CIP Annual Report 2006

Annual Report 2006
Strengthening
assets:
enhancing
impact
International Potato Center
Contents
Introduction
Statement by the Board Chair
Board of Trustees - 2006
Strengthening assets: enhancing impact
Implementing CIPs vision: impact targeting - update 2007
Needs and opportunities: marketing
African leafy vegetables and urban agriculture in Nairobi
Increasing income from native potatoes in Bolivia
Understanding potato knowledge systems
Increasing markets for native potatoes in Peru
Research
Tying the genome up in knots
Vegetable production systems in Lima
Accelerating the release of new potato varieties
New sources of late blight resistance in potato
New sources of resistance to potato leafroll virus
Growing potatoes in mid-air
Plastic barriers control potato weevils
Health benefits from yacon
Enhancing the nutritional value of potato by plant breeding
Clear benefits from orange-fleshed sweetpotato
Partnerships for scaling up
Protecting diversity leads to higher oca yields in Peru
Managing diversity in the Potato Park in Peru
Patient sweetpotato breeding bears fruit in Indonesia
Positive selection a success in Kenya
Potato work in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
Rewarding farmers in the Andes
Farmer field schools show the way in Nepal
Documenting indigenous knowledge protects
biodiversity in Peru
True potato seed benefits in India
Complex systems in the Altiplano in Peru
School gardens promote orange-fleshed sweetpotato
in Uganda
Geospatial analysis assists free trade negotiators in Panama
CIP outputs, outcomes and impact
CIP outputs - 2006
CIP outcomes - 2006
CIP impacts - 2006
CIP quality and relevance of current research - 2006
CIP institutional health - 2006
Appendix. List of publications
Center governance - internal control and risk management
CIP in 2006
Financial report
Global contact points
CIPs internal structure and Staff list
Centers supported by the CGIAR
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Introduction
International Potato Center Annual Report 2006
The International Potato Center plays an important role in improving the lives of millions
of poor families that depend on growing potatoes, sweetpotatoes and other roots and tubers.
Improvements in production systems through CIP technologies have resulted in significant
gains in farm productivity throughout the world, especially in Asia, Eastern Africa, and the
Andean highlands.
The Board is pleased to see that CIPs research program is progressing very successfully,
in particular in its impact, as measured in terms of direct benefit to livelihoods and health. It
is difficult to balance research work with development, but CIPs staff in headquarters and in
the regional offices are proving highly effective in working with collaborators to disseminate
the results of CIPs work. CGIARs Science Council agrees, with CIP scoring high in the
Councils annual assessment of the operation, effectiveness and impact of the Center.
CIP is a non-profit organization but as a public institution it has a duty of accountability in
its use of public funds. The Board is commited to bring the principles of due diligence and
open accountability to the management of the Center. To facilitate this process, it has been
decided to adopt the Annual Report as a Board document. You will see that the process
started last year of including more details of Center governance continues this year. I am
pleased to say that the Board finds evidence of very effective
governance practice in CIPs operations, for which we
Statement
by the
Board Chair
compliment Management. Such approaches make the work of

the scientists, the heart of the organization, easier and more
successful. In future years this process of disclosure will
continue.
We were notified in late November that due to some technical difficulties the 2006
funding from the EU would not be paid. Despite this, CIPs financial situation remains sound,
with a surplus for 2006 and prospects that look promising. However, the Center is not
immune to any kind of financial or operational risks. In order to deal with a broad range of
risks, risk management policy and plans are in place. The Board through its Risk Oversight
Committee oversees the way in which management deals with risk. In a much broader
sense, the Board oversees Center operations in the interests of donors and stakeholders. CIP
would not be able to operate without the support of this valuable group, and we are keen
to demonstrate, to them and to all of our collaborators, that their valuable funds are being
put to work in the most effective and functional way.
Dr. K.K. Kim retired as vice chair and from the Board of Trustees in April 2006. I thank
him for his contribution to CIP and I know he will be following our progress. Dr. M.
Swaminathan was appointed Vice Chair. I thank all my Board and staff for all their hard work
and dedication in making this another successful year for CIP.
Jim Godfrey
Board Chair
On behalf of the Board of Trustees, June 2007
CIP ARCHIVES
Board of
Trustees
2006
1. Dr. Song Jian
Chinese Academy of Engineering
China
2. Dr. Madhura Swaminathan
Indian Statistical Institute
India
3. Dr. Alexander Boronin
Institute of Biochemistry and
Physiology of Microorganisms,
Russian Academy of Sciences
Russia
4. Dr. Kang-kwun Kim
College of Natural Science,
Konkuk University
Republic of Korea
5. Mr. James Godfrey (Chair)
United Kingdom
6. Dr. Pamela K. Anderson
Peru
7. Dr. G. Edward Schuh
Hubert Humphrey Institute of
Public Affairs
USA
8. Dr. Orlando Olcese

Universidad Nacional Agraria
La Molina
Peru
9. Dr. Ruth Egger
Intercooperation
Switzerland
10. Dr. Victor Palma
INCAGRO
Peru
11. Dr. Pauline Kuzwayo
Medical University of
Southern Africa
South Africa
At the formation of the CGIAR system in the early 1970s, the Malthusian dilemma of rapid
population growth and limited prospects for increasing food production provided a strong
justification for increasing investment in international agricultural research. By the end of the
20th century the specter of mass famine had largely faded from view, but abject poverty,
malnutrition, high rates of child and maternal mortality and degradation of production
systems continued to affect hundreds of millions of the earths inhabitants. Moreover,
research on poverty and its causes has shown that the pathways out of poverty, and the
concept of poverty itself, are complex and varied.
In an effort to strengthen our research assets and enhance our development impact, we
have begun realigning CIPs work within a new paradigm, which we call the Pro-poor
Research and Development Cycle (Figure 1). The components in this paradigm include
Targeting; Needs and Opportunities Assessment; Research-for-Development; Partnerships for
Scaling Up and Impact Assessment. Our Targeting assumes that to more effectively address
extreme poverty, hunger and the challenges of human and ecosystem health, we must
understand better the location of poverty and its relationship to our mandate crops. Needs
and Opportunities Assessment characterizes the production systems such that we better
understand the role that CIPs principal development vehicles
(potato and sweetpotato research) play in improving livelihoods
in these areas of poverty. Our Research for Development
agenda generates research outputs that respond to the needs
and opportunities of our clients. CIP has developed, participates
Strengthening
assets:
enhancing
impacts
in and continues to explore an array of Partnership Progams

whose objectives are scaling up research outputs, and creating
an enabling environment for outputs to become outcomes
which will lead to enhanced development impacts. And, through Impact Assessment we
continue to monitor our progress against these ambitious objectives.
This 2006 Annual Report presents highlights from the work of CIP scientists and our R&D
partners, across the developing world. The presentations are organized around the components
in the Pro-Poor R&D paradigm. We are grateful for the continued financial and intellectual
support of our donor partners. We are committed to providing efficient and effective
stewardship of your investments in the service of the poor and hungry of the world.
Figure 1
The Pro-poor Research and Development Cycle
Targeting
Impact
assessment
Partnership for
scaling-up
Needs and
opportunities
assessment
Research for
development
Pamela K. Anderson
Director General
Background
In 2003-04 CIP conducted a Vision Exercise that described how our research could address
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for reducing poverty. As part of this exercise we
published a global targeting analysis using indicators of livelihoods in areas where potato or
sweetpotato is an important crop. There were two objectives of this exercise. The first was
to identify the regions of the world where increasing potato and sweetpotato productivity is
most likely to enhance the livelihoods of the most disadvantaged people. Secondly, the work
examined the many dimensions of livelihood to see how target regions may be affected by
moving beyond income-based measures of poverty to include other livelihood indicators such
as malnutrition, child mortality and maternal mortality. Given the dynamic nature of poverty
and changes in potato and sweetpotato production, we decided that it was timely to revisit
this analysis.
Updated composite indicators of livelihood

The initial impact targeting analysis used indicators of livelihood linked to the MDGs. Poverty
was measured as the percentage of the population with incomes below US$1 per day,
adjusted to purchasing power parity, a widely cited and
internationally comparable indicator useful for global analysis.
Malnutrition was assessed as the percentage of a population
classified as chronically malnourished, based on estimates of the
amount of food available in each country and a measure of
inequality in distribution derived from household income and
Implementing
CIPs vision:
impact
targeting update 2007
expenditure surveys. The number of children who die before

reaching five years of age per 1,000 live births annually
indicated child mortality. Maternal mortality was revealed by the number of women who die
during pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births.
Kelly Theisen, working with CIPs Impact Enhancement Division and the Research
Informatics Unit, has developed

a composite livelihood
indicator and an
innovative format for
presenting this data
(Map 1). The original
four livelihood indicators
have been classified into
five livelihood categories from
very low for the poorest countries to
very high for the best off and combined to
Map 1. Population by composite
livelihood indicators
create a single score, using natural breaks within the

range of interest to CIP (i.e. countries reporting one or
several low livelihood indicators). All data are the most recently reported (as of September
2007) by the United Nations site,
Millennium Development
Goals Indicators.
Updated crop
indicators
Indicators of the
importance of potato and
sweetpotato were developed in
the initial targeting study by analyzing
both crop production and land use, at the
national level except for China, India, and Russia,
Map 2. Population by per
capita potato production
10
where sub-national data were utilized. Since the initial
study, CIP has further investigated

potato and sweetpotato
crops within high
priority nations, and has
used more detailed
sub-national data
wherever possible.
Utilizing more
complete crop and
population data, the
updated targeting study is more directly based on the local importance of each crop, potato
Map 3. Population by
per capita sweetpotato
production
and sweetpotato, relative to the local population (Maps 2 and 3). In some areas of the world,
potato and sweetpotato crops are essential to the livelihoods of a moderately high
concentration of people, while in other areas they are less essential, but still very important
for subsistence and income generation to
a great many.
Target areas of
high priority
Target areas of highest
priority to the Center,
determined by a
combination of livelihood
indicators and the
priority for potato
importance of each crop, are

displayed in Maps 4 and 5. On
both maps, areas displayed in vivid red are those of overall highest priority.
11
For potato, those regions

include, with a few
examples of nations
or provinces:
Higher altitude areas
of Sub-Saharan Africa
(Ethiopia, Cameroon,
Nigeria, Kenya, Rwanda,
Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi,
Angola, Mozambique, and Madagascar)
Andean South America (Bolivia, Per,
priority for sweetpotato
Ecuador, and Colombia)
The Indo-Gangetic basin of southern Asia (Nepal, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan)
China, with high production found in several interior provinces
Central and western Asia (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan)
The Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan).
For sweetpotato, the regions of highest priority include:

China, which produces most of the worlds sweetpotato crop
The relatively humid areas of southern, central, and western Africa (Madagascar, Angola,
Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Nigeria)
Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea).
Some countries of Central Africa rank very high for both crops (though not usually in the
same immediate area) and are tragically among the countries which also score highest in
priority for livelihood indicators. They include: Rwanda, Uganda, the Kivu District of
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and areas of Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique, Angola, and
Madagascar.
12
These maps likely do not tell a complete story, as data quality for both factors remains a
challenge, but one that CIP continues to address. As we come to understand the challenges
of poverty in greater detail, more specific opportunities come into play, for example by
alleviating vitamin A deficiency through the use of orange-fleshed sweetpotato. Nevertheless,
the updated maps provide a significantly improved framework to guide our R&D program to
those areas of the world where we may expect the greatest impact on the livelihoods of
poor people.
Reference links
Millennium Development Goals Indicators:
http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Default.aspx
The World Potato Atlas:
http://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/display/wpa/Home
The World Sweetpotato Atlas:
http://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/display/WSA/Home
Population Reference Bureau (PRB):
http://www.prb.org/
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT):
http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
Population Statistics (Populstat):
http://www.populstat.info/
13
14
Needs and
opportunities:
marketing
15
C. J. ACHIENG
A campaign to reintroduce
traditional leafy vegetables
into the Kenyan diet
increased the consumption of
the vegetables in Nairobi by
1900 percent over a period
of 2 years. African leafy
vegetables are an important
element in the diet of many
Africans as they are rich in
micronutrients. The increased
sales also created many new
urban market opportunities
for poor rural and urban
women farmers in Kenya,
who produce three quarters
African leafy
vegetables
and urban
agriculture in
Nairobi
of the national production of
these vegetables.
In the past such
vegetables have been
harvested from the wild and
16
had a poor product image

because of their low quality
through bad handling. The
market had remained small
because there had never
been any successful efforts
to commercialize the crop
and many consumers were
not aware of the health
benefits to be had from
eating them, said Nancy
Karanja, regional coordinator
for Sub-Saharan Africa of
CGIARs Urban Harvest
partnership program, which
CIP hosts.
Staff from Urban Harvest
collaborated closely with the
non-governmental
organization Farm Concern
International, who ran the
campaign, with technical
inputs from the Asian
Vegetable Research and
Development Center and
Bioversity International. The
Kenyan Agricultural Research
Institute and the Ministry of
Agriculture provided farmer
training and worked to open
up markets.
This innovative initiative
used a number of ways to
increase production and
sales of the leafy greens.
Commercial villages were
formed by establishing 100
producer groups of 2700
Millions of city dwellers depend

on urban agriculture
smallholders, leading to
more organized and
increased production. A
thriving network of suppliers
and traders increased the
commercialization of the
seeds and vegetables.
Participants had access to
business development
services and an innovative
savings and credit model
known as Market Access
Financial Services, said
Mumbi Kamathi, a marketing
specialist and Regional
Programmes Director of
Farm Concern International,
together with the
development of villagebased extension services
from communitybased
technical experts.
Demand in Nairobi and
the surrounding peri-urban
markets rose from 31 tonnes
in 2003 to 600 tonnes in
mid-2006, an increase of
1,900 percent. Demand was
stimulated by building up
the image of leafy
vegetables and establishing
linkages between
consumption and health. The
campaign, which won the
Outstanding Communications
Benefits of
agriculture
in the city
Urban and peri-urban agriculture

addresses the issues of food
insecurity, nutrition and health,
improves the ecosystem in the cities,
provides employment, especially to
women and youths, and has psychosocial benefits. Recent studies have
shown that households practicing
urban agriculture are better fed and
more healthy, especially the children.
32 percent takes place on the
peoples own land, 29 percent on the
roadside and 16 percent along rivers;
51 percent is irrigated by river and
stream water, 34 percent by sewage.
Health risks include biological
contamination of waste water, heavy
metals, uptake of lead, zinc and
cadmium along roadsides, and the
use of agrochemicals.
C. J. ACHIENG
Award at the 2006 CGIAR

Annual Meeting, used
colorful pamphlets with
recipe ideas and information
about nutrition to increase
consumption.
Over 60 percent of leafy
vegetable producers in the
commercial villages are
women, who also constitute
up to 75 percent of all the
value chain players and so
get most of the benefit from
this project. About 300
smallholder women farmers
in Nairobi and in western
Kenya are now selling over
10 tonnes of seed annually,
valued at US$430,000.
The urban trade in African
leafy vegetable species such
as spider plant, amaranthus
and black nightshade, as well
as cowpeas, in Nairobi and
its environs is estimated to
be worth over US$100,000
per month so these crops are
important income earners for
local producers. About 30
percent of households in
Nairobi are practicing urban
agriculture. However that is
set to grow, making urban
and peri-urban agriculture
more and more important in
the future city economy. By
2020, up to 40 million urban
residents in Africa will
depend on urban
agriculture, said CIPs
Gordon Prain, the Global
Coordinator of Urban Harvest.
17
17
A group of native potato

farmers in Bolivia are selling
more potatoes, and
therefore improving their
incomes, by applying
innovative marketing and
utilization techniques that
form part of CIPs Papa
A. DEVAUX
Bolivian farmers increased their

incomes by 30-40 percent by
improving their production
techniques
Increasing
income from
native potatoes
in Bolivia
Andina partnership program.
Coordinated by CIP, Papa
Andina is a regional initiative
in Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador
that promotes mechanisms
and approaches to link
18
technology supply with

farmers needs, based on
market opportunities within a
market chain framework.
Potatoes continue to be an
important food crop and
source of income for poor
farmers in the high Andes,
where conditions are
extreme and resources are
scant. Researchers and field
workers of Papa Andina and
local strategic partner
PROINPA (Promocin
e Investigacin de
Productos
Andinos) have
been
working
side by side
with potato
farmers in
Bolivia
since 1989
on a
number of
initiatives. A
recent effort
involving the
incorporation
of new
marketing
and utilization
patterns is helping farmers
of the Candelaria community
in Colomi, Cochabamba grow
and sell more potatoes, at
more competitive market
prices.
This group of farmers has
been able to increase
income by 30-40 percent by
improving their production
practices, including crop
selection and post-harvest
methods. They are applying
innovative marketing and
sales techniques, which
involves, among other things,
branding and product label
design. A key initiative is
strengthening institutional
links by establishing sale
contracts, finding new

clients and maintaining
quality production standards.
Through these and other
efforts, the participating
farmers, who form part of
the Native Potato Farmers
Association of Colomi
(known as APROTAC for its
Spanish acronym), have
been able to tap larger,
more demanding markets
that buy and pay more for
their potatoes. Access to
these new, more profitable
markets has encouraged
farmers to increase their
production output.
Participants are growing 15
times more potatoes than
they did in 2003 as
compared to three-fold for
non-organized farmers.
In an effort to expand
their business opportunities,
and thus revenue-generating
activities, APROTAC farmers
recently launched two
different native potato chips
in the local market.
Although both brands are
currently sold only in one
Bolivian city each, the idea
is to offer these products in
other cities and villages
throughout the country,
including the main market in
La Paz.
While this project has
helped highlight the benefits
of reaching out and
establishing commercial links
with different players among
the potato market chain,
perhaps more importantly it
has demonstrated that native
potatoes can indeed be
used as a vehicle for raising
farmer income in poor
potato-producing areas like
Bolivia.
Evaluating
participatory
methods for potato
management, in
Peru and Bolivia
R. ORREGO
Many different groups are

involved in the potato system
and introducing new
information can be a difficult
business. To find the best
ways to scale up and improve
potato technologies and
methodologies used by
farmers and institutions, CIP
made a thorough study of the
characteristics, existing
limitations and future
possibilities of the potato
agricultural knowledge and
information systems (AKIS) in
Peru, as part of a larger
project that included Bolivia,
Ethiopia and Uganda.
AKIS is a concept that
helps explain the way
information, knowledge and
technologies are used to solve
problems among the many
groups involved, such as
researchers, extension
agencies, development
groups, private institutions and
farmer organizations.
Understanding the
components of the system,
how they interact, and what
type of information is
exchanged is the first step in
defining the best way to
introduce CIPs scientific
findings.
The study involved
workshops and surveys in four
different provinces. Institutions
and farmers that belong to
the system were surveyed to
establish the type of
information they exchange
with other stakeholders about
potato, the way they transfer
that information, and what is
needed for improving their
work. The work revealed just
how complex the potato AKIS
is, with 16 to 21 components
involving farmer families and
organizations, governmental
and non-governmental
institutions, service providers,
input suppliers, market actors

and media in the four
provinces, as well as CIP.
Institutions recognized,
among other things, that the
main problem in the system
is the lack of efficient
mechanisms among
themselves that could
promote exchange and use of
knowledge. In addition, more
information and training are
needed on topics such as
potato pest and disease
control, seed quality and
marketing. Farmers,
meanwhile, identified the
need to improve market
linkages and facilitate their
access to better quality seed.
The potato AKIS has
different degrees of
complexity, depending on the
relative importance of the
potato as well as sources of
information. Generally, there is
a higher number of actors
and interactions in dynamic
knowledge systems, where
potato production is more
relevant for the household
economy and where many
components take active roles
such as coordinating activities
between institutions and
strengthening capacities of
farmer organizations. In a
stagnant system, on the other
hand, there are usually fewer
active components, the
market is more limited,
potatoes are important mostly
for home consumption, and
where other knowledge
systems, such as that related
to livestock management, are
dominant.
The dynamism of the AKIS
determines the interest of
institutions in new
technologies and
methodologies, such as
participatory methods, to
improve the potato system.
Working to
understand
the potato
knowledge and
information
system in Peru
For
example,
providing
training for
institutions is
critical to replicate
and scale up
participatory research
experiences. However, different
groups have different priorities;
non-profit organizations view
potato-related participatory
research with more interest
than local municipalities, where
such activities are new and
relatively less important to
them.
The results of the work will
be invaluable in stepping up
potato production in developing
countries where potatoes are a
staple crop. In regions where
farmers are establishing links
with the market, then market or
service-related information is of
utmost importance.
Understanding
potato
knowledge
systems
Understanding these attitudes is
essential in selecting suitable
partners for technology
dissemination and deciding
where to target new information
and technologies generated by
CIP or other research institutions.
19
A. DEVAUX
Native potatoes are a

unique asset and a
comparative advantage of
Andean farmers, since harsh
climatic conditions of the
high Andean altitudes are
limiting factors to growing
other crops. Despite this,
most native potato growers,
who primarily use their crops
Increasing
markets for
native potatoes
in Peru
for home consumption, are
unable to benefit from the
rich biodiversity available to
them due to their limited
resources and access to
markets. Papa Andina, an ongoing project coordinated by
20
CIP, aims to do just that: use

potato biodiversity as a
vehicle for raising farmer
income by linking small-scale
farmers in Peru, Bolivia and
Ecuador to new urban
markets.
At the forefront of these
efforts stands Tikapapa, a
brand name and a concept
that markets specially
selected and packed fresh
native Peruvian potatoes
under the Tikapapa
trademark. The idea is to
improve the image of native
potatoes in Peru and assist
small-scale potato growers to
access new markets by
participating in the potato
market production chain, that
is, the series of groups
involved in bringing the
potato from the field to the
consumer in the city.
The Tikapapa concept,
developed by Papa Andina
and INCOPA, its strategic
partner in Peru, and
implemented in conjunction
with the Ministry of
Agriculture, used the
More than 300 families are

involved in the Tikapapa project
participatory market chain

approach, a new research and
development method
designed to stimulate
innovation along market chains
by mobilizing stakeholders
capacities to promote trust
and collaborative partnerships.
The participating stakeholders
in the Tikapapa partnership
project are:
20 farmer organizations
from high Andean
communities in
Huancavelica, Junn,
Hunuco and Apurmac.
A&L SAC, a private potato
processing company in
charge of packing and
supplying Tikapapa to
Wong supermarket chain.
CAPAC Peru, a potato
market chain association
aiming to enhance the
quality of potato
commercialization in Peru
and providing technical
assistance on field.
Wong, the largest
International
accolade
The Tikapapa project was one

