 1,000 hectares of bacteri al w i Itfree potatoes.
Bacteri al w ilt is con side red to be th e num be rtwo co nstraint to potato produ cti o n in deve lopin g
countri es. Yi eld loss estim ates va ry co nsidera bl y,
but ca n reac h 95 percent w hen th e di sease is
tu be r-bo rn e. "Bacteri al w ilt is most effective ly
co ntro ll ed by elimin atin g infected tu be r seed
befo re it reac hes fa rm ers' f ield s," says Pri ou.
" Seed take n fro m in fec te d fi eld s often ca rri es latent
infecti o n, eve n if it co mes from hea lth y-l oo kin g
pl ants."
" Bacteri al w ilt is diffi cul t to co ntro l," Pri ou
notes, "beca use it is transmitted not o nl y by seed,
but is also fo und in th e so il. " Beca use there are no
kn ow n chemi ca ls th at co ntrol bacteria l w ilt,

fa rm ers mu st rely on c lea n seed as we ll as integrated manage ment practi ces to ensure a hea lth y
crop," she says. Such manage ment practi ces
in clud e crop ro tation, minimum till age, th e
pl antin g of to lerant var ieti es, and ge neral crop
san itati on. Prec ise meth ods for co ntro llin g th e
di sease and for produ ci ng c lean seed vary co nsiderabl y.
For exa mp le in East Afri ca, nat io nal p rog rams
working in co ll abo rati on w ith th e PR APAC E
resea rch and deve lopment netwo rk produ ce
disease-free pl antin g materi als with cuttin gs from
in v itro stoc k. Another wa y to redu ce the effects of
bacteri al w il t is by p lanting true potato seed, an
app roac h th at has bee n used successfull y in As ia,
most notab ly in the Red Ri ver D elta of V ietn am .
Bacteri al w il t is also an important drawback to
potato production in Latin A mer ica. Acco rd ing to
rece nt repo rts, th e di sease is se ri ously limitin g
produ ct ion in so uthern Brazil , north ern Arge ntin a,
Ve nez uela, Peru , and th e Domini ca n
Rep ub li c. The move ment of large
qu antiti es of seed fro m infected
areas is be li eved to be res ponsibl e. In res ponse, CIP has
orga ni zed wo rks hops and
trainin g courses to alert
resea rch in stituti ons and
governm ent pl ant hea lth
se rv ices to th e prob lem . Th e
w orkshops recomm end ed
acti ons to redu ce di sease
outbrea ks th rough integ rated
management, qua rantin e, and
th e produ cti on of hea lth y seed.
"Thi s last recommend ati o n," says Lui s
Sa lazar, a CI P virolog ist and head of CIP' s new
Cro p Protect ion Depart ment, " wo u Id have been
diffi cul t to ensure w ith out th e new detecti o n
meth ods ." Sa laza r, w ho was a member of the
o rig in al tea m th at deve loped th e ELISA p rocess in
th e 1970s, notes th at th e refin ed tec hni ques are
extremely p ractica l fo r deve lopin g co untri es. Not
onl y are th ey far more se nsit ive, but t hey are more
acc urate and less ex pensive to use th an the best
previously ava il ab le tec hniqu es .

A colon y of Ralstonia
solanacearum, the
pathogen re sponsible for
bacterial wilt. A CIPdeveloped process has
vastly increased the
accuracy of serologi cal
tests.

13

Integrated Control of Bacterial Wilt Paying Off in

East Africa

Potato es are a food

security crop in East
Africa; production is
increasing at an a nnual
rate exceeding 4 %.
S.PRIOU

In Uganda's Kabale District nestled in

the East African Highlands, rapid
population growth has led to smaller,
more fragmented farming plots,
continuous cropping, and depleted soils.
Potato is Kabale's most important cash
crop. In the good years, growers plant
25,000 hectares and harvest between
150,000 and 200,000 tons, or a third of
Uganda's total output. The most serious
production constraints are bacterial wilt,
late blight, and the degeneration of seed
stocks. The problems are intertwined.
To co ntrol th e hi ghl and type of the disease,
Berga Lemaga, a CIP patho log ist, works on contro l
strategies w ith the CGIAR and ASAR ECA Africa n
H ig hl ands Ini tiat ive and Uga nda ' s Nati onal
Agr icu ltura l Researc h O rganizati on (NA RO ). But
progress has bee n slow. Eve n if the d isease co ul d

be erad icate d aboveg rou nd, t he bacte ri a can

surv ive in th e gro und fo r lo ng periods. Consequ ent ly, f ightin g bacte ria l w ilt req uires an in te grated approac h; no sing le measu re is suff icie nt
by itself.

Affordable and User-Friendly

Work in g w ith fa rm ers, Lemaga and his NARO
co unterpa rts have des igned an affo rdab le, use rfr iendly package of c ul tu ra l pract ices . " Fo r hea lth y
pl ants, fa rm ers sho ul d use w ilt-to lerant va r iet ies
and c lea n seed," he says . " Th ey are ta ught to hill
up aro u nd th e ir seed tube rs immed iate ly after
pl ant in g, and up root and destroy w ilted pl ants
imm ediately. " M in imal cul t iva ti o n is the ru le, a
pract ice that avo ids wo un ds w hi ch in tu rn promote in fecti o n. On 4 6 fa rm s w here ~ h e new
package was app lied, yie ld in creases ave raged
almost 50 pe rce nt ove r four seasons. " The o nset
of bacte ria l w il t was de layed," Lem aga said , "a nd
the num be r of di sease-free pl ants was mu c h
hi gher."

To entirely rid th e so il of th e d isease, Lemaga' s

tea m is eva lu atin g rot at ion sequ ences that redu ce
th e amount of bacteri a in th e so il and also improve fe rtility. Th e best croppin g patte rn s so fa r
co mbin e maize, w heat, and bea ns. Sta rtin g w ith
fi elds th at had a 90 to 100 perce nt in fec ti o n ra te,
Lemaga po inted out th at ju st o ne maize o r w heat
crop redu ced th e rate to 79 percent, and th at
bea ns fo ll owed by maize in two success ive
seaso ns b ro ught it dow n below 25 pe rce nt. Afte r
such treatments, y ield s on test pl ots at N A RO's
Kalengyere Stati on we nt up dramati ca ll y, from 3.2
to 11 to ns per hectare. With low-fertility so il s,
addi tio nal meas ures are required . A leg umin ous
green manure crop add s nitroge n and o rga ni c
matte r to the so il. Th e impact of such effo rts w ill
be sho rt-I ived, howeve r, if fa rm ers rein fec t th e so i I
by pl antin g infec ted seed potatoes.

Breaking the Infection Cycle

In coope rati on w ith th e Afri ca n Hi ghl and s
Initi ati ve, NAR O, N GOs such as Afri ca re, and loca l
seed growe rs, CIP is attemptin g to brea k th e cyc le
of in fec ted seed and low y ield s. Th e strategy is to
pro du ce c lea n seed in qu antity fo r three o r fo ur
popul ar va ri eti es in w hat is desc ri bed as a fa rm erbased, flu sh-out system. Th at mea ns a regul ar
influ x of v irus-free seed stoc ks eac h year, mul t iplica ti on by smai I-sca le seed growe rs, and t hen
d irect sa le to fa rm ers. Seed stoc ks are co ntinuously repl aced or " flu shed out," w hi ch red uces
d isease buildup .
CIP initi ated th e fa rm er-based seed project in
1996. Target countri es includ e Ethi op ia, Kenya,
and Uga nd a; all are parti c ipants in th e Afr ica n
Hi ghl and Initi ati ve. Together, th ey p ro du ce 1.3
milli on tons of potatoes a yea r o n approx im ately
215,000 hectares . Th e proj ect's ini tial v irus-free
seed stoc k, about 25 0,000 seedl ing tubers a yea r,
is p rodu ced at th e Kenya Agri cultural Resea rch
ln stitute's qu arantin e stati o n at M ag uga . Th ese
stoc ks go to nati o nal programs in Ethi op ia, Kenya,
and Uga nd a fo r fa rm er-b ased produ cti o n. In
Uga nd a, the stoc k goes to NA RO's Kalengye re
resea rch stat ion.
Dr. J.J. Haki za, head of NA RO's potato prog ram ,
ex pl ain s th at th e Kalengye re stati on multi p li es th e

stoc k from M ag uga by takin g cuttin gs fro m v iru sfree moth er pl ants (1 00 mother pl ants ca n produ ce 50,000 seed tuberl ets) . The stati o n does not,
however, co nvert all th e v irus-free seed tubers
from M aguga to mother pl ants. M ost go directl y to
the fi eld fo r t rad iti onal multipli ca ti o n, w hi ch yield s
about 10 tuber lets fo r eac h seed tuber pl anted . In
thi s way the stati on has th e fl ex ibility to co ntro l
costs by shi ft ing to mother pl ants and rap id
multipli ca ti on, H akiza says. NGO s li ke Afri ca re got
so me of the seed, but most is bo ught by membe rs
of Uga nd a's seed produ ce rs asso ciat io n.
" Wh en fa rm ers bu y seed directl y from an
establi shed seed growe r, they kn ow it is of hi gh
qu ality," says Steve n Tindim obo na, chairman of
Uga nd a' s Nati onal Seed Potato Pro du ce rs Assoc iat io n. " Wh en th ey bu y in th e open market, li ke ly
as not, it is already in fec ted w ith bacteri al w il t and
v iru ses. Startin g out w ith c lea n seed is a great
adva ntage. "
Farm ers w ho in ves ted in better seed showed a
definite y ield adva ntage. In Uga nd a's Kabale
Di stri ct, multi p li cat ion rates increased fro m 3 to 6,
and in Kenya fa rm ers repo rted a multi p li ca tio n
rate as hi gh as 7, up from 4 or 5 in prev ious yea rs.
In Ethi opia , y ield s we nt from 8 to 25 tons pe r
hectare.

Production of clean
potato seed in the East
Africa highland s is a key
to controlling bacterial
wilt.
S. l'RIOU

Late Blight Project Initiated a Year Early; Damage

Reports Increasing
Altho_!Jgh research results are still coming in, CIP may look back on 199A' as pivotal in
the fight to control late blight disease, says Wanda Collins, CIP deputy drector
general for research. Because late blight was selected as the Center's number one
research priority for the mid-term planning period beginning in 1998, it was decided
to initiate work a year early. As part of this effort new staff were recruited, funds
redirected, and new facilities constructed. Late blight research currently receives
about 10% of the Center's resources.
One of key the decisions made during the year
was the appointment of Rebecca Nelson as late
blight project leader. Nelson, a research pathologist, leads a team of 20 national and international
scientists working in 11 subprojects in Lima and at
sites in Africa, Asia, and other parts of Latin
America. "We now have a team in place made up
of specialists from pathology, breeding, molecular
biology, geographic information systems, and the
social sciences," says Collins.

that have proven effective in the past are not

going to do the job in the future ," she adds.

Late Blight Bad and Getting Worse

The second was the continued spread of a

new, more aggressive form of the late blight
fungus (Phytophthora infestans). Although the
fungus in the Peruvian populations still showed
the Al mating type, molecular marker work at CIP
demonstrated that it belongs to one of two new
migrant populations that have devastated potato
crops worldwide . The new populaitions show
broad-spectrum virulence believe<rl responsible for
the virtual collapse of a late blight-resistant clone
developed at CIP and widely known throughout
Peru as cu ltivar Canchan-1 NIA (see box, page 20) .

"Indications ;are that the late blight problem is

bad and getting worse, " says Nelson. Throughout
the Andean region , late blight was exacerbated in
1997 by a particularly severe El Nino event that
brought with it above-average temperatures and
rainfall , conditions perfect for late blight. ''CIP
cooperators throughout the world pretty much
agree that we are dealing with a new, far more
destructive disease than ever before. Chemicals

Three developments over the past year were

particularly troubling. The first was a series of
reports confirming a breakdown in the effectiveness of the systemic fungicide metalaxyl. Until
now, metalaxyl has been the potato farmers' most
effective tool for combating older forms of the
disease.

Late Blight Damage Estimates 1997

Country estimates of the economic

importance of late blight assembled in a
database at CIP show that the disease exacts
it highest toll on poor potato producers in
Sub-Saharan Africa (bar graph). Almost all
losses attributable to the disease in the
region are due to lost production (pie chart
facing page). In contrast, the cost of
fungicides in Latin America (middle chart) is
substantially more important, contributing to
the total economic price tag of the disease,
exclusive of environmental damage. The
annual cost of late blight in developing
countries is estimated overall at $3.25 billion
(chart right).

16

50
40
30
20

10

0
SSA*

LAC*

SE Asia

China

SW Asia

I
lni:Jia

Relative economic importance of late blight (% value

MENA*

production)

(' ) SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa, LAC= Latin America and the Caribbean , MENA= Mid le East and North Africa

Third, and perh aps mo st di sturbing, was

co nfirmation from CIP staff and national program
coo perators in Bo li v ia th at th e two late bli ght
mat in g typ es-th e A 1 and A2 - have been id entified in th e same location nea r th e ce nter of o ri gin
of the crop. It is feared th at th ey w ill combin e
sex ually and poss ibly form eve n more v irul ent
forms of th e di sease .
" I ha ve neve r see n a di sease as devas tatin g as
late blight," N elso n says. " It is shoc kin g to see it in
th e fi eld. Th e upsid e is th at C IP appears to be in
an excell ent po sition to do so mething abo ut th e
prob lem." To that end, th e Ce nter's late bli ght
team has deve loped a strateg y th at wi 11 attack th e
prob lem on four fronts : farm er train in g, breedin g
fo r res istance, ge netic studies , and pathoge n
c haracteri za ti o n.

Farmer Field Schools

" With 20 yea rs of late bl ight-res istan ce breedin g under our be lts, " N elso n says, " CIP has a
reservo ir of res istant c lon es th at ca n be put into
farme rs fi eld s almost immedi ate ly. " Center epidemiologists have also been stud y in g how th e
disease works in th e hi ghl and tropics. Both are
prereq ui sites for launchin g an integ rated disease
m anagem ent effo rt. " Our str ategy is to link up w ith
extension serv ices, both gove rnm ent and no ngove rnmental, th at ca n deli ve r techno logies to
farme rs over the next two o r three yea rs ," she says .

Loss in value of production

US$ 2.5 billion
SSA .

A.GONZALES

In 1997, CIP and CA RE-an intern ation al

no ngovernmenta I o rga ni za tion (NGO)- bega n a
pil ot field school program in ce ntral Peru in vo lvin g abo ut 100 fa rm ers at four hi ghl and locat ions .
Th e fa rm ers wo rk ed directl y w ith project perso nnel co nductin g expe rim ents to test new va ri et ies
and m anage ment tec hniques. Th e farmers benefit
by rece iving intensive tr aining o n disease management and access to state-of-th e-a rt potatoes. CIP
resea rc hers benefit fro m quick feedback on Center
te c hn o logy at grea tl y reduced cost. Th e field
sc hoo ls also set in motion th e f irst steps for impac t
in th e fi eld.

Fungicides costs US$ 750 million

LAC .

SE Asia .

China

SW Asia

At a field day in HuasaHuasi, Junin, Peru,

farmers observe the
resu Its of a trial on
integrated management
of late blight where
varieties and chemical
sprays are compared.

Total economic cost of late blight

US$ 3.25 billion
India

" Under norm al ci rcumstan ces, " says Nelson, " it

takes 10 yea rs to get new potato cu lti va rs out to
fa rmers. We want to get them out in less than half
that time." Nelson foresees that the late blight field
sc hool s w ill spread to other Lat in American
coun tries and to As ia and Africa. " Given th e
dramatic nature of the disease, we ' re go in g to
need thous and s of fie ld schools based on th e FAO
rice model. "
"After just a year," she add s, "we ' ve succeeded
in estab lishin g hi ghl y effecti ve co ll abo rati o n w ith
an intern ati o na l NGO capab le of spread in g new
technology w herever th e problem ex ists . The
unique thin g is that CIP w ill be ab le to fulfill its
resea rc h objectives through partnership w ith an
extens ion agency, and co ntinu e feeding th e latest
tec hnol ogy in to the pipelin e."
To ensure long-term success, Ne lson says, CIP
also needs to und erstand th e disease in di verse
agroecosystem s. Thi s in c lud es the host, th e
pathogen , th e env ironment, and the hum an factor.
For exa mple, CIP soc ial scientists are wo rkin g to
estab lish w hat farmers kno w abo ut late bli ght and
how the y make decisions to cont ro l it. This
resea rc h is being co nducted in three Andean
co untri es, as we ll as in Bang ladesh and U ga nd a.
Th e in fo rm ation collected, alo ng w ith data o n
weather, wate r, and soil, is being used to des ign
disease managemen t strategies tailored to different
agroeco logies. In December 1997 , CIP's late blight
tea m demon str ated to intern at iona l expe rt s the first
use of this co mputer- based technology, w hi c h
comb ines th e use of geographic inform ati o n
syste m s, crop modeling, and late blight simulation.