of five winners selected by
the United Nations from ten
finalists for the Supporting
Entrepreneurs for
Environment and
Development (SEED) Awards
2007, drawn from 230
proposals from 70 countries
worldwide.
The Seed Initiative aims to
inspire, support and build the
capacity of locally driven
entrepreneurial partnerships
to contribute to the delivery
of the Millennium
Development Goals and the
Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation.
A. DEVAUX
supermarket chain in Peru,

with more than 25 outlets
in Lima.
The INCOPA Project
(Innovation and
Competitiveness of Perus
Potato Sector), a project of
the International Potato
Center (CIP) that promoted
the collaborative work
among public and private
partners.
Response to the project
hasbeen noteworthy, with
the volume of potatoes
supplied for this initiative
more than doubling each
year for the past two years.
The number of families
involved in supplying the
potatoes has also grown very
rapidly, from 72 families from
three farmer organizations in
2004 to well over 200
families from seven farmer
organizations in 2006. Overall,
315 families from 10 farmer
organizations participated in
the supply chain between
2004 and 2005.
Today, Tikapapa is sold in
two major supermarket
chains in Lima. Formal
agreements and contracts
have been signed between
the processing company and
the organized farmer
communities to ensure stable
prices and a supply of quality
raw material. Since its launch
in 2004, the project has
brought increased revenue to
the farming communities
involved in the project.
Farmers selling their potatoes
under the Tikapapa brand
can charge prices 30 percent
higher than those they
received from traditional
market channels during the
2005 pilot action. Equally
important, the farmers feel a
great sense of achievement
and pride.
Papa Andina is helping local farmers benefit from the rich biodiversity
they manage
21
22
Research
23
An innovative use of an
enigmatic Inca recording
system is helping to
represent the genetic
diversity of native potato
species in Peru. Kipus are
lengths of cord that the
Incas used to keep records.
Kipucamayocs, early Inca
database administrators,
would tie other pieces of
cord on to the original, then
tie special knots into these
Graphical representation of
microsatellite molecular markers
based on the Incan kipu
Tying the
genome up
in knots
sub-pieces in different
colors, styles, combinations
and positions, to record data.
The scientists at CIP are
collaborating with the
Federacin Departamental
de Comunidades Campesinas
de Huancavelica (FEDECCH),
24
eight farmer communities,

several local associations and
19 farmer families to collect
information about the many
hundreds of native potato
species that can be found in
the Peruvian department of
Huancavelica.
Genomic data and
indigenous knowledge are
being combined into a
unique database of
knowledge of this treasure
trove of genetic diversity
(see story on p. 48).
CIPs scientists were
looking for a convenient
graphical representation that
would effectively present the
molecular diversity of the
whole collection as well as
the characteristics of each
variety. The problem was to
graphically illustrate the data
collected from analyzing 18
microsatellite molecular
markers (SSRs) from each
variety, said Reinhard Simon,
the head of CIPs Research
Informatics Unit.
Reinhard was inspired by
the ancient Inca kipus. In its
present iteration (see
graphic) each cord represents
a specific SSR marker. Each
knot on each cord represents
an allele found with the
specific SSR marker. The
position of each knot (ellipse)
represents the size of the
allele in numbers of pairs of
bases; the higher up the
string, the higher the number
of base pairs. While assisting
in correctly identifying the
variety in the future, the SSR
kipu represents a type of
fingerprint or unique genetic
code for each variety
combined with an estimation
of its diversity.
Even more information is
included in the SSR kipu. The
width of a knot indicates its

relative abundance in the set
under study, for example by
comparing data from more
than 1,000 varieties analyzed
by the department in
Huancavelica or a similar set
from the Potato Park. The
total length of each cord is
different according to the
minimum allele size analyzed,
but all lengths are
standardized between 50 and
400 base pairs. The color
distinguishes the SSR marker
among different
chromosomes. The graphic is
completed with additional
information to identify the
variety or genotype, the set
and the exact number of
alleles for each genotype and
marker.
Thus, this system
represents a way to present
complex information on
identity and diversity in a very
compact package much like
the original kipus probably
did. CIP is planning to
annotate its germplasm
collection with this convenient
SSR kipu passport. Such
recognition of traditional local
technology that relates to its
mandate crop seems
particularly apt.
Although the SSR kipu
started out in in situ
conservation, it may have
further applications as a handy
reference for breeders. This
tool may be seem culturally
biased but it still could be
useful for other genebanks
with similar objectives, noted
Reinhard. For this purpose CIP
is making the program to
generate the graphics
available as free and open
source software (see the
project KipuMaker on
http://sf.net).
About 1520 percent of

Lima households, up to 1.6
million people, are involved
in agriculture, raising
livestock or growing
horticulture products, and for
46 percent of them
horticulture is their main
source of income. Lettuce,
beetroot, turnips and herbs
are the principal urban crops,
but small farm plots of
Canchan and Yungay
potatoes, mostly for home
consumption, are often
grown during winter. Other
high potential crops include
eggplant, sweet pepper and
URBAN HARVEST
The produce from urban agriculture

finds a ready market in the city
squash and opportunities

exist for sweetpotato and
potato expansion in local
farms systems.
Staff from CIPs
Partnership Program Urban
Harvest launched a study to
analyze the livelihood
opportunities from vegetable
production systems available
to urban and peri-urban
households in Lima and
examine the health and
environmental risks that
exist for producers and then
to implement activities that
promote opportunities and
reduce health risks. We
found that 90 percent of
the urban farmers used
pesticides, some of them
extremely toxic, said CIPs
Blanca Arce, who is closely
involved in the work.
Because they did not
understand dosage,
sometimes they were using
eight times the normal
application.
Alternatives to pesticide
use include social learning,
alternative marketing and
organization. Project workers
adapted the farmer field
school concept to the urban
context, so that urban
farmer schools in organic
agriculture provided
knowledge for alternatives
to pesticide use, which in
turn opened up new market
opportunities. The urbanadapted training increased
the knowledge of the
farmers of integrated crop
management, with up to
100 percent adopting the
practices. Participation in the
schools also stimulated
innovative thinking amongst
the farmers and pointed to
new marketing options. We
are currently testing ten
native varieties grown for

cocktail potatoes under
organic agriculture
management, said Blanca
Arce.
As a result of this
training, many farmers
formed marketing
associations and local
government offered
institutional support to the
urban producers. Municipal
land was assigned for the
urban farmer schools, under
pressure from the producers,
and the municipalities also
supported green markets
and established offices for
urban agriculture. The role
of the municipality was
crucial in institutionalizing
urban agriculture by giving
organizational and
infrastructure support, said
Blanca Arce. In the future,
the Environmental Office of
the Ministry Housing will
create a national program for
urban agriculture, with
advice from.
The project highlights
the need for re-valuing
Vegetable
production
systems in
Lima
agriculture as a
complementary livelihood
activity that seeks increased
income and food security
from technical innovation,
concluded Blanca.
25
A new approach to variety

development is cutting in
half the time it takes to
release new potato varieties
into farmers fields in SubSaharan Africa (SSA). The
traditional method
concentrated first on
selecting promising varieties,
and then using them to
produce large amounts of
seed. This process could take
up to 15 years or longer,
from the initial crosses
among selected parents to
the variety release. Even
then the diffusion rate was
too slow because seed
supplies were limited.
Most countries in SSA need
more robust varieties of
potato to meet stressful
environments and market
requirements. CIPs Juan
Landeo worked with several
collaborators in Peru and
Africa and developed an
innovative new scheme for
selecting varieties that is
faster and more effective
than the usual way.
The rationale of the new
altitudes (150-3,200 m asl).

In this way we could
identify elite materials with
stable and reliable late blight
resistance, good agronomic,
table and processing
qualities and wide
adaptability, said Juan.
Because of the similarity to
the African potato
production zones these elite
clones have the potential for
variety releases in the
African countries.
The set of clones
emerging from the trials in
Peru were then tested to
make sure they were free of
quarantinable diseases and
sent to SSA, where they
were planted in different
sites in Cameroon, Ethiopia,
Kenya and Uganda during
their cropping seasons,
following an accelerated
variety selection scheme.
At this stage we involved
farmers and other
stakeholders very closely in
Farmers were closely involved in
selection
B. LEMAGA
the cycles of growth and

selection, said Landeo. At
the same time, large plots
were planted to provide
good supplies of seed of the
clones that were selected
for release at the end of the
process. This meant that the
whole process took just 5
years from when the
countries received the
minituber seed samples to
variety release, because of
the intensive multiple
stakeholder participation,
added Juan.
The scheme is already
having a clear impact. By the
end of 2006, two late blightresistant clones had been
released in Uganda, two
more are in validation trials
in Ethiopia and Kenya and
12 other SSA countries have
received samples of these
elite clones. The scheme is
more efficient and
timesaving because of the
active participation of the
stakeholders in a structured
series of evaluation and
selection trials in
parallel with
timely seed
increase
needed for
variety
releases. The
approach is also
increasing the
capacity of
national
programs to
introduce newer
resistant
materials from
CIP and
elsewhere, as
well as providing
new varieties to
meet farmer and
consumer
demand.
Accelerating
the release of
new potato
varieties
scheme is simple. Clones
developed in the Perubased breeding program
were extensively tested
over several seasons in six
sites in Peru at different
26
M. ORRILLO
Late blight is one of the

worst diseases affecting
potato. Breeding for
resistance to late blight
started in the 1920s, but
the fungus-like organism
that is responsible for the
disease, Phytophthora
infestans, mutates
continuously, so that
varietal resistance is rapidly
overcome if it has a simple
genetic basis. Recent
migrations and evolution in
populations, climate
change, and increased
awareness of the necessity
to reduce dependence on
pesticides contribute to the
severity of this disease and
the urgency of finding and
implementing solutions to
combat it. However, the
genetic base of cultivated
potatoes outside the Andes
is very narrow, making it
difficult for breeder to
develop new varieties with
significant resistance.
The strategic use of
genetic resources, including
wild relatives native to
regions with year-round
pressure from Phytophthora
infestans, is a key to
improving potatos
resistance to late blight.
The incorporation of new
and different sources of
genetic resistance into
improved lines and varieties
may help breeders and
farmers to keep pace with
changing P. infestans
populations and weather
patterns. To maintain a
continuous flow of genetic
diversity to use in breeding
work, a team of CIP
scientists is systematically
looking for new and
different sources of
resistance to late blight
among the collections of

wild and cultivated
germplasm that the Center
conserves in trust. A broad
genetic base of resistance
is expected to be more
lasting, as it should delay
the pathogens ability to
overcome the genes and
mechanisms responsible.
We want to make wild
species resistance more
amenable for use in
breeding populations, said
CIPs senior potato breeder
Meredith Bonierbale, who is
running the project.
High levels of late blight
resistance had been
observed in wild Solanum
species. The team selected
six wild species of potato,
S. paucissectum,
S. chiquidenum, S. piurae,
S. cajamarquense,
S. acroglossum and
S. chomatophilum because
they are distant from the
cultivated potato and have
not yet been used in
breeding. We found that
the first four species were
rich in resistance while
S. acroglossum and
S. chomatophilum were
generally susceptible, said
Bonierbale.
Despite the success of
locating new resistance,
transferring it efficiently
from wild species to
cultivated potato will not
be so easy. Initial crosses
did not yield any seed,
despite the wild species
genotypes producing plenty
of viable pollen. The team
is looking at the reasons for
this failure and is optimistic
the barriers can be
overcome. Growth of
pollen tubes in the styles
of the flowers was poor,
Pollen tubes growing down

the style of a potato flower
only a few grains reaching

the ovules, said
Bonierbale, but despite
genetic mechanisms that
restrict crossability,
specific sets of
environmental conditions
appear to favor crosses
with this group.
In vitro rescue, where
fertilized embryos are
removed from the plant
and grown in tissue
culture to obtain whole
plants, gave much better
results in providing
hybrids for upgraded
sources of needed traits for
further breeding. Our
interdisciplinary approach
to screening and
characterization of late
blight resistance in these
groups represents the
essential first step
towards efficient transfer
of late blight resistance
from underutilized wild
species to the cultivated
New sources
of late blight
resistance in
potato
potato, said Meredith.
Efforts to improve the
efficiency of disease
resistance breeding in potato
have paid large dividends.
27
New sources of resistance

to the economically
important potato leaf roll
virus (PLRV) have been
identified among wild and
cultivated potato species
held in trust in the CIP
C. CHUQUILLANQUI
Symptoms of potato leaf roll virus

are clear in the plants in the
foreground
New sources
of resistance
to potato
leafroll virus
genebank, again confirming
the valuable potential that
can exist in a comprehensive
collection of genetic
resources. One cultivar in
particular, of the cultivated
28
Solanum tuberosum subsp.

andigena, promises to be a
very reliable source of
substantial resistance.
PLRV infections, alone or
in combination with other
viruses, can decrease potato
tuber yield up to 95 percent.
Previously, different types of
resistance had been
described from different
sources, but no
sources of
extreme
resistance to
PLRV had
been
confirmed,
said
Meredith
Bonierbale,
CIPs
senior
potato
breeder,
who is
leading a
team of CIP
researchers
in the work.
There are
several types
of resistance,
among them resistance to
the aphid that introduces the
virus into the plant, in this
case aphids, resistance to
the virus infection itself and
the ability to prevent the
virus accumulating in the
tissues of the plant and the
tuber.
To identify new and
different sources of PLRV
resistance in wild potato
species from the CIP
genebank, 56 species from
regions with high aphid
incidence, out of the 151
species conserved in the
genebank, were screened.
About 30 species showed a
resistance reaction. Samples
from several of these species

had different types of
resistance to the virus. For
example, 12 accessions were
identified with resistance to
aphid attack, several of them
also expressing resistance to
infection and accumulation;
six showed high resistance to
infection and eleven wild
species showed resistance to
accumulation. These
accessions are important new
sources of resistance to PLRV,
said CIP researcher Ana Panta.
Six genotypes within
accessions of S. marinasense
showed the highest resistance
to virus infection and
accumulation, resulting in one
of the most promising sources
of PLRV resistance.
Most interesting has been
one cultivated variety of S.
tuberosum subsp. andigena
that has high levels of
resistance to all aspects of the
virus attack. Crossing
experiments with the
commercial S. tuberosum
potato varieties showed that
the resistance was transferred
successfully, said CIP biologist
Elisa Mihovilovich. Low
heritability of this
characteristic has been a
major problem in the past,
but this new source is highly
heritable.
Further research revealed
that disease resistance in S.
tuberosum subsp. andigena is
inherited through a single
gene, or a chromosome
region with several tightly
linked resistance genes, that
control a single mechanism
that reduces infection and
accumulation. This will make
the job of breeding new
varieties with this strong
resistance to PLRV easier in
the future.
V. OTAZU
Growing potatoes in midair, with a technique called

aeroponics, is showing great
promise for the production of
seed potatoes. Seed potatoes
are very important for potato
producers because the
success of the subsequent
harvest depends on the
quality of the seed tubers
used.
The technique consists of
cultivating potato seedlings on
specially adapted frames so
that the roots, and the tubers,
grow suspended in the air. No
soil is used in this approach,
avoiding the need to disinfect
soil with environmentally
harmful chemicals and also
keeping the tubers healthy.
Plantlets with roots are
pushed through the top of a
table-like structure. The frames
are covered with black plastic
to keep out the light and the
roots are sprayed with a
recirculated solution of
nutrients to allow them to
grow.
In the greenhouse, seed
potatoes were traditionally
grown in soil that had been
sterilized with methyl
bromide, because it was
cheap, effective in killing
pathogens and weed seeds
but it did not alter the
characteristics of the
substrate, said Victor Otaz,
the chief of CIPs
experimental station of Santa
Ana in Huancayo. However,
bromine is 60 times more
destructive to the ozone layer
than chlorine, so methyl
bromide was put on the the
list of banned ozone-depleting
substances of the United
Nations Montreal Protocol.
Sterilizing the soil with
heat is also expensive, so CIP
is using looking at aeroponics
to improve production and
reduce costs. The method is

up to ten times more
effective than conventional
techniques. First results have
been very successful, said
Victor Otaz. For example,
67 seed tubers were
obtained per plant with the
variety Yungay; with Canchn
INIA, 70 tubers and with
Perricholi, 69. With
conventional techniques in
pots, we get 5 to 10 tubers
per plant.
Another advantage is that
the little tubers can be
harvested at any size the
seed user wants, from 5 to
30 grams. The process also
allows stepped harvests.
Spraying fertilizers directly
onto the roots makes it
possible for the growth phase
to continue for more than
180 days without interruption,
which does not happen with
conventional techniques.
There is a small investment in
equipment needed, but still
the tubers work out
significantly cheaper.
The technology is novel
in the sense that very few
people are aware of it or its
potential, said CIP virologist
and seed system specialist Ian
Barker, but it has been used
in China and Korea for some
time. Even NASAs long
range plans for a visit to Mars
reveal that the surface crew
will spend 60 percent of their
time farming to sustain
themselves. Aeroponics is
considered the agricultural
system of choice because of
its low water and power
inputs and high volume of
food output per sq meter.
CIPs Germplasm
Acquisition and Distribution
Unit is already using the
technique to produce optimal
seed tubers of first class
Aeroponics produces a large

number of healthy seed tubers from
each plant
sanitary quality for researchers.

Further work in Huancayo will
look at the suitability of the
technique for a wide range of
genotypes including native
varieties.
There has also been a lot of
demand already for information
and training. The Peruvian
Growing
potatoes in
mid-air
national research program INIEA
is interested and researchers in
Ecuador want to install a unit in
that country. CIPs Paul Demo
sees much promise for southern
Africa, especially Kenya, and in
2007, CIP staff will be working
with the local collaborators to
install a system in Mongolia.
29
Simple plastic barriers

placed around potato fields
in Peru are as effective in
controlling weevil pests as
several applications of the
toxic insecticide that farmers
usually use. Andean potato
weevils are the most
important potato pests in
potato-production systems in
the high Andes. Damage can
be severe. In extreme cases,
all of the tubers in a crop
might be damaged, forcing
farmers to abandon their
fields. A CIP project has
been looking for alternatives
to chemical sprays, which
have the potential to
damage peoples health,
especially if they are
misused.
Andean potato weevils
commonly occur between
2,800 and 4,200 m asl,
where potato is usually the
most important staple or
market crop. The weevils are
non-flying insects that crawl
into potato fields during the
potato-growing season and
breed. The eggs they lay
Plastic barriers
control potato
weevils
develop into larvae that
burrow into the soil and
feed on the potatoes. No
resistance or tolerance to
weevil has been identified in
potato and all potato
cultivars are equally
susceptible to attack.
30
Farmers mainly attempt to

control weevils using two or
three applications of often
highly toxic insecticides.
However, because of their
lack of knowledge the
spraying is often ineffective
because it is mistimed or
the dosage is wrong.
Short plastic barriers,
just 50 cm high and 10 cm
into the ground turned out
to be very effective in
stopping weevil migration to
potato fields and
consequently tuber
damage, said project leader
Jrgen Kroschel. The studies
were carried out with
farmer participation in 21
on-farm experiments in two
communities in the Central
Highlands of Peru. The
effect of plastic barriers was
compared to farmer practice
(one to four applications of
insecticide per potato
growing season) in fallowpotato and potato-potato
cropping systems in which
the weevil species
Premnotrypes suturicallus is
endemic.
In the systems where the
farmers were leaving the
fields fallow for a number of
years, then planting
potatoes, plastic barriers
gave a crop with about the
same amount of tuber
damage as the usual practice
of the farmers, which was to
spray the crop between one
to four times. No significant
differences between the
plastic barriers and farmer
practice using insecticides
could be found.
Where farmers were
planting potatoes season
after season, the plastic
barriers only prevent new
migration to potato fields.
The potato fields had already
become their own source of
infestation. Generally there
was less damage to the
crops grown behind barriers,
but again there was some
variation and in a few fields
there was more damage. In
potato-potato systems, there
J. ALCAZAR
is a large buildup of weevils

because there is always food
available in the form of
tubers. To counteract this,
the farmers spray the crops
up to four times with
insecticide. So from the
health point of view the
barriers would be
worthwhile. However, when
the researchers used just
one application of insecticide
at a critical point inside the
barriers, most losses dropped
dramatically, in one case
from 81 percent to just 3.7
percent of tubers lost.
On farmer plots the
infestation continues until
the end of March and
middle of May, said Jrgen
Kroschel. In contrast, within
plastic barriers only one
initial population needs to
be controlled in potatopotato systems. In this
system, researchers also
found large numbers of
carabids, which are natural
enemies of Andean potato
weevils. Research continues
in order to develop
synergies between natural
control by carabids and the
use of plastic barriers.
Plastic barriers are much
cheaper that using
insecticides, which is also a
labor-intensive process since
water needs to be handcarried to potato fields.
Simple self-made pitfall traps
from water bottles or tins
placed closely to the plastic
barriers effectively catch the
weevils and demonstrate the
effect to farmers. Many
weevils die along the plastic
barriers.
As a community
approach, plastic barriers
have the potential of mass
trapping and reducing the
total weevil population,
which would have longlasting effects, concluded
Kroschel. The plastic barrier
technology can easily be
used in farmers fields, as
demonstrated by the large
number of farmers (40 and
30 farm households in two
Setting pitfall traps inside and

outside the plastic barriers in the
fields to assess weevil populations
communities), who have

participated in the recent
potato-growing season. A
fully organic production of
native potato in the high
Andes (>3,800 m asl), where
Andean potato weevils are
the only economic biotic
constraint, seems to be
possible with this simple
technology, especially in
rotational cropping systems.
A more recently started
project is giving the
opportunity to test this
technology under wider
farmer participation and for
its applicability to related
Andean potato weevil
species in potato systems of
Bolivia and Ecuador.
31
I. MANRIQUE
Yacon ( Smallanthus
sonchifolius) is a relatively
unknown, and underutilized,
native root crop from the
Andes. A member of the
sunflower family, the plant
produces storage roots
(known as yacon) with a
pleasant, slightly sweet
taste, which are eaten raw
Health
benefits
from
yacon
like a fruit. The roots are
traditionally used by rural
people as refreshment during
field work or occasionally for
skin rejuvenation and to
relieve intestinal, hepatic and
renal disorders.
32
Of the handful of health

benefits associated with
yacon, one of the most
promising is the roots high
levels of fructooligosaccharides, a particular
low-calorie sugar that does
not elevate blood glucose
and therefore can be
consumed by diabetics and
weight-watchers. In addition
to reconstituting intestinal
microflora and preventing
constipation, animal studies
indicate that fructooligosaccharides promote
calcium absorption, reduce
cholesterol levels,
strengthen the immune
system and reduce
carcinogen lesions in the
colon. Yacon leaves are also
rich in strong antioxidants.
From 2002 to 2005 CIP
and partner institutions in
Peru studied the influence
of the environment and
stresses on yield and fructooligosaccharide content. The
underlying goal was to use
this information to help
Yacon plantation after 7 months

growth in Ambo, Huanuco,
2,200 m asl
farmers improve their

income and livelihoods by
growing more high-quality
yacon and selling more of it
at a competitive price. In
addition to helping farmers
this study would also
benefit the yacon
processing industry.
Currently, most of the
companies that produce and
sell yacon-based products
such as syrup, juice,
marmalade and flour, are
not aware of the
importance of the where
the yacon is grown on the
crops content of fructooligosaccharides. Because of
the high perishability of the
roots, processed yacon
products are preferred for
commercial sales instead of
the traditional marketing of
fresh roots. Just one week
after harvest, the fructooligosaccharide content of
the United States) jumped

from US$20,000 to
US$251,000 from 2001 to
2006.
More information on this
crop is needed to fully
exploit its commercial
potential and meet this
growing demand. The
United States, for example,
now requires the disclosure
of fructo-oligosaccharide
levels for yacon and yaconbased products that are sold
there. Exports to European
Union nations, meanwhile,
are not allowed until it is
proven that yacon-derived
products are safe for human
consumption. The Peruvian
Institute of Natural Products,
with support from the
BioTrade Facilitation
Programme, United Nations

Conference on Trade and
Development, CIP, and
other institutions, is
currently working on a
formal document that aims
to give the crop the green
light to enter the EU
market.
Efforts such as these are
also set to help yacongrowing farmers in other
parts of the world, such as
Brazil and Japan, which
have the largest yacon
production zones outside
the Andes.
Yacon harvest in Oxapampa
I. MANRIQUE
roots can drop by as much

as 30 to 40 percent.
Furthermore, to obtain
products with the highest
possible fructooligosaccharide content,
roots need to be either
processed immediately
after harvest or
refrigerated.
The CIP-led study
showed that yield and
nutritional traits of yacon
are strongly influenced by
the environment, locality,
fertilization and cultivation
period, and to a lesser
degree by the interaction
between the yacon
genotype and the
particular growing site.
Coastal environments
were mostly suitable for
foliage yield but
unsuitable for
oligosaccharide yield;
highland environments, on
the other hand, were the
most suitable for high
sugar content, and midelevation valleys, when
planted in the winter,
encouraged fructooligosaccharide content
and leaf growth.
The researchers are
keenly aware that
information gathered from
this and other studies is
key to further developing
and improving the yacon
industry, which is
comprised largely of
unorganized farmers and
small-scale production
companies. Already, the
demand for yacon-based
products from Peru, one
of the worlds top yacon
producing areas, is on the
rise. Exports of yaconprocessed goods from
Peru to the world (mainly
33
high
medium
low
unknownn
Source: FAO 2003 Food Balance Sheets Average 1999-2001. The Micronutrient Initiative.
More than 2 billion people

worldwide lack
micronutrients like iron and
zinc. In developing countries,
about 50 percent of women
and children are affected by
anemia, from a shortage of
iron, folate, vitamin B12 and
other nutrients. Since 2004,
CIP has been working with
the CGIAR Harvest Plus
Challenge Program in the
area of biofortification, the
process of breeding staple
crops with increased
concentrations of
micronutrients to supply
essential minerals and
vitamins to the people
eating the crops. New
varieties of potato with high
levels of iron and zinc are
Enhancing the
nutritional value
of potato by
plant breeding
already emerging from an
exploratory breeding
program using materials
from CIPs genebank.
Micronutrient
malnutrition is a real
problem in the developing
countries, affecting the
34
health and productivity of

over half of the worlds
population, especially women
and children. However, the
indications are that
biofortified potatoes can
indeed play a role in
reducing micronutrient
deficiency in target
populations where potato is
an important part of the diet.
CIPs VITAA initiative (see
story p. 52) is a good
example of this approach to
biofortification of
sweetpotato.
Potato is already an
important source of energy,
vitamins, minerals and
protein of high biological
value. A 100-g serving of an
average potato variety can
provide a child with 16
percent of the recommended
daily allowance for iron.
The advantage of
biofortification is that it
brings nutritional benefits
from locally produced cropsharvest after harvest, with no
additional costs once the
biofortified varieties are
adopted and consumed.
Potato has a highly diverse
genepool of cultivated
varieties, and the full range
of bioavailable micronutrients
in this germplasm is
unknown.
We measured the
mineral and vitamin C
concentrations of native
varieties conserved in the
germplasm collection at CIP,
Target countries for fortified

potatoes.
Superimposing maps of child
and maternal iron deficiency and
potato consumption shows a
number of countries in CIP
regions that could benefit from
biofortified potatoes
said project leader, CIPs senior

potato breeder Meredith
Bonierbale. Among 100 native
cultivars and 150 advanced
breeding clones and varieties,
they found 12-37 mg/kg of
iron and 8-32 mg/kg of zinc.
Vitamin C concentrations of
the native potatoes ranged
from 22 to 105 mg/kg, added
Bonierbale.
Women in Huancavelica,
one of the poorest
departments of Peru, eat about
800 g of potato per day, and
mean potato consumption in
parts of Rwanda is 400-500 g
per head. Such diets lack iron
and zinc. The wide range of
concentrations observed
among the genotypes suggests
that suitable iron-dense parents
are available for improving iron
levels in diets or in new
varieties. Our breeders
estimate that it is possible to
reach a concentration of 48
mg of iron/kg and 33 mg of
zinc/kg, said Bonierbale.
CIPs genebank contains
around 4,000 native potato
landraces, so more varieties
will be evaluated in the future.
The development, promotion
and consumption of stable,
resistant and more-nutritious
potato varieties in developing
countries will help to improve
the health of populations at
risk of malnutrition, while
contributing to increasing
incomes and reducing
dependence on external inputs
such as pesticides.
J. LOW
A carefully controlled
study has shown conclusively
that introducing betacarotene-rich sweetpotatoes
into the diet of young
children contributes to
increased vitamin A intake
and reduces the frequency
of low retinol in their blood,
an indicator of vitamin A
deficiency. The work took
place in rural Mozambique
and was the first food-based
community-level study in
Africa that has followed the
same intervention and
control households and
children throughout the
initial adoption period.
Building on pilot
experience in Western
Kenya, said Jan Low, CIPs
Regional Leader for SubSaharan Africa and one of
the projects leaders. This
project not only aimed to
improve child-feeding
practices, but introduced a
market development
component to assure
sustained adoption.
Vitamin A deficiency is a
primary cause of blindness in
young children in Africa.
Food-based approaches to
raising vitamin A are
complementary to
supplementing blood levels
with vitamin pills, but they
may be more sustainable,
although up to now few
thorough studies have been
done. A key objective of the
project was to sustainably
improve intake of vitamin A
and energy in children under
five.
Hundreds of households
were involved in the study.
The children, with an
average age of 13 months,
showed high levels of
malnutrition; 71 percent of
them had low serum retinol

levels, 25 percent were
severely anemic and 54
percent were stunted for
their age. The area was
extremely poor in resources,
drought prone with low
productivity. The principal
staple was cassava, although
66 percent of the
households grew
sweetpotato.
The team adopted three
distinct pathways in the
project. First they ensured
the supply of CIP-developed
orange sweetpotato varieties
to the households so that
they could produce more
energy and beta-carotene
per hectare. Second, a
demand for vitamin A-rich
foods was created by
persuading people to plant
them and ensure that the
most vulnerable household
members ate them and
other locally available
vitamin A-rich foods and
sources of protein and fat.
Third, project staff worked to
develop markets for the new
cultivars to ensure rapid and
sustained adoption by
producers and consumers,
and a market for the
material. These three
pathways interacted and
reinforced each other, said
Jan Low.
The study lasted for two
years and eventually showed
that the young children in
the households were taking
in eight times more vitamin
A that the control groups by
eating the OFSP. At the end,
the study children, average
age 13 months, in the
intervention households
were taking in eight times
more vitamin A than those
in the control households.
Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes
produce a number of highly
marketable products
OFSP was the main source

of that vitamin A. In an
environment with extremely
poor health services and low
formal maternal education,
the study demonstrated that
a decline of 15 percent in
prevalence of low serum
retinol in young children
could be attributed to the
intervention.
The research highlights
the effectiveness of OFSP in
an integrated agriculturenutrition intervention aimed
at increasing vitamin A
intake and serum retinol
concentrations. The
Clear benefits
from orangefleshed
sweetpotato
challenge remains to ensure
sustained adoption and have
impact on a wide scale. If
we can get OFSP into the
young childs diet, it makes
an impact, said Jan Low.
35
36
Partnerships
for scaling up
37
R. VALDIVIA (CIRNMA)
Children really like the soft drink

that communities in Puno are
making from oca as a tasty and
nutritious alternative to expensive
commercial drinks
Farmers in six Andean

communities are routinely
using the results of a CIP
project to reduce oca losses
from 90-98 percent to less
than 20 percent. The oca or
oka (Oxalis tuberose) is a
perennial plant grown in the
central and southern Andes
for its starchy edible tuber,
used as a root vegetable,
which can be boiled, baked
or fried. Its leaves and young
shoots can be eaten as a
green vegetable as well.
Although low-yielding, oca is
Protecting
diversity leads
to higher oca
yields in Peru
one of the most important
staple crops of the Andean
highlands, because of its
productivity, easy propagation
and tolerance for poor soil,
high altitude and harsh
38
conditions. In fact, up to 90
percent of the food of
Andean farmers is based on
oca, ulluco, mashua (two
other Andean roots and
tubers) and potatoes. About
10 percent of rural families
use oca and ulluco as baby
food and they are emerging
as a valuable source of
income generation, especially
in making jams.
Cultivating oca faces a
number of challenges. Good
quality tuber seed is scarce;
when cultivated in remote
areas, weevils can destroy 98
percent of the tuber. This
pest has become a factor in
genetic erosion, for example,
in Andahuaylas the oca crop
has disappeared entirely, and
knowledge of oca biodiversity
management, either in situ or
ex situ, is limited.
CIP staff in Peru
collaborated with the
University of Cusco, the
University of California-Davis
and six rural communities of
the high Andes around Cusco
in a project investigating
various aspects of oca. The six
communities were: Picol,
Matinga, Qqueccayoq, Poques,
Chumpe and Sayllasaya
Communal consultation
assemblies and biochemical
analyses identified oca
biodiversity, revealing four
major clusters. Most of the
ocas grown in each farming
community showed wide
distribution in the four
clusters, although the Poques
community was conserving
the lowest oca genetic
diversity, while Matinga
conserved the highest levels.
Six main tuber shapes are
grown in the six communities
by more than 50 percent of
the families; others are rather
strange and they are grown by

1-2 families in only 1-2 villages.
Such highly localized cultivation
is a clue to the origin of the
tremendous biodiversity of
tuber crops that exists in the
Andes.
Efforts to protect the tuber
crop, and hence the levels of
biodiversity conserved, blended
traditional indigenous
knowledge and scientific
research. Staff in the University
of Cusco isolated, identified and
worked out how to use the
parasitic fungus Beauveria
basiana against the weevil
population, supplemented by
traditional methods such as
using native plants as pest
repellents, rooting oca sprouts
to reduce weevil damage, using
chickens in the fields to prey
on the weevils, early harvesting
and plowing the fields
immediately after harvest. We
also improved the traditional
storage systems, in small huts
called taques, said CIPs Carlos
Arbizu, part of the project
team, reducing losses from 1520 percent down to 3 percent.
The results of the project
have been spread through
farmers and children, schools,
technical workshops,
congresses, seminars and
broadcasts by local radio in the
native language Quechua and
in Spanish. Agronomists, school
and university teachers and
non-governmental organizations
in Cusco and Apurimac
Departments have become
involved in disseminating and
utilizing the project results.
These efforts have widened the
impact of the research beyond
the more than 30 communities
in the vicinity of the six target
villages and in doing so,
protected the biodiversity of
this valuable Andean crop.
R. GOMEZ
Analyzing the genetic

diversity of potato varieties in
the Potato Park in Peru
showed that CIPs
collaboration with this group
of communities had actually
increased the diversity that
the farmers are managing.
The Potato Park is a local
model of conservation and
sustainable use of agrobiodiversity that is promoting
and protecting traditional
knowledge and local
practices. The Park, in Pisaq,
Cusco, was created in 2002
and includes six communities
of 750 families across almost
10,000 ha of Andean terrain.
It is operated by the Potato
Park Association, which is
made up of representatives
from all the communities, in
close collaboration with the
non-governmental
organization ANDES. CIP has
an agreement with the Park
to assist in restoring native
potato varieties and hence
genetic diversity that might
have been lost to the
farmers, as well as
introducing disease-free
materials to the communities.
Analyzing the potato
diversity managed by the
farmers gave some very
interesting results that have
bearing on the short- and
long-term future of the Park.
A team of CIP researchers
found a high level of genetic
diversity in potatoes in three
of the communities, with a
total of 122 alleles, or DNA
sequences that code for a
gene, including seven
exclusive alleles.
Interestingly, potato genetic
diversity is similar among the
communities, suggesting the
interchange of genetic
material, said one of the
team, Cinthya Zorrilla.
CIP has been

systematically contributing
potato varieties to the Park,
both to restore varieties that
the communities no longer
have, and to replace existing
varieties with clean, virustested cultivated varieties
from CIP that have increased
potato seed quality and the
yield in the Park. New
potato products are also
under development, to
generate more income.
The germplasm restored
to the Park from CIP has
broadened the existing
genetic diversity there with
over 15 exclusive alleles.
This genetic diversity once
existed in the area but had
fallen from local use for a
variety of reasons. The
communities are
microcenters of
agrobiodiversity, said Rene
Gmez, a CIP scientist
working closely with the
communities. The principal
reasons for restoring this
material is the tired seed
syndrome, which is the
gradual decrease in viability
of the material through the
buildup of disease in the
planting material, and the
broadening of the genetic
diversity with the return of
potato varieties that were
previously collected in these
communities and
surrounding areas.
The team has also been
documenting the potato
diversity and associated
knowledge and information
in the Potato Park.
Researchers found that the
total molecular variation
between potato cultivars
from the Park communities
and CIP is less than 1
percent. This means that the
diversity held in trust in the
Potato Park farmers taking a break

from tilling the soil using traditional
Andean chakitajllas
CIP genebank represents well

the diversity maintained in the
communities.
Andean communities have
arariwas who are hereditary
custodians of agrobiodiversity
and related knowledge. By
working closely with them
Managing
diversity in the
Potato Park in
Peru
over a period of three years,
CIP staff found that the local
nomenclature follows a
systematic classification that
reveals a detailed knowledge
of the complex diversity
maintained in the communities.
39
Patient
sweetpotato
breeding
bears fruit in
Indonesia
The varieties were Papua

Pattipi, Papua Sawentar, and
Sawentar. These names
were specifically given by
the President of Indonesia,
Dr. Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono, who was very
impressed by the yield of
the new varieties, which
was on average about 24-26
t/ha compared to the local
varieties 10-15 t/ha.
Research activities were
started in 2001 through a
series of on-farm trials in
Wamena (Papua) in 2001,
followed by preliminary and
advanced yield trials during
2002-2003 and by multilocation trials during 20042005 in several locations in
Jayawijaya districts (Papua
province) and several high
elevation areas in Indonesia
such as North Sumatra, West
Sumatra, Bali and West Java.
Dr. Yudhoyono launched
the new varieties at a field
day conducted at Kurima
and Pasema (Yahukimo
Regency, Papua) on July 2627, 2006. I hope that there
S. MAHALAYA
A program of breeding
that started seven years ago
is having significant impact
in East and Southeast Asia,
most recently in the three
new varieties that CIP was
able to release in faminestricken parts of Papua.
Sweetpotato is of the
utmost importance in the
diet of the local residents,
accounting for 90 percent
of daily diet in many areas,
with some estimates
calculating per capita annual
consumption in Papua at
nearly 100 kilos. The crop
also accounts for up to 100
percent of the pig feed.
The varieties were
developed in collaboration
with the Indonesian
Legumes and Tuber Crops
Research Institute (ILETRI),
the Australian Centre for
International Agricultural
Research (ACIAR), the
Assessment Institute for
Agricultural Technology of
Papua (AIAT Papua), and the
South Australian Research
and Development Institute
(SARDI), adapted for the

highlands, with considerable
increase in yield over the
local varieties, as well as
resistance to scab disease
and drought tolerance.
40
will be no more shortage

of food in Yahukimo
Regency, he said. The
government has already
released three new
varieties of sweetpotato,
which are high in yield,
good eating quality and
adapted to high elevation
areas. Please do not be
lazy to grow sweetpotato,
use these new varieties,
and follow the advice of
the agricultural extension
officer.
CIP is continuing to
work closely to support the
sweetpotato breeding
programs of the regional
NARS. Current objectives
include producing varieties
with high dry matter of
white, purple and orange
flesh color sweetpotato.
Seeding trials underway in
2006 were giving
promising results in Bogor.
The new varieties performed very

well in Papua
and healthy plants by the

trained extension staff.
Healthy- looking plants are
pegged before flowering
and monitored till harvest.
Pegged plants are harvested
one by one and a final seed
potato selection is made
based on the number, size
and quality of the tubers. By
repeating this process over a
few seasons, yields can be
gradually increased. The
farmer groups see this for
themselves because a field
experiment compares their
own method with positive
selection.
I have done positive
selection for three seasons
[] and it has doubled my
yields, said Wainaina
Njoroge, a member of
Pagima group in the
Naivasha division. I expect
to harvest 20 bags from this
quarter acre*. Fellow farmers
are now coming to me to
buy seed as they have seen
it is better than what they
have.
My last crop looked so
good that thieves came
during the night to harvest
it, said Peter Kinyae from
the Kenya Agricultural
Research Institute in Tigoni.
Interestingly we have seen
several cases of theft from
fields where groups had
planted positive selected
seed. This is a good
indicator that the technology
works.
The approach of
teaching farmers positive
selection is being further
investigated by CIP to judge
its potential for solving the
seed problem in other
developing countries, said
Peter Gildemacher, a CIP
potato specialist based in

Nairobi. Trials with farmers
are ongoing in Ethiopia and
Uganda, as well as Peru and
India and the technology is
Women farmers practicing positive
selection in Kenya
P. GILDEMACHER
Potato farmers in Kenya

increased their potato
production by 30 percent
simply by using tubers from
selected healthy-looking
plants as seed. The beauty
of the technology, known
as positive selection, is that
it is easy to adopt by small
scale farmers because it
does not require any cash
investment, just some sticks
and labor.
CIP, the Kenya
Agricultural Research
Institute (KARI) and the
Ministry of Agriculture of
Kenya have trained over
100 extension agents and
farmer trainers. They in turn
trained over 70 farmer
groups involving more than
1,000 farmers since 2004.
The training was a real eye
opener, we never knew
that most of our potato
plants were sick, said
Michael Macharia, an
extension worker trained as
a trainer in May 2005. This
technology responds directly
to the need of our potato
farmers because they have
no access to clean seed.
In Kenya, as well as in
most developing countries,
high quality seed potatoes
are not available to small
scale farmers. There are
limited amounts of quality
seed available for a few
released varieties, but it is
expensive. For popular
landraces no seed is
available. This makes
farmers plant potatoes from
their previous crop infected
with diseases, resulting in
low yields.
Farmers groups are
being trained on
distinguishing between sick
Positive
selection a
success in
Kenya
being promoted in
Mozambique and Malawi.
We are also developing a
set of training materials from
the experience in Kenya.
(approximately 22 tonnes per hectare)
41
C.CARLI
In the CAC region, the

breakdown of the former
Soviet Union disrupted
relationships with traditional
seed potato suppliers based
in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine
and the Baltic countries.
Potato work in
Tajikistan and
Uzbekistan
The introduction and testing
of elite potato-breeding
materials is a priority as
many national agricultural
research systems work
towards producing their own
seed, says CIPs Carlo Carli,
42
who is working in the

region. This will reduce
dependence on imports
from foreign countries.
As part of this effort,
Carlo has been working with
partners in Tajikistan and
Uzbekistan to identify highyielding potato clones for
use in the countries, using
virus-resistant germplasm
from CIP. Initially developed
at CIP HQ in Lima, Peru,
new elite clones with high
levels of resistance to viruses
and excellent cooking and
processing quality were
introduced as in vitro plants
into Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
in 2005.
Multiplied in the
laboratory of the Institute of
Plant Physiology and
Genetics, Dushanbe,
Tajikistan, in vitro plants of
28 CIP breeding lines were
transplanted directly into
farmers fields in the
An excellent potato harvest in

Tajikistan
highlands of Faizabad district,

by researchers of the
Research Institute of
Horticulture, Dushanbe.
In Uzbekistan, 34 in vitro
clones were multiplied in
the laboratory of the
Biotechnology Department
of Tashkent State Agrarian
University. About 5,000 in
vitro plantlets were
transplanted into beds to
produce disease-free
minitubers under controlled
conditions, between January
and March 2006. A total of
31,210 minitubers were
harvested between May and
June, 2006. After breaking
dormancy with chemicals to
have them ready for planting
at the end of June, 27
clones were planted in the
highlands of Tashkent region
in June-July, in a research
Evaluating
participatory
methods for potato
management, in
Peru and Bolivia
site belonging to the