Breeding
After seven yea rs of crop improveme nt work,
CIP scientists harveste d th e first agro nomi ca ll y
suitab le clones derived from th e Ce nter's second
ge neration of late blight-resistant potatoes. Despite
extreme ly hi gh late blight pressure brought abou t
by El Nino, 60 c lo nes w ith hi gh resistance and
good agronomic qualities were se lected. The new
c lo nes we re developed usin g a breeding strategy
that should provide stable res istance and eliminate th e boom-and-bust cycles that have bedev-

18

iled sc ientists and farmers for half a cen tury. In

add iti on , wo rk was stepped up to sc ree n for new
sources of resistance in the collections he ld in
trust in CIP ge nebank s.

Genetics
To speed up th e transfer of late b li ght re sistan ce
ge nes from w ild and primitive rel atives of potato,
scientists need to estab li sh a better und ersta ndin g
of the ge nes in vo lved the process. In 1997, CIP
sc ienti sts id entifi ed and loca ted seve ral chro mosoma l reg io ns associated w ith resistance from a
promi sing so urce. The finding of res istance
mark ers should increase the efficiency of Cl P's
breeding program by sav in g time and space
durin g the se lection process. Th e markers should
also he lp iso late res istance ge nes and speed th eir
tr ansfer into se lected var ieti es .
This wo rk is expected to produ ce ear ly res ults
because of an effort w ithin the pro j ect to bridge
gaps between mol ecu lar ge neti cs , biochemistry,
and physiology. U sin g ge nes kn own or thought to
be in vo lved in plant defense in th ei r ge neti c
mapping effo rts, m ark er specia li sts have identified
a va ri ant of a defense ge ne that appears to be
assoc iated w ith re sista nce. By c lo n ing the best
defe nse gene alleles, sc ien ti sts w ill be ab le to
directl y transfe r re sistance from w ild species to
commercial va rieti es w ith o ut th e difficulties
inh erent in co nve nti onal potato breeding.

Understanding the Pathogen

To cond uct an effect ive, lon g-term breeding
and integrated disease management program th ere
is also a need to und erstand th e pathogen. To
breed fo r res istan ce, scie nti sts need stra in s with
kno w n d isease-i ndu c in g properties. To design
effective co ntrol strategies they need to know th e
properties of the pathogen in the f ield . For example, the app lic ati o n of simul ati o n modeling w ill
req uire pathologists to have data on loca l pathoge n populations. CIP is a lso supporting the
deve lopme nt and c haracte rization of loca l pathogen co ll ections throu gho ut th e deve lop in g wo rld ,
thus elimin atin g th e need to move pat hogen
strains across nat ion al bo rder s.

Genotype x Environment
Pooling resources and scientific talent, researchers in seven countries recently
completed the first year of a comprehensive study to determine if late blight-resistant
potatoes are equally disease resistant across different environments. Whether they
are or not will help determine the strategies that researchers use to attack the disease
in the future.
So-called ge notype by enviro nment stud ies
(G x E) are not uncommon w ith ce rea l c rops.
However, they pose spec ial d ifficu !ties for co mmodities suc h as potato beca use of the d ange rs
invo lved in moving li ve p lantin g materi al across
internati o nal borders. Ac cord in g to Wand a
Co llin s, "thi s is the fi rst tim e we know of that late
b li ght resistance has been tested systemat ica ll y at
so many locations. " Co llin s is th e coordin ator for
the G lobal Ini t iat ive o n Late Bli ght (GILB ), the
internation al co nso rtium re sponsible for th e study .
" By th e end of 1998, th e G x E study shou ld
provide us w ith so li d d ata o n how quantitat ive late
bl ight res istance perform s from North ern Europe
to the so uth ern lat itudes of Argentina," add s
Merideth Boni erb ale, w ho heads CIP's new Cro p
Improveme nt and Genetic Resources Departm ent.
Quant itati ve o r ho rizontal resistance does not
co nfer extreme ly hi gh levels of late bli ght protection , b ut it is co nsidered more durab le th an
resista nce so urces used in the past .
" A comprehensive G x E study was something
many res ea rc hers wa nted , but was diffi cult to
o rga nize," says Greg Forbes, CIP 's lead scientist
on the proj ect. " Thin gs rea ll y ca me together w ith
the establishm ent of GILB in 1996," he adds .
" Even so, G x E, w hi ch was given a hi gh priority
by GILB coop erato rs, hasn ' t rece ive d add iti onal
support from donors. "
Because the re was no addition al fun ding,
participants comm unicated pr imar il y v ia e-mai l
and thro ugh in forma l contacts at in te rn ationa l
meeti ngs. Eventua lly an electro ni c mailin g list was
set up at Corne ll U ni ve rsity w hi ch is used to send
messages to the partic ipants. Resea rchers from
eight countr ies are in vol ved in the stud y: Arg entina , Canada , Denmark, Ecuador, France, th e

Neth erl ands, United Kin gdom, and the United

States . The proj ect also has links to PICT IPAPA,
the cooperati ve late b li ght progra m located in
Mex ico's Tolu ca Va ll ey, w hi c h is beli eved to be
the ce nte r of ori gin of the late b light pathogen (see
SIFT).
" This is exactly how GILB was des igned to
operate," Co llin s adds. " By brin gin g toge th er th e
best m in ds in t he f ield and comb ining ex ist ing
financ ial resour ces, we are ab le to accompli sh
thin gs toge th er th at eve n the best-fund ed proj ects
co uld not do on their ow n. " A fina l repo rt on the
stud y w ill be iss ued by the end of 1998.

SIFT
In add ition to G x E, CIP has ag reed to coord inate a Standard Intern ational Field Tri al (S IFT) for
res istance to late bl ight. Th e tri als, w hi ch we re
delayed in 1997 because of El Nino, w ill help
scie nti sts test new late b li ght-res istant c lon es in
seve n p rod ucti on zo nes in Africa , As ia, and Lat in
A meri ca. Unlike G x E, wh ich uses a fixed set of
ex pe rimenta l mater ials, SIFT wi ll co ntinuall y
eva luate the best ava il ab le late b li ght-res istant
breed in g lin es. " Th e idea," says Boni erba le, " is to
crea te a more sol id lin k between th e researc h
pipe lin e and farm ers ." SIFT is a modu le of
PICTIP APA, the late b light researc h program , w ith
spec ial fu ndin g throu gh GIL B.

Gi~BO

GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON LATE BLIGHT

19

Late Blight Claims Trusted Variety

U ntil 1997, Canchan could appar nt ly w ithsta nd a late blight att ack and survive w ith a
minimum of chemica l sprays. D eveloped j o intl y
by Peru's national potato prog ram and CIP,
Ca ncha n was released to farme rs in 1990. It was
progressively gaini ng in popu lar ity arrno ng trad itional A ndean potato growers and commerc ial
producers in coasta l areas, w here it accounted fo r
a fifth of th e potatoes grow n. It also h s w ide
cons um er acceptance.

Potato cultivar
Can chan-INIA.

The potato cu lti var Canchan- 1NIA, co nside red

one of Peru's sta rs in providing hi gh leve ls of
res istance to late b lig ht, has broken down und er a
combi natio n attack of hum id ity from El Nino, the
appea rance of a new, m o re agg ress ive form of the
late blight fungus (Phytop hthora in festa ns) and
fai lure of a previously effective fungicide to
contro l it.

" D esp ite the breakdown of Canch an," says

Ju an La ndeo, a CIP ge net ic ist, "g row rs have
ava il ab le two other CIP-b red Peruviam culti va rs
w ith late b li ght res ista nce-Amarilis-1 IA and
Kori-IN IA." In addi tion, Landeo is test in g 60 new
late bli ght-res istant clo nes un de r co n ta nt and
heavy pressure of the fun ga l disease at two sites,
Oxapa mp a and Comas, in the Peru vi n rainforest
margin . Land eo believes th at despite Ca nc han's
dec linin g late blight resistance, Peru v.ian potato
growers w ill continu e to prod uce the va ri ety
because of ma rket demand and hi gh rices, w hi le
look ing fo r better performing, diseasEt-res istant
c ulti vars. " Fo r th e tim e be in g," says L~ ndeo ,
"fa rm ers wi ll have to sp ray more co n ct fung icides and accept lowe r yie lds to stay n business .
In the end, t he co nsumer w ill pay t he difference. "

CIP Program Report Available

CIP's 1995-96 Program Report, a 323-page publication,
provides more than 50 research reports written by Center
scientists and their collaborators. Included are
comprehensive overviews of the status of regional work
and extensive reporting on such subjects as
cryopreservation, molecular markers, and marketing. The
program report, issued every two years, is available for $25
plus postage from CIP. It is also available free through the
Center's home page on the World Wide Web at http://
www.cipotato.org.

20

Biotechnology Speeds New Potato Development

In seeking solutions to the most pressing problems of developing country potato
producers, CIP scientists are using some of the most powerful techniques known to
science, including DNA fingerprinting, genetic mapping, and gene technology.
"T he potato is a nea r-p erfect ca ndid ate fo r this
type of biotec hn o logy," notes Marc G hi slain who
hea ds the Center' s molecular biology wo rk .
" Unlike w ith m any ot her c rop s that are inbred , in
potato, genetic transfo rm at ion is th e fas test way
th at ge nes for a sing le new tra it ca n be added to
improve a va ri ety w ith o ut dam ag in g its ge neti c
m akeup. Attempts to make eve n sm all ge netic
c hanges by traditional breeding is like ly to prod uce c lones th at have littl e resemb lance to their
pa rents. Th at mea ns breed in g efforts to improve
established va ri eti es in o ne tr ait usuall y ha ve a
nega tive impact o n oth ers, suc h as ge neti c res istance and the cu lti va r' s taste and appea rance."
G hi slain says th at th e new techniqu es should
m ake it possibl e to in se rt disease o r stress resistance into popul ar potato va ri eti es w ithout j eopa rd izi ng their desirab le qu aliti es or the ir market
share. As a res ult, ge neticists will be abl e to
res pond quickly to new st resses without hav in g to
go t hrou gh the diffi c ult process of reb uilding
co nsu mer accepta nce for an entire ly new va riety.
" W e' re also interested in producin g a c lea ner
potato ," says Wand a Co llin s, CIP deputy d irector
ge neral for research. " More c hemi ca ls are used to
produce potatoes than to produce any ot her food
c rop. In an environm entally co nsc ious world, that
is in c reas in gly un acce ptable ."

New Varieties in Five Years

With convention al breeding too ls, it wou ld take
sc ientists 1 0-15 yea rs simply to brin g a potato
va ri ety to mark et, and an eq ual amount of t ime for
it to beco me popul ar wit h co nsume rs. Biotec hnology makes it possibl e to maintain all of the desirab le c haracter isti cs of a cu lti va r, e limin ate new
problems as th ey ap pea r, and do so in less than
five years. Equ all y appe aling is th e poss ibility to
bring back to th e m ark et traditional far m er va ri eties that are no longe r grown becau se of th eir
suscept ibility to new, more v irul ent d iseases and
aggress ive pest prob lems.

Res istant Progeny

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~I

- 1

Susceptible Progeny

-- -- ----

Currently, about 1 5 perce nt of the Center's

international staff wo rk in biotechnology p roj ects.
In 1997, CIP v irtu all y doubled its in ves tm ent in
biotec hn o logica l resea rc h. Althou gh thi s represe nts a dramati c shi ft in Ce nter reso urces, CIP
co ntinues to rely on coope rative agreeme nts w ith
adva nced laborator ies to ca rry out mu c h of its
high tech res ea rc h. In ad dition to produc in g large
sav in gs, this appro ac h c rea tes inte ll ectual br id ges
between state-of-the-art in st itution s in in d ustr ialized co untries and CIP 's pr in c ipal partne rsnational rese arch in st ituti ons in develop in g
co untries. In the futu re, Ce nter sc ient ists anticipate
that con tract research w ill increas in gly in vo lve
adva nce d nati ona l ce nters in South Asia and t he
Southe rn Con e of Latin Amer ica .

Impact in Four Areas

Using DNA molecular

markers, Cl P scientists
can identify genes
conferring resistance to
late blight. Ultimately
Cl P's aim is to select
positive alleles for late
blight resistance and
move them quickly into
potato clones suitable for
developing countries.
The high resolution
photograph above shows
molecular markers link ed
with late blight resistance in a diploid potato
population. The arrows
point to DNA markers
associated with late
blight resistance deriving
from a Solanum phureja
parent (lane A) and a
S. tuberosum parent
(lane B).

Advances in biotec hnology are ex pected to

have signifi cant imp act in at le ast fou r proj ect
areas during the Ce nter's medium-term resea rch
p lan, w hi c h run s throu gh the yea r 2001. Th ese
in c lud e the searc h fo r stable late blight res istance,
app li cat io n of tran sfo rm ation te c hn o logies fo r
virus resistance in potato, breeding of des irable
qua lity traits for sw eetpotato, and integ rated
mana ge ment of sweetpotato pests. Th e fo ll ow in g
are exa mples of rece nt successes in b iotechno logy at CIP and of w here the sc ience is hea ded.

21

Collection Fingerprinted
In 1997, CIP reported the first use of molecular
markers to fingerprint an entire cultivated potato
collection. The objecti ve of this w ork was to
assess the coll ection ' s genetic di vensity and select
a core sample comprising the widest possible
genetic variation . The native cultivated species,
5olanum phureja, is important to plant breeders
because many of its accessions car y resistance to
biotic and abiotic stresses, including late blight
and bacterial w ilt.

CF

A CIP scientist checks

fingerprinting of potato
DNA on a computer
monitor. The face screen
protects scientists from
ultraviolet light used to
illuminate DNA gels.

Sweetpotato Gains From

Potato Biotechnology
CIP scientists are using biotechnology to
develop protease inhibitors that inhibit the
metabolism of sweetpotato weevi Is. Recent
progress in developing a transformation system
and identifying effective protease inhibitors has
established a base for creating host plant
resistance, a long-time goal of national
sweetpotato improvement programs.
Other objectives for sweetpotato include the
mapping of alleles for virus and nematode
resistance and for starch content. The development of v arieties with high dry matter is a major
CIP priority.
Molecular techniques are also being used to
reduce the number of duplicates in the
sweetpotato germplasm collections held at CIP,
and to assess the genetic diversity of the crop.
This work is considered important for advancing in-situ conservation and to determine the
need for new collecting expeditions.

22

Within the collection are 25 accessions labeled

as 5. phureja , but whose characteristics scientists
suspected were closer to those of another species .
Because of the small size of the 5. phureja
collection, the species w as selected to test the
effecti v eness of molecular markers for more
extensive germplasm management. The results
demonstrated that the use of DNA ljllolecular
markers is superior to methods in w hich random
selection is used for identifying a core collection
with maximum genetic diversity . Tmis work clears
the wa y for the application of marker technology
in each of the nearly 100 potato species in
collections held by CIP .

Late Blight Control

Because late blight caused by Phytophthora
infestans poses urgent problems in developing
countries, CIP gives high priority to biotechnological approaches that prov ide practical solutions
and diminish farmer reliance on fungicides. High
levels of resistance identified in native cultivated
potatoes (5. phureja and 5. andigena) are being
mapped and characterized using molecular
markers. This w ork is being conducted in collaboration with the Scottish Crops Research Institute
and the Centro de lnvestigaciones oJe Ciencias
Veterinarias in Argentina.
In addition , CIP is working with scientists at
Kansas State University in the United States and
the International Rice Research Institute in the
Phi Ii ppi nes to develop a large set of genes known
or suspected to play a role in plant defense. These
candidate genes wi II be used as probes for

mapping potato and other root and tub er crop s.

Those found effective again st late blight w ill be
isolated and used for direct transfe r into su sce ptible va ri et ies . These efforts w ill be augm ented by
the deve lopment of a compos ite potato m ap th at
shows w here disease res istance occ urs o n th e
potato genom e. This inform ation wi ll be made
ava il abl e v ia the Intern et to he lp sc ientists exp lore
exotic germplasm fo r new so urces of res istance.

Virus Resistance Sought

A lon g-te rm CIP goa l is to produce potato
va ri eties w ith stable res istance to the thre e major
potato v iru ses: Potato leafro ll v iru s (PLR V) , and
potato v iruses Y and X (PVY and PVX ). These
diseases ca use seve re crop losses and are the
main cause of rap id seed deterioration. Using a
co mbination of molecular and co nvention al
tec hniques, CIP sc ienti sts have identifi ed ge nes
that confe r hi gh leve ls of res ista nce to PVY and
PVX. They are incorporatin g them into commerc ial varieties-something th at internation al seed
co m pa ni es who se ll to deve lopin g-country
fa rmers have tradi ti o nall y sh unn ed.

Transfo rm ati on w ith natural res ista nce genes

promises to be th e fastest, most p rec ise way to
develop v irus res istance in potatoes, without
reso rtin g to th e co ntrove rsia l process of v iral ge ne
in sert ion. CIP and its co ll aborators at the
Sa in sbury Laborato ry in the U nited Kingdom are
th erefo re focusin g their efforts on plant-derived
transgenic res ista nce. The success of this effort
should sign ifi cant ly red uce deve loping country
reli ance on imports of no nadapted seed va ri et ies
grown in temperate re gions.