Institute of Vegetables,
Melon and Potato, based in
Tashkent.
Laboratory technicians
and scientists have been
trained in sanitation
procedures to be applied
during micropropagation in
the laboratory and further
multiplication under
Tajik children
screenhouse conditions. They

have also been learning how
to transplant in vitro plants
under proper seedbed
conditions using locally
available substrate, how to
perform rapid multiplication
techniques, husbandry
practices and screenhouse
management in general.
In Tajikistan, farmers
participated in preparing the
fields, transplanting in vitro
C. CARLI
clones directly into the field

and other cultural practices.
At harvest, their preferences
were taken into
consideration in selection
decisions, as local breeders
assessed the yield and
quality of the introduced
clones and advanced the
best selections for
subsequent variety trials.
The project is also
passing along skills in true
potato seed technology,
which is completely new to
the region. Some of the
true potato seed families
adapted to long day
conditions were very
productive, showing
vigorous growth, an
extremely healthy aspect,
profuse flowering and yields
of up to 35 tonnes/ha in
the highlands of Tajikistan at
about 2,300 m asl.
True potato seed
technology is expected to
give positive results
especially in the marginal
areas of the highlands of
the region. These areas
have the most suitable
agroecology for true potato
seed because of the difficult
access to potato-growing
sites, the high price of
conventional tuber seed,
and the widespread
presence of smallholdings
with sufficient labor
available. The high
competition from imported
clonal varieties puts this
technology at a
disadvantage in the
lowlands, says Carlo Carli.
43
Services (PES), to
compensate rural families
(service providers) for using
sustainable land and water
conservation practices. The
providers receive a material
return, such as monetary
compensation, infrastructure
improvements and access to
extension tools.
The PES system is
currently being implemented
in the Alto Mayo watershed,
where close to 80 percent
of the population live in
poverty. Rudimentary
farming techniques in the
area such as slash and burn
practices have led to erosion
and sedimentation, which in
turn have reduced water
quality and raised costs for
the drinking water
enterprise. The PES pilot
project is encouraging
farmers in Moyobamba to
change their land use
system. Service providers in
Moyobamba are set to join
Rewarding
farmers in
the Andes
Development of the
Andean Ecoregion, a
partnership program of CIP,
designed and developed a
financial scheme called
Payment for Ecosystem
*Cuenca means watershed in Spanish.
44
the PES program as a group

of 5-12 families and signing
a contract to put into
practice the technological
arrangements offered
through PES. Close to 100
families are expected to
participate during the first
phase of this pilot project.
PES was developed as a
key component of Cuencas
Andinas, which aims for
stakeholders in selected
watersheds to implement
sustainable development
projects involving activities
such as integrated watershed
analysis, intervening
strategies, political dialogue,
and training and knowledge
management, in response to
environmental issues in the
area such as water quantity
and quality, erosion,
sedimentation and pollution.
Cuencas Andinas was carried
Andean watersheds provide
essential environmental services
CONDESAN
Farmers in the Andean

watersheds are set to be
compensated for
implementing
environmentally sound
agricultural practices in
response to growing land
deterioration and
environmental problems. CIP
and partner organizations
have designed a financial
scheme that rewards farmers
for adopting ecologically
sound farming methods.
Most of the farmers living
in watersheds throughout
the Andes mountain chain
are poor and operate on a
small scale, with little in
terms of organization or
cooperation. More
importantly, they do not
have the technical and
financial means to improve
their farming techniques, so
their land and the quantity
and quality of their water is
slowly deteriorating.
With this in mind, the
Cuencas* Andinas project
CONDESAN, the Consortium
for the Sustainable
I. RENNER
out in six watersheds in

Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and
in two associated
watersheds in Bolivia and
Argentina.
PES schemes are
expected to assist in linking
farmers income and
environmental conservation
in Andean watersheds by
providing farmers with
incentives to change their
current farming system to a
sustainable one. The model
involves three key groups:
the service providers
(families in the watersheds),
the service users
(organizations, companies
and districts that use the
water for irrigation, human
consumption and other
uses) and in some cases, a
Fund.
The Fund, made up of
service provider and service
user representatives as well
as private sector and
government delegates, acts
as the intermediary for all
the members of the
payment chain. Through the
Funds management,
providers and users agree
on a value for the
ecosystem service. The Fund
arranges all the necessary
working mechanisms. Most
importantly, it establishes
agreement on the amount
of money and the services
contributed by each player.
Project leaders intend to
apply the lessons learned
from the Moyobamba
experience, especially the
PES aspect of the project, in
other watersheds throughout
the Andes, and even in the
Amazon region, in hopes of
contributing effectively to
maintaining the regions
natural resources.
A typical Alto Mayo scene
45
D. CAMPILAN
Potato plays an important

role in the livelihood and
food security of farming
communities in Nepal,
where per capita
consumption of potato is
one of the highest in
southwest Asia yet potato
productivity is one of the
Farmer field
schools show
the way in
Nepal
lowest in the region. This is
due in large part to the
widespread occurrence of
disease and the use of lowquality seed. Moreover, most
potato farmers lack the

necessary means to improve
their crop management
practices. With this in mind,
CIP and partner institutions
have been working since the
1990s to assist local farmers
to improve their potato
output, and therefore
ultimately improve their
livelihood and food security.
Late blight and bacterial
wilt reach epidemic
proportions in Nepal; it is
not uncommon for farmers
to lose their entire potato
crop to these diseases. In
1998, CIPs UPWARD*
Partnership Program worked
with government and nongovernmental organization
partners to use farmer field
schools to adapt and
disseminate new ways to
control disease through
integrated crop
management. These field
schools last the whole
*Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development
46
Farmers learn new techniques at

the field schools, which they can
integrate with their own
knowledge
growing season and

encourage farmers to learn
appropriate practices for
managing seed, disease and
other agronomic constraints
through their own
experience. Integrated crop
management combines
research-generated
technologies and adapts
them to local needs.
National policy enabled
authorized extension
agencies to mobilize
government funds to support
project efforts in
institutionalizing and scaling
up integrated potato
management. With the
Department of Agriculture
and CARE Nepal as the lead
organizations, by 2005 more
than 4,000 farmers across
field schools was further

adapted to focus on
producing clean seed using
true potato seed, which
makes use of botanical
seeds rather than whole
tubers. With funding from
the Japanese government,
local Nepal partners
conducted a national
program of farmer field
schools, this time with a
curriculum centered on
using true potato seed in
on-farm seed production.
The monitoring and
evaluation gave insights into
the strengths and
weaknesses of the field
school approach and
suggested ways to improve
and scale-up such efforts. As
in most participatory
research and development
efforts, the project team
faced challenges associated
with scaling up successful
experiences beyond the
pioneering farmer groups
and farming communities.
Certainly, the variability in

needs, opportunities and
conditions requires that
agricultural innovations
introduced in pilot projects
be continually adapted to
local conditions when
introduced to other
communities.
Besides the direct
benefits to the farmers, the
overall output and lessons
from the Nepal project
have potential for wider
application in the South and
Central Asia region where
extreme poverty exists and
where potato is a key
livelihood crop. Similar
needs and opportunities can
be found in Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri
Lanka and the former
republics of the USSR.
Farming potatoes on small

terraced fields is common in Nepal
DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE-NEPAL
Nepal had participated in

over 150 schools dealing
with integrated potato
management, implemented
by local extension teams
with funding from
government agencies and
non-governmental
organizations.
From 2002, CIP-UPWARD
started monitoring and
evaluating the outcomes
from the project, and the
impact of farmers attending
the field schools. Findings
indicated that maintaining
and using clean seed was
the most common practice
adopted by farmers two
years after a field school.
Economic analysis showed
that gross and net returns to
land and labor significantly
increased after training.
However, the evaluation also
revealed that producing
adequate supplies of clean
seed remained a continuing
challenge for farmers. So in
2006, the content of the
47
S. DE HAAN
Don Po Velsquez Huamani and his daughter

in his fields in the community of Santa Cruz
de Pongas Grande. Don Po was one of the
people who contributed to the catalog
Documenting
indigenous
knowledge
protects
biodiversity in
Peru
48
A publication that CIP

released in 2006 manages
to document invaluable
indigenous knowledge of
wild potato varieties while
actually protecting the
diversity it describes. Far
more than a routine
catalogue of germplasm,
The Catlogo de
Variedades de Papa Nativa
de Huancavelica, Per
combines indigenous
knowledge and genomic
data into a database that
will be invaluable to
scientists, breeders and the
families of Huancavelica
and other farming
communities. It is a
unique document, a true
communication interface
between centuries-old
Andean know-how and
scientific expertise, said
CIPs Stef de Haan, who is
working with the farmers
on the project that
gathered the data. It
combines indigenous
knowledge and molecular
data for the purpose of
documentation, protection,
benefit sharing and future
monitoring.
Scientists at CIP
collaborated with the
Federation of Farmer
Communities of
Huancavelica, eight farmer
communities, several local
associations and 19 farmer
families to collect
information about the
many hundreds of native
potato varieties that make
up an important heritage
and dietary staple in the
Peruvian department of
Huancavelica. The
catalogue describes 144
landrace varieties but also
includes sections describing

local farmers knowledge as
well as a summary in the
local Quechua language.
The catalogue also
presents an innovative use
of an enigmatic Inca
recording system. The Incas
used lengths of cord called
kipus to keep records.
(see story on p. 24 for
further details). Another
feature of the catalogue is
its careful handling of
intellectual property. The
catalogue captures
indigenous knowledge such
as medicinal uses and
locally recognized
resistances. To protect the
intellectual property of the
farmers, CIP negotiated with
the Peruvian Registry of
Collective Knowledge and
Society for Environmental
Law, signed a prior consent
agreement with each of the
collaborating farmer
communities and
copublished the book with
the Federation of Farmer
Communities of
Huancavelica. A notice on
proprietary rights appears in
the book.
This catalogue shows the
diversity of native potatoes
in a balance between
traditional knowledge and
the results of scientific
investigation. Such a
combination makes the
catalogue unique,
contributing to the
understanding of the
extensive genetic diversity
that the farmers of
Huancavalica conserve, as
well as blending rich
cultural understanding with
the results of research.
CIP ARCHIVES
About 150,000 lowincome, small-scale potato

households are making a
living buying, selling and
growing true potato seed
(TPS) in northeast India,
Nepal, northern Vietnam,
Bangladesh, southwest China
and Peru. In the Tripura area
in northeast India, destitute
women are forming selfhelp groups that buy and
grow TPS then profitably sell
the tubers as seed. With no
other means of support,
these women are using
CIPs technology to improve
their lives.
TPS technology can be
used in two ways, either by
direct sowing of the seeds
and growing them up to
harvest, or by using the
seeds to produce seed
tubers that are planted the
next season.
TPS is particularly suitable
for use in tropical and
subtropical areas where the

cost of quality seed is high
and the yield of the potato
crop is low. These are the
main factors limiting potato
production.
With the specific uptake
of this approach, TPS is
making a significant
contribution to food security
and income generation by
poor farming households. It
is a clear example of a
complex technology being
adopted and used over a
sustained period, said CIPs
geneticist Enrique Chujoy.
Because well-established
TPS breeding programs are
almost nonexistent in some
national agricultural research
systems, Chujoy set about
developing improved TPS
parents to increase the
number and diversity of TPS
material. Using varieties and
advanced clones from CIPs
breeding program, Chujoy
Pros and cons of true potato seed

TPS advantages
TPS disadvantages
Practically pathogen
free
Higher demand for labor during nursery

management and seedling transplant
100 g of TPS sows

1 hectare of plants
Cannot compete with a cost-efficient

tuber crop
Costs US$30-60 versus

US$600-900 for
traditional tubers per ha
Needs careful selection of tuber

seed to avoid decrease in tuber
size over time
Small volumes are

easily transported to
remote areas
Number and diversity of TPS

varieties is limited, with few elite
TPS varieties
Simple storage
no cold rooms
necessary
From seed to tuber to table potato

harvest takes two seasons when
using TPS to produce tuber seeds in
nurseries
Can be sown almost

any time
From direct seeding or field

transplanting to tubers requires
frequent irrigation in first 45-60 days
True potato seed is produced in

berries that grow among the
plants foliage. Each berry contains
up to 400 seeds
followed up previous work

by starting a 4-year crossing
program. We were looking
for early tuber yield,
stability and late blight
resistance, he said. We
evaluated almost 10,000
clones and made 513
crosses, then went on with
True potato
seed benefits
in India
329 of them to develop
the traits we wanted. As a
result, 15 new TPS parents
are now available for
hybrid seed production, all
of them already tested for
pathogens and under in
vitro culture.
49
In a small community-run
factory in Juli on the shores
of Lake Titicaca in Peru, 70
women pack fresh trout
fillets for export to Canada
and the United States, while
to the northeast in Puno a
dozen women sit around a
spotless white table cleaning
organic quinoa for sale to
markets in Germany. These
apparently unrelated
activities are two elements
in a complex CIP-run project
entitled ALTAGRO*, which is
taking a systems approach
to raising incomes and
increasing food security in
the high-altitude plain called
the Altiplano between Peru
and Bolivia.
The Altiplano is one of
the poorest regions in the
world. Approximately 75
percent of its 6 million
inhabitants live in poverty
and over half live in
extreme poverty. Potatoes
are a central element in the
lives of the people, many of
whom could not exist
without the crop. Indeed,
Complex
systems in the
Altiplano in
Peru
the Altiplano/Lake Titicaca
area is now considered to
be the center of origin of
domesticated potatoes. CIP
is applying its research
technologies, in partnership
50
Lorenzio Mamani showing some of

the many varieties of potato he
grows mixed together in his fields
with a non-governmental
organization called CIRNMA
(Centro de Investigacin de
Recursos Naturales y Medio
Ambiente) to establish a
model for rural development
based on a comprehensive
view of sustainable
agriculture, which
encompasses the economic,
biophysical, sociocultural and
environmental aspects of
market-oriented
development.
For example, 145 km
east of the district capital
Puno, seven small producers
have banded together to
develop and market oca, a
little-known Andean tuber
with high natural levels of
antioxidant anthocyanins. CIP
technology improved
production from 4.5 to 8 t/
ha of oca. With CIRNMAs
assistance, the producers
formed a company that is
making and selling jam and

juice from this sweet tuber.
The end result is an increase
in the income of the
families involved, over 300
percent in some cases, an
innovative market for the
tubers and a new realization
of the value of conserving
the rich local oca
biodiversity. CIP-CIRNMA
staff are also showing other
communities how to make
the juice. Children love it, it
is a valuable source of
vitamins and minerals, and
avoids the need to buy
expensive commercial
carbonated drinks.
Further west, in Vilque,
Petronila Neyra Apasa looks
out over her property. She
still grows a wide variety of
potatoes on half her fields,
to be sure that she gets
something to eat, no matter
what the weather does.
However, Petronila is also
R. VALDIVIA (CIRNMA)
the president of an
association of 95 quinoa
producers, 56 of them
certified organic. The
association holds monthly
meetings to train the
members and discuss
business. CIP and CIRNMA
staff contribute expertise and
knowledge; yields double
and triple after the training.
The quinoa they produce is
processed and sold by an
affiliated organization. The
organic quinoa is profitably
exported to the German
market, which is so
demanding even the plastic
sacks are lined with organic
material to stop the grains
coming into contact with the
plastic packaging.
The Andes and
especially the Peru-Bolivia
Altiplano make up an area
with highly complex climatic,
sociocultural and economic

conditions, said CIRNMAs
Roberto Valdivia. To achieve
development based on
research is a long-term task.
In some cases, the work we
are doing started 10 years
ago. CIPs long experience
in participatory approaches
to integrating agricultural
technology produced by
commodity-oriented research
into farming systems
combines with CIRNMAs
development assistance,
supervised credit schemes
and organization of
microenterprises to make
good business. Ask the trout
farmers in Lake Titicaca. The
fish flourish in the cages
floating in the cold, clean
waters of the lake. The links
have been made from
producers to markets, in this
case Canada.
*Andean Agriculture in the Altiplano.
51
VITA A
Childrens natural
curiosity and school
gardens have turned out to
be very effective in
encouraging local people in
Uganda to incorporate
orange-fleshed
sweetpotatoes (OFSP) into
their diets. With a variety of
collaborators, CIP developed
Orangefleshed
sweetpotato
program in
Africa wins
CGIAR award
ways to introduce and

promote OFSP in primary
schools in Eastern Africa. The
project, a part of CIPs
partnership program Vitamin A
for Africa, worked through 11
schools in urban and periurban areas of Kawempe and
Rubaga divisions of Kampala to
transfer and disseminate OFSP
CIPs work with the

nongovernmental organization
Helen Keller International and the
HarvestPlus Challenge Program won
a $30,000 award at the 2006 CGIAR
Annual Meeting for the orangefleshed sweetpotato (OFSP)
program in Africa.
CGIAR had organized an
Innovation Marketplace at the
meeting to acknowledge and learn
from innovative collaboration
between civil-society organizations
and the CGIAR centers. Over 70
groups presented their work, with
Ugandan children planting

sweetpotato in their school garden
five awards to be won.

The Innovation Marketplace
Award was awarded to the
collaborative project Promoting
School
gardens
promote
orange-fleshed
sweetpotato
in Uganda
Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato to

Improve Child Survival and Food
Security in Africa.
The jury particularly
recognized:
How the partnership was innovative
in strengthening food security
through successfully linking
agriculture with nutrition and
health
The enormous potential for scaling
up this project within the African
continent and even globally.
52
OFSP
popular in
South Asia
vines in school gardens, and

educating the children and
people in the surrounding
communities about the
advantages of eating the
orange varieties, the
technology spread rapidly in
the areas. Children proved to
be excellent communication
channels between the
schools and the community
members. The childrens
inquisitiveness and
enthusiasm were key in
quick information delivery to
a wide audience,
strengthening relations
between schools and the
community. Introduction of
special days for school
lunches depending on the
availability of mature OFSP in
the school gardens attracted
the attendance of more
pupils to the schools. Pupils
leaving the primary level also
took the OFSP technologies
and promoted them in their
respective secondary schools.
The availability of OFSP
planting material in the
communities that surrounded

the schools increased, with
over 80 percent of farmers in
the areas having easy access to
vines. Awareness increased
about OFSP as a vitamin A
source amongst 6,000 farmers
and more than 4,000 pupils.
Farmers, children, teachers,
community and government
organizations and extension
agents are using the
technology in Kampala, Uganda
and beyond. By 2006, over 80
percent of the 1,000
respondents in the project area
had grown and consumed
OFSP, compared to 1 percent
in 2004. Over 600 farm
families have actually grown
and consumed OFSP while
250,000 pupils and children
have eaten OFSP. Training
programs increased the impact;
about 51 percent of farmers
involved established
multiplication plots. Now the
partner organizations are
applying the knowledge and
skills learned in the project to
their own work programs.
Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes are also attracting many

consumers in the Indian subcontinent, as CIP introduces it
S. ATTAHURI
varieties and rapid vine

multiplication technologies
to the surrounding
communities.
In Africa, vitamin A
deficiency is one of the
leading causes of early
childhood death and a major
risk factor for pregnant
women. More than 3 million
children under the age of
five suffer from vitamin Arelated blindness in the
region and 50 million are at
risk from the condition.
Adding 100 g of orangefleshed sweetpotato to the
daily diet provides enough
vitamin A for children and
dramatically reduces the
maternal mortality rate.
Pioneered and led by the
(CIP), the Vitamin A
Partnership for Africa (VITAA)
is promoting the increased
production and use of the
orange varieties to combat
vitamin A deficiency in subSaharan Africa.
By growing the OFSP
there. The varieties are proving so popular that most of the

product is being eaten by the OFSP-growing communities
before it reaches the market. CIP staff are working with
local collaborators to increase production to meet demand.
OFSPs are now part of the rural livelihood in South India,
said CIPs Sreekanth Attahuri, who is working in the Orissa
area. Local authorities are interested in making OFSP
available to children in the schools and national institutes
are looking at the qualitative and bioavailability aspects of
the varieties. CIP and our partners are concentrating now
on market chains and value-added campaigns to bring
OFSPs to the users more quickly, said Sreekanth.
53
The Panamanian
government is using
software tools developed by
CIP to assist in the decision
whether to enter into a free
trade agreement with the
United States.
CIP provided technical
support to an Ecoregional
Fund project led by the
Instituto de Investigacin
Agropecuaria de Panam
(IDIAP), with the Ministries
of Agriculture, Health and
the Environment, and several
other national groups, to
develop a set of analytical
tools to predict what impact
a free trade agreement
would have on farmers in
the country. The Directorate
General of International
Cooperation in the
Netherlands provided
funding.
Building on previous
work, Roberto Quiroz, leader
of CIPs Division of Natural
Resources Management,
worked with other project
members to combine
research results with
southwest Panama, one of

the most important
agricultural areas in the
country. This work allowed
local partners to identify a
series of agroecological
zones, assess the
vulnerability of the farming
systems in the watershed
and simulate the impact of
trade liberalization on
different commodities. It was
possible to predict the
economic viability and
environmental sustainability
of different commodities in
different zones.
Applying the models
gave some good news and
some bad news. IDIAP
scientists showed that by
adopting new technology,
especially using mixed grasslegume pastures, farmers
could produce beef at
Geospatial
analysis assists
free trade
negotiators in
Panama
geospatial data and soil,
climate, land use and market
information to analyze the
Chiriqu Viejo watershed in
54
competitive prices in a
liberalized market, not only
for the national but for
export markets as well. For
milk production, the
lowlands would not be
competitive, but the upper
watershed, if reconverted to
an intensive grass-legume
grazing pasture, could
compete to retain the
national market, although full
intensification would be
costly.
A similar analysis was
applied to potato, which is
one of the most important
horticultural crops in the
watershed. Potato models
calibrated for CIP materials
were used to assess
Land use in the Chiriqu Viejo
Watershed southwest Panama
courtesy Roberto Quiroz
management strategies
under free trade price
scenarios. Local researchers
and the private potato
industry determined that to
retain the national potato
market, farmers would have
to produce at least 35
tonnes of potato per hectare
(up from 26 t/ha) at a
maximum cost of US$0.16
per kg, which might be
possible in the wet season
but would be unrealistic at
other times.
The main point is that
the approach yielded firm,
reliable information that
could be used with
confidence in assessing the
impact and implications of a
free trade agreement. On
balance the current evidence
suggests that a regional or
multilateral agreement
Subbasin
mg liter -1
through the World Trade

Organization, rather than a
bilateral deal with the United
States, would be more
advantageous to Panama.
Potato and other horticultural
crops have been classified as
sensitive commodities and
will be tariff-protected for a
period if any deal is signed.
The work has had further
benefits and impact. The
Ministry of Agriculture has
assigned funds to IDIAP to
conduct similar analyses in
five important watersheds in
the country. The innovative
tools for geospatial analysis
used and the modeling to
evaluate the competitiveness
of agronegotiations and the
associated environmental
risks, contribute significantly
to the analysis of the PanAmerican agricultural sector,
said Benjamn Name,

Subdirector General of IDIAP.
We need to count on this
type of analysis because
under the actual conditions of
globalization and the
economies of open markets,
the future of our agricultural
sector seems to be at risk.
The Panama Canal
Authority will conduct a
similar study in the Panama
Canal Watershed, the
countrys most lucrative asset.
Modern technology and
systems analysis offer Panama
and other countries an
opportunity to identify
agroecological areas and
agricultural products that are
best suited to enhance the
capacity of their agricultural
sector to compete successfully
in an open market economy,
said Roberto Quiroz.
2.25
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
Actual 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Landuse
IPM
Pasture
Subbasin
mg liter -1
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
Subbasin
55
56
CIP outputs,
outcomes
and impact
57
This section reports the results of the CGIAR Research Performance Measurement System for
CIP for 2006.
CIP Outputs - 2006

Percent of output targets achieved: 95.45 percent
CIP Outcomes - 2006

Outcome 1: Developing new products from native potatoes
An innovative method of participation developed by CIPs Papa Andina partnership program
was used to bring together farmers and private market chain groups to create trust and
stimulate innovation. A participatory methodology was used to develop new market
opportunities for small farmers, taking advantage of the potato biodiversity in the Andes.
Specifically, an agreement, negotiated in a climate of trust between the farmers and traders,
motivated the farmers to invest time and resources in growing and packaging native potato
varieties. The marketing chain was completed when Wong, one of the largest supermarket
chains in Peru, contracted to sell the product. This created a new market niche and yielded
higher prices for farmers crops.
This approach led to the launching of a new native potato product, called Tikapapa.
Farmers produce and package specially selected high quality tubers of native potato varieties
for sale at premium prices in supermarkets thus receiving higher farm-gate prices and
increased profits. (2005 MTP, Project 7, Division 1 Output 3 (1-3)).
Peruvian consumers, small scale farmers, market chain partners and Wong supermarkets,
especially in Lima, used the output.
Producing and selling Tikapapa is yielding a new livelihood and profits for the farmers,
distributors and the Wong supermarket chain. Peruvian consumers buy the product, smallscale farmers produce it, market chain partners ship it and Wong markets and sells it.
Tikapapa potatoes have been available in most branches of Wong supermarkets in Peru
for many months. Copies of media articles and photographs of Tikapapa in the supermarket
are available, as are data on volume of sales and prices of potato. The United Nations has
nominated the Tikapapa initiative as one of the ten finalists for the Supporting Entrepreneurs
for Environment and Development (Seed) Awards 2007 from 230 proposals from 70
countries (see http://www.cipotato.org/pressroom/press_releases_detail.asp?cod=33).
Outcome 2: Remote sensing techniques and data used in free

trade negotiation by Panama
Technical collaboration between CIP and the Government of Panama applied a package of
remote-sensing techniques to identify competitive advantages and tradeoffs with
environmental indicators for agroecological areas and agricultural products that are best
suited to enhance the capacity of their agricultural sector to successfully compete in an open
market economy. The results were used by the Panamanian government in negotiations with
the USA to develop a free trade agreement, which will have a significant positive effect on
the Panamanian agricultural sector, as trade restrictions would be eliminated. The tropical
58
highlands dedicated to horticulture and dairy were used as a case study to demonstrate
whether the industries could compete under the rules of free trade agreements.
A CIP-developed package of computer-assisted and remote-sensing analytical techniques
and tools developed through CIPs ecoregional research and system and tradeoff analyses.
(First identified in MTP 2003-2005. CIP Division 5.)
The output was adopted by the Instituto de Investigacin Agropecuaria de Panam, MIDA
(Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario, and several other organizations in Panama.
Panamanian Free Trade negotiators are using the information produced, which identifies
agro-ecozones, assesses the vulnerability of the farming systems in a selected watershed, and
systematizes research results into simulation models to assess the impact of technology
adoption on the competitiveness of selected commodities (beef, milk and potato) in a
liberalized market. The analysis was complemented with the assessment of the environmental
cost in term of soil erosion and water quality, both under actual practices and future
scenarios. The output encouraged Panamanian authorities to conduct similar analyses in other
watersheds and use the results as input information for the free trade negotiations.
Outcome 3: Utilization of advanced populations to identify

promising clones in variety selection trials in
various countries: case of potato
National programs of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan identified high yielding potato varieties for use
in the countries among elite germplasm dispatched from CIP.
30 new elite clones with high levels of resistance to viruses and excellent cooking and
processing quality were introduced to Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Local breeders were trained
in sanitation procedures during micropropagation in laboratory and further work under
screenhouse conditions; transplanting of in vitro plants under proper seedbed conditions using
substrate locally available; rapid multiplication techniques (stem cutting and apical cutting
techniques); transplanting and cultivation methodologies developed.
In Tajikistan, local researchers assessed yield and quality of introduced clones and
advanced the best selections to subsequent years variety trials. In Uzbekistan, scientists
assessed yield and quality of introduced clones and advanced the best selections to
subsequent years variety trials.
In the laboratory of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, in
vitro plants were transplanted into farmers fields in the highlands of Faizabad district, by
researchers of the Research Institute of Horticulture, Dushanbe. Farmers participated in field
preparation, transplanting of in vitro clones, and other cultural practices. At harvest, their
preferences were taken into consideration. In Uzbekistan, 34 in vitro clones supplied by CIP
Lima were multiplied in the laboratory of the Biotechnology Dept. of Tashkent State Agrarian
University. A total of 31,210 minitubers were produced, which were planted in the highlands
of Tashkent in a research site belonging to the Institute of Vegetables, Melon and Potato,
based in Tashkent.
Outcome 4: Impact of orange-fleshed sweetpotato on

nutrition in Mozambique
An action research project using CIP-developed orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) led by
Michigan State University included a strong behavioral change campaign on modifying child
feeding practices and diversifying the household diet that accompanied the introduction of
CIP-developed OFSP varieties into the diets. This resulted in improved nutritional status and
diet diversity for young children targeted by the intervention. Public awareness efforts
59
persuaded people to plant OFSP varieties and ensure that the most vulnerable household
members (women and young children) ate them, markets were developed using quality
standards to encourage people to produce quality surplus roots for sale
CIP OFSP varieties were introduced into the region; public awareness and training
campaigns encouraged the use of the varieties. MTP 2003-2005. 498 resource-poor
households in drought-prone areas of central Mozambique used the output.
In the first food-based efficiency study conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, vitamin A intake
was almost eight times higher among children eating OFSP than control children, and their
serum retinol concentrations were doubled. The dietary quality of children and farmers were
improved and a third of the households studied were marketing OFSP.
Outcome 5: Introduction of sweetpotato as animal feed into

the cropping systems in the dry forests in
Northwestern Peru
New CIP-developed dual-purpose sweetpotato varieties have been introduced into the
cropping system and adopted as animal feed by goat farmers in the dry forests in
northwestern Peru.
Crop-livestock technologies, dual-purpose sweetpotato varieties and management practices
for alleviating poverty and making production systems more sustainable, first identified in the
MTP 2003-2005.
Small livestock farmers in the dry forests in Piura in northwestern Peru used the output.
Dual-purpose sweet potato varieties have been introduced into cropping systems for use
as animal feed. This feed source, which is new to the area, benefits the nutrition, health and
productivity of the goats, decreases the degradation of the dry forests in northwestern Peru
and raises farmer incomes.
60
CIP Impacts - 2006

X= CIP response
3A: I. Criterion 1: ex post IA studies/Advancement of epIA
methods (70%)
A) Please provide the full citation of all epIA studies1 published in 2006 that attempt to
assess major impacts attributed to your Centers work and provide summary information
describing the main results/indicator(s) of impact.
1. Fuglie, K.O. 2006. The Impact of Potato and Sweet Potato on Poverty in Asia. In Farming
A Way Out of Poverty: Forgotten Crops and Marginal Populations in Asia and the Pacific (R,
ed. R. Bourgeois, L. Svensson and M. Burrows, 201-226). CAPSA Monograph No. 48, UN
ESCAP Center for Alleviation of Poverty through Secondary Crops in Asia (CAPSA), Bogor,
Indonesia.
Main result/indicators of impact reported by the study (i.e., adoption, estimates of income
effect, other effects, poverty impacts, environmental impacts, IRR, etc.)
CIP has collaborated with Asian researchers on potato and sweetpotato improvement since
mid-1970s. Major impacts include potato variety Cooperation 88 planted on 100,000+
hectares and sweetpotato virus-free planting material, adopted on 800,000+ hectares in
China. Multiplier effects from higher agricultural production are 1.3 to 1.5 times direct
impacts. Economic impact in China from CIP-related technology of US$ 370-420 million per
year benefited 9.6+ million poor persons. Per capita benefits (PPP$0.046-0.165/capita/day)
from this technology exceeded the poverty gap for China. Thus, adoption of improved
potato and sweetpotato technologies could potentially lift Chinas extreme poor above the
PPP$1/day poverty threshold.
Publication venue: X Book chapter
(Co-) Authorship: X Center only scientists
EpIA coverage: X Commodity improvement
Distance down the impact pathway covered by the study: X Ultimate impact (poverty, food
security, environment)
Geographical breadth of impacts assessed by the study: X Multiple countries (~ 2-5)
assessment
Advances in new methods/models for epIA embodied in the study: X Addresses multiplier
effects (other sectors); X Employs novel methods (combines quantitative & qualitative,
participatory approaches, etc.)
2. Fuglie, K.O., Jiang Xie, Jianjun Hu, Gang Huang, and Yi Wang. 2006. Processing
Industry Development and Sweet Potato in China. In Farming A Way Out of Poverty:
Forgotten Crops and Marginal Populations in Asia and the Pacific, ed. R. Bourgeois, L.
Svensson and M. Burrows, 311-332. CAPSA Monograph No. 48, UN ESCAP Center for
Alleviation of Poverty through Secondary Crops in Asia (CAPSA), Bogor, Indonesia,
The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and CIP improved designs for small-scale
starch and noodle processing equipment. By 2005, more than 12,000 machinery units were
61
sold generating sales revenue of over 40 million Yuan. About 2.1 million tons of sweetpotato
roots (12 percent production) were processed into starch and other products in 2004 in
Sichuan. This processing increased average market price of sweetpotato by 12 percent and
raised average market price for sweetpotato by an estimated 12 to 30 percent. The total
impact on income of farm families and small, rural enterprises was at least 282 million Yuan/
year.
B) For each completed epIA study listed in I.A above, please provide the relevant information
under each component (check the appropriate item)
Publication venue: X Book chapter
(Co-) Authorship: X With NARS scientists
EpIA coverage: X Commodity improvement; X Policy related
Distance down the impact pathway covered by the study: X Intermediate impacts (improved
yield/quality, lower risk, higher income, conserve resources, increase market access/efficiency,
develop human capacity)
Geographical breadth of impacts assessed by the study: X Single location within single
country assessment
effects (other sectors)
3. Walker, T.S. and K.O. Fuglie. 2006. Prospects for Enhancing Value of Crops Through
Public-Sector Research: Lessons From Experiences With Roots and Tubers. Social Sciences
Working Paper 2006-1. Lima Peru: International Potato Center. pp. 19.
This paper reviews a) the experience of the US public agricultural research program to
increase utilization of potato and sweetpotato and b) the impact of research on storage,
processing, and new product development at CIP. Over the past 25 years, CIP has made a
modest but continuing investment in post-harvest research in both crops. However, in both
the U.S. and CIP experiences, clear-cut successes of public sector post-harvest research are
hard to identifysweetpotato in China is one of the few successes. A key lesson is that the
CGIAR should approach agricultural post-harvest research cautiously and selectively.
Publication venue: X In-house publication (not reviewed externally)
Distance down the impact pathway covered by the study: X Uptake/adoption (field surveys)
Geographical breadth of impacts assessed by the study: X Multi-locations (regions) within
single country assessment
Advances in new methods/models for epIA embodied in the study: 4. Yanggen, D. and Nagujja, S. 2006. The use of orange-fleshed sweetpotato to combat
Vitamin A deficiency in Uganda. A study of varietal preferences, extension strategies and
post-harvest utilization. Working Paper 2006-2. International Potato Center (CIP), 80 p.
A Vitamin A enrichment program (VITAA) with orange fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) began in
2002, promoting consumption of OFSP and production technologies. By 2005 only 3.3
percent of sweetpotato area was planted to OFSP varieties. Given the presence of local
62
landraces, the area due to VITAA work is likely to be 1-2 percent. Uptake was much higher
close to pilot sites, suggesting adoption potential is much greater. The study found OFSP has
25 percent lower yields than other varieties. Drought susceptibility was major limitation
reported by farmers indicating that breeding for drought resistance should be a research
priority
Publication venue: X In-house publication (not reviewed externally)
Distance down the impact pathway covered by the study: X Uptake/adoption (field surveys);
X Ultimate impact (poverty, food security, environment)
Geographical breadth of impacts assessed by the study: X Multi-locations (regions) within
single country assessment
effects (other sectors); X Employs novel methods (combines quantitative and qualitative,
participatory approaches, etc.)
C) Please provide an estimate of the following:
1. Annual budget/expenditures devoted to epIA work in your Center in 2006: US$ 150,000
OR
2. Number of full time equivalent staff devoted to epIA work in your Center in 2006: 0.00
3A: II. Criterion 2: Building an IA culture at the Center (20%)

A) Please provide a list of internal workshops convened by the Centers impact assessment
unit/specialists within the past year to help assess the expected impacts of planned and
ongoing research of the Center (for each, describe the theme and number of Center
participants): Workshops List provided
B) Please provide two examples of systematic evaluation of user relevance of Center
research outputs produced within the past year such as early adoption/influence studies (max
of 100 words for describing data collection, analysis, and major finding for each example)
In 2002, INNOVA, a project managed by CIP in Bolivia proposed validating ten technologies
for natural resource management with farmers, and began developing methods to compare
this supply of technology with farmer demand, as discussed in the following section. The
researchers used several methods to evaluate the technologies with farmers: Farmer
Research Committee, Technology Evaluation Groups (GETs), Sondeo and Back and Forth.
These provided a coherent set of methods for linking the supply and demand for technology.
Feedback from farmers generated by the methods was systematically recorded. The methods
evolved over the following three years improving understanding of the relevance of the
technology and to a series of changes in the technology itself.
C) Please provide specific examples of how empirical epIA findings have been applied as a
basis for quantitative ex-ante impact projections that contribute to the Centers prioritysetting procedures, or have been used to validate earlier ex ante work.
True Potato Seed (TPS) was initially promoted as a widely adoptable technology as an
alternative to clonal potato seed. Ex post impact studies of TPS showed lower and in some
cases negative rates of return, indicating that TPS was a niche technology for situations
where reasonable quality clonal seed was not economically available (Chilver, 2005). These
63
findings were factored into CIPs 2006 Priority Setting Exercise which estimated a greatly
reduced adoption ceiling for TPS of about 250,000 ha (Fuglie, 2007).
During the 2006 Priority Setting Exercise we assessed research and dissemination costs for
CIP technologies (Fuglie, 2007). To help assess these costs we drew upon CIPs ex post
impact assessment studies. Costs were highest for knowledge intensive technologies like
integrated crop management (about US$80/ha of adoption area), and lowest for varietal
change (US $16/ha) while the cost of seed system improvement was somewhere in between
(US $50/ha). These costs were included in the benefit-cost analysis which underpins the
priority setting, and so influenced overall conclusions about where CIP should direct its
research investment.
D) Please provide specific examples of establishment of baseline studies to provide
counterfactuals for future epIA
A baseline survey was carried out in 2006 prior to an intervention to test different strategies
for promoting orange-fleshed sweetpotato in Mozambique. Twenty-four numerators and
supervisors were trained. The socioeconomic component collected information on: household
composition and education level, employment, land possession, farm production and sales,
sources of knowledge about farming, food expenditures and consumption, sweet potato
consumption, non-food expenditures and consumption, and nutritional knowledge. The
nutrition component collected anthropometrical measurements, food frequency with focus on
vitamin A and fat sources); 24 hour-recall of food intake, child feeding practices, child
immunization, 2-week morbidity recall and fertility history of mother.
A baseline survey was carried out in 2006 in five cantons (counties) of Ecuador prior to
broad-based interventions to promote healthy and sustainable potato production. Farmers and
health personnel were trained in each canton, and 481 households were surveyed with a
diversity of potato production systems. Demographic and agricultural production data, several
aspects of the FAO Code of Conduct and pesticide-related health outcomes were recorded.
Substantial quantities of highly toxic Class Ib and II pesticides were used in 2 of 5 cantons.
Less than 50 percent of farmers possessed knowledge of IPM. The pesticide-related health
outcome revealed depressed neurological scores.
A baseline study of Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs) Pesticides in Andean farming
communities in Peru was carried out in 2006 in five hotspots of pesticide use prior to
promoting IPM. 693 farmers and 140 professionals involved in pesticide use were surveyed.
Information was collected on pesticide use, knowledge of pesticides and poisonings. Most
farmers use pesticides containing highly toxic methamidophos to control potato and maize
insect pests. On average, 25 percent of the farmers interviewed in the hotspots have
suffered severe poisoning from using pesticides, for the most part organophosphate
pesticides and carbamates.
3A: III. Criterion 3: Communication/dissemination and capacity

enhancement (10%)
A) Please specify how the findings of epIAs have been disseminated in 2006:
1. Number of epIA briefs published (not general M&E briefs): 1
2. Dissemination of epIA findings in popular media (number of stories published): 1
3. Dissemination of major IA findings through the Center website/IA webpage (indicate
number of hits/visits/downloads of IA related reports/articles): 0
4. Any other method of dissemination of epIA findings used in 2006: Results of impact study
of sweetpotato and its use for pig feeding were covered in the article Earning money from
sweetpotato and pigs in Vietnam in CIPs 2005 Annual Report which appeared last year.
64
B) Please specify your Centers efforts in building capacity in IA in 2006:

1. Number of IA related conferences/workshops conducted for external audiences in 2006
(e.g., NARS scientists): 3
2. Number of IA related training materials developed: 0
3. Number of IA visiting specialist from a NARS hosted: 0
4. Any other IA related capacity building efforts in 2006: Not applicable.
3A: IV. Other

Please list/describe any other impact-related activity or outcome of 2006 that you believe
warrants consideration in this exercise but is not covered in any previous criteria/questions
(Modifier to overall score)
CIPs Vision Exercise reorganized the research agenda around the Millennium Development
Goals and created an Impact Enhancement Division to assure achievement. Baseline surveys
and impact assessment now play a central role in steering the overall R&D paradigm,
stimulating a more vigorous impact culture and a greater concern by individual scientists of
how to get and measure impact. Impact measurement has broadened to include poverty and
health impacts. CIP is experimenting with new metrics for impact measurement, some of
which were used in the priority assessment and these are now guiding the planning of
future impact assessment.
3B: SC/SPIA rating of two Center impact studies carried out in the
period 2003-05 for rigor
Two impact studies provided
CIP quality and relevance of current

research - 2006
4A: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2006 (excluding articles published
in journals listed in the Thomson Scientific/ ISI): 0.28 papers per scientist (See Appendix
to this section)
4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2006 that are published in journals
listed in Thomson Scientific/ISI: 0.90 papers per scientist*
4C: Percentage of scientific papers per scientist that are published with developing country
partners in refereed journals, conference and workshop proceedings in 2006: 0.28
percent of scientific papers.
* See Appendix (p. 70 et seq.) for list
65
CIP institutional health - 2006

5A: Governance
X= CIP Response
Board Composition and
Structure (as of December
31, 2006)
5A.
1) What is the percent of
Board leadership (Chair, Vice
Chair and Standing
Committee Chairs) with
developing country origin?
0 percent
1-20 percent
X 21-40 percent
41-60 percent
Over 60 percent
2) What percent of Board
membership positions are
occupied by women?
0 percent
1-20 percent
X 21-40 percent
41-60 percent
Over 60 percent
3) What percent of Board
membership positions are
occupied by individuals
whose organizations are
either direct recipients of
Center funds OR whose
organization are contributors
to the CGIAR (and the Board
member is in direct line
responsibility of CGIAR
funds)?
X 0-10 percent
11-20 percent
21-30 percent
31-40 percent
Over 51 percent
4) How many Board
members have professional
qualification in financial
management?
X 0
66
1 2
3 or more
5) How many Board
members have professional
expertise in corporate, nonprofit or public governance?
0-1
2-3
4-5
X 6 or more
6) Is the Center Director
General a member of the
Nominating Committee?
Yes
X No
Board Practice
7) Have all new Board
members (who started their
terms in 2005 or 2006)
attended a CGIAR Board
Orientation Program?
X Yes
No
attended a comprehensive
center-specific orientation
program?
X Yes
No
8) Has the Board conducted
a self-assessment in 2006?
X Yes
No
9) Was the full Board
engaged in the annual
performance assessment of
the Board Chair?
X Yes, the full Board
Yes, less than the full
Board
No
10) Is there a formal process

in place for evaluating Board
members before
reappointment?
X Yes
No
11) How often did the full
Board and the Executive
Committee meet in 2006
(including virtual meetings)?
No. of meetings of full
board: 3
No. of meetings of
Executive Committee: 1
12) Has the Center
completed a Board
commissioned CCER on
Center governance and
management during 20042006?
X Yes
No
13) Does the Board have a
clear strategy for
communicating with
stakeholders (including
CGIAR Members, other
Centers, Partners)?
X Yes
No
Determining the Centers
mission and strategy
14) In 2006, has the entire
Board been engaged in
reviewing, approving and
guiding major institute-wide
plans (i.e., MTP)?
X Yes - Fully
Yes - Partially
No
Program Oversight
15) In 2006, did the Board
discuss and act on any
significant deviations from
previously announced targets
and strategic goals for 2005
as defined in the MTP?
X Yes - Fully
Yes - Partially
No
16) Does the Board have an
approved schedule for CCERs
on program matters?
Yes
X No
monitor actions taken in
response to CCERs and
EPMRs?
X Yes - Fully
Yes - Partially
No
Financial Oversight
18) Is there, in Boardapproved documents, a clear
policy on the delegations of
authority from the Board to
the director General which
indicates those financial
transactions for which the
approval of the Board is
necessary, and those for
which decision is delegated
to the Director General?
X Yes
No
19) Is there a Board
approved investment policy
in place?
X Yes
No
20) Has the Board rotated
external auditors in line with
the CGIAR policy?
X Yes
No
21) Does the full Board
receive information on key

financial indicators on a
quarterly or more frequent
basis?
X Yes
No
discuss and act on any
significant deviations (more
than 10 percent) from the
budget planned for 2005?
X Yes
No
No deviations
Setting and reinforcing
ethical standards, values and
policies
23) Is it Board practice to
have each Board member
declare potential conflicts of
interest ahead of each
meeting?
X Yes
No
24) Has the Board discussed/
reviewed the Centers
human resource policies
during 2005-2006?
X Yes
No
25) In 2006, has the Board
received and reviewed
Center staffing numbers and
trends (including consultants
and gender and diversity
information)?
X Yes
No
26) Has the Board reviewed
the adequacy of the
Centers risk management
and internal control
mechanisms as an explicit
Board meeting agenda item
during 2005-2006?
X Yes
No
27) Is there a board

approved grievance policy?
X Yes
No
28) Is there a board
approved whistle blowing
policy?
Yes
X No
Ensuring strong and
continuous leadership of
Centers
29) Do Board members
other than the Board Chair
participate in the annual
performance appraisal of the
DG, including decisions on
compensation?
X Yes, fully
Yes, partially
No
30) Is there a current
succession plan for senior
management?
X Yes
No
Disclosure, Transparency and
Accountability
31) Is the following Center
information publicly available
(e.g., on the Center
website)?
- the Centers current
Medium-Term-Plan
X Yes
No
- Financial performance of
the Center (i.e., as disclosed
in the Center Annual
Report)
X Yes
No
- Staff compensation
structure (i.e., salary scales
for different grades of staff)
Yes
X No
- the latest Center External
Program and Management
67
Review (including Center

response)
X Yes
No
- Minutes of the Center
Board Meetings (concerning
non-confidential agenda
items)
Yes
X No
32) Does the Center have a
formal code of conduct /
ethical principles (including
conflict of interest rules) for
staff, managers and board
members?
X Yes, fully enforced
Yes, partially enforced
Yes, but not enforced
No
33) Are your procurement
policies and their
implementation fully
consistent with the CGIAR
Guidelines on Procurement
of Goods, Works and
Services (FG 6)?
Yes, fully enforced
X Yes, partially enforced
Yes, but not enforced
No
68
meeting at CIP headquarters

in Lima (in April) would be
maintained. A second faceto-face meeting would be
held each year (in October)
in one of the regions,
allowing the Board to visit
with regionally-based staff
and review program work in
the regions. The other two
meetings will be conducted
by teleconference (in
January and July). Each of
the four meetings is timed
in order to review the
formal quarterly financial
statement, financial report
and DGs report to the
Board. It is expected that
more frequent meetings by
the Board will stimulate
greater and more continual
engagement and oversight
by Board members.
5B: Board Statements