Controlling Insects
A ltho ugh insect res istance prese nts part icul arl y
diffi cult chall enges, CIP is movin g fo rwa rd in
severa l areas th at should co nfer in sect resistance
aga in st potato pests. Th e f irst is the transfer of a
ge ne from Bacillu s thuringiensis, a bacte rium th at
produces a protein th at acts as a natural in secti cide. H owever, this proven tec hn o logy may also
speeds up the deve lopment of in sect resistan ce .
Th e Ce nter is th erefo re taking a cau tious approa ch
in bui ldin g in sect res istance. Prominent amo ng t he
alternat ive s is the use of glandu lar tr icho mes, the
st icky hairs found on th e so-ca ll ed hairy potato.

Intellectual Property Rights

At it most rece nt meeting, the CIP Board of Tru stees asked man age ment to exp lo re w ith stakeholders ways to protect CIPdeveloped tec hnologies from exp loitat ion by co mm ercia l compan ies, and assu re th at revenues generated from such technologies be used to support the Ce nter's ge net ic reso urces programs.
Th e reso luti on und er li es the Board 's be li ef that CIP wi ll have to protect its tech no logies through vario us forms of intell ectual
property ri ghts to safeguard the interests of its principal c li ents: poor peo ple in deve lopi ng co untri es. A ltho ugh CIP sc ienti sts
work from th e premise that the poor shou ld be nefit sig ni f ica ntl y more from Center researc h than do oth ers, th e dema nd for CIP
breedin g lin es and related technologies by com merc ial co mpani es is increasing. "Ou r fea r," says CIP Director General Hubert
Zandstra, " is that as indu stry app lies th ese adva nces to their own end s, that w ill limit access to th em in developing countr ies. "
With that point in mind , the Board enco uraged CIP to develop a poli cy framework for the possib le patenting of intell ectual
property deve loped in Ce nter laborato ri es. Th e prim ary obj ecti ve wou ld be to ensure that developing co untry farme rs con tinu e
to have free access to all CIP technologi es . Any in co me derived in return for the Center's intell ectual property would be co mmitted to the Ce nter's genetic resources programs. Su ch a policy is co nsiste nt with th e provisions of FAO's Global Pl an of Action for
Pl ant Genetic Resources fo r Food and Agriculture.
" It m ay ju st turn out," Zandstra adds, " th at if the new policy is approved it may actua ll y encourage co mmercia l interests to
enter into direct joint ve nt ures w ith developing countries, making improved technologi es ava ilabl e to o ur clients more rap idly
and more cheap ly than would otherwise be possible."

23

Brazil Achieves Seed Self-Sufficiency

Brazil has achieved selfsufficiency in potato seed

production, eliminating
the dangers from
imported seed-borne
pests and diseases.
R.ZAC HMANN

In 1983, Brazil began to build its own national potato seed program to reduce its
dependency on the international seed trade. Using virus detection technologies
developed at CIP, Brazil now stands as one of the world's most advanced seed
producers with annual production exceeding 72,000 tons per year.
"Brazil recognized in the 1970s that seed
imports represented a serious stumbling block to
potato production," says Fernando Ezeta, CIP's
regional representative for Latin America and the
Caribbean. "Not only do many shipments carry
pests, imported seed is expensive, and frequently
there is not enough to go around."
While a small producer compared with the
major European and North American seed exporting countries, Brazil has achieved a level of selfsufficiency unknown in most developing nations.
Disease- and pest-free seed is one of the farmers'
most important inputs and also one of the most
costly.
Potato seed prices vary considerably from
country to country, but can easily reach $1,200

24

per hectare for the best imports. But imports are

not always what they purport to be.

Seed-Borne Pests
Noel Pallais, the head of Cl P's Seed Unit, notes
that pests and disease are routinely spread by
imported seed. "Even the best producers cannot
guarantee that their product meets international
standards," he says. "Our concern, however, is
not with the reputable producers. The ones we
worry about are those who ship poor-quality seed
because they fail to conduct sufficiently rigorous
inspections. Once infected seed is in the field, it is
difficult to control the spread of imported pests
and diseases."

Braz i l is one of

EMBRAPA and CIP

Cooperative activities between Brazil and CIP
began in 1978, and were expanded in 1982 w ith
the signing of a formal agreement with th e Centro
N ac ional de Pesquisa de Ho rta li c;:as (CNPH), the
national vegetable research program of Empresa
Brasileira de Pesquisa Agrop ec uaria (EMBRAPA).
In the interven in g yea rs, CIP has helped train
more than 150 Brazilian sc ienti sts in subjects such
as ti ss ue culture, v irology, and breeding and
ge net ics, th e basic buildin g blocks of a seed
indu stry. "Collaboration with C NPH-EMBRAPA
has been excepti o nal on man y fronts, but our
biggest success," says Ezeta, " has bee n in seed
production." Today, Brazil is alm ost entirely se lfsufficient in seed potatoes by havi ng adopted
rap id multipli cat io n sc hemes developed by CIP.
CIP eco nomi sts estimate th at the program saves
$5 million in fore ign exc hange annually.

Since the mid - 1980s, CNPH-EMBRAPA sc ientists have also worked to keep ab reast of the latest
deve lopments in the Ce nter's viro logy laboratories. As a resu It, Brazi I now produ ces anti se ra and
sero log ica l kits that ca n be used in the field by
loca l seed produ ce rs. One of Cl P's ro les was to
ensure that Braz il 's anti se ra were capab le of
detect in g all virus variants.

C IP 's newest d onors, hav in g jo in ed

th e CGIAR syste m
in 1997 .

" Thi s is hi gh tech work," says CIP v irologist

Maddalena Querci. "To adapt such a sophi sti cated technology to loca l conditions is a m ajor
achievement. To then go the next step and extend
it in a co untry as large and as di ve rse as Brazil ,
speaks fo r itself."
Brazil also exports the se rolo gica l kits to
neighbo ring countries in the South ern Cone.
Chile's nation al seed program reportedly uses
onl y Brazilian-made kits for detecti ng v iru ses in its
seed potatoes.

Brazil: Facts and Figures

Since th e ea rly 1960s, Brazilian potato
production has more than doubled from 1 .1
million to 2.3 million ton s. And today' s
production is achieved on 30, 000 fewer
hectares th an a generation ago. Equall y
impress ive, yields rose from a meager 6 tons
per hectare to a nation al ave rage of 14 tons
per hecta re.
While CIP seed produ ct ion tec hnol og ies
have contributed to th e in c rease, CNPH.EMBRAPA recognizes th at sustainin g production growth will require co ntinued investment
in research and developm ent. To that end,
CNPH rece ntl y requested CIP co ll aboration in
1 0 new areas. Among them are res ea rch o n
late blight, tru e potato seed, bacterial wilt,
and genetic co nservation of sweetpotato. In
addition, CIP has been asked to assist CN PH
in method s for detectin g v iruses on
arracacha, an Andean root crop similar to

carrot. Brazil is th e world's leadin g producer of

arracac ha, which is used mainly in co mm ercial
baby foo ds. Brazil is also one of Cl P's newest
don ors, hav in g join ed the CGIAR system in 1997.

25

Producing Pesticide-Free Sweetpotatoes

average of 12 sp rays per seaso n. Eve n then ,
dam age leve ls were abo ut 8 percent, high by
man y sta nd ards but accepta bl e to thi e Cubans. In
1997, damage fe ll dramat ica ll y witH the use of an
integ rated co ntrol approach. Some fie ld s reg istered ju st 2 percent in festat io n; production tr i p led
on many farms.
Efforts to co ntro l weev ils w ith IPM bega n in
1992. CIP sc ient ists first v isited t he island in
res pon se to a ca ll for help by co ll eag ues at INI V IT,
th e Cuban nation al ag ricultural research in st itute
in charge of root c rops and bananas .

j.ALCAU\R

Farme rs and scientists

regularly inspect
pheromone traps used to
attract weevils. The area
surrounding th e traps is
treated with the fungus
Beauveria bassiana,
which infects the weevils
drawn to the traps.

In 1991, Cuban farmers were suddenly

cut off from agricultural pesticides
supplied by the Soviet Union. The result
was major damage to the country's
sweetpotato crop and the collapse of
some of its largest sweetpotato
plantations.
"W ith th e elimin atio n of Soviet-subsidized
pesticid es, Cuba fo und itself in a situation th at
far mers in other co untries could we ll face in the
future," says Fausto Cis neros, leader of Cl P's
integrated pest management proj ect (IPM) for
sweetpotato. " Any number of thin gs co uld happe n
that wo u Id deny farmers access to pesti c id es," he
says. For exa mpl e, the effective ness of a c hemi ca l
cou ld co llapse beca use of a new in sect biotype, or
a government m ay simpl y ban certain pesti c ides
fo r environmenta l o r health reasons .

INI V IT scientists' first task was to fill in gaps in

the knowl edge of the b io logy and seasona l
beh avior of th e pest. Th e seco nd was to id en tify
IPM component tec hnologi es that wou ld contro l
weev il s. Because of th e eme rgency natu re of the
situ at io n, CIP entomolog ists suggested forgoi ng
th e standard pest eva lu atio n and c hara cte ri zat io n
phase of a norm a l IPM program.

Effective Controls Identified

On-farm resea rc h in V ill a Clara and
Cienfuegos, pro v in ces in the cen tral part of the
island , confirmed th e effect ive ness of four IPM
control components: predatory ants, th e fu ngus
Beauveria bassiana, the mass capture of ad ult
m ale weev il s usin g sex pheromone traps, and th e
planting of short-seaso n cult ivars. Added to thi s
were cu ltural practices co mmon to most other IPM

The Cuban Experience

In Cuba, the loss of pesti c ides left no alternatives but to turn to IPM. Wi th chem ica ls, Cuba n
farmers co ntrol led t he sweetpotato weev i I, (Cy /as
formicarius), th e crop's principal predator, with an

26

Sweetpotato weevil infected wit

bassiana fungu s.

program s suc h as th e use of hea lthy p lantin g

m ate ri als, c rop rotation, and destru cti o n of crop
res idu es.
11

A package of alternati ves was offered to

ag rar ian assoc iation fa rm ers and tec hni c ians,"
rem embers Dr . A lfredo Mo rales, subdirecto r of
INI V IT and lea der of Cuba's sweetpo tato IPM
prog ram . " D emonstration s first held at IN IV IT
exper im ental fi eld s qui c kl y sprea d to governm ent
fa rm s, coo perat ives, and pri vate produce rs."
Accord in g to o ne wom an fa rm er wo rkin g o n
Paso Bon ito State Farm in Santa Clara, it was
imposs ib le to co ntinu e to pl ant swee tp ota to
beca use of hi gh leve ls of weev il in festat io n. In th e
dry seaso n, damage was alm ost to tal. Fo llow ing
th e in troduc ti on of th e INI V IT-C IP approac h, she
says, in festat ion fe ll to ju st 2 percent and co uld
eve ntu all y reac h ze ro.

How the System Works

Th e most important compo nent of the pac ka ge
is th e use of pheromone traps fo r the m ass ca pture
of m ale weev il s. In 1996 , 12 8,000 traps were used
throughout the isl and , up fro m 6,5 00 three yea rs
ea rli er. N orma ll y farme rs use 16 traps per hecta re,
but so me successful fa rm ers we re ab le to red uce
that number to ju st f ive o r six.
But pheromones also represe nt a wea k po int in
th e program beca use th ey are impo rted from th e

N eth erl an ds. CIP is cur rently tryin g to broker an

arr ange ment that wi ll all ow Cub an tec hni c ians to
produ ce th e ph ero mon e und er loca l li ce nse.
Two oth er co mpo nen ts of th e program , howeve r, are tot all y ho me-grow n. Predato ry ants that
attack weev il larvae are mass produ ced in arti fic ial
nests made of ro ll ed banana leaves, th e natural
hab itat of the pred ato r. Thi s simpl e system,
dev ised by INI V IT, has prove n hi ghly effect ive.
Fi eld tri als have show n th at as few as 60 nes ts per
hecta re ca n red uce weev il infestation 3-5 perce nt.
Th e other compo nent is th e use of th e fungus

8. bass iana, a b io log ica l pesticid e. Th e fung us is

appli ed aro und p hero mo ne trap s to ki 11 esca pin g
weev il s. 8 . bass iana is produ ce d in both liqui d
and so lid fo rm in more than 200 Cuban labo ratories and process in g, in clud ing bre weri es w ith idl e
capacity.
" Th e Cubans are extrao rdin ary coope rato rs
and exce ll ent researc hers," says Cisneros. CIP has
lea rn ed a lot from its work in Cuba that ca n be
appli ed in oth er parts of th e Ca rib bean and in
areas w ith simil ar eco log ies. "B ut perhaps the
most important lesson of the Cuban program," he
says, " i s th at fa rm ers ca n produ ce abundant c rops
without the c hemi ca ls th at th ey once re li ed upon. "
Th e IPM program w ill cove r 30,000 hectares of
sweetpotato in 1998, abo ut 50 perce nt of Cuba's
entire c ro p, acco rdin g to Cisneros.

The Search for Weevil Resistance

The development of sweetpotatoes resistant to weevils is an additional goal of CIP's
collaborative research program with INIVIT. Cuba has developed six weevil-resistant
clones, but the process has not achieved all of the results that researchers would like.
One key objective is to develop sweetpotatoes that produce roots 15 cm below the soil
surface, too deep for most weevils to attack the crop. The Cubans are also paying close
attention to CIP's resistance breeding program, which emphasizes the introduction of
protease inhibitor genes, and the Center's work with wild relatives, efforts that one day
may provide farmers with weevil-resistant sweetpotatoes.

27

TPS Hybrid May Eliminate Need for Seed Tubers

Sometimes, a production breakthrough
can be achieved by taking an old
technology and making it better. In
1997, two CIP scientists demonstrated
this axiom to potato farmers in Vietnam
by upgrading the seed quality of two
established hybrid true potato seed (TPS)
varieties.
The new technology allows farmers to produce
a mature commercial crop of potatoes averaging
25 tons per hectare in just 90 days directly from
potato seedlings . After a year of testing, Vietnamese farmers have already dubbed it Super Seed.
The new seed technology eliminates the need
for 17,000 farm families in the Red River Delta of
Thai Binh Province, south of Hanoi , to store
potato seed tubers during the hottest part of year.
Without refrigeration, the heat takes a high tol I on
the quality of seed potatoes during the nine
months that they must be stored on-farm. Potatoes
in Vietnam are grow n during the three-month
period between the country' s two yearly rice
crops.
CIP plant breeder Mahesh Upadhya and
physiologist Noel Pallais were alerted to the
storage bottleneck at a seed workshop held in
Hanoi in 1996. One possible solution, they
believed , would be to grow potatoes directl y from
TPS seedling transplants (see box) . TPS is normally
used to produce small tubers for planting . What
emerged from their research was a method for
dramatically improving seed quality of existing
hybrids. The new technique resulted in larger,
heavier botanical seeds that are more vigorous
than those produced by conventional methods.
Because of their additional vigor, the improved
seeds produce potato seedlings that can be
transplanted directly into the soil to grow a
successful commercial crop.
"The new seed is clearl y superior to all competitors, including Vietnam ' s two most popular
(IP-developed varieties, " says Peter Schmiediche,
the Center' s former regional representative for East
and Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Vietnamese

28

agricultural officials believe that if the results of

1996-97 are reconfirmed , potato production in

the Red River Delta wi 11 be revolutionized by
eliminating the need for farmers to store seed
tubers . Before the development of Super Seed,
Vietn amese researchers had concluded TPS
transplants cou Id be used only to produce smal I
seed tubers for planting. And it w as thought the
tubers cou Id not be used for more than tw o
cropping seasons because of seed degeneration.
The initial performance and popularity of Super
Seed in Vietnam has already reached other
national potato programs. Pallais, who is also
responsible for the Center' s seed distribution unit,
has had requests for information and seed from
Cuba, El Salvador, Germany, Honduras, and
Nicaragua. In Mexico, Upadhya says, Super Seed
performance matched the two most popular
potato v arieties, Atlantic and Frito-Lay, in uniformity and yield .

ti o n. By th e yea r 2000, Th ai Bin h ag ri culture

officials anti cipate sow ing 150 k il og ram s of seed,
hav ing 1,5 00 hecta res in TPS transpl ants, and
harvest ing 15,500 hecta res of TPS.
TPS is a hi ghl y va lu ab le co mm~od i ty. Farm ers,
w ho no rm all y pay up to the equi va lent of U S$800
per kil og ram for ord in ary hybri d seed, are pay in g
up to $1,3 00 per kil og ram fo r Supe r Seed . Th e
govern me nt has recove red nea rl y all of th e
$24,000 it spent on im po rtin g TPS from Indi a, and
has set up a revo lvi ng fund to purchase new TPS
fo r the 1997-98 crop. Beca use TPS is not free,
Vietnamese fa rme rs have bee n mot iva ted to refine
their nurse ry and seed ling manage ment. As a
resul t, they have red uced th e am ou nt of TPS
needed to pl ant a hecta re fro m 2 70 gram s to 1 00
grams in just three yea rs. Transp lant surv iva l rates
are betwee n 89 and 97 pe rce nt. Th at is attri b utab le to th e soph isticated transp lant ma nagement
of highly-ex peri enced ri ce fa rme rs.
Resea rchers, fa rmers, and V ietn amese po li t ica l
leade rs have urged CIP to co nt inu e deve lopm ent
of new ge neti c co mb in at io ns for use in th e Red
Ri ver De lta, in clu d in g shorter maturing hybri ds to
fit exact ly betwee n the two annu a I ri ce cro ps.
N. l'All.AIS

TPS Popularity Predated 'Super Seed'

Eve n before the in trod uct ion of Supe r Seed,
TPS tec hn o logy had been enthus iasti ca ll y adopted
by a gro w in g num be r of Vietnam fa rm fa mili es in
the ri ce-based cro pp in g system of th e De lta. Th e
nu mbe r of pa rti cipat ing fa rm ers rose from 275 in
1994 to 17,000 in 1997.
Potato y ields obta in ed from TPS m ateri al are
about doubl e the Vietn amese ave rage of 1 2 .5 to ns
per hectare. In 1996, potatoes prod uced from
TPS-d eri ved tubers averaged nea rl y 24 to ns pe r
hecta re across 13 sites in Th ai Binh prov in ce,
co mpa red w ith 11 tons pe r hecta re of A ckersege n,
t he co untry's most co mm on I y grow n potato
va ri ety.
Th e sp read of TPS tec hn o logy has bee n
nothin g sho rt of o utsta ndi ng in the Delta, w here
26,000 hectares are sui tab le fo r potato produc-

Th e three-yea r TPS hybr id p ro j ect in

V ietn am was successfu l beca use it met a
spec ific need by offe rin g an altern at ive seed
system fa r superior to the o ld p lan, wh ich
reli ed on dege nerated seeds of q uesti onabl e
o ri gin , Upadh ya says .