Statement on Governance
In 2006, the Board of
Trustees of the
International Potato
Center took several
actions aimed at
improving Board
oversight; two are
described below.
Strategic planning. For the

first time (in April 2006) the
Board conducted a day-long
retreatapart from the formal
Business meeting and
program meetings that are
normally conducted at the
face-to-face meetings. The
objective of the meeting
was to create the space to
address long-term (vision
and strategic) issues facing
the Center. The Board
agreed to make this a
regular practice and expects
this will assist the Board in
reviewing mission, vision,
values and strategic
planning.
Frequency of Board
meetings. Historically, the
CIP Board has held one
meeting per year. It was
agreed that beginning in
2006 the Board would move
to four meetings per year.
The annual face-to-face
5C: Culture of learning

and change
1) Staff surveys
a. Has the Center conducted
a staff satisfaction and/or
attitude survey of ALL staff
in 2005 or 2006, where the
results were shared with
staff?
X Yes
No
b. If yes, did the survey
result in specific action plans
to improve staff satisfaction
and /or attitudes?
X Yes
No
2) Leadership development
program
a. Does the Center have an
active leadership
development program
covering current and
prospective staff in
managerial positions?
Yes, for current AND
prospective staff
Yes, for current staff
Yes, for prospective staff
X No
3) Individual learning plans
a. Does the staff appraisal
system include the
development and followup
of annual individual learning
plans?
X Yes
No
b. Does the Center have a
mentoring program for
young scientists?
X Yes
No
4) Staff development
activities
a. What percentage of the
overall 2006 budget was
spent for attendance at
international conferences or
professional society
meetings or for a short
sabbatical at a university,
etc?
00.5 percent
0.511.0 percent
X 1.12.0 percent
2.13 percent
More than 3 percent

b. What percentage of the
overall 2006 budget was
spent on staff training (e.g.
computer, language, project
management, leadership
training etc.)?
X 00.5 percent
0.511.0 percent
1.1 percent2.0 percent
2.1 percent3 percent
More than 3 percent
c. Considering staff training
only (question 5C4b), what
is the total number of
training days in 2006 for all
IRS staff, divided by the total
number of IRS staff?
X Less than 1
12.5
2.64.5
4.66.5
6.68
More than 8
d. Considering staff training
only, what is the total
number of training days in
2006 for all NRS staff,
divided by the total number
of NRS staff?
Less than 1
12.5
X 2.64.5
4.66.5
6.68
More than 8
5) On average, how many
days did an IRS staff spend
in 2006 on program
planning and review?
02.0
2.13.0
3.14.0
4.15.0
X More than 5
6) Completed CCERs in
2004-2006
a. How many Board
commissioned CCERs on
program-related matters
were completed in 2004-06?
0X 1
2 3
4 or more
b. What is the percentage of
your program budget
(average for 2004-2006) that
has been covered by CCERs
completed in 2004-06?
X 0-30 percent
31-50 percent
51-70 percent
71-90 percent
Over 90 percent
7) Partnerships
a. How many SWPs/CPs was
the Center actively engaged
in as a partner during 2006?
Less than 3
3-6
X 7-10
More than 11
b. How many new and
substantive partnerships did
the Center establish with
external partners (e.g.
National Agricultural
Research Institutes, Civil
Society Organizations) in
2006? 28 (No. of NEW
partnerships)
Please list names of up to 3
new partner organizations
Department of Agriculture
and Livestock (DAL),
Solomon Islands
Department of Agricultural
Research Services (DARS),
and Extension Services
(DAES), Ministry of
Agriculture, Malawi
Instituto de Investigacao
Agraria, Mozambique
these are internally available

5D, 5E, 5F, 5G: Diversity
5D) Gender diversity goals:
Does your Center have
Board approved gender
diversity goals?
X Yes
No
5E) Percentage of women in
management (Percent of
management positions,
either research or nonresearch, occupied by
women as of 31. December
2006). 27.00 percent
5F) IRS Nationality
concentration:
Percentage of internationallyrecruited staff that come
from the top two countries
represented in the IRS staff
nationality list for the Center
(as of December 31, 2006).
Please also indicate the
Nationality.
First nationality: 17.00
percent - Nationality: Peru
Second nationality: 12.00
percent - Nationality:
Germany
5G) Diversity in recency of
PhDs:
Percentage of scientists
receiving their PhD during
the last five years (20022006). 22.00 percent
8) Do you systematically
preserve research project
data (primary and secondary
data sets), including
documentation on the data
and project?
X Yes, we have some, but
not all, of the research
project data preserved and
69
Appendix. List of publications

Indicator 4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist
in 2006 that are published in journals listed in
Thomson Scientific
1. Almekinders, C. J. M., Thiele, G. and Danial, D. 2006. Can Cultivars from participatory
plant breeding improve seed provision to small-scale farmers? Euphytica, 153:363-372.
2. Bentley, J. W., Priou, S., Aley, P., Correa, J., Torres, R., Equise, H., Quiruchi, J. L. and
Barea, O. 2006. Method, Creativity and CIALs. International Journal of Agricultural
Resources Governance and Ecology, 5 (1):90-105.
3. Bruskiewich, R., Davenport, G., Hazekamp, T., Metz, T., Ruiz, M., Simon, R., Takeya, M.,
Lee, J., Senger, M., McLaren, G., Hintum. (2006). Generation Challenge Programme (GCP):
Standards for Crop Data OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 10 (2): 215-9 http://
www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/omi.2006.10.215
4. Buijs, J., Martinet, M., de Mendiburu, F., Ghislain, M. 2006. Potential adoption and
management of insect-resistant potato in Peru, and implications for genetically
engineered potato. Environmental Biosafety Research, 4 (3):179-188.
5. Buytaert, W., Clleri, R., De Bievre, B., Cisneros, F., Wyseure, G., Deckers, J. and
Hofstede, R. 2006. Human impact on the hydrology of Andean pramos. Earth-Science
Reviews [ISSN 0012-8252], 79:53-72.
6. Buytaert, W., Clleri, R., Willems, P., De Bivre, B. and Wyseure, G. 2006. Spatial and
temporal rainfall variability in mountainous areas. A case study from the south Ecuadorian
Andes. Journal of Hydrology, 329:413-421.
7. Campos, D., Noratto, G., Chirinos, R., Arbizu, C., Roca, W., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. 2006
Antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in four species of Andean tuber crops:
Native potato (Solanum sp.), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon), oca (Oxalis
tuberosa Molina) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Journal of the Science of Food
and Agriculture (UK). ISSN 0022-5142. 86 (10):1481-1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/
jsfa.2529
8. Cole, D. C., Crissman, C and Orozco A. F. 2006. Canadas International Development
Research Centres Eco-Health projects with Latin Americans: Origins, development and
challenges. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne de de Sante Publique
[ISSN 0008-4263] (Nov-Dec), 97 (6):I 8-I 14.
9. Chacn, G., Adler, N. E., Jarrn, F., Flier, W. G., Gessler, C. and Forbes,G. A. 2006. Genetic
structure of the population of Phytophthora infestans attacking Solanum ochranthum in
the highlands of Ecuador. European Journal of Plant Pathology, (115):235-245.
10. Claessens, L., Verburg, P. H., Schoorl, J. M. and Veldkamp, A. 2006. Contribution of
topographically based landslide hazard modelling to the analysis of the spatial distribution
and ecology of kauri (Agathis australis). Landscape Ecology, 21 (1):63-76.
11. Claessens, L., Lowe, D. J., Hayward, B. W., Schaap, J. M., Schoorl, J. M. and Veldkamp,
A. 2006. Reconstructing high-magnitude/low-frequency landslide events based on soil
redistribution modelling and a Late-Holocene sediment record from New Zealand.
Geomorphology, 74 (1-4):29-49.
12. Cuellar, W., Gaudin, A., Solrzano, D., Casas, A., opo, L., Chudalayandi, P., Medrano,
G., Kreuze, J., and Ghislain, M. 2006. Self-excision of the antibiotic resistance gene nptII
using a heat inducible Cre-loxP system from transgenic potato. Plant Molecular Biology, 62
(1/2):71-82.
13. Danial, D., Parlevliet, J., Almekinders, C., and Thiele, G. 2006. Farmers participation and
breeding for durable disease resistance in the Andean region Euphytica, 153 (3):385-396.
70
14. Dolja, V. V., Kreuze, J. F. and Valkonen, J. P. T. 2006. Comparative and functional
genomics of the closteroviruses. Virus Research, 117:3851.
15. Eliasco, E., Livieratos, I. C., Mller, G., Guzman, M., Salazar, L. F. and Coutts, R. H. A. 2006.
Sequences of defective RNAs associated with potato yellow vein virus. Archives of
Virology, 151 (1):201-204.
16. Elzein, A. E. M. and Kroschel, J. 2006. Development and efficacy of granular formulations
of Fusarium oxysporum FOXY 2 for Striga control: an essential step towards practical field
application in Africa Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection (special issue), 20:889-905.
17. Elzein, A. E. M. and Kroschel, J. 2006. Host range studies of Fusarium oxysporum FOXY 2:
an evidence for a new forma specialis and its implications for Striga control Journal of
Plant Diseases and Protection (special issue), 20:875-887.
18. Elzein, A. E. M., Kroschel, J. and Leth, V. 2006. Seed treatment technology: An attractive
delivery system for controlling root parasitic weed Striga with mycoherbicide Biocontrol
Science and Technology, 16 (1):3-26.
19. Erenstein, O., Sumberg, J., Oswald, A., Levasseur, V., Kore, H. 2006. What future for
integrated rice-vegetable production systems in West African lowlands? Agricultural
Systems, 88:376-394.
20. Erenstein, O., Oswald, A., Mahaman, M. 2006. Determinants of lowland use close to
urban markets along an agro-ecological gradient in West Africa Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment [ISSN 0167-8809], 117:205-217.
21. Escobar, R. H., Hernndez, C. M., Larrahondo, N., Ospina, G., Restrepo, J., Muoz L.,
Tohme, J. and Roca, W. 2006. Tissue culture for farmers: Participatory adaptation of lowinput cassava propagation in Colombia Experimental Agriculture, 42:1-18
22. Evers, D., Schweitzer, C., Nicot, N.; Gigliotti, S., Herrera, M. R., Hausman, J. F., Hoffmann,
L., Trognitz, B., Dommes, J., Ghislain, M. (2006) Two PR-1 loci detected in the native
cultivated potato Solanum phureja appear differentially expressed upon challenge by late
blight. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 67:155-163.
23. Evers, E., Ghislain, M., Hoffmann, L., Hausman, J. F. and Dommes, J. 2006. A late blight
resistant potato plant overexpresses a gene coding for -galactosidase upon infection by
Phytophthora infestans. Biologia Plantarum, 50 (2):265-271.
24. Fuglie, K., Adiyoga, W., Asmunati, R., Mahalaya, S., Suherman, R. (2006). Farm demand for
quality potato seed in Indonesia. Agricultural Economics, 35:257-266.
25. Ghislain1, M., Andrade, D., Rodrguez, F., Hijmans, R. J., Spooner, D. M. 2006. Genetic
analysis of the cultivated potato Solanum tuberosum L. Phureja Group using RAPDs and
nuclear SSRs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 13 (8):1515-1527
26. Gildemacher, P., Heijne, B., Silvestri, M., Houbraken, J., Hoekstra, E., Theelen, B, and
Boekhout, T. 2006. Interactions between yeasts, fungicides and apple fruit russeting. FEMS
Yeast Research, (6):1149-1156.
27. Jansky, S. H., Simon, R. and Spooner, D. M. 2006. A test of taxonomic predictivity:
resistance to white mold in wild relatives of cultivated potato. Crop Science, 46:2561-2570
28. Karuniawan, A., Anas, I., Kale, P. R., Heinzemann, J., Grneberg, W. J. 2006. Vigna
vexillata (L.) A. Rich. cultivated as a root crop in Bali and Timor. Genetic Resources and
Crop Evolution, 53:213-217
29. Li Pun, H. H., Mares, V., Quiroz, R., Len-Velarde, C. U., Valdivia, R. and Reinoso, J.
2006. Pursuing the Millennium Development Goals in the Andean Altiplano. Building on
CIP Project Experiences with Poverty and Sustainable Development. Mountain Research
and Development, 26 (1):15-19
30. Luo, H. R., Santa Maria, M., Benavides, J., Zhang, D. P., Zhang, Y. Z., Ghislain, M. 2006.
Rapid genetic transformation of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) via
organogenesis. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5:1851-1857.
31. Lu, G. Q.; Huang, H. H.; Zhang, D. P. 2006. Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to
predict sweetpotato starch thermal properties and noodle quality. Journal of Zhejiang
University - Science B (Germany). ISSN 1673-1581. 7 (6):475-481. http:dx.doi.org/10.1631/
jzus.2006.B0475.
71
32. Morris, J., Steel, E. J., Smith, P., Boonham, N., Spence, N and Barker, I. 2006. Host range
studies for tomato chlorosis virus, and Cucumber vein yellowing virus transmitted by
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) European Journal of Plant Pathology, (114):265-273.
33. Watkinson, J. I., Hendricks, L., Sioson, A. A., Vasquez-Robinet, C., Stromberg, V., Heath,
L. S., Schuler, M., Bohnert, H. J., Bonierbale, M., Grene, R. 2006. Accessions of Solanum
tuberosum ssp. andigena show differences in photosynthetic recovery after drought stress
as reflected in gene expression profiles. Plant Science, 171:745-758
34. Mumford R., Boonham N., Tomlinson, J., and Barker, I. 2006. Advances in molecular
phytodiagnostics - new solutions for old problems European Journal of Plant
Pathology, (116):1-19.
35. Ortega, O. R., Kliebestein, D., Arbizu, C., Ortega, R., and Quiros, C. 2006. Glucosinolate
survey of cultivated and feral mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavn) in the Cuzco
Region of Peru. Economic Botany, 60 (3):254-264
36. Ortiz, O. 2006. Evolution of agricultural extension and information dissemination in Peru:
An historical perspective focusing on potato-related pest control. Agriculture and Human
Values, 23 (4):477-489.
37. Parsa, S., Alcazar, J., Salazar, J., and Kaya, H. 2006. An indigenous Peruvian
entomopathogenic nematode for suppression of the Andean potato weevil. Biological
Control, 39 (2006):171-178.
38. Pilet, F., Chacon, M. G., Forbes, G. A., and Andrivon, D. 2006. Protection of susceptible
potato cultivars in mixtures increases with decreasing disease pressure.
Phytopathology, (96):777-783.
39. Pissard, A., Ghislain, M., Bertin, P. 2006. Genetic diversity of the Andean tuber-bearing
species, oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol.), investigated by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats.
Genome, 49 (1):8-16.
40. Priou, S., Gutarra, L. and Aley, P. 2006. An improved enrichment broth for the sensitive
detection of Ralstonia solanacearum (biovar 1 and 2A) in soil using DAS-ELISA. Plant
Pathology, 55-:36-45.
41. Rauscher, G. M., Smart, C. D., Simko, I., Bonierbale, M., Mayton, H., Greenland, A. and
Fry, W. 2006. Characterization and mapping of Rpi-ber, a novel potato late blight
resistance gene from Solanum berthaultii Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 12 (4):674687.
42. Reyes, T., Luukkanen, O., and Quiroz, R. 2006. Small cardamom - Precious for people,
harmful for mountain forests: Possibilities for sustainable cultivation in the East Usambaras,
Tanzania. Mountain Research and Development, 26 (2):131137
43. Roder, W. 2006. Speculations on the Importance of Jobs Tears in Past Agricultural
Systems of Bhutan. Economic Botany, 60 (2):187-191.
44. Roder, W., Schuermann, S., Chittanavanh, P., Sipaseuth, K., and Fernandez, M. 2006. Soil
fertility management for organic rice production in the Lao PDR. Renewable Agriculture
and Food Systems, 21 (4): 253-260.
45. Schafleitner, R., Gaudin, A., Gutierrez, R. O., Alvarado, C. A. and Bonierbale, M.
(1) 1:(2006). Proline accumulation and Real Time PCR expression analysis of genes
encoding enzymes of proline metabolism in relation to drought tolerance in Andean
potato Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 29 (1):19-26.
46. Schaub, B., Marley, P., Elzein, A. E. M. and Kroschel, J. (2006) Field evaluation of an
integrated Striga hermonthica management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Synergy between Striga
myco-herbicides (biocontrol) and sorghum and maize resistant varieties. Journal of Plant
Diseases and Protection (special issue), 20: 691-699.
47. Schoorl, J. M., Claessens, L., Lopez, M., de Koning, F. G. H. and Veldkamp, A. 2006.
Geomorphological analysis and scenario modelling in the Noboa Pajan Area, Manabi
Province, Ecuador Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Suppl.-Vol., 145:105-118.
48. Shibairo, S., Demo, P., Kabira, J. N., Gildemacher, P., Gachango, E., Menza, M.,
Nyankanga, R. O., Cheminingwa, G. N. and Narla, R. D. 2006. Effects of Gibberellic acid
72
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
(GA3) on sprouting and quality of potato seed tubers in diffused light and pit storage
conditions. Journal of Biological Sciences, 6 (4):723-733
Solis, J., Medrano, G. and Ghislain, M. 2006. Inhibitory effect of a defensin gene from
the Andean crop maca (Lepidium meyenii) against Phytophthora infestans. Journal of
Plant Physiology, Published Online 17 August 2006. doi:10.1016/j.jplph2006-06.002.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16919367.
Tenorio, J., Franco, Y., Chuquillanqui, C., Owens, R. A. and Salazar, L. F. 2006. Reaction
of potato varieties to Potato mop-top virus infection in the Andes. American Journal of
Potato Research [ISSN:1099-209X] 83 423-431
Watkinson, J. I., Hendricks, L., Sioson, A. A., Vasquez-Robinet, C., Stromberg, V., Heath, L.
S., Schuler, M., Bohnert, H. J., Bonierbale, M., Grene, R. 2006. Accessions of Solanum
tuberosum ssp. andigena show differences in photosynthetic recovery after drought stress
as reflected in gene expression profiles. Plant Science, 171: 745-758
Weintraub, P. G., Mujica, N. (CIP). 2006. Systemic effects of a spinosad insecticide on
Liriomyza huidobrensis larvae. Phytoparasitica (Israel). ISSN 0334-2123. 2006. 34 (1):21-24.
Shibairo, S. I., Demo P., Kabira, J. N., Gildemacher P., Gachango E.,
Menza, M., Nyankanga, R. O., Cheminingwa, G. N. and Narla, R. D.
2006. Effects of Gibberellic acid (GA3) on sprouting and quality of potato seed tubers in
diffused light and pit storage conditions. Journal of Biological Sciences. 6 (4) 723-733.
Wintermantel, W. M., Fuentes, S., Chuquillanqui, C., and Salazar, L. F., 2006. First report
of Beet pseudo-yellows virus and Strawberry pallidosis associated virus in strawberry in
Peru. Plant Disease 90:1457.
Indicator 4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist

in 2006 that are published in journals listed in
Thomson Scientific
Number of publications = 54; Number of scientists = 60; 54/60 = 0.9; 0.9 articles/scientist
73
Center governance - internal control

and risk management
The Trustees acknowledge that they are responsible for the Centers system of internal
control and for reviewing its effectiveness. The system is designed to manage rather than
eliminate the risk of failure to achieve the Centers strategic objectives, and can only provide
reasonable, not absolute, assurance against material misstatement or loss. An ongoing process
has been established for identifying, evaluating and managing the significant risks faced by
the Center. The process has been in place for the full year under review and up to the date
of approval of the annual report and financial statements. The Board regularly reviews the
process.
The Centers key risk management processes and system of internal control procedures
include the following:
Management structure: Authority to operate is delegated to management within limits set
by the board. Functional, operating and financial reporting standards are established by
management for application across the Center. The procedures manual sets out, inter alia,
the general ethos of the Center, delegation of authority and authorisation levels, segregation
of duties and other control procedures together with Center accounting policies. These
procedures are supplemented by operating standards set by the local management, as
required for the geographical location.
Identification and evaluation of business risks: The major financial, scientific, legal,
regulatory and operating risks within the Center are identified through annual reporting
procedures. The internal audit team regularly reviews these risks to ensure that are being
effectively managed and appropriately insured, and prepares an annual risk assessment report.
The team also undertakes regular reviews of the most significant areas of risk and ensures
that key control objectives remain in place and reports its findings to the audit committee.
Information and financial reporting systems: The Centers comprehensive planning and
financial reporting procedures include detailed operational budgets for the year ahead and a
2-year rolling plan. The board reviews and approves them. Performance is monitored and
relevant action taken throughout the year through the quarterly reporting of key performance
indicators, updated forecasts for the year together with information on the key risk areas.
Investment appraisal: A budgetary process and authorisation levels regulate capital
expenditure. For expenditure, beyond specified levels and outside of the approved budget,
detailed written proposals have to be submitted to the board for approval. Reviews are
carried out after the acquisition is complete, and for some projects, during the acquisition
period, to monitor expenditure; major overruns are investigated. Proposals for research and
development programs are considered by a team led by Dr. Anderson and proposals beyond
specified limits are considered by the board.
Audit Committee: The Audit Committee monitors, through reports to it by the internal audit
team, the controls which are in force and any perceived gaps in the control environment.
The Audit Committee meets with the auditors independently from management. The Audit
Committee also considers and determines relevant action in respect to any control issues
raised by internal or external auditors.
74
The Board confirms that it has reviewed the effectiveness of the systems of internal control;
the key processes used in doing so included the following:
Review of the annual risk assessment report;
Production and regular updating of summaries of key controls measured against Center
benchmarks which cover internal controls, both financial and non-financial;
Review of reports prepared by the internal audit team;
Confirms that the procedures set out in the Centers procedures manual have been
followed;
The Chair of the Audit Committee reports the outcome of the Audit Committee meetings
to the board and the board receives minutes of the meetings; and
Review the role of insurance in managing risks across the Center.
Jim Godfrey
Chair of Board of Trustees
75
76
CIP
in 2006
77
The International Potato Center achieved a slight surplus of

US$0.07M in 2006. The surplus increased CIPs financial reserves from
US$5.7M to US$5.8M, defined as net working capital plus long term
investments.
Statement of financial position

Year ending 31 December 2006
(compared with 2005-US$000)
(US$000)
Financial
Reserves
(US$
thousands)
2006
8,000
2005
6,000
ASSETS
4,000
Current Assets
2,000
Cash and cash equivalent 13,990 10,525
2003
2004
2005
2006
Investments
537
Account Receivable:
Donor
CIPs total revenues reached US$23.1M in 2006, 4 percent above 2005.