The tiny botanical seeds produced by

the flower of the potato plant are
known as true potato seed. Farmers
who normally plant a hectare of
potatoes using 2 tons of seed tubers can
now achieve the same result more cheaply
by planting as little as 50 grams of TPS
hybrids. Traditionally, TPS is not sown directly
into the field like maize or wheat seed, but planted into seedbeds, like
tomatoes and then transplanted into the field as seedlings. The small
tubers produced from TPS seedlings are used as seed for planting the
next potato crop (right).

29

Breeding Deep-Rooted Potatoes

te c hn o logy. Th e Center's goa l, however, is not
imm od est: the first ta rget is 1 million hectares in
China th at frequently suffer from a mo nth of
drou ght soo n after crop establishm ent.
It is w ide ly known , says Pall ais , th at culti v ated
potatoes are much mo re se nsiti ve to so il wa ter
conditi o ns tha n oth er c ro ps. Stress peri od s as
short as o ne day ca n seve rely affect ield . Studi es
show th at c ulti vars differ in their susceptib il ity to
water stres s, althou gh all are affected significantl y.
" On e important and o bv ious physi o log ica l
expl anati o n for the acute sens iti v ity of potato to
wa ter stress ste ms fro m its notoriou sly shall ow and
sparse root system ," Pall ais says. Im prove m ent
programs aim ed at traditi o nal potato-grow ing
areas have acce pted th e status qu o and use
frequ ent sh al low irri gations that penali ze dee per,
more dense ly rootin g c ulti va rs.

Sweetpotato Stress

In a 1997 trial CIP

scientists demonstrated
that many germplasm
accessions found in
Center-held germplasm
collections have deeper
and denser root systems
that can help potatoes
withstand long periods
without water.

Have plant breeders inadvertently

developed potatoes that are overly
dependent on water? In a dramatic field
trial, CIP physiologists demonstrated
that some potato cultivars can withstand
long periods without water and still
produce adequate yields.
"O ur hypoth esis is , t hat in sea rc hin g for a
better potato, modern plant breeders have in adve rtentl y deve loped c u lti va rs with sh al low root
systems," says CIP phys iolog ist Noe l Pallais.
Pal lais bel ieves the key to in c reasi ng potato y ie lds
in deve lop ing co untri es is to restructure the pl ant
by ex panding its root system.

Immodest Goals?
CIP is increasi ngly co ncern ed abo ut wa ter
stress, a re lati ve ly new area of re sea rc h that Center
scient ists believe is w ithin th e reac h of current

30

Sweetpotatoes wou Id a I so ben efit fro m the new

res ea rc h . Water stress to lera nce is importa nt not
o nl y for edible tub er y iel d but also-and perhaps
more im portant from th e sm all farm ers' po int of
v iew-for fo li age maintenance durin g periods of
stress. One ob j ect ive wi ll be to ensure that far mers, parti cul arl y in sub-Sa haran Afri oa, have
suffi cie nt seed c uttin gs fo r plantin g o nce the rainy
season begi ns.
Work in this area is already und e) way . Over
the past two yea rs, mos t of Cl P's pat hoge n-tested
sweetpotatoes we re eva lu ated at sites in subSaharan Afr ica and in Lim a w ith surpri sin gly
simil ar res ults. Among th e c lones sel ected for
superior y ie lds und er seve re water sbress in Lima ,
eight p rod uce d essentia ll y the same resu lts in
Africa.
To in c re ase the efficie ncy of CIP ge rmplasm
cleanup efforts, all of the sweetpotato ge rmplasm
maintain ed by th e Center is being presc ree ned
und er seve re water stress in Lima . Using th i s
approac h, it shou ld be poss ible to prio riti ze
cleanup efforts and, at th e sa me tim e( make
avail abl e greater num bers of drought-res istant
varieties to national programs.

CIP 1997 Briefs

Chacasina Proves Acceptable
in Andean Highlands
A Cl P true potato seed hybrid known as
Chacasina has proven itself in the Peruvian
highlands where consumer acceptance of new
potatoes is hard to earn. Chacasina is a cross
between the most popular local variety produced
in the central Andes, Yungay, and a CIP late
blight-resistant breeding line. In a study on the
impact and production potential of Chacasina, the
TPS hybrid outperformed Yungay in almost all
categories. In extensive trials covering six production zones in an impoverished region where
potatoes are a subsistence food, Chacasina
produced average yields double that of Yungay,
and had a 1 7 percent lower incidence of virus
infection. What appealed most to farmers was that
Chacasina could be harvested 45 days earlier than
Yungay and was popular among consumers.

Virus-Carrying Whiteflies
Threaten Sweetpotatoes

In the Andes, the warm winter of 1997 accelerated the spread of potato yellow vein, a virus
disease carried by a whitefly (Trialeurodes
vaporariorum). Until recently, the disease was
present only in Colombia and Ecuador. In 1997 it
was identified in the central Peruvian highlands
and in Venezuela. CIP plant pathologists expect it
to eventually spread to the Southern Cone coun tries. Whiteflies (Bemisia sp) are also known to
carry one of the two vi ruses that cause
sweetpotato virus disease. If whitefly populations
increase significantly, so does the threat to
sweetpotato. That could be especially problematic
in sub-Saharan Africa, where sweetpotatoes are
vital to food security, and where a whitefly-borne
virus has already devastated cassava crops.

True Potato Seed Gains Made

in Egypt
Despite competition from overseas seed
companies, Egyptian potato producers made
important gains in developing domestic seed
supplies that use true potato seed (TPS). A study

released in 1998 by CIP and the Egyptian Ministry

of Agriculture shows that investments in TPS could
provide $51 million in net benefits to Egyptian
potato producers by the year 201 5. Egypt's TPS
project, begun in 1977, has produced annual net
benefits to farmers of 28 percent, and has a net
present value of nearly $3 million. The figures do
not take into account health and environmental
benefits associated with growing locally produced,
adapted seed that carries disease resistance and
can be grown with fewer chemical sprays.

Collins New Deputy Director

General for Research
Dr. Wanda W. Collins, a plant breeder and
geneticist, is Cl P's new Deputy Director General
for Research. She is a leading expert on root and
tuber crops. Col Ii ns was professor of horticultural
science at North Carolina State University at
Raleigh in the United States before joining CIP in
November 1997. Her new responsibi I ities include
over al I leadership of the Center's 1 7 major
research projects and coordination of the Global
Initiative on Late Blight.

PROINPA Awarded
Bolivian Prize
PROINPA, Bolivia's collaborative potato
research program supported by CIP and the
Government of Switzerland, has received Bolivia's
Award for Scientific Merit. The citation was
presented by the President of the country's
National Academy of Sciences. A World Bank
report has termed PROINPA one of the country's
outstanding agricultural research programs. It was
established in 1989 to revive Bolivia's national
potato research program. PROINPA technologies-including cultivars with resistance to late
blight and insect pests, and frost tolerance-are
expected to reach subsistence farmers in the next
three years. CIP and PROINPA ~ave a close
working relationship. CIP relies on PROINPA for
drought, frost, and nematode research, while Cl P
provides PROINPA with technology in virology,
marketing, biotechnology, and resource management.

31

Board of Trustees
Mrs. Martha ter Kuile*
Chairperson
A shton, Ontario, Ca nada
Dr. Adrian Fajardo-Christen
Acting Chairperson
Ministerio de la Pres id enc ia

Dr. David R. MacKenzie

Chairperson as of M arc h, 1998
Executive Director,
North easte rn Reg ional Association of
State Ag ri c ultural Ex perim ent Station Directors
University of Maryland
Beltsv ill e MD, USA

Lim a, Peru

Dr. Moise Mensah*

Dr. Alicia Barcena
United Nations Environment Programme
Mexico, D .F.
Mexico
Dr. Durward Bateman *
Coll ege of Agricultural and Life Sciences
North Ca rolin a State University
Raleigh, N o rth Caro lin a, USA
Dr. K. L. Chadha *
V ice Cha irperson
Di recto rate of H o rti c ulture
Indi an Co un c il of A gricultural Resea rc h
N ew De lhi , Indi a
Dr. M. Sujayet Ullah Chowdhury
Bangladesh Ri ce Resea rc h In st itute
Joydebp ur, Ban glades h

Coto nou , Benin

Dr. Klaus Raven

Fac ultad de Agronomia
Universidad Nacional Agraria
Lim a, Peru
Dr. Setijati Sastrapradja *
Indon es ian In stitute of Sciences
National Ce ntre for Researc h in Biotec hn o logy
Bogor, In donesia

Dr. Lieselotte Schilde

Uni ve rsity of Hibin gen
Hibin gen, Germany
Dr. Theresa Sengooba
Nam ul onge Agricultural and Animal Production
Research In stitute
Kampala , U ga nda

Dr. Chukichi Kaneda

Association for International

Dr. Koenraad Verhoeff

Coopera tion of Ag ric ul ture & Forestry

Wageninge n, The Neth erlands

Tokyo, Japa n
A.SO W.IANO

Dr. Ren Wang

Chin ese Academy of Agr ic ultural Sci ences
Ministry of Ag ri c ulture
Beijing, Ch in a
Dr. Vo-Tong Xuan
University of Cantho
Ca ntho , Vietn am
Dr. Hubert Zandstra
Director Ge neral
Intern ationa l Po tato Cente r
Lima , Peru
Term co mpleted in 1997

Front row left to ri ght: Theresa Sengoo ba, Li ese lotte Sc hilde,
Vo-Ton g Xuan , Al icia Barcena , M. Sujayet Ullah Chowdhury,
Chuk ic hi Kan eda, Ren W an g.
Second row : Koenraad Verhoeff, Hubert Zandstra, Kl aus Raven ,
Adria n Faja rd o-Christen , Dav id R. MacKenzie.

32

Donor Contributions 1n 1997

DONOR
(ranked by levels of co ntribution in US$000)

UNRESTRICTED
& R ESTR ICTED

NON-AGENDA

Sw iss Agency for D eve lopm ent

& Coope rat ion
European Union

5,403 *
1,900

550

International Bank for Reconstru ct io n

and Development

1,800

United States Agency for Intern ati o nal

D eve lopment
Japa nese Governm ent
N eth erlands Governme nt
D anish Internat iona l Developm ent Agency
Federal Germ any

1,655
1,375
1,286
1,22 1
1,062

75

Swedish Internationa l Deve lopment

Coo peration Agency

891

United Kingdom - D epartment for Internation al

D eve lopm ent
ln terame ri can Deve lopment Bank
International Development Resea rc h Centre
Ca nadian Intern ational Deve lopment Agen cy
Au st rian Governm ent
Lu xe mbourg Government
Span ish Gove rnm ent
Be lg ium Governm ent
Itali an Governm ent
Frenc h Governm ent
Asian Developm ent Bank

817
789
765
718
455
400
295
23 1
200
19 2
175

Austral ian Centre for Internationa l Agricultura l

Resea rch
N o rwegian Governme nt
Chinese Governm ent
International Ce ntre for Resea rc h in Agroforestry
Korea n Governm ent
OPEC
Brazi l Governm ent
ICRISAT
M ex ica n Governm ent
South Afric a
Government of In dia
W e izmann In stitute of Sci ence
Peru -M ini ster io de Eco nomia y Finanzas
N atural Resources In stitute NRI
Th e University of Georgia - SAN REM

155
131
90
87
80
70
60
60
60
50
38
25
133
17
20

* In c lu des $3 .2 milli on in network and co untry resea rc h projects.

33

Finance and Administration

CIP 's 1997 in co me totaled $24.7 million
(co ntribu tions $23.3 million and $1.4 million
ot her in comes), down 6% from an all-tim e high of
$26.3 million in 1996. In vestments in potato
research rep rese nted 59% of the Center's total
in come, respondin g to cont inu ed growth in the
dema nd for the crop in develop in g countr ies and
the potenti al of CIP technologies to support th is
st imul ated production. In vestme nts in sweetpotato
tota led 23 % of Cente r income. Spending for t he
lesser-kn own Andea n roots and tub ers, natural
reso urces man age ment and the Global Mountain
Program were 4%, 11 %, and 3%, res pectiv ely.
Center in vestment all ocated acco rd in g to CG IAR
categor ies were : in c reas in g producti v ity, 43%;
protecting the envi ronment, 26%; saving
biodi ve rsity, 9%; improv ing polici es, 5%; and
strengthening national programs, 17%.
Durin g the yea r, the Ce nter contin ued to
imp rove its li quid ity. Since 1994, the use of

BALANCE SHEET

(LJ5$000)

Operational expenses by activit) (%)fo r

199 7 and 1998 (estimated).

1997

1998

73

72

Trainin g

Information

Research Management

Operations

D ep rec iation

Operating Fund

Area
Res earc h

Total

100

1997

100

1996
Yea r end ed 31 D ecember

Current Assets

6,456

6,501

97

81

5,605

3,485

Employees

320

388

Other

235

292

In ve ntori es

837

863

Prepaid expenses

fi..3_fi

9__9_8

14 , 186

12,608

Investments

503

48 3

Loans to employees

287

379

Property, plant, and eq uipm ent

2 1,752

21,365

Less accumul ated depreciation

(12 050)

ill,5Jl2J

9,702

9 , 863

Cash and short-te rm depos its

Securities
Acco unts rece ivable:
Donors

Tota l

Fixed Assets

Tota l

34

The table below

summarizes CIP's
finances in 1997. A
exte nded cre dit has been limi ted to less than 25 days per yea r. Howeve r, beca use of funding red uct ions,
the Center was unable to expand its reserves as it has done over eac h of the past fi ve years. CIP rese rves
an eq uiv alent of 17 days' (US$1.1 million), wh ich are insuffi c ient to cope with the Center's li qu id ity or
cas h year ly needs. Managem ent wi ll co ntinue w ith its object ive to improve CIP 's financial res erves leve l.

complete , audited
financial statement
by Coopers &

As of Decem ber 3 1, 1997 CIP's financ ial statement showed a stro ng wor king capi tal positio n. On the
liabi lity side, short-term co mmitm ents and provis io ns are we ll cove red by curren t Center assets.

Lybrand is pub I ished

separately, and can

A project-based Resea rch

Management Information System
was developed by CIP during
1997 and implemented to support
the 1998 project portfolio. The
new system, which complements
CIPFIS, the Center's financi a l
informatio n system, is a powerful
tool for project leaders and
ma nage ment to define project
outcomes, estimate time and
resources, schedule tasks, and
bring projects in on time, on
target and on budget.

be requested from

International Potato Center (CIP)

the Chief Financial

Research
Management
Information System
Copyright - 1977 CIP
Made in Peru

'*i1Ui1i81i

Carlos Nino Neira Ramos

Chief Financial Officer

Officer at CIP
headquarters 1n
Lima, Peru.

Rosa Novoa Cardenas

Computer Programmer
R. NOVOA

BALANCE SHEET (US$000)

1997

1996
Year end ed 3 1 December

Current Liabilities
369

414

7,097

5,834

Resea rch co ntracts and organ izat ions

1,910

1,554

Supp li ers and taxes

1,01 1

1,0 10

_5..2

_5..2

10,439

8, 864

Long-term Loan

271

5 15

Accrual s and Provisions

659

672

Cap ital invested in fixed assets

9,702

9,863

Capital fund

2,529

2,341

Short-term loans
Advances from dono rs
Accounts payable:

Prov isions fo r seve rance

indemnities
Tota l

N et Assets

Operating fund
Tota l

l ,D.2.8

l,.OZ.8

13 , 309

13,282

35

Staff in 1997
D IRECTORS

South and West Asia (SWA)

Hubert Za ndstra, PhD, Director General

Jose Valle-Riestra, PhD, Deputy Director Gen eral
for Finance and Administration
Peter Gregory, PhD , Dep uty Directo r General fo r
Research 2
Wand a Collins, PhD, Deputy Director General for
Research 1
Roger Co rtbaoui , PhD, Director for Internation al
Coope ration
Edward French , PhD, Associate Director for
Research 2

Sarathchandra llangant i leke, PhD, Regional

Represe ntative (India)
Shushma Arya, MS, Accountant/Research Program
Coordinator (Indi a)

East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP)

Peter Schmiediche, PhD , Regional Representative
(Jndo nes ia) 2
Gordon Prain , PhD, Regional Represe ntat ive
(Indon es ia) '

Liaison Office-People's Republic of China

Son g Bofu, PhD 2
Yi Wang, PhD 1

I N TERNAT IONAL COO PERAT ION

(co untry) = post lo cat ion, but activity regional in

scope
cou ntry

Liaison Office-Philippines

= post locat ion

Gordon Prain , PhD 2

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

Fernando Ezeta, PhD , Regional Representative

P ROGRAM L EADERS

(Peru)

Production Systems

Liaison Office-Ecuador

Thoma s S. Walker, PhD

Char les Crissman, PhD

Germplasm Management and Enhancement

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

Ali Golmirzaie, PhD

Peter Ewel l, PhD , Regional Representative (Kenya)

Liaison Office-Nigeria-Cameroon

Disease Management

Humberto Mendoza, PhD , Associate Regional

Representative 2 4

Luis F. Salazar, PhD

Integrated Pest Management

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Liaison Office-Egypt
Ramzy El-Bedewy, PhD
C. ROSSE NOUFF

Fausto Cisneros, PhD

Propagation, Crop Management

Mahesh Upadhya, PhD

Postharvest Management, Marketing

Gregory J. Scott, PhD
INTERNAT IONALLY RE CRU ITED STAF F

Departments
Breeding and Genetics
Merideth Bonierbale, PhD, Senior Potato Breeder,
Head of Department'

' Staff who jo in ed during th e yea r

Staff w ho left during the year
3 Staff fund ed by spec ial proj ects
4
Project lea der
2

36

Edward Ca rey, PhD, Region al Sweetpotato

Breeder (Kenya) 4
Enrique Chujoy, PhD, Genet ic ist (Indo nes ia)
Ju an Land eo, PhD, Breed er4
Humberto Mendoza, PhD , Geneticist (Cameroo n
and N igeria) 24
II G in Mok, PhD , Breeder (Indonesia)
H ail e M. Kidane-Mariam , PhD, Regional Potato
Seed Spec iali st/ Breede r (Ke nya )4

Ramzy El-Bedewy, PhD , Breed er, (Egypt)

Vital Hage nim ana, PhD , Food Scientist (Ke nya) 3
Oscar Hid algo, PhD, Senior Seed Specialist 2 4
Sarathchandra 1langa nti Ieke, PhD , Postharvest
Specialist (/ndia) 4
Noe l Pallais, PhD , Physiologist 4
Marian Va n Hal, MS, Assoc iate Expert 3
Christopher Wheatley, PhD, Posth arvest
Speci ali st (lndonesiaV 4

Genetic Resources

Social Science

Ali Go lmirzaie, PhD, Geneticist, Head of

Department 4
Ca rl os Arbizu, PhD, ARTC Consultant 3
Marc G hi slain , PhD , Mol ec ul ar Bio log ist 4
Michael Herm ann , PhD , Andean Crops
Specialist 14
Miguel Ho ll e, PhD, Andea n Crops Coo rdin ato r
Z6s imo Hu aman , PhD , Germplasm Curato r4
Ca rl os Oc hoa , MS, Taxo nomi st, Co nsu lta nt
Bodo Trognitz, PhD, Genet ic ist 4
Dapeng Zh ang, PhD, Breede r4

Th omas W alker, PhD, Economist, Head of

Department 4
Th omas Bernet, MS, Eco nomist (Swiss Associate
Expert) '3
Joh an Brans, MS, Associa te Expert (Philipp in es) 23
Dindo Campi lan, PhD, Sociologist (Philippines)
Charles Cri ss man, PhD, Economi st (Ecuador)
Pete r Ewell, PhD , Economist (Ke nya) 4
Robert Jan Hijm ans, MS, Associate Expe rt 3
Dai Peters, PhD , Rural Sociologist (Jndonesia) 3
Gordon Prain, PhD, Anthropologist (Ph ilippin es) 4
Gregory Scott, PhD, Eco nomist
Paul Winters, PhD, Economist 1 3

Nematology and Entomology

Fausto Cisneros, PhD, Entomologist, H ead of
Department
A nn Braun , PhD, Eco logist (/ndon esia) 2A
Az iz Lagnao ui , PhD, Entomologist 1
Ni co le Smit, MS, Associate Expert, Uga nda3
Jea n Lou is Zeddam , PhD , Ento mov iro log ist

Pathology
Lui s Sa laza r, PhD, Virologist, H ead of Department
Gregory A. Forbes, PhD, Plant Pat ho log ist
(Ecuador)
Edward R. French, PhD , Bacteriologist 24
Teresa lcochea, PhD , Pathologist, Consu ltant 4
Upali Jayas in ghe, PhD , V iro logist (Philippines)
Rebecca Nelso n, PhD, Molecular Pat ho logist 1
Pedro Oyarz un , PhD , Mycologist (Ecuado r)3
Sylvie Priou, PhD, Bacteriolo gist 3
Maddalena Q uerci, PhD , Mol ecu lar Virologist 4
Lod J. Turkensteen, PhD, Adjun ct Scientist,
(Netherlands)

Training
Patri cio Malagamba, PhD, Head of Department

Communications
Steven Kea rl , MS, Se ni or Writer/ Editor,
Head of Unit 1
Bill Hardy, PhD, English and Spanish
Writer/ Edi to r2

Information Technology
Anthony Co llin s, MS, Head of Unit

Directors' Offices
Office of the Director General
Edward Sul zberger, MS, Senior Ad v iser

Office of the Deputy Director General for

Research
Jose Lui s Rueda, PhD, Coordinator, And ea n
Natural Resources

Physiology
Mahesh Upadhya, PhD , Breeder, Head of
Department
Cather ine Brabet, PhD , Foo d Scientist 3
Yoshihiro Eguchi , MS, Associate Expert
(/ndonesia )3

Special Country Projects

FORTIPAPA, Ecuador
Corinne Fankhauser, MS, Associate Expert

37

PROINPA, Bolivia
Andre D eva ux, PhD , Seed Specialist,
Tea m Leade r 3
Enriqu e Fern andez-Northcote, PhD , Vi ro logist 2 3
Javier Franco, PhD , Nematologist 2 3 4
Grah am P. Thi ele, PhD , Technology Transfer
Spec ial ist 3
Potato Development Proyect for Bhutan, Nepal
and Pakistan
Osca r Hi da lgo, PhD , Potato Spec iali st 1 4
Uganda
Ni co le Smit, MS, Reg ional Entomologist and
Li aiso n Sc ienti st
Consortiums
CON DESAN
Robert Jan Hijm ans, MS, Associate Expe rt 3
Sve n Jacobse n, Breede r'
Aart Osman, Assoc iate Expert 13
Roberto Q uiroz, PhD, Land U se Systems
Spec ial ist 3
Joint Appointments with Other Institutions
Wa lter Bowen, PhD , Nutrient Cyc lin g Spec iali st,
IFDC
Ruben D ario Estr ad a, MS, Natural Re so urces
Economi cs, CIAT 3
Carlos Leon -Ve lard e, PhD, Animal Prod uct io n
Systems3 , ILRI
African Highlands Initiative
Berm a Lemaga, PhD, Regional Resea rch Fell ow,
Agron o mist
Networks
PRAPACE
N .B. Lutalad io, PhD , Coordinator
UPWARD
Dindo Campi lan, PhD, Coordinator (Philippines)'
Gordon Prain, PhD , Coordinator (Philippin es) 2
Controller's Office
Car los Nin o-N eira, CPA, Controll er
Office of the Executive Officer
Jose Lui s Ru eda, PhD, Executi ve Officer'
Cesa r V ittorelli , En g. Agr., Act ing Exec uti ve
Officer 2

38

N ATIO NALLY R EC RUITED STAFF

Departments
Breeding and Genetics
Walter Amoros, MS, Agrono mi st
T.R. D aya l, PhD , Breeder (Ind ia)
Lui s Diaz, BS, Agronom ist
Jorge Espinoza , MS, Ag ronomist
Ma nu el Gaste lo, MS, Agro nomi st
Simon Gich uki , MS, Breeder (Ken ya )2
Elis a Mihovilovic h, MS, Biologist
Dani el Reyno so , MS, Agronomist
Genetic Resources
Cesar A. Aguil ar, BS, Agro nomi st, Huan cayo
Victor H . Asmat, BS, Bio log ist 2
Jo rge Benavid es, Biol og ist
Raul Bon codin , Program Assoc. (Philippin es)
Patri c ia G. Ciprian i, BS, Biologist
Wa lberto M . Eslava , Agronom ist
Rene A. Gomez, Agronom ist
Carmen Herrera, Bio log ist '
Maria del Ro sa ri o H errera, Biologist
Luis H . Nopo, Bi o log ist
MatildeOrrill o, Biologist
Ana Lu z Panta, BS, Bio logist
Leti c ia Portal , BS , Biol ogist
Flor de M aria Rod riguez , BS, Food Sc ienti st
Alberto Sa las, Agronom ist
Jorge Tenori o, BS , Biol og ist
Judith Tol edo, BS , Biolog ist
Fann y Va rg as, BS, Agronomist
Nematology and Entomology
Jesu s A lcaza r, MS, Agronom ist
Ju an Cabrera, MS, Agrono mist
Man uel Canto, PhD, N emato log ist 3A
Veroni ca Ca ned o, Biol og ist
Veroniqu e Gera rd , MS, Biologist 13
Erw in Gueva ra, Agro no mist
A nge la Matos, Ag ronomist
Norma Muji ca , Agronomist
Maria Palacios, Bio log ist
Alcira Ve ra, Bio log ist
Pathology
Ped ro Aley, MS, Pl ant Pathologist
Id a Bartolini , MS, Biochemist
Rin a Carhu az, MS, Bio log ist
Carlos Chuqu il lanq ui , BS, Agronomist
Christi an Delgado, MS, Biochemist

Judith Echegaray, BS, Agronomist 3

V io leta Flores, Biologist
Segundo Fu entes, MS, Plant Pathologist 4
Soledad Gamboa, Biologist 3
Lili am Gutarra, Agro nomi st
A na Hurtado, BS, Biologist
Char lotte Li za rr aga, MS, Pl ant Pathologist 4
G iovanna Mull er, Biologist 3
Peter Sand e Oj iambo, MS, Pathologist (Kenya) 1
Ricardo Orrego, Agro nomi st
W illm er Perez, Ag ro nomi st 3
Ana Maria Taboada, BS , Biologist 3
H ebe rt Torres, MS, Plant Pathologist 4
Magnolia Santa Cr uz, Bi o logist 3
Ernesto Ve lit, Biologist 2
Octav io Zega rra, Biologist 3
Physiology
Ciro Barrera, MS, Plant Path o log ist
Rolando Cabe ll o, Agronomist
Nell y Espin o la de Fo ng, MS, N utriti o nist
Rosario Falcon, BS, Biologist
M.S. Kadi an, PhD, Agronomist, (India)
Jo hn Kimani , M S, Agronomist, (Ke nya)
Jose ph Koi , MS, Agro nomi st, (Cameroo n)
Jose Lui s Marca, Ag ronomi st 2
Jorge Roca, BS , Biologist
Sonia Salas, MS, Food Tec hn o log ist 4
K.C. Thakur, PhD, Breeder, (India)

Superv isor, La Mo lin a

Hu go Goyas, En g. Ag r., Field & Green house
Supervisor, Hu ancayo
Victor Otazli, PhD , Superi ntend ent, Support Unit
Statistics Unit
Alfredo Ga rcia, MS, Experimental Stat ist ics
Felipe de Mendiburu , Statistics Eng.
Consortium
CON DESAN
Elias Mujica, MS, Anthropologist, Adjunct
Scientist 3
Ana Maria Pon ce, Eng. lnfoandin a3
Jo rge Reinoso, MS, Agric. Econo mi st, Puno, Peru 3
Ma ri o Tapi a, PhD , Agroeco logist 3
Roberto Va ldi v ia, MS, Agro nomi st, Puna, Peru3
Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office
Alberto Gonza les, MS, Phytopathologist
Sven Vi ll aga rcia, PhD 24
Communications Unit
Cec ili a Lafosse, Chi ef Designer
Godofredo Lagos, Production Chi ef
Information Technology Unit
Monica Arias, En g, Systems Engin ee r

C. ROSSENOUFF

Social Science
Cher ry Baga lanon, MS, Program Assoc.
(Philippin es)
Rosario Basay, BA, Eco nomi st 2
Patricio Espin oza , Economist, (Ec uador)
Hu go Fano, MS, Eco nomi st
Cr ist ina Fonseca , MS, Agronomist 4
V.S. Khatan a, PhD , Socioeconomist, (India)
Lui s Maldon ado, BA, Econ omi st
Victo r Su arez, Statisti cian
Training
Nelson Espin oza, Training Specialist, Biol og ist
M artha Hu anes, Trainin g Logist ics
America Va ld ez , MS, Trai nin g Material Specialist
Research Support
Lomb ardo Cetraro, Biologist, Field & Green house
Supervisor, San Ramon
Roberto Du arte, En g. Agr., Fi eld & Greenhouse

Pab lo Bermudez , Systems Analyst 2

Lili ana Bravo, BS, Systems Engineer
Roberto Castro , BS , Systems D eve lopment
Jose Navarrete, Systems Ana lyst
Pia Maria O liden , Systems Ana lyst
Eri c Romero, En g, Systems En gi nee r
A lberto Velez, MS, Systems Engineer

Office of the Director General

Visitors' Office
Mar iel la Corvetto, Superv iso r

Library
Ceci li a Ferreyra , H ead Li brarian

Travel Office of the Executive Offi ce r

Ana Ma rfa Secada , Supervisor

Chief Financial Office

Accounting Unit
Jorge Bautista, Accou ntant 2
Edgardo de los Rios, CPA , Senior Accounta nt
Blanca Joo , CPA, Accountant
Rosar io Pasto r, CPA, Senio r Accountant
Milagros Pat in o, BA, Accountant
Edu ardo Pera lta, Accountant
Miguel Saavedra, CPA, Ge neral Accountant
Budget Unit
A lberto Monteb lanco, CPA, Senior Accou ntant

Human Resources
Lucas Reano, CPC , Hum an Resources Manager
Auxiliary Services
Monica Ferreyros, Supervisor
So r Lapo ubl e, Ass ista nt
Compensation
Estan islao Perez , Superv iso r
Medical Office
Da v id H alf in, MD
Lu ce ro Schmidt, Nurse
Social Work Office
Martha Pi ero la, Socia l Worker, Superv isor

Treasur y Unit
Denise Giacoma, CPA, Treasu rer
Sonni a Solari , Chi ef Cash ier

C. ROSSENOUFF

Logistics and General Services

Aldo Tang, Co mdr. (r. ), Log isti c and Ge neral
Se rv ices Manager
Front Desk
Miche li ne Monc loa
Maintenance
Anto ni o Morillo, Ch ief
Purchasing Supervisors
A rturo Alvarez
Jose Pi zarro
Security
Jo rge Locatel li, Ca pt. (r.), Superv iso r
Transportation
Hu go Davis, Ve hi cle Mai ntenance Officer
Atil io Guerrero, Ve hi c le Programmer
Djord j e Ve li cko v ich , Pil ot
Percy Zuzunaga , Pil ot
Warehouse
Jorge Luque, MBA, Supervisor

40

Selected Scientific Publications 1997

Ames, T., N.E.J.M. Smit, A.R. Braun, J.N.
O'Sullivan, and L.C. Skoglund . 1997.
Sweetpotato: Major Pests, Diseases, and Nutritional Disorders. CIP. Lim a, Peru. 153 p.
Arbizu, C., Z. Huaman, and A. Colmirzaie . 1997.
Other Andean roots and tubers. In : Biodiversity in
Trust: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic
Resources in CGIA R Centres. In: D. Fucci I lo, L.
Sears, and P. Stapleton (eds.) . Camb rid ge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (4):39-56 .
Campilan, D. and C. Prain . 1997. Integrated pest
management, th e view from below: the rol e of
users' perspectives and participation in agricultural R&D. In : Integrated Management of Bacteri al Wilt of Potato In : Pradh anang, P.M. and J.G .
Elphingstone (eds.) . Lum le: LARC. p. 87-100.
Carey, T. 1996. Not every clone is sac red: Arguments for the In creased Use of Seed Popul ations
for the Conservation and Utilization of
Sweetpotato Germplasm. In : Rao, V. R (ed.) .
Proceedings of the workshop on the form at ion of
a network for the conservation of sweetpotato
biodiversity in Asia, Bogar, Ind ones ia, 1-5 May
1996. Intern ationa l Plant Genetic Resou rces
Institute, Rome. p. 100-1 06.
Castillo, A., H. Quispe, D. Morales, and R. Quiroz.
1997. Los Sistemas de Producci6n Agricola en
las Andes de Bolivia. In : Mujica, E., and J.L.
Rueda. (eds.) La sostenibilidad de los sistemas de
producci6n campesi na en los andes .
CONDESAN. Lima, Peru. p. 163-2 14.
Condori, B., A. Devaux, P. Mamani, J. Vallejos, and
J. Blajos. 1997. Efecto res idu al de la fertili zac i6n
de\ cultivo de papa sab re el cu lti vo de haba
(Vicia faba L.) en el sistema de rotaci6n. Revista
Latinoam ericana de la Papa, Vol 9/10, No. 1,
1996-97.
Crissman, C.C. and P. Espinosa. 1997. " Papas,
Pesticidas y Politicas: ln vest igac i6n y la
agricultura sosten ible." In: L. Martinez (ed.) El
Desarrollo Sostenible en el Media Rural.
Biblioteca de Ciencias Sociales, No. 2. Quito,
Ecuador: FLACSO . p. 191-219 .
del Rio A., J. Bamberg, and Z. Huaman. 1997a.
Assessing changes in the genetic diversity of

potato gene banks. 1. Effects of seed increase.