Total revenues include US$8.9M of unrestricted donations and US$13.6M
of restricted donations, and US$0.6M of other revenues, mainly interests.
At the end of the year, US$1.3M of approved grants (6 percent of total
revenues) was pending disbursements by donors.
Revenues
(US$
thousands)
Employees
1,310
3,524
67
160
271
240
Inventory
396
396
Advances
148
82
Prepaid Expenses
144
185
Others
Total Current Assets
16,326 15,649
14,000
Non-Current Assets
10,500
Investments non-current
337
305
3,711
2,768
Total Non-Current Assets 4,048
3,073
7,000
Furnishing and
3,500
Equipment, Net
0
Unrestricted
2003
2004
Total Assets
Restricted
2005
2006
20,374 18,722
Liabilities and Net Assets

Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable
Unrestricted contributions
increased by 10 percent from
US$8.1M to US$8.9M in 2006,
while restricted contributions
were reduced by 2 percent
from US$13.9M to US$13.6M.
The Superior performance
score that the World Bank
awarded CIP meant that the
center received an additional
allocation. This, together with
an additional allocation from
the World Bank to
compensate for the nondelivery of the ECs contribution, and exchange rate gains obtained
during the year increased unrestricted revenues.
During the year, 60 new restricted proposals, for a total
commitment of US$19.1M, were approved by donors. New
commitments increased by 21 percent, with respect to 2005. The
average donation per proposal approved decreased from US$0.39M
to US$0.32M in 2006.
During the year, total expenditures increased by 4 percent to
US$23.0M. Research, research management and operations
increased by 5 percent, 10 percent and 6 percent respectively,
while information expenditures decreased by 11 percent in 2006.
Financial
report
78
Donor
6,118
4,586
Others
4,670
5,597
47
45
Provisions
Total Current Liabilities
10,835 10,228
Non- Current Liabilities

Long -term loan
Accruals
150
Employees
298
255
Total Non-current Liabilities 448
255
Total Liabilities
11,283 10,483
Net Assets
Designated
3,297
2,512
Undesignated
5,794
5,727
Total Net Assets
9,091
8,239
Total Liabilities
and Net Assets
20,374 18,722
Expenditures
(US$
thousands)
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Restricted
Unrestricted
2003
2004
2005
2006
Even though the Center maintained programmatic growth and austere and
prudent policies, the share of CIPs indirect expenses increased. Following
the CGIAR indirect cost ratio guidelines, the indirect cost ratio increased
from 12 percent in 2005 to 13 percent in 2006. The center plans to
continue exercising prudent policies to strengthen even further CIPs
financial position.
Indirect
Cost Ratio
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
CIPs financial indicators continue to be within the ranges approved by the

CGIAR. The liquidity indicator, measured as net working capital plus
investments divided by the daily average expenditures minus
depreciation, reached 96 days in 2006, while the financial stability
indicator, measured as the unrestricted net assets minus net fixed assets
divided by the average daily expenditures minus depreciation reached 89
days. The financial indicators provide the Center with flexibility to deal
with short-term negative effects from unanticipated events.
DAYS
Liquidity
(Acceptable
range - 90/
120 days)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
(Acceptable
range - 75/90
days)
DAYS
Adequacy
of Reserves
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
97
99
2003
93
96
2004
2005
2006
97
95
91
89
2003
2004
2005
2006
70
49
51
2001
2002
70
2000
49
51
2001
2002
The table on p.78 summarizes CIPs financial position as of December 2006.

A copy of the complete audited financial statements may be requested
from the office of the Director for Finance and Administration at CIP
headquarters in Lima, Peru.
79
Liaison Office
Regional Office
CIP in
the
world
Uzbekistan
Afghanistan
India
Orissa
Uganda
Kenya
Ecuador
Peru
Malawi
Heilongjiang
China
Bhutan
Northeast India
Philippines
Vietnam
Indonesia
Mozambique
Latin America
and the
Caribbean (LAC)
Sub-Saharan
Africa (SSA)
South, West
and Central Asia
(SWCA)
East and Southeast

Asia and the
Pacific (ESEAP)
CIP Headquarters
International Potato Center (CIP) Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina
P.O. Box 1558 Lima 12, Peru
Tel: +51 1 349 6017 Fax: +51 1 317 5326
email: cip@cgiar.org Website: www.cipotato.org
Global
contact
points
Latin America and the
Caribbean (LAC)
Ecuador Liaison Office
Santa Catalina Experimental
Station
Km. 17 Panamericana Sur
Sector Cutuglagua Canton Meja
80
Apartado 17-21-1977
Quito, Ecuador
Tel: +593 2 2690 362/363
Fax: +593 2 2692 604
email: cip-quito@cgiar.org
Website: www.quito.cipotato.org
Contact: Graham Thiele, Liaison
Scientist
Chitedze Research Station

PO Box 30258
Lilongwe 3
Malawi
Tel: +265 1 707014, Extension 212
Fax: +265 1 707026
email: p.demo@cgiar.org
Contact: Paul Demo, Liaison
Scientist
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Mozambique Liaison Office

IIAM Avenida das FPLM 2698
Maputo, Mozambique.
PO Box 2100 Maputo.
Tel/Fax: +258 21461610
email: m.andrade@cgiar.org
Contact: Maria Andrade, Liaison
Scientist
Kenya Regional Office

P.O. Box 25171
Nairobi 00603, Kenya
Tel: +254 020 4223602
Fax: +254 020 4223600/4223001
email: cip-nbo@cgiar.org
Contact: Jan Low, SSA Regional
Leader
Malawi Liaison Office
Uganda Liaison Office

Plot 106, Katalima Road, Naguru Hill
P.O. Box 22274
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 414 287 538
Fax: +256 414 287 571
email: r.kapinga@cgiar.org
Contact: Regina Kapinga, Liaison
Scientist
South, West and Central

Asia (SWCA)
India Regional Office
NASC Complex
DPS Marg, Pusa Campus
New Delhi, 110012, India
Tel: +91 11 2584 0201/2584 3734
Fax: +91 11 2584 7481
email: cip-delhi@cgiar.org
Contact: Sarath Ilangantileke,
SWCA Regional Leader
Orissa Liaison Office
Regional Center of CTCRI
P.O. Dumduma HBC
Bhubaneswar 751019
Orissa, India
Tel: +91-0674-2472244
Fax: +91-0674-2470768
Email: s.attaluri@cgiar.org
Contact: Mr. Sreekanth Attaluri
Northeast India Liaison Office
Nagaland University-SASRD Campus
Medziphema
Nagaland 797106
India
Tel: +91-03862-247311
Fax: +91-03862-247113
Email: nei_cip@yahoo.co.in
Contact: Mr. N. Thungjamo Lotha
Afghanistan Liaison Office
c/o International Center for
Agricultural Research in Dry Areas
(ICARDA)
Central P.O. Box 1355
Kabul, Afghanistan
Tel: +93 7060 1593
email: m.arif@cgiar.org
Contact: Muhammad Arif
Bhutan Liaison Office
P.O. Box 670, Semtoka
G.P.O. Thimphu
Bhutan
Tel: +975 2 351 016 / 351 694 /
323 355
Fax: +975 2 351 027
email: w.roder@cgiar.org
Contact: Walter Roder
Uzbekistan Liaison Office
c/o ICARDA-CAC
P.O. Box 4564
Tashkent 700000
Uzbekistan
Tel: +998 71 137 2169/137 2130

Fax: +998 71 120 7125
email: c.carli@cgiar.org
Contact: Carlo Carli, Liaison
Scientist
East and Southeast Asia

and the Pacific (ESEAP)
Indonesia Regional Office
Kebun Percobaan Muara, Jalan Raya
Ciapus
Jawa Barat, Bogor 16610, Indonesia
Tel: +62 251 317 951
Fax: +62 251 316 264
email: cip-eseap@cgiar.org
Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org
Contact: Fernando Ezeta, ESEAP
Regional Leader
China Liaison Office
c/o The Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
Zhong Guan Cun South Street 12
West Suburbs of Beijing,
Beijing, Peoples Republic of China
Tel: +86 10 6897 5504
Fax: +86 10 6897 5503
email: cip-china@cgiar.org
Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org/
cip-china
Contact: Yi Wang, Liaison Scientist
Heilongjiang Liaison Office
Training Building, Room No. 324
Northeast Agricultural University
59-Mucai Street, Xiangfang District
Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030
Peoples Republic of China
Tel: +86 451 5519 0997
Fax: +86 451 5519 1717
email: f.wang@cgiar.org
Contact: Fengyi Wang
Vietnam Liaison Office
Nha so 10, ngo 283
Doi Can, Ba Dinh,
Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel: + 84-4-762-3235
Fax: + 84-4-762-3542
email: tnguyen@cgiar.org
Contact: Thi Tinh Nguyen, Liaison
Scientist
Global, Regional and

Systemwide Initiatives
Papa Andina Initiative
same address, telephone and fax as
CIP Headquarters
email: a.devaux@cgiar.org
Website: www.cipotato.org/
papandina
Contact: Andr Devaux,
Coordinator
CONDESAN (Consortium for the
Sustainable Development of the
Andean Ecoregion)
(same address, telephone and fax as
CIP headquarters)
email: condesan@cgiar.org
Website: www.condesan.org
Contact: Hctor Cisneros,
Coordinator
GMP (Global Mountain Program)
(same address, telephone and fax as
CIP headquarters)
email: p.trutmann@cgiar.org
Contact: Peter Trutmann,
Coordinator
PRAPACE (Regional Potato and
Sweet Potato
Improvement Program for East and
Central Africa)
Plot 106, Katarima Road, Naguru
P.O. Box 22274
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 41 286 209
Fax: +256 41 286 947
email: prapace@prapace.co.ug
Contact: Berga Lemaga,
Coordinator
UPWARD (Users Perspectives
with Agricultural
Research and Development)
Physical address:
PCARRD Complex
Los Baos, Laguna 4030, Philippines
Postal address:
c/o IRRI DAPO Box 7777
Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel: +63 49 536 8185
Fax: +63 49 536 1662
email: cip-manila@cgiar.org
Contact: Dindo Campilan,
Coordinator
Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org/
upward
Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA)
Liaison Office Uganda
c/o PRAPACE
Plot 106, Katalima Road, Naguru Hill
P.O. Box 22274
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 414 287 571
Fax: +256 414 287 538
email: r.kapinga@cgiar.org
Contact: Regina Kapinga,
Coordinator
81
Board of
Trustees
Office of the
Director General
Director General
Pamela K. Anderson
Deputy Director
Director General
for Research
Charles Crissman
Executive Assistant
to the Director
General
Roger Cortbaoui
Research
Divisions
Division 1: Impact
Enhancement
Leader: Graham Thiele
Division 2:
Genetic Resources
Conservation and
Characterization
Leader: David Tay
Division 3:
Germplasm
Enhancement and
Crop Improvement
Leader: Merideth
Bonierbale
Division 4:
Integrated Crop
Management
Leader: Oscar Ortiz
Division 5:
Natural Resources
Management
Director of Finance
and Administration
Carlos Alonso
VITAA
Coordinator:
Regina Kapinga
Papa Andina
Coordinator:
Andre Devaux
PRAPACE
Coordinator:
Berga Lemaga
UPWARD
Coordinator:
Dindo Campilan
CONDESAN
Coordinator:
Miguel Saravia
Regional
Offices
Research
Support
Sub-Saharan
Africa (SSA)
Germplasm and
Distribution
Unit
Regional Leader:
Jan Low
South, West
and Central
Asia (SWCA)
Regional Leader:
Sarath
Ilangantileke
East, and
Southeast Asia
and the Pacific
(ESEAP)
Regional Leader:
Fernando Ezeta
Global
Mountain
Program
Coordinator:
Peter Trutmann
Coordinator:
Gordon Prain
Finance
Administration
Head: Pending
Head: Aldo Tang
Human
Resources
Logistics
Head: Gustavo
Delgado
*As of 15 June 2006
Leader:
Marc Ghislain
Research
Informatics
Unit
Leader:
Reinhard Simon
Capacity
Strengthening
Head: Cecilia
Ferreyra
Division 6:
Agriculture and
Human Health
Leader: Donald Cole
Resource
Mobilization Unit
Head: Kirsten Johnson
Applied
Biotechnology
Laboratory
Library
Urban Harvest
Administrator:
Jorge Locatelli
Leader: Enrique
Chujoy
Leader: Thomas
Zschocke
Leader: Roberto Quiroz
Communications
and Public
Awareness Dept
Head: Paul Stapleton
82
Partnership
Programs
Information
Technology
Unit
Head: Anthony
Collins
1. Director Generals
Office
Director General, Anderson,
Pamela K.
Altet, Mariella, Manager for
External Relations and
International Personnel
Garca, Erika, Office Auxiliary
Infantas, Viviana, Visitors Officer
Neyra, Gladys, Administrative
Assistant
Cortbaoui, Roger, Executive
Assistant to the Director
General (since 01 June)
Marcovich, Rosario,
Administrative Assistant
Deputy Director General for
Research, Crissman, Charles
Ferreyros, Bertha, Information
System Analyst2 (until 8
January)
Parker, Charlotte, Administrative
Assistant
Salinas, Lilia, Administrative
Assistant
Director of Finance and
Administration, Alonso, Carlos
Paliza, antika, Bilingual Secretary
Resource Mobilization Unit

Johnson, Kirsten, Head
Becker, Jacqueline, Grant
Coordinator1,2
Solis-Rosas, Martina, Bilingual
Secretary
Communications and
Public Awareness
Department
Stapleton, Paul, Head
Carre, Jean Pierre, Systems
Development Support
Delgado, Ruth, Exhibits/Display
Assistant
Fernandez-Concha, Nini, Graphic
Designer
Lafosse, Cecilia, Chief Designer
Lanatta, Mara Elena,
Administrative Assistant
Moncada, Paul, Webmaster
Morales, Anselmo, Graphic
Designer
Portillo, Zoraida, Spanish WriterEditor/Media
Taipe, Elena, Graphic Designer
Torres, Jos, Graphic Designer1
Finance and Administration

Department
Administration
Tang, Aldo, Head of
Administration
Crdova, Silvia, Bilingual Secretary
Secada, Ana Mara, Head, Travel
Office
Solis, Gloria, Administrative
Assistant
Human Resources
Delgado, Gustavo, Human
Resources Manager
Ferreyros, Mnica, Auxiliary
Services Supervisor
Lapouble, Sor, Auxiliary Services
Assistant
Len, Roxana, Social Worker, Social
Welfare and Health Supervisor
Olivera, Gicela, Human Resources
Assistant
Polo, William, Human Resources
Assistant
Schmidt, Lucero, Nurse
Tvara, Mara Amelia, Bilingual
Secretary 2
Varas, Yoner, Salary Administrator
Zamudio, Juana, Auxiliary Services
Assistant
Logistics
Locatelli, Jorge, Logistics
Administrator
Alarcn, Willy, Maintenance
Technician
Anglas, Ignacio, Maintenance
Technician
Arellano, Tito, Warehouse
Supervisor
Auqui, Filomeno, Purchasing
Assistant
Bernui, Pilar, Bilingual Secretary
Briceo, Antoln, Security Officer
Bruno, Genaro, Receptionist
Ccenta, Leoncio, Warehouse
Assistant
Corzo, Guillermo, Purchasing
Assistant
Del Carpio, Mara Fernanda,
Receptionist 1
Dueas, Javier, General Services
Assistant
Ganoza, Ximena, Purchasing
Supervisor
Garca, Ral, Purchasing Assistant
Gorvenia, Jos, Security Driver
Guerrero, Atilio, Vehicle
Programmer
Huambachano, Victor, Security
Officer
Lopez, Luis, Warehouse Assistant
Martin, Sofa, Receptionist2
Mendoza, Julio, Security Driver
Montalvo, Hugo, Security Officer
Morillo, Antonio, Maintenance

Chief
Palomino, Juan, Maintenance
Technician
Pelaez, Pedro, Maintenance
Technician
Pozada, Angel, Logistics Assistant
Tintaya, Tefilo, Security Officer
Uribe, Carlos, Maintenance
Technician
Vsquez, Lisardo, Safety Officer
Yancce, Jos, Maintenance
Technician
Zapata, Saturnino, Maintenance
Technician
Finances
Garca, Andrs, Assistant
Accountant
Giacoma, Denise, Budget
Supervisor
Guzmn, Rodmel, Assistant
Accountant2
Paredes, Ruth, Assistant
Accountant
Patio, Milagros, Treasurer
Peralta, Eduardo, Accountant
Saavedra, Miguel, General
Accountant
Solari, Sonnia, Cashier
Tapia, Csar, Assistant Accountant
Vsquez, Rosa Mara, Project
Supervisor2
Zambrano, Mamerto, Office
Auxiliary
Zapata, Susana, Accountant1
Information Technology
Unit
Collins, Anthony, Head
CIPs internal
structure and
Staff list
Castro, Samuel, Helpdesk
Assistant1
Chang, Candie, Helpdesk Assistant1
Del Villar, Roberto, Server
Administrator
Daz, Denis, Linux Administrator
Orozco, Erika, Server
Administrator 2
Palacios, Dante, Helpdesk
Administrator
83
Rodrguez, Sal, Web Systems

Analyst
Sandoval, Milton, Helpdesk
Assistant2
Torres, Edgardo, Systems
Development Administrator
Valdivieso, Peter, Helpdesk
Assistant
Zevallos, Diana, Administrative
Systems Analyst
Zolla, Andrs, Helpdesk Assistant2
2. Divisions
Impact Enhancement
Division
Fuglie, Keith, Economist, Division
Leader (until 30 June)2 Graham
Thiele (since 01 July)
Espinosa, Patricio, Agricultural
Economist, Representative in
Ecuador
Campilan, Dindo, Sociologist (CIPLos Baos), UPWARD Program
Coordinator
Labarta, Ricardo, Post Doctoral
Economist1-3
Lozano, Mara, Database Auxiliary
Maldonado, Luis, Economist,
Research Assistant3
Surez, Vctor, Statistics Assistant
Vsquez, Zandra, Bilingual
Secretary
Genetic Resources
Conservation and
Characterization Division
Roca, William, Plant Cell
Physiologist, Division Leader2
Chujoy, Enrique, Geneticist
Campilan, Dindo, Sociologist
Ghislain, Marc, Biotechnology
Advisor
Arbizu, Carlos, Andean Crops
Specialist
Blancas, Miguel, Systems Assistant2
Espinoza, Catherine, Biologist,
Research Assistant3
Fuentes, Segundo, Plant
Pathologist, Research Assistant
Gmez, Rene, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Herrera, Mara del Rosario,
Biologist, Research Assistant
Manrique, Ivn, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Martn, Mariana, Bilingual
Secretary
Nuez, Jorge, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Panta, Ana, Biologist, Research
Assistant
84
Parra, Gabriela, Biologist, Research

Assistant2
Reynoso, Daniel, Agronomist,
Research Assistant2
Rojas, Edwin, System Engineer
Salas, Alberto, Agronomist,
Research Associate
Simon, Reinhard, Molecular
Biologist
Vargas, Fanny, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Vivanco, Francisco, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Ynouye, Cecilia, Biologist, Research
Assistant3
Zorrilla, Cinthya, Biologist,
Research Assistant3
Germplasm Enhancement
and Crop Improvement
Division
Bonierbale, Merideth, Senior
Potato Breeder, Division Leader
Amoros, Walter, Agronomist,
Research Associate
Andrade, Maria, Sweetpotato
Specialist1,3
Arif, Muhammad, Seed Specialist3
(Afghanistan)2,3
Attaluri, Sreekanth, Sweetpotato
Scientist, Liaison Scientist,
Bubaneshwar, India (CIP-SWCA)
Aunqui, Mariella, Researh
Technician1
Bartolini, Ida, Ph.D. Biologist,
Research Assistant2
Beltrn, Arnaldo, Research
Technician
Benavides, Jorge, Biologist,
Research Assistant2
Burgos, Gabriela, Biologist,
Research Assistant3
Cabello, Rolando, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Carbajulca, Doris, Biologist,
Research Assistant1,3
Carli, Carlo, Regional Seed
Production Specialist, Liaison
Scientist Uzbekistan
Condori, Jos, Research Assistant2
Chujoy, Enrique, Geneticist
Danessi, Lorena, Bilingual
Secretary 2
Da Ponte, Lorena, Biologist,
De Haan, Stefan, Potato Breeder3
De Vries, Sander, Associate Expert
in Breeding/Agronomy, JPO
Diaz, Luis, Agronomist, Research
Assistant
Espinoza, Jorge, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Falcn, Rosario, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Forbes, Anne, Plant Breeder,
Fellow 3
Gamarra, Freddy, Agronomist,

Research Assistant1
Garca, Paulo, Research Technician
Gastelo, Manuel, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Gaudin, Amelie, Biologist, Research
Assistant1,3
Ghislain, Marc, Biotechnology
Advisor
Gildemacher, Peter, Potato
Breeder/Agronomist, JPO3
Gmez, Flix, Research Technician
Gmez, Walter, Research Technician
Gonzalez, Geoffrey, Biologist,
Research Assistant1
Grande, Enrique, Research
Technician
Gruneberg, Wolfgang J.,
Sweetpotato Breeder Geneticist
Herrera, Rosario, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Kadian, Mohinder, Agronomist (CIPSWCA)
Kim, Hyun-Jun, Potato Breeder,
Visiting Scientist3
Kreuze, Jan, Molecular Virologist
JPO3
Kreuze, Hannelle, Molecular
Breeding, Fellow2-3
Landeo, Juan, Potato Breeder
Manrique, Sandra, Ph.D. Biologist,
Research Assistant1
Medrano, Giuliana, Veterinary,
Research Assistant2
Mel, Isabel, Bilingual Secretary
Mihovilovich, Elisa, Biologist,
Research Assistant
Miki, Maria, Biologist, Research
Assistant2
Munive, Susan, Research Technician
Nuez, Jorge, Biologist, Research
Assistant3
Ochoa, Carlos, Taxonomist, Scientist
Emeritus
Orrillo, Matilde, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Perinango, Carla, Biologist, Research
Assistant1
Potts, Michael, Sweetpotato
Production Specialist3 (CIP
Uganda)
Portal, Leticia, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Rivera, Cristina, Biologist, Research
Assistant3
Roder, Walter, Regional Seed Potato
Specialist3 (Bhutan)
Rojas, Percy, Biologist, Research
Assistant1,3
Romero, Elisa, Agronomist, Research
Assistant
Salas, Elisa, Agronomist, Research
Assistant
Salazar, Rosa, Bilingual Secretary
Samolski, Ilanit, Biologist, Research
Assistant2,3
Schafleitner, Roland, Biotechnology
Research Scientist3
Setiawan, Asep, Sweetpotato