Theor. Appl. Genet. 95:191-198.
del Rio A., J. Bamberg, Z. Huaman, R. Hoekstra, A.
Salas, and S. Vega. 1997b. Assessing changes in
the genetic di versity of potato geneba nks. 2. In
situ vs. Ex situ . Th eor. Appl. Gen et. 95:199-204.
Devaux, A., J. Vallejos, R. Hijmans, and J. Ramos.
1997. Respuesta agro n6mica de dos va ried ades
de papa (ssp tuberosum y andigena) a diferentes
ni ve les de fertilizaci6n mineral. Revista
Latinoamerican a de la Papa 9/10 (1): 123-1 39.
Ewell, P. T. 1997. Intern ational cooperation for the
improvement of potato and sweetpotato in subSahara n Africa. In : Proceedings, 4th Tri ennial
Congress of the African Potato Association (APA),
Pretoria: Agricultural Research Council. p. 157164.
Forbes, C.A., X.C. Escobar, C.C. Ayala, J. Revelo,
M.E. Ordonez, B.A. Fry, K. Doucett, and W.E.
Fry. 1997. Population ge netic structure of
Phytophthora infestans in Ecuador. Phytopathol.
87:375-380.
Chislain, M., R. Nelson, and T. Walker. 1997.
Resistance to Potato Late Blight: A Global Resea rch Priority. Biotechnology and Development
Monitor no. 31, 31- 16.
Chislain, M., M. Querci, M. Bonierbale, A.
Colmirzaie, and R. Nelson.19 97 . Biotechnology
and the potato: Application for the Developing
World . CIP. Lim a, Peru. 18 p.
Gibson, R.W., R.O.M. Mwanga, S. Kasule, I.
Mpembe, and E.E. Carey. 1997. Apparent
absence of viru ses in most symptomless fieldgrown sweetpotato in Uganda. Ann . Appl. Biol.
130:48 1-490.
. Colmirzaie, A.M. and A. Panta. 1997. Ti ssue culture
methods and approaches for conservation of root
and tuber crops . In: Conservati on of Plant
Genetic Resources in Vitro. Volume 1: General
Aspects. M.K. Razdan and E.C. Cocking (eds.).
Science Publi shers, In c. U.S.A. p. 12 3- 152.
Hagenimana, V. and C. Owori. 1997. Sweetpotatoes
in Chapatis processing: Feasibility and Accept-

41

ability in Rural Areas . Ed . Jo urn al of Food

Techn ology in Africa. Na irob i, Kenya. 2(1 ): 4-8.

Hermann, M. and J. Heller (eds.). 1997. Andea n

roots and tu bers: Ah ipa, Arracacha, Maca an d
Yaco n. Promotin g the co nservati o n and use of
underutili zed and neg lected crops. 21. Institute of
Plant Geneti cs and Cro p Pl an t Resea rch,
Gaterslebe n/ lnternatio nal Plant Ge neti c Reso urces In stitute, Rome, Italy. 256 p.

Hermann, M., R. Uptmoor, I. Freire, and J.L.

Montalvo . 1997. Crop growth and starch prod uct ivity of ed ibl e ca nn a. In : Th e Intern ational Potato
Center: Program Repo rt 1995 -1996. Intern ati ona l
Potato Ce nter (CIP), Lim a, Peru, p. 295-30 1.

Huaman, Z. and D.P. Zhang. 1997 . Sweetpotato.

In : Fu cc i I lo D . et al. (eds.). Biod ivers ity in Tru st Conse rvatio n and Use of Plant Ge netic Resou rces
in CGIA R Centers. Ca mbri dge U ni vers ity Press.

p. 29-38.
International Potato Center. 1997 . Prog ram Repo rt
1995-1 996, Lima, Peru. 323 p.
Jacobsen, S.E . 1997. Adaptation of Q ui noa (Chenopodium quinoa) to no rth ern Eu ropea n agricul ture: Stu d ies on D eve lo pmenta l Patte rn .
Euphyt ica 96. p. 41-48.

Jacobsen, E.E., B. Skadhauge, and S.E. Jacobsen.

1997. Effect of di eta ry in cl usio n of quin oa o n
broi ler "growth perfo rm ance. Anim al Feed Scie nce
and Tec hno logy 65, 5-14.

Jacobsen, S.E., 0. Stolen, and A. Mujica . 1997.

Meca ni smos de res istenc ia a seq uia en la q uinu a
(Chenopodium quinoa W ill d.) . Libro de
resum enes de po nenc ias. Congreso Intern ac io nal
de Agri cultu ra pa ra Zo nas A ri das, 14- 16 May.
A ri ca, Chil e. p. 68.
~lJJJ 'I:;lJ] J !J!JiOO:JJJJ ~~-'II"-'";
...:.:.!JJ_;J::.JJ ~sr;J!;~J;ir.:JJ 11r.:J~J
-,JJJ clJi.J~!.'11

Korva, J.T. and C .A. Forbes. 1997. A sim ple and

low-cost meth od fo r leaf area measurement of
deteac hed leaves. Experi menta l Agr icul ture 33:

65- 72.

Lagnaoui, A. 1997. In terfe rence of fungic ides with

ento mopathogens: Effects o n Entomop htho ran
Path ogens of Green Peac h A phid . In : Eco log ica l
Interactions and Biolog ica l Co ntrol. D .A. An dow,
D.W. Ragsdale, and R.F. Nyva ll (eds .). Westview.
p. 30 1-320.

42

Leon-Velarde, C.U., B. Arce, and R. Quiroz . 1997.

Modelac i6 n de sistemas de prod ucc i6n de leche;
descripc i6n de sus com po nentes e interacc io nes
para el d ise iio de mod elos de simu lac i6n. In :
Conceptos y Metodologias de ln vestigac i6 n en
Fincas con Si stemas de Produ cc i6 n A nim al de
Dob le Prop6s ito. Cali, Co lom bia. Centro
In te rn ac io nal de Ag ricu ltu ra Tropica l (C IA Ti.
Co nsorc io Trop i lec he. p. 95 -1 1 6.

Mujica, E. and J.L. Rueda . 1997. La Sosten ib il idad

de los Sistemas de Prod ucc i6 n Campes i na en los
A ndes. ed. CON DESAN , Lim a, Peru. 227 p.

Ordonez, M.E., C.A. Forbes, and B.T. Trognitz .

1997. Res istance to late bli ght in potato. A
putative gene that suppresses R genes and is
eli c ited by spec ific iso lates. Eu phyt ica 95: 167-

172.

Peters, D. and C. Wheatley . 1997. Sma ll sca le ag roenterpri ses prov ide opportuni ties fo r in come
ge nerati on : Sweetpotatato Flo ur in East Java,
Indones ia. Qua rterl y Journa l of In tern atio nal
Agriculture. 36(4) :331 -352 .

Priou, S., M.A. Triki, M. El Mahjoub, M. Fahem, and

M. Souibgui . 1997. Assess in g potato cul tiva rs in
Tunis ia for susceptibili ty to leak ca used by
Pythium aphanidermatum. Potato Resea rch.

p. 40:399-406 .
Priou, S., and E.R. French. 1997. A simp le bait ing
tec hnique to detect and quantify Pythium
aphaniderma tum in so il. Phytopatho l. 32 (3) :187193.
Querci, M. , R.A. Owens, and L.F. Salazar . 1997.
Enca psidati on of PSTVd in PLR V pa rti c les and its
tra nsmi ssi o n by aphi ds. p. 150-1 55 In: Th e
Intern ati onal Potato Center Prog ram Report 19951996. Lim a, Peru . 323 p.

Querci, M., R.A. Owens, I. Bartolini, V. Lazarte,

and L.F. Salazar. 1997. Evidence fo r hetero logous
encaps idatio n of potato sp ind le tuber vi ro id in
parti c les of potato leafro ll viru s. Jou rn al of
General Viro logy 78:1207-1 211.

Quiroz, R., D. Pezo, D. Rearte, and F. San Martin.

1997. Dynam ics of feed resources in m ixed
farm ing systems in Latin A merica . In : Renard, C.
(ed .) Crop res idues in mixed crop/ livestock

This list includes

! selected journal
articles, book

farming systems. CAB International, London UK,

p. 149-180.

Quispe, C., A. Devaux, S. Gonzales, C. Tourneux,

and R. Hijmans. 1997. Evaluaci6n comparativa
del desarrollo y crecimiento de papa, oca e isafio
eh Cochabamba, Bolivia. Revista Latinoamericana
de la Papa 9/10 (1 ):140-155.
Scott, G. 1997. "Le marche de la pomme de terre:
Paradoxes et previsions pour les annees."
Agrlculture+Developpement Rural. Germany.
4(1 ):57-59.
Scott, G., R. Basay, and L. Maldonado. 1997.
"Comercio Exterior de Papa en las Americas:
Crecimiento, potencial y peligros." Comercio
Exterior. Mexico. 7(12):984-996.
Scott, G. and D. Griffon. (eds.). Prix, Produits, et
Populations. Methodes pour analyser la
commercialisation agricole dans les pays en
developpement. Une co-publication du CIP et le
Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le developpement
(CIRAD). 1997. Ed. Karthala. 500 p.

Triki, M.A., and S. Priou. 1997. Using chemical and

biological treatments to reduce the potential of
potato leak caused by Pythium aphanidermatum
in Tunisia. Potato research. 40:391-398.
Trognitz, B., M. Ghislain, G. Forbes, P. Oyarzun, M.
Eslava, R. Herrera, L. Portal, P. Ramon, and G.
Chacon. 1997. Evaluation of Late Blight resistance in populations of diploid potato hybrids for
genetic mapping. Ed. CIP. Program Report 19951996. Lima, Peru. p. 132-137.
Turyamureeba, G., R.O.M. Mwanga, and E. Carey.
1997. Sweetpotato clonal evaluation for resistance to sweetpotato diseases (SPD) and high
yield. In: Proceedings of the 4rh Triennial Congress of the African Potato Association, Pretoria,
South Africa, 23-28 Feb. 1997. ARC-Roodeplaat,
South Africa . p. 108-112.
Valdivia-Alatrista, R., R. Quiroz, R. ValdiviaFernandez, and V. Choquehuanca. 1997. Risk
analysis of potato production in the Altiplano:
Quantifying Farmer's Beliefs. CIP's program
reports. Lima, Peru. p. 29-33.

Smit, N.E.J.M. 1997. The effect of the indigenous

cultural practices of in-ground storage and
piecemeal harvesting of swetpotato on yield and
quality losses caused by sweetpotato weevil in
Uganda. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment
64/3. p. 191-200.

Van De Fliert, E., A.R. Braun, R. Asmunati,

Wiyanto, and Y. Widodo. 1997. One step back,
two steps forward: Sweetpotato Integrated Crop
Management Development in Indonesia. In:
UPWARD. Institutionalising Innovations in
Rootcrop Research and Development. UPWARD,
Los Banos, Philippines. p. 127-140.

Smit, N.E.J.M., M.C.A. Downham, B. Odongo, D.R.

Hall, and P.O. Laboke. 1997. Development of
pheromone traps for control and monitoring of
sweetpotato weevils C. puncticollis and C.
brunneus in Uganda. Entomologia Experimental is
et Applicata 85. p. 95-104.

Van De Fliert, E. 1997. Integrated pest management:

Springboard to Sustainable Agriculture. In: C.S.
Dhaliwal and E.A. Heinrichs (eds.). Critical Issues
in Insect Pest Management. National Agricultural
Technology Information Centre, Ludhiana, India.
15 p.

Tenorio, J., V. Canedo, E. Mihovilovich, A.

Golmirzaie, and F. Cisneros. 1997. Obtenci6n de
clones de papa resistentes a mosca minadora
Liriomyza huidobrensis e inmunes a los virus PVY
y PVX. In: Resumenes de la XXXIX Convenci6n
Nacional de Entomologia. 26-30 Oct. Piura, Peru.
p. 34.

Wheatley, C., G. Scott, R. Best, and S. Wiersema.

1997. Metodos para agregar valor a raices y
tuberculos alimenticios: Manual para el Desarrollo de Productos. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Cali, Colombia. 187 p.

Thiele, G. , G. Gardner, R. Torrez, and J. Gabriel.

1997. Farmer Involvement in selecting new
varieties: Potatoes in Bolivia. Experimental
Agriculture. p. 275-290.

chapters, and CIP

publications . CIP

! staff made many

other contributions

such as in v ited
papers presented at

! meetings and
published in

! proceedi ngs. CIP 's

Library can provide

! a complete

list of

pub Iications

! generated by CIP
in 1997.

Zhang, D.P., A. Golmirzaie, G. Cipriani, A. Panta,

M. Ghislain, N. Smit, I. Rety, and D. Michaud.
1997. Developing weevil resistance in
sweetpotato with genetic transformation. In: CIP
Program Report 1995-96. International Potato
Center (CIP). Lima, Peru. p. 205-210.

43 ~

Research 1n 1997
Research Agenda 1997
In 1997 CIP reo rga ni zed its sc ient if ic act ivit ies into a pro ject-based ma nage m ent syste m des igned to
stream line Cente r resea rch and broaden researc h leadershi p. The restructu ri ng too k pl ace fo ll ow ing a
for mal reassessme nt of the Ce nter's pri or it ies and age nd a by staff, boa rd, and stake ho lde rs. Th e
changeove r is effect ive Janu ary 1, 1998 to coinc ide w ith the CG IA R's next mediu m-term p lan.
Th e new portfo li o co ntain s 17 projects ve rsus 36 in 1996. Project leaders serve as t he pri nc ipa l
resea rc h ma nage rs in th e new system. In additio n, a ma nageme nt team has bee n fo rm ed to provide
overs ight at the p rog ram leve l. Th e proj ects are comp lem ented by regiona l action p la ns that in teg rate
specific reg ional needs w ith CIP strategic resea rch ca pabil ity at headq uarters.

Project Leaders 1998

N!! Pro.

TITLE

Integrated control of late blight

R. N Ison

Integrated control of bacterial wilt

E. Ch joy

Control of potato viruses

M. Q erci

Integrated management of potato pests

A. Lal naoui

Propagation of clonal potato planting material

U. Jai asinghe

Sexual potato propagation (TPS)

M. U adhya

Global sector commodity analysis & impact assesment

for potato

Control of sweetpotato viruses

Integrated management of sweetpotato pests

10

Postharvest utilization of sweetpotato

11

Breeding for high dry matter in sweetpotato

12

Global sector commodity analysis & impact assesment

for sweetpotato

T. Wa lker

Z. Da peng

G. S ott

13

Potato production in rice-wheat systems

T. Walker

14

Sustainable land use in the Andes

R. Q iroz

15

Conservation & characterization of potato genetic resources

Z. H aman

16

Conservation & characterization of sweetpotato genetic

resources

17

Z. Huaman

Conservation & characterization of Andean root and

tuber crops

44

LEADER

M. Holle

Locations and Partner Networks

Program, Project, and Activity

Characterization of constraints and opportunities for potato production

Farm er pa rti c ipat ion in clo nal eva lu ati o n
Characteri zat io n of potato produ cti on systems
Fate of so i I co nse rva ti o n in th e A ndes
Benchm ark sites and database deve lo pm ent

B o li v ia
Ecuado r PRAPAC E
Ecuador
Peru

Characterization of sweetpotato constraints and opportunities

Sweetp otato characteri za tion
U se rs' Perspecti ve with A gri cultural
Resea rch and Deve lopm ent (UPWARD)
Su stain ability of sweetpotato croppin g systems

Indi a South east Asi a Sub-Saharan Afri ca

Asi a Chin a Neth erl ands
Uga nd a

Adaptation and integration of potato production technologies

Var. ietal adapta ti on to diverse ag ro eco log ies
Expand ing produ cti on to new reg io ns

Boli via Ca meroo n Chil e Chin a

Ind ones ia Peru Philippin es PRAPAC E
Indi a Chin a

Adaptation and integration of sweetpotato production technologies

Vari etal ad aptati on to divers e reg io ns

Chin a Egypt Indi a Indones ia Kenya

Peru SARRNET Tanza ni a Uga nd a

Evaluation of the impact and sustainability of potato production technologies

Impact assessment and size of NARS

Pest icides and sustain ability

Arge ntin a Banglades h Bo li v ia Chil e

Chin a Colombi a Domini ca n Republi c
Ecu ador Egypt Ethi opi a Indi a
Indo nes ia Kenya M adagascar Nepal
Peru PRAPACE Sri Lanka Taiwan V ietn am
Can ada Ecuado r USA

45 -

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner Networks

Potato collection and characterization

Collection, characterization, conservation,
and distribution
In vitro conservation

Peru USA
Ecuador Peru Venezuela

Potato germplasm enhancement, application of molecular technology

Germplasm enhancement
Application of molecular marker technology

Genetic engineering for pest and disease resistance

Peru USA
Argentina Ecuador
Germany Netherlands Philip ines
UK USA
Belgium Bolivia Peru UK USA

Sweetpotato collection and characterization

Collection, characterization, conservation,
documentation, distribution, and evaluation
In vitro conservation and virus eradication
Collection and evaluation of indigenous
knowledge

Brazil China
Indonesia Philippines-UPWARD,
Austria Peru USA Venezuela
Indonesia-UPWARD

Sweetpotato germplasm enhancement and molecular techniques

Combining traits using conventional techniques
in diverse agroecologies
Uti I ization of wi Id relatives of sweetpotato
Molecular techniques for sweetpotato improvement

Bangladesh China India Indonesia Kenya

Peru Tanzania Uganda Vietnam
Japan Peru USA
Austria Canada China Peru

Andean root and tuber crop collection and characterization

Germplasm management in farmers' fields
Development of a network for ex situ conservation
In vitro conservation and distribution
Pathogen eradication and seed production
Commodity systems analysis

Peru Bolivia
Ecuador Peru Bolivia Brazil
Ecuador Peru Bolivia
Ecuador Peru Bolivia
Ecuador Peru Bolivia

Control of potato late blight

Breeding and screening for resistance
Integrated control
Fundamental host-pathogen research

Argentina Bolivia China Colombia

Ecuador Kenya Mexico Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador Kenya Netherlands Peru
Philippines Scotland USA

Integrated control of potato bacterial wilt

Fundamental research for control strategies
Development of resistance
C. RO SSENOUFF

46

China Colombia England Peru

Brazil China Indonesia
Nigeria Peru Philippines

CIP 's exte n sive

researc h
c o ll ab o rati o n
Program, Project, and Activity

brin gs togeth er

Locations and Partner Networks

Integrated co ntrol

many p art ners

Burundi Kenya Peru

worldwid e . Th is

Combining resistances to potato viruses and fungi

Development of viru s- and viro id-resistant
materials
Interaction of potato vi rus es and fungi
Selection of comb in ed resistance to viruses
and fungi

Peru Poland

t ab le summ ar i zes
CIP 's c ore re-

Peru Philippines
Argentina Brazil Cameroon
Central America and the Caribbean
Colombia East Africa Ecu ador Egypt
Nigeria Paraguay Peru Philippin es
PROCIPA Uruguay USA Venezuela

searc h
acti v iti es ih 1997,
and th e pr i nc ip al
pla ces and net-

Detection and control of potato viruses

Resistance to PLRV
Detection of viruses and viro id s
Transmission of potato v iru ses and viro id s
Id entification of potato ye llow vein disease

w o rk s in vo lve d .

Peru
Bolivia Co lombi a Indi a Peru
Peru Philippines
Colombia Peru

Identification and control of sweetpotato viruses

Detection, identification, and eradicatio n
of viruses
Integrated co ntrol

China Peru Uganda

Kenya Madagascar Rwanda Tanzania
Uganda

Control of bacterial and fungal diseases of sweetpotato

Resistance to diseases

Southeast Asia

Molecular approaches for detection and control of pathogens

Genetic resistance and probe development

England Peru USA

Virology of Andean roots and tubers

Detection and characterization of viruses
El imin ation of pathogens
Production loss by viruses

Bolivia Ecuador Peru

Peru
Bolivia Ecuador Peru

Potatoes with resistance to major insect and mite pests

Development of resistant genotypes fo r potato
tuber moth and leafminer fli es
Potatoes with glandular trichomes
Transgenic potatoes with insect resistance
Field eva lu atio n of resistant plants

Peru
Peru USA
Belgium Peru
Peru

Integrated methods for control of potato tuber moth and leafminer fly
Generation of technologies
Use of sex pheromones and granulosis virus

Bolivia Co lombi a Peru

Bolivia Co lombi a, Ecuador & Peru-PRACIPA

47

Locations and Partner Networks

Program, Project, and Activity

Applied field management

Dominican Republic Egypt Tunisia

Bolivia Colombia Dominican Republic
Egypt Ken ya Morocco Peru Tunisi a
Yemen

Asia Cuba Kenya Peru USA

Cuba Domini ca n Republic Uganda
Cuba
Cuba Domini ca n Republic Indonesi a
Kenya Ugand a

Integrated methods for control of sweetpotato weevil

Development of resistance
Use of sex pheromones
Biological control
Applied field management

Integrated methods for control of sweetpotato nematodes

Development of resistance
Applied field management

Peru
Peru

Integrated methods for control of Andean potato weevil

Development of resistance
Cultural and biological control methods
Applied field management

Peru
Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru
Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

Integrated methods for control of potato cyst nematode and false root-knot nematode
Crop rotation schemes
Applied field management
PROGRAM 5: PROPAGATION, CROP.

Peru
Bolivia Ecuador Peru
.4.NAGEMENTi

Propagation of healthy clonal potato planting materials in diverse agricultural systems

Research support to in-country basic seed programs

Bangladesh Bolivia Cameroon

Ecuador Kenya Philippines

Sexual potato propagation

Breeding for improved TPS families
TPS agronomic adaptation to diverse
agroecologies

Studies on TPS production

China Indi a Peru

Bangladesh Brazil China Cuba Egypt
India Indonesia Nepal Nicaragua
Peru Philippin es Sri Lanka Sudan
Vietnam
Bangladesh Chile India Nepal Peru
Vietnam

Propagation of healthy clonal sweetpotato planting materials in diverse agricultural systems

Crop management practices
Management of forage-type sweetpotatoes

Burundi Cameroon China Peru

Philippines
Peru

Maintenance, international distribution, and monitoring of performance of advanced potato germplasm

Ongoing activities (seed units)

48

Kenya Peru Philippines

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner Networks

Maintenance, distribution, and monitoring of performance of advanced sweetpotato germplasm

Ongoing activities (seed units)

Kenya Peru Philippines

Abiotic stresses and potato crop management

Breeding and management for tolerance to ab iot ic
stresses in potato
Studi es on tolerance to abiotic stresses in
sweetpotato

Bolivi a Chile Peru Philippines

Southeast Asia
China Egypt Peru

Propagation of Andean root and tuber crops and management of Andean natural resources
Seed production, Andean root and tuber crops
Management of Andea n natural reso urces

Ecuador Peru
Peru

~ ,MARKETING

Expanding utilization of potato in developing countries

Marketing and demand for potatoes

Bo li v ia China Colombia India

Indon es ia Keny a Morocco
Nether lands PRECODEPA Tuni sia UK
UPWARD USA

Product development for sweetpotato in developing countries

Eva lu ation and distribution of elite sweetpotato
materials for processing
Marketing and demand for sweetpotatoes

Processing of sweetpotato

China Indonesia Kenya Peru

Philippines U ga nda Vietnam
Bangladesh Chin a-UPWARD Indonesia
Keny a Malawi Netherlands Peru
Philippin es-UPWARD USA
Chin a-UPWARD Indonesia Ken ya
Malawi Neth erland s Philippin es
SARRNET Uganda Vietnam

Postharvest management of Andean food commodities

CONDESAN in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru

1'ng. w1111 lll'/rrru I ;IJJi lG

EN P. PA Yf~M11TE

NUEVA V)RlEIJAIJ
- /NIA

49 -

Training in 1997
Program and Title

Countries Represented

Partner Institution

3rd International training course on sweetpotato

Bangladesh, China, India,

Sri-Lanka

CH::Rl/CIP

Workshop on th e use of crop growth simulation

mod els

Ecuador

CIP/ INIAP

Workshop on the use of crop growth simulation

models

Colombia, Honduras , Nicaragua

Universidad de
Caldas/ CIP

Workshop on the use of crop growth simulation

models

Bolivia

CIP/ PROINPA

Potato cultivation with emphasis on

seed production

Per u

CIP/ INIA/ UNALM

CODI PAPA

production

GERMP.LASM MANAG MENli AND

Plannin g meetin g for a region al initiati ve for the
conservation and uti I izati o n of cassava,
sweetpotato, and yam germplasm

Angola, Benin , Ca meroo n,

CIP/ SGRP/
D.R.Congo, Ethio pia , Gh ana,
llTA/PRAPACE/
Guinea, Ivo ry Coast, Keny a,
SA RNET
Lesotho, Madagascar, Mal aw i,
Mozambique, Nigeria,
Philippine s, Rwa nd a, South Africa ,
Tanzani a, Uganda, Zambia

Study tour on sweetpotato breeding

Angola, Burundi , D .R. Con go,

Ethiopi a, Kenya , Malawi,
Mozambique, Rwa nda, Tanzania,
Uganda

CIP/ PRAPACE/
SARRNET

ANSWER trainin g course on mainten ance,

characterization, of enthomopathogens of
potatoes

China, India, Ind ones ia, Jap an,

Korea, Malaysia, Philippin es,
Sri Lanka, Thail and, V ietn am

CIP/IPGRI

Potato ge rmplasm evaluation, seed production ,

and vi rology

Angola, Burundi , Ethiopia

Cl P/Seeds of
Freedom

Workshop/ Course o n vi rus disease di agnos is

Co lombi a

Uni versidad
N ac ional de
Colombia/ CIP

Internati o nal workshop on integ rated co ntrol of

potato late bli ght

Argentina, Bolivia , Colombia,

Costa Ri ca, Ecu ador, Pan ama ,
Peru, Ve nez uela

CIP

Detection of sweetpotato chl orotic stunt v irus

Kenya

CIP/ NARO

C.ROSSEN OUFF

so

MA ' GEMEN

During 1997,
training activities at
CIP followed the
Program and Title

Countries Represented

Partner Institution

Internationa l training course on the use of

ELISA kits for the detection of viruses

Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan,

Philippines, Sri Lanka, Th ail and,
Vietnam

CIP/Thailand
Agricultural
Research In stitute

research program

structure

to priorities

established for both

research

Course on diagnosis, characteri zation, and

multiplication of enthomopathogens of
potatoes

Bolivia, Colombia , Panama, Peru

Internationa l workshop on integrated pest

management

Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala

CIP

accord ing

and

subjects

regional

relevance. In
CIP/CORPOICA

addition, 40 national
sc ientists rece ived

Co u rse on integ rated pest man agement of potato Ecuador

with emp hasis in th e prevention and control
of Tecia solanirova

CIP/FORTIPAPA

individual training
in spec ifi c

Regional workshop on integrated pest

management of potato w ith emphas i s in the
prevention and control of Tecia solanivora

Peru

SENASA/ CIP

Training of trainers course

Indonesi a

CIP

Workshop on se lect ion and eval uation of potato

germ plasm

Costa Rica

PRECODEPA/CIP

In-country integrated crop management for

sweetpotato

Ethiopia, Uganda

CIP/ NARO

Potato germp lasm eva luati o n and seed

production

Nairobi

CIP/ KARI

In-country course on sweetpotato integrated

pest management

Zambia

SARR NET

Cou rse on potato production with emphasis on

soi l fertility management

Peru

CIP/ UNA/
PROM ESP A

Farmer-based potato seed production and

distribution

Ethi opia, Kenya , Uganda

CIP/ IAR/
PRAPACE

Internationa l training course on

non-conve ntional approaches to
seed potato production

Bangladesh , Indi a, Nepal,

Philippin es, Samoa, Sri Lanka,
Thailand , Vietnam

CIP

In-country course o n true potato seed

Egypt

CIP

Workshop on potato seed production and

management

Peru

CIP/ MEF

disciplines.

51

Program and Title

Countries Represented

Partner Institution

National seed production course

Peru

CIP/MEF

True potato seed field training course

Bangladesh , Nepal

CIP

Course on potato crop management and seed

production

Peru

CIP/PROMESPA

Course on agricultural marketing

Peru

CIP/Ministerio
de Agricultura

International workshop on Andean foods:

postharvest, processing, and marketing

Bolivia, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru

COS EDU/
CONDESAN/ CIP

Product and market development for root and

tuber crops

Kenya

llTA/ SARRNET/
PR,AjPACE

In-country course on sweetpotato product

development

Uganda

CIP/ PRAPACE/
NARO

Root product processing technology

China

CIP

Short-term training visit for SARRNET and

PRAPACE Sweetpotato researchers

Angola , Burundi, D.R. Congo ,

Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi ,
Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania,
Uganda

CIP/ SARRNET/
PRAPACE/ Seeds
of Freedom

Simulation models and data base management

for research in mountain environments

Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru ,

The Netherl ands

CIP/ CONDESAN/
IFDC

Workshop on Andean watershed management

Argentina , Bolivia, Ecuador,

Peru

CIP/ CONDESAN/
ADE FOR

International workshop on information

technology as a tool to assess land use
options in space and time

Bolivia, Brazil , Chile, Colombia,

Costa Rica, Ecu ador, Guatemala,
Mexico, Peru, The Netherlands,
USA

Mountain forum workshop

Bolivia, Colombia , Peru ,

Venezuel a

CIP/ CONDESAN

Course on information and sustainable

development techniques

Peru

CIPACONDESAN

International course on molecular markers

Ecuador

CIP/ INIAP

IX International congress on Andean root and

tuber crops

Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,

Ecuador, Peru,Spain , Ven ez uela

P.OSTt.-lARVESili

..