Breeder (CIP-ESEAP)
Sols, Julio, Biologist, Research
Assistant1,3
Sierra, Yaquili, Agronomist,
Tovar, Jos, Biologist, Research
Assistant3
Trujillo, Guillermo, Biologist,
Tumwegamire, Silver, Breeder,
Research Assistant Liaison Office
Uganda (CIP-SSA)
Untiveros, Milton, Biologist,
Velsquez, Andr, Biologist,
Research Assistant2
Wang, Fengyi, Potato Production
Specialist (CIP-Beijing)3
Zambrano, Victor, Biologist,
Integrated Crop
Management Division
Ortiz, Oscar, Agricultural
Extension and Rural Development
Specialist, Division Leader
Aguilar, Csar, Research Assistant1-3
Alcazar, Jess, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Aley, Pedro, Plant Pathologist,
Research Assistant
Andrade, Jorge, Plant Pathologist Post Doctoral 1-3 (until October
2006)
Arellano, Jaime, Research
Technician
Arica, Denis, Research Assistant2
Barker, Ian, Senior Virologist1
Blanco, Mnica, Bilingual Secretary
Cabrera, Antonio, Research
Technician2
Caedo, Vernica, Biologist,
Research Assistant
Production Specialist, Liaison
Scientist Uzbekistan
Caycho, Jorge, Research Assistant1
Chuquillanqui, Carlos, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
De la Torre, Carola, Research
Assistant1-3
Demo, Paul, Regional Potato
Expert 3
Espinoza, Hugo, Research
Technician
Ezeta, Fernando, Agronomist
Flores, Betty, Research
Technician 1-3
Fonseca, Cristina, Agronomist,
Research Assistant2
Forbes, Gregory, Pathologist
French, Edward, Scientist Emeritus
Fuentes, Segundo, Plant
Pathologist, Research Assistant
Gamarra, Heidy, Research

Technician1-3
Gamboa, Soledad, Biologist,
Research Assistant
Gildemacher, Peter, Potato
Breeder/Agronomist
Girish, Basavapatna Halappa,
Potato Scientist
Gutarra, Liliam, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Huamn, Eva, Research Technician
Ilangantileke, Sarath, Postharvest
Specialist
Jarrn, Francisco, Research
Technician
Kadian, Mohinder Singh,
Agronomist
Kromann, Peter, Plant Pathologist,
JPO2-3
Kroschel, Jurgen, Entomologist
Low, Jan, Economist
Malpartida, Carlos, Agronomist,
Research Assistant3
Mendoza, Carlos, Research
Technician
Meza, Marco, Research Technician
Mujica, Norma, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Muller, Giovanna, Biologist,
Research Assistant
Oliva, Ricardo, PhD Student
Ochoa, Francisco, Research
Technician
Orrego, Ricardo, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Oswald, Andreas, Integrated Crop
Management Expert 3
Padel, Willy, Zoologist, Research
Assistant3
Paredes, Catalina, Research
Technician
Prez, Wilmer, Plant Pathologist,
Research Assistant
Production Specialist
Priou, Sylvie, Bacteriologist
Ramirez, Guillermo, Consultant
Raymundo, Ruby, Consultant
Roder, Walter, Regional Seed
Potato Specialist
Snchez, Juan, Research
Technician1-3
Santivaez, Sonia, Bilingual
Secretary 1
Sporleder, Marc, Entomologist Post Doctoral3
Taipe, Jaime, Research Assistant
Tenorio, Jorge, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Trebejo, Marcelo, Research
Technician
Trillo, Antonio, Research
Technician
Vega, Adan, Research Technician
Vinueza, Marcelo, Research
Technician
Wang, Yi, Plant Physiologist, Liaison
Scientist (CIP-Beijing)2
Zamudio, Julia, Bilingual Secretary
Zegarra, Octavio, Biologist,
Research Assistant
Natural Resources
Management Division
Quiroz, Roberto, Land Use
Systems Specialist, Division
Leader
Alarcn, Nikolai, Greenhouse
Technician
Barreda, Carolina, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Bazoalto, Jimena, Research
Assistant
Claessens, Lieven, Soil Scientist,
JPO3
De la Cruz, Jorge, Assistant
Programmer
Del Carpio, Jorge, Database
Technician2
Frisancho, Rebeca, Agronomist,
Research Assistant2
Garca, Alex, Assistant Programmer
Garca, Alberto, Photographic
Design Technician
Guerrero, Jos, Systems Assistant
Gurusamy, Kumari, GIS Specialist,
JPO2-3
Ilangantileke, Sarath, Postharvest
Specialist
Len-Velarde, Carlos, Agricultural
Systems Analysis Specialist3
Loayza, Hildo, Research Assistant
Posadas, Adolfo, Physicist, Research
Associate
Rosales, Luis, Research Assistant1
Silva, Luis, Database Technician1
Torres, Diana, Research Assistant1
Valdizn, Ivonne, Bilingual
Secretary
Vela, Ana Mara, Bilingual Secretary
Yactayo, Guido, Research Assistant
Yarlequ, Christian, Research
Assistant
Zorogasta, Percy, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
ALTAGRO Project
Li Pun, Hctor Hugo, Senior
Advisor to the Director General
Hidalgo, Oscar, Consultant2
Lanatta, Amalia, Administrative
Assistant
Mares, Victor, Consultant2
Valdivia, Roberto, Coordinator
Altagro-Puno
Agriculture and Human

Health Division
Cornelia Loechl, Nutritionist1-3
85
Capacity Strengthening
Zschocke, Thomas, Head
Alberco, Roque, Audiovisual
Technician
Echeanda, Edda, Multimedia
Developer
Huanes, Martha, Training
Coordinator
Puccini, Alfredo, Multimedia
Designer
Suito, Mercedes, Bilingual
Secretary
Library
Ferreyra, Cecilia, Head Librarian
Ghilardi, Rosa, Bilingual Secretary
Lay, Griselda, Library Assistant
Valencia, Luis, Library Auxiliary
Field Research Support

Otaz, Victor, Experimental
Stations Superintendent
Aguirre, Carlos, Agronomist, Field/
Greenhouse Supervisor2
Blas, Walter, Mechanic
Carhuamaca, Mario, Administrative
Auxiliary
Cosme, Anastacio, Driver (Tractor)
Duarte, Roberto, Agronomist,
Field/Greenhouse Supervisor
Frisancho, Rebeca, Agronomist,
Field/Greenhouse Supervisor1
Lara, Carmen, Secretary
Limaylla, Jenny, Administrative
Assistant
Piana, Vanna, Administrative
Assistant
Quino, Miguel, Research
Technician
Silva, Fredy, Security Chief
Research Informatics Unit

Simon, Reinhard, Head
Avila, Luis, Systems Assistant
De Mendiburu, Felipe, Statistician,
Research Assistant
Gonzales, Juan Carlos, Consultant
Hualla, Vilma, Consultant
Juarez, Henry, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Rojas, Edwin, Systems Analyst
Schmitt, Magna, Systems Assistant
Tarazona, Enver, Systems Assistant2
Vargas, Maria Elena, consultant
Villanueva, Sara, Systems Assistant
3. Partnership
Programs
VITAA
Kapinga, Regina, Sweetpotato
Breeder (CIP-Kampala), Program
Coordinator
Papa Andina
Devaux, Andr, Agronomist,
Program Coordinator3
Andrade, Jorge, Coordinator,
InnovAndes Project1-3 (since
November 2006)
Alva, Mara Elena, Information
Assistant2
Cruz, Saco Roco, Bilingual
Secretary
Egsquiza, Rolando, Consultant
Julca, Pamela, Consultant
Lpez, Gastn, Consultant1-3
Manrique, Kurt, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Ordinola, Miguel, Consultant1-3
Thiele, Graham, Anthropologist,
Andean Potato Project (CIPQuito) (until 31 July)3
Thomann, Alice, Associate Expert1-3
Velasco, Claudio, Coordinator of
Papa Andina in Bolivia1
PRAPACE
Lemaga, Berga, Agronomist,
Program Coordinator (CIP
Kampala)3
Ameru, Martha, Secretary
Nsumba, James, Agronomist,
Program Assistant
Wakulla, N. Rachel, Accountant
Migisa, Isaac, Driver
UPWARD
Campilan, Dindo, Sociologist
(CIP-Los Baos), Program
Coordinator
Aquino, Mylene, Administrative
Officer
De los Reyes, Mario, Office
Messenger
Gallentes, Jaime, Research Fellow
Luis, Judith, Project Specialist
Nadal, Marietta, Office Manager
Sister, Lorna, Project Specialist
CONDESAN
Cisneros, Hctor, Coordinator2-3
de Bivre, Bert, Paramo Andino
Project Coordinator1-3
Briceo, Musuq, Research
Assistant3
86
Estrada, Rubn Daro, Natural

Resources Economist (based at
CIAT)2-4
Calle, Tania1-3
Guerrero, Mauricio1-3
Hernndez, Connie, Bilingual
Secretary 3
Hidalgo, Ruth, Junior Web
Assistant1-3
Mujica, Elas, Deputy Coordinator2-3
Ramirez, Mara Catalina, Research
Assistant (based at CIAT)1,3,4
Saravia, Miguel, InfoAndina
Leader 3
Global Mountain Program

Trutman, Peter, Program
Coordinator3
Urban Harvest
Prain, Gordon, Social
Anthropologist, Program
Coordinator
Alegre, Jessica, Research Assistant1
Alfaro, Toms, Research Assistant1
Arce, Blanca, Zoologist, Research
Associate 2
Gonzales, Nieves, Research
Assistant1
Karanja, Nancy, Regional
Coordinator, SSA
Njenga, Mary, Research Officer
Salvo, Miguel, Post Doctoral
Scientist1-3
Shuaib Lwasa, Regional Scientist1-3
Muoz, Ana Luisa, Bilingual
Secretary
4. Regional Offices
Liaison Office, Quito, Ecuador
Espinosa, Patricio, Agricultural
Economist, Representative in
Ecuador1
Alcocer, Julio, Field Laborer
Ayala, Sofia, Administrative
Assistant
Barriga, Susana, Accountant2
Burbano, Rosa, Accountant1
Centeno, Mara del Carmen, Field
Laborer
Delgado, Juan, Vehicle
Maintenance and Messenger
Guerrero Mauricio, Project
Coordinator
Inaquiza, Rosa Mara, Field Laborer
Jarrn, Francisco, Research
Technician
Jimnez, Jos, Network
Management and Systems
Maintenance
Oliva, Ricardo, PhD Student
Orozco, Fadya, Project Coordinator
Reinoso, Lidia, Field and
Greenhouse Laborer
Taipe, Jaime, Research Assistance
Vinuesa, Marcelo, Research
Technician
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA),

Nairobi, Kenya
Low, Jan, Economist, CIP-SSA
Regional Leader (CIP-Nairobi)
Agili, Sammy, Breeder, Research
Assistant
Igunza, Elijah, Purchasing Officer
Kaguongo, Wachira, Agricultural
Economist, Research Assistant1,3
Maina, George, Driver
Ndoho, Emily, Accountant
Reuben, Anangwe, Cleaner
Zani, Naomi, Administrative
Assistant
Liaison Office, Kampala, Uganda
Kapinga, Regina, Sweetpotato
Breeder, VITAA Program
Coordinator
Tumwesige, Annet, Accountant,
Administrator
Alimbangira, James, Security Guard
Atong, Moses, Office Messenger
Loechl, Cornelia, Nutritionist1-3
Lubowa, Abdelrahman, Research
Assistant, Urban Harvest
Nagujja, Stella, Impact and Policy
Coordinator, Harvest Plus
Namanda, Sam, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Osaga, Denis, Night Watchman
Production Specialist3
Shuaib, Lwassa, Project Leader,
Focus Cities
Tumwirize, Ronald, Driver,
Purchasing Assistant
Tumwegamire, Silver, Breeder,
Research Assistant
Liaison Office, Maputo,
Mozambique
Andrade, Maria, Sweetpotato
Breeder and Seed Systems
Specialist
Ruco, Amelia Ozias, Accountant
and Administrator
Faria, Maria de Lourdes, Assistant
Nutritionist
Martins, Nydia, Agronomist South
Zone
Naico, Abdul T.A., Agro-processing
specialist
Ferreira, Faruque, Agronomist
Angonia (Tete Province)
Sandramo, Alves, Agronomist
Gurue (Zambzia Province)

Rafael, Dinoclaudio Z., Technician
Nampula Province
Banze, Franciso A., Technician
Chokwe (Gaza Province)
Ussene, Gelane, Technician
Nhacoongo (Inhambane Province)
Rabeca, Cesar A., Technician Beira
(Sofala Province)
Chibebe, Arlindo, Technician
Umbeluzi (Maputo Province)
Jorge, Fernandes J., Technician
Umbeluzi (Maputo Province)
Vura, Alberto, Technician
Sussundenga (Manica Province)
Chiconela, Luisa, Greenhouse
worker
Munguambe, Chelza, Greenhouse
worker
Dias, Francisco, Greenhouse worker
Felimo, Diogo, Driver, Maputo
Mauariha, Jos Albino, Driver, Gaza
Custodio, Raul, Driver Zambzia
da Costa, Virglio, Driver, Angonia
Jaime, Arlindo Cardoso, Driver,
Nampula
Reaching End Users Project
Office, Quelimane, Zambezia
Labarta, Ricardo, Agricultural
Economist/Seed Systems
Specialist
Munhaua, Bernardinho Azevedo,
Data Entry Manager and
Administrator
Mussuale, Momade Cesar, Field
Supervisor
Devunane, Jose, Driver
Miriwa, Bernardo, Cleaner &
Messenger
Mutalibo, Mussa Raimundo, Field
Enumerator and Data Entry
Manteiga, Iranett Almeida, Field
Godinho, Nelson, Field
Pedro, Gomes Federico, Field
Serra, Victor Luis, Field
South, West and Central

Asia (SWCA), New Delhi,
India
Ilangantileke, Sarath,
Postharvest Specialist, Regional
Leader
Kadian, Mohinder Singh,
Agronomist
Girish, Basavapatna Halappa, Potato
Scientist
Arya, Sushma, Accountant/Program
Coordinator
Mony, Lalitha, Administrative
Secretary
Verma, Romi, Program Associate
Dasappan Jayakumar, Computer

Assistant
Jagram, Office Assistant
Anjan, Barik, Office Driver
Liaison Office, Bhubaneswar,
India
Attaluri, Sreekanth, Sweetpotato
Scientist, Liaison Scientist-BBSR,
India
Liaison Office, Nagaland,
Northeast India
Lotha, Nsemo Thungjamo,
Agronomist and Liaison Scientist
Liaison Office, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan
Production Specialist
Khalikov, Durbek, Assistant
Agronomist
Vasilievna, Li Irina, Interpreter/
Translator
Yangalichev, Rustam, Office Driver2
Khegay, Eduard, Office Driver1
Afghanistan Special Project,
Kabul, Afghanistan-Liaison Office
Arif, Muhammad, Seed Specialist,
(CIP-Afghanistan)3,2
Hussaini, Muhammad Essa, National/
Local Coordinator-Afghanistan3,2
Bhutan Special Project-Liaison
Office-Bhutan
Roder, Walter, Coordinator, CIP/
CFC (Bhutan)3
Norbu, Kencho, Driver
East and Southeast Asia

and the Pacific (ESEAP)
Bogor, Indonesia
Ezeta, Fernando, Agronomist,
Regional Leader
Agus, Irwansyah, Office Driver
Asmunati, Rini, Research Assistant
Eti, Nurhayati, Janitor
Hidayat, Toteng, Facilities Manager
Kosay, Luther, Research Assistant3
Kusbandi, Dessy, Secretary
Mahalaya, Sukendra, Researcher
Mamun, Asep, Technician
Mulyadi, Yaya, Office Driver
Nawawi, Kusye, Accountant
Satiman, Partono, Office Driver
Setiawan, Asep, Sweetpotato
Breeder
Suherman, Security Guard
Syamsudin, Imam, Security Guard
Tjintokohadi, Koko, Research
Assistant
Djumiyo, W., Security Guard
Cargill, Colin, Animal Scientist3
(Australia)
87
Liaison Office, Beijing, China

Wang, Yi, Plant Physiologist,
Liaison Scientist2
Dian-ping, Zhu, Yanqing Station
Manager and Technician
Bei, Zhou, Secretary and
Accountant
Shi-an, Liu, Office Assistant and
Driver
Wang, Fengyi, Potato Production
Specialist (CIP-Beijing), DPRK
Project Coordinator3
Consulting Agencies in the
Provinces
Min-shuang, Yao, Potato Seed
Technology, Breeding and
Training, Pengzhou Potato Unit,
Sichuan Agriculture Bureau,
Sichuan Province
Yu-ping, Bi, Pathogen Diagnosis
and Training, Biotechnology
Center, Shandong Academy of
Agriculture Sciences, Shandong
Province
Liaison Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
Nguyen, Thi-Tinh, Animal
Scientist, CIP-Liaison Scientist
Ta, Thi Bich Duyen, Project
Assistant2
Nguyen, Thia Hoa, Cleaner
1
2
3
4
88
Joined CIP in 2006

Left CIP in 2006
Funded by special project
Joint appointment
Centers
supported
by the
CGIAR
ICARDA
Syria
CIMMYT
Mexico
IFPRI
USA
CIAT
Colombia
IPGRI
Italy
WARDA
Cote d'ivoire
IWMI
Sri lanka
IITA
Nigeria
CIP
Peru
ClAT
CIFOR
CIMMYT
CIP
ICARDA
ICRISAT
IFPRl
IITA
ILRl
IPGRI
IRRl
IWMl
WARDA
CIP is one of 15 food and

environmental research centers
located around the world that
make up the Consultative Group on
International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR), a strategic global
partnership of countries,
international and regional
organizations, and private
foundations. Working with national
agricultural research systems, the
private sector and civil society, the
CGIAR mobilizes agricultural
science to reduce poverty, foster
human wellbeing, promote
agricultural growth, and protect
the environment.
The Centers collaborate among
themselves and with their diverse
partners through numerous
projects and system-wide
programs. The CGIAR is also
creating a series of independently
governed partnerships among a
wide range of institutions for high-
ICRISAT
India
WORLD
AGROFORESTRY
CENTRE AND ILRI
Kenya
WORLDFISH
CENTER
Malaysia
CIFOR
Indonesia
IRRI
Philippines
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical

Center for International Forestry Research
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maz y Trigo
Centro Internacional de la Papa
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
lnternational Food Policy Research Institute
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
lnternational Livestock Research Institute
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
lnternational Rice Research Institute
lnternational Water Management Institute
West Africa Rice Development Association
World Agroforestry Centre
WorldFish Center
impact research that targets

complex issues of overwhelming
global and/or regional significance.
CIP has substantial participation in
each of these Challenge Programs,
and intends to extend this
involvement to the Sub-Saharan
Africa Challenge Program,
currently being formulated. Over
the past two years, three Challenge
Programs have been established:
The Challenge Program on Water
and Food, The HarvestPlus
Challenge Program, The
Generation Challenge Program
CIP in the
CGIAR
89
90
CIPs Mission
The International Potato Center
CIP. 2007. Strengthening assets:
enhancing impact
(CIP) seeks to reduce poverty and

achieve food security on a sustained
basis in developing countries
through scientific research and
Annual Report 2006

2007, International Potato
related activities on potato,

sweetpotato, and other root and
Center
tuber crops, and on the improved
ISSN 0256-6311
management of natural resources in

potato and sweetpotato-based
Readers are encouraged to quote
systems.
or reproduce material from this

Report. As copyright holder CIP
requests acknowledgement and a
The CIP Vision

The International Potato Center
(CIP) will contribute to reducing
copy of the publication where the

citation or material appears.
poverty and hunger; improving

human health; developing resilient,
Please send this to the
sustainable rural and urban
Communications and Public
livelihood systems; and improving
Awareness Department at the
access to the benefits of new and
address below.
appropriate knowledge and

technologies. CIP will address these

Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Per
challenges by convening and

conducting research and
supporting partnerships on root and
cip@cgiar.org
www.cipotato.org
tuber crops and on natural

resources management in mountain
Press run: 2,000
systems and other less-favored
September 2007
areas where CIP can contribute to

the achievement of healthy and
sustainable human development.
Editor and principal writer
www.cipotato.org
Paul Stapleton
CIP is supported by a group of
governments, private foundations,
Production coordinator
Cecilia Lafosse
and international and regional

organizations known as the
Consultative Group on International
Design and layout
Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
Nini Fernndez-Concha
www.cgiar.org
2006
Report
Annual
Center
Potato
International
International Potato Center Av. La Molina 1895 La Molina Apartado 1558 Lima 12, Per

CIP Annual Report 2006

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Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

compliment Management. Such approaches make the work of

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

8. Dr. Orlando Olcese

in and continues to explore an array of Partnership Progams

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

Updated composite indicators of livelihood

expenditure surveys. The number of children who die before

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

Informatics Unit, has developed

create a single score, using natural breaks within the

where sub-national data were utilized. Since the initial

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

study, CIP has further investigated

importance of each crop, are

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

For potato, those regions

Ecuador, and Colombia)

For sweetpotato, the regions of highest priority include:

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

had a poor product image

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

Millions of city dwellers depend

Urban and peri-urban agriculture

Award at the 2006 CGIAR

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

A group of native potato

Bolivian farmers increased their

technology supply with

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

contracts, finding new

Many different groups are

input suppliers, market actors

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

Native potatoes are a

CIP, aims to do just that: use

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

More than 300 families are

participatory market chain

The Tikapapa project was one

supermarket chain in Peru,

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

eight farmer communities,

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

width of a knot indicates its

About 1520 percent of

The produce from urban agriculture

squash and opportunities

native varieties grown for

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006

A new approach to variety

altitudes (150-3,200 m asl).

the cycles of growth and

International Potato Center Annual Report 2006