52

Research Partners
AARI
ACIAR
ADB
AGCO
AIT
ARC
ARCS
AREA
ASP RAD
BARI
BMZ
BRC
CAAS
CARD I
CARE
CBC
CECOACAM
CEMOR
CG IAR
CIAAB
CIAT
CICA
CIDA
CIED
CIRAD
CIRNMA
CLAD ES
CNCQS
CNPH
CO N DESAN
CORPO ICA
COTESU
CPRA
CPRI
CPRO - DLO
CRIFC
CTCR I
EMATER
EMBRAPA
ENEA
EPAMI G
ESH
FAO
FONAIAP
FORTI PAPA
FUNDAGRO
GAAS
GTZ
IAN
IAO
IAR
IAV

Aegea n Agricultural Researc h In stitute, Turkey

Australian Ce ntre fo r Intern atio nal Agricultural Research
Asian Development Bank
Administration Generale de la Coope ration au Deve loppement, Belgium
Asian In stitute of Technolo gy
Ag ri cu lture Research Center, Egypt
Aust ri an Research Centre at Seidersdo rf
Agric ultural Research and Exte nsio n Authority, Yemen
As ian Sweetpota to and Potato Resea rch and Deve lopment
Ba nglades h Agr icultural Resea rch Inst itute
Benguet State University, Philippin es
Germa n Ministry fo r Eco nomi c Deve lopment and Cooperation
Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
Biotec hnology Research Center, V ietn am
Chinese Acad emy of Agricultural Sciences
Cari bb ea n Agricultural Resea rch and Development Institute, Trinidad
Cooperati ve for Assistan ce and Relief Everywhere, In c.
Centro Bartolome de las Casas, Peru
Central de Cooperati vas Agrarias de Canete y Mal a, Peru
Cemor Editores & Promotores S.R. L., Peru
Consul tative Group on Internat ional Agricultural Research , USA
Chi ang Ma i Uni ve rsi ty, Thailand
Centro de ln vest igac iones Agrico las A. Boerger, Uruguay
Centro Intern ac io nal de Agricu ltura Tropica l, Colombia
Ce ntro de ln vest igaci6n en Cu lti vos Andinos, Peru
Ca nad ian Intern at ional Developme nt Agency
Ce ntro de lnvesti gac i6n, Educac i6 n y Desa rrollo , Peru
Ce ntre de Cooperation Internationa le en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, France
Centro de ln vestigaci6 n de Rec ursos Naturales y Medio Amb iente, Peru
Conso rcio Latinoa merica no de Agroeco logia y Desarrollo
Ch in ese National Centre for Q uality Supervision and Test of Feed
Centro Nac ional de Pesqui sa de Hortali<;:as, Braz il
Consortium fo r the Susta in able Development of th e Andean Ecoreg ion
Co rn ell U n iversi ty, USA
Corpo rac i6n del lnst ituto Co lombiano Agro pecua ri o
Cooperac i6 n Tecni ca Su iza, Switzerl and
Centre de Perfect ionnement et de Recyclage Agri co le de Sa"i"da, Tuni sia
Central Potato Resea rch In stitute, Indi a
Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research-Agriculture Research Departm ent,
Netherl and s
Central Resea rc h In st itute fo r Food Crops, Ind o nesia
Central Tuber Crops Researc h In stitu te, India
Emp resa de Assistencia Tecni ca e Extensao Rural do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Ag ropecuaria , Bra zil
Comitato Nazionale per la Ri ce rca e per lo Sv iluppo dell ' Energia Nucleare e delle Energie
Alternative, Italy
Empresa de Pesqu isa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais, Brazil
Eco le Superieure d' Horticulture, Tu ni sia
Food and Agriculture Organ ization of the United Nations, Ita ly
Fo ndo Nacion al de ln vestigacio nes Agropecuarias, Venezuela
Fortalecimiento de la ln vestigac i6n y Producci6n de Semi Il a de Papa, Ecuador
Fundaci6n para el Desarrollo Agropecuario, Ecuado r
Guandong Academy of Agricultural Sc iences, China
German Agency for Techni ca l Coope rati o n
lnstituto Agron6mico Nacional , Paraguay
lstituto Agronomico per l'O ltremare, Italy
Institute of Agricultural Resea rch, Ethiopia
ln stitut Agronomique et Veterina ire, Morocco

53

IBTA
ICAR
ICIPE
IDB
IDEA
IDRC
IESR/INTA
IFPRI

llN
IMA
INIA
INIA
INIA
INIAP
INIFAP
INIVIT
INRA
INRAT
INSA
INTA
IPGRI
IPO-DLO
IPR
IRA
ISABU
IZ
JAAS
KARI
LAC
LEHRI
LSU
MARS
MEF
MIP
MMSU
MPI
MSIRI
NAARI
NARO
NCSU
NOMIARC
NPRCRTC
NPRP
NRI
OAS
ODA
OPEC
PCARRD
PDP
PGS
PICA
PRACIPA

S4

lnstituto Boliviano de Tecnologia Agropecuaria

Indian Council of Agricultural Research
International Centre for Insect Physiolo gy and Ecology, Kenya
Inter-American Deve lopment Bank
lnstituto Internacional de Estudios Avan za dos, Ve nezuela
International Development Resea rch Centre, Canada
lnstituto de Economia y Socio logia Rural del I NTA, Argentina
International Food Policy Research Institute, USA
lnstituto de lnvestigaci6n Nutricional, Peru
lnstituto de Manejo de Agua y Media Ambiente, Peru
lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigaci6n Agraria , Peru
lnstituto Nacional de lnvesti gac iones Agropecuarias, Chile
lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigac iones Agropecuarias, Uruguay
lnstituto Nacional de lnvesti gac iones Agropecuarias, Ecuador
lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias, Mexico
lnstituto Nacional de lnvesti gac i6n de V iandas Tropicales, Cuba
lnstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France
lnstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisi e
National Root and Tuber Crop Improve ment Institute, Vietnam
lnstituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, A rgentina
International Plant Genetic Res ources Institute, Ital y
Institute for Plant Protection-Agriculture Research D epartm ent, Neth erland s
Institute for Potato Research , Poland
lnstitut de Recherche Agronomique, Cameroon
lnstitut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi
lnstytut Ziemniaka, Poland
Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute
Latin America and the Caribbean, CIP region
Lembang Horticultural Researc h Institute, Indonesia
Louisiana State University, USA
Makerere University, Uganda
Mwara Agricultural Research Institute, Indonesia
McMaster University, Canada
Ministerio de Economia y Fiananzas, Peru
Programa de Manejo lntegrado de Pla gas, Dominican Republic
Mississippi State University, USA
Mariano Marcos State University, Philippines
Montana State Uni ve rsity, USA
Max Planck Institute, German y
Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute
Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Research Institute, Uganda
Nagoya University, Japan
National Agricultural Research Organization, Uganda
North Carolina State University, USA
Nijmegen Uni versity, Neth er lands
Northern Mindanao Agricultural Res ea rch Center, Philippines
Northern Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center
National Potato Research Program, Nepal
Natural Resources Institute, U K
Organization of American States
Overseas Development Administration , UK
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Philippine Council for Agriculture & Resources, Research & D eve lopment, Philippines
Potato Deve lopment Program, Nepal
Plant Genetic Systems, Belgium
Programa de lnvestigaci6n de Cultivos Andi nos, Peru
Programa Andino Cooperativo de ln vestigaci6n en Papa, CIP netwo rk

PRAPACE
PRECODEPA
PROCIPA
PROINPA
PROM ESP A
PS PDP
SAAS
SARIF
SARRNET
SCRI
SDC
SEAG
SEAR CA
SEMTA
SE NASA
SI NITTA
SPG
SPI
SPPC
TALPUY
TARI
TCRC
TFNC

UCRI
UNDP
UPWARD
USAID
USDA
USVL
Vi SCA
WE
XSPRC
YGPPP

Programme Regional de I' Amelioration de la Culture de la Pomme de Terre et de la Patate

Douce en Afrique Centrale et de l'Est, CIP network
Programa Regional Cooperativo de Papa, CIP network in Central America and the Caribbean
Programa Cooperativo de lnvestigaciones en Papa, CIP network in Southern Cone
Proyecto de lnvestigacion de la Papa, Bolivia
Proyecto de Mejoramiento de Papa, Peru
Pakistan-Swiss Potato Development Program
Rothamsted Experiment Station, UK
Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops, Indonesia
Southern Africa Root Crop Research Network
Scottish Crop Research Institute
Swiss Development Cooperation
Servicio de Extension Agricola y Ganadera, Paraguay
Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Studies and Research in Agriculture, Philippines
Servicios Multiples de Tecnologias Apropiadas, Bolivia
Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria, Peru
Sistema Nacional de lnvestigacion y Transferencia de Tecnologia Agraria, Peru
Sociedad Peruana de Genetica
Smart Plant International, USA
Seed Potato Production Center, Yemen
Stanford University, USA
Grupo de lnvestigacion y Desarrollo de Ciencias y Tecnologia Andina
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute
Tropical Crops Research Center, Bangladesh
Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre
Universidad de Ambato, Ecuador
Universidad Austral, Chile
Universidad Jorge Basadre Grohmann de Tacna, Peru
Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Bolivia
Universidad Nacional Agraria, Peru
Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Peru
Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru
Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrion, Peru
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru
Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cusco, Peru
Universidad Nacional San Cristobal de Huamanga de Ayacucho, Peru
Universidad Ricardo Palma, Peru
Universidad San Luis Gonzaga de lea, Peru
Universidad Tecnica de Cajamarca, Peru
University of Birmingham, England
University of Georgia, USA
University of Nairobi, Kenya
University of Naples, Italy
University of Oxford, UK
University of the Philippines, Los Banos
University ofTubingen, Germany
Upland Crops Research Institute, China
United Nations Development Programme, USA
Users' Perspective with Agricultural Research and Development, CIP network
United States Agency for International Development
United States Department of Agriculture
United States Vegetable Laboratory
Visayas College of Agriculture, Philippines
Wageningen University, Netherlands
World Education
Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, China
Yemeni/German Plant Protection Project

55

CIP's Global Contact Points

(as of April 1998)

LAT IN A MER ICA AND THE CAR IBBEAN

REGIONAL OFFICE/HEADQUARTERS
Peru
International Potato Center
Apartado 1558
Lima 12, Peru
Phone: (51-1) 349-6017/ 349-5783
Fax: (51-1) 349-5638
E-mail : cip@cgnet.com or cip@cipa .org.pe

Liaison Offices
Cameroon
c/o Delegation of Agriculture
North West Provi nee
P.O. Box 279
Bamenda, Cameroon
Phone : (237-36) 2289 (public booth)
Fax: (237-36) 3893 or 3921 (public booth)
(237-36) 3284 (Skyline Hotel)
Telex: 58442 (NWDA)
E-mai I: ci p-cameroon@cgnet.com

Research Stations
Ecuador
Estacion Experimental INIAP Santa Catalina
Km 14 Panamericana Sur
Apartado 17-21-1977
Quito, Ecuador
Phone: (593-2) 690-362
Fax: (593-2) 692-604
E-mail: cip-quito@cgnet.com

Special Projects
Ecuador
FORTIPAPA (at Santa Catalina Station,
same as above)
Phone: (593-2) 690-695 / 364
Fax: (593-2) 692-604
E-mail : cip-quito@cgnet.com or
fpapa@cip .org.ec

56

Uganda
CIP c/o llTA
P.O . Box 7878
Kampala, Uganda
Phone: (256-41) 236-91 8
Fax : (256-41) 236-918
E-mai I: i ita-uganda@cgnet.com

Network
PRAPACE
PRAPACE/Uganda
P.O. Box 22274
Kampala, Uganda
Phone : (256-41) 235306
Fax: (256-41 ) 341242
E-mail: nbluta@imul.com
Liaison Office
(for Middle East and North Africa)

Bolivia
PROINPA (IBTA-CIP)
Man Cespedes 0293
Casilla Postal 4285
Cochabamba, Bolivia
Phone: (591-42) 47925
Fax: (591-42) 45708
E-mail: proinpa@papa.bo

Egypt
P.O. Box 17
Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt
Phone: (20-40) 58-6720
Fax: (20-40) 58-0800
Telex: 23605 PBTNA UN
E-mai I: cip-egypt@cgnet.com

Sus-SAHARAN AFR ICA

REGIONAL OFFICE

SOUTH AND WEST A SIA

RE GIONAL OFFICE

Kenya
P.O. Box 25171
Nairobi , Kenya
Phone: (254-2) 632-054
Fax: (254-2) 630-005/631-499
E-mail: cip-nbo@cgnet.com

India
IARI Campus
New Delhi 11 0012, India
Phone: (91-11) 574-8055
Phone/ Fax: (91-11) 573-1481
Telex: 3173140 Fl IN
Cable: CIPAPA, New Delhi
E-mail: cip-delhi@cgnet.com

This list in dicates

CIP's princ ipa l
contact points
EAST AND SOUTHEAST AS IA AND THE PAC IFIC
REG IO NAL OFFICE
Indo nes ia
c/o CR IF C
P.O. Box 929
Bogor 16309 , W est Java, Indones ia
Phone: (62-251) 31795 1/3 13687/333667
Fax : (62 -251) 316264
E-mai I: cip-bogo r@cg net.com
Lemba ng Annex
P.O. Box 1586
Ba ndu ng 4039 1, Indones ia
For co urie r mai l/ packages to CIP:
c/o Ba lai Paneli tian Tanaman Sayura n, JI.
Tangkuban Perahu 5 17
Ciko le, Lem bang, Band u ng 40 39 1, In do nesia
Pho ne: (62 -22) 278-8155
Fax: (62 -22) 278 -6025
E-ma il : c ip- indonesia@cg net.com

Lia ison Offi ces

Phili pp i nes
Los Banos Office
c/o IRR I
P.O. Box 933
M an il a, Phili ppines
Phone: (63-94) 536-0235/536-1662;
536-0015 ext. 248/274

Fax: (63 -2) 89 1-1292

E-mai l: c ip-m anil a@cgnet.co m
g.prain@cg net. com
Baguio Office
c/o NPRCRTC
P.O. Box 105 1
2600 Bag ui o City, Ph il ipp ines
Phone: (63-9 1 8) 2808-688
Fa x: (63-9 18) 281 1-600
E-ma il : c ip-baguio@cgnet.com
China
CIP Li aison Office in Be ij in g
No. 30 Ba i Shi Q iao Road
Be ijing, 10008 1
P.R. China
Phon e: (86- 10) 62 1 7-9141
Fax: (86 - 10) 62 17-9135
Telex: 22233 or 222720 CAAS
Cab le: AGR IACA
E-ma il : c ip-c hin a@cg net.com

worldwide, by
region. A more
detailed list,
inc luding current
staff contacts, can
be obtai ned from
the office of the
Director for
I nternationa I
Cooperat ion.

Networks
UPWARD
(same as Phi li pp i-nes Liaiso n Office, Los Banos)

CON DESAN

M.HIDALGO

CIP Participation in Global and Regional Networks

57 -

The Consultative Group on International

Agricultural Research
Sixtee n intern at io nal ag ri c ultural researc h ce nte rs, includin g th e Intern at io nal Potato Center, m ake up
th e glo bal agri cultural resea rc h netw ork kn ow n as th e Co nsultati ve Gro up o n Intern ati o nal Agri c ultural
Resea rch (CGI A R). The Group ex ists to mo bil ize th e best in ag ri c ultural sc ience o n behalf 0f th e wo rld ' s
poo r and hungry. Throu gh its resea rc h, th e CG IAR see ks to pro m ote sustain ab le ag ri c ultu re fo r foo d
sec urity.
Fo r mo re th an a qu arter ce ntury, the CGI A R has bro ught togeth er many of the w orld ' s lead in g sc ient ists and ag ri cultural resea rc hers in a uniqu e co mmitment to redu ce pove rty and hun ge r in deve lo pin g
co untri es. Thi s foc us is impo rtant beca use, of th e 90 million c hildren bo rn eve ry yea r, 85.5 milli o n of
th em li ve in deve lo pin g countri es.
Wh ether resea rc hin g food cro ps, forestry, li vestoc k, i rri gat io n manage ment, aqu ati c reso urces, o r
po li cy, the CGIAR wo rk s in partn ership w ith nati o nal governmental and no ngove rnm ental orga niz ation s,
uni ve rsities, and p ri vate indu stry. Th e Grou p' s resea rc h ha s co ntributed to globa l food sec urity, helped
fa rm ers meet th e in c reasin gly co mpl ex ch all enges of keepin g th e enviro nment hea lthy and th eir fa rmin g
sustain abl e, and leve raged resea rc h investments to ac hieve benefits many tim es ove r th e amo unt of its
i nves tm ents.
Th e United N ati o ns D eve lop m ent Prog ramm e, the United N ati o ns En v iro nm ent Programm e, th e W o rld
Bank, and th e Food and Ag ri c ulture Organi za ti o n of the United N ati o ns spo nso r the CGI AR . Ism ail
Serage ldin , vi ce pres id ent for spec ial program s at th e World Bank, se rves as th e Group's Chairm an.
Th e CGIAR's 57 members in c lud e deve lop in g and deve lo ped co untri es, pri vate found ati o ns, and
intern ati o nal and re gion al o rgani za ti o ns. D eve lopin g w orld part ic ip atio n has do ubled in rece nt yea rs. All
members of th e Orga ni za ti o n fo r Eco nomi c Cooperation and D eve lo pm ent (O ECD ), A ss ista nce Co mmittee belo ng to th e CGIAR .
Th e CGIAR is acti ve ly p lann ing for th e wo rld 's food need s we ll in to th e next ce ntury. It w ill co ntinu e to
do so with its mi ssio n always in mind and w ith its co nstant co mmitment to sc ienti f ic exce ll ence .

Peru Becomes 56th Member

of CCIAR
Peru, CIP's host country, became the 56th
member of CGIAR in September 1997.
Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori pledged
$500,000 to support the Group's international research agenda. He is shown here
meeting with CGIAR Chairman Ismail
Serageldin in Lima.

58

isnar

,.

M.HIDALGO

CGIAR Research Centers

r
l-

''

CIAT

Centro Internacional de Agricultura

Tropical

IFPRI

CIFOR

Center for International Forestry

Research

Cl MM YT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento

de Maiz y Trigo

llMI
.

Centro Internacional de la Papa

I CARDA International Center for Agricultural

Research in the Dry Areas

International Center for Living Aquatic

Resources Management
~

~
~

International Irrigation Management

Institute

llTA

International Institute of Tropical

Agriculture

I LRI

International Livestock Research

Institute

IPGRI

International Plant Genetic Resources

Institute

;:/~10Clf.it~~

CIP

\(lj~
~""
"1-l
\

ILRI

International Food Policy Research

Institute

1~

ICRAF

International Centre for Research in

Agroforestry

ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute

for the Semi-Arid Tropics

IRRI

International Rice Research Institute

isnar

International Service for National

Agricultural Research

WARDA West Africa Rice Development

Association

59 -

Writing:
Steven Kearl
Jack Keyser
James Lang
Jon Miller
Edward Sulzberger
Editing:
Steven Kearl
Bill Smith
Production Coordinator:
Cecilia Lafosse
Design and layout:
Nini Fern ndez-Concha B.
Milton Hidalgo
Cecilia Lafosse
Alfredo Puccini B.
Edward Sulzberger