Mathematics

ALGEBRA

Binomial Theorem

+ if touched
If not touched

Quadratic Equation
General Form
Quadratic Formula

Coin Problems
Penny = 1 centavo coin
Nickel = 5 centavo coin
Dime = 10 centavo coin
Quarter = 25 centavo coin
Half-Dollar = 50 centavo coin

Progression

Arithmetic Progression
Discriminant
Nature of Roots

, real and equal

roots

, if perfect square:
real, rational and unequal; if not
perfect square: real, irrational
and unequal

, roots are complex

conjugate
Sum and Product of Roots

Digit Problems

Where:
u units igit
t tens igit
h hun re s igit

Where:
an = nth term
am = any term before an
a1 = first term
d = common difference
S sum of all n terms
AM = arithmetic mean

Mixture Problems
Quantity Analysis: A + B = C
Composition Analysis: Ax + By = Cz

Geometric Progression

Venn Diagram

Cubic Equation
General Form

a.

Union;

Sum of Roots

b.

Intersection,

c.

Complement, Ac

d.

Relative Complement

Product of Roots
Sum and Product of Roots
Theory of Equation

Remainder Theorem

If polynomila f(x) is divided by (xk), the remainder is f(k).

Factor Theorem

If (x-k) is a factor of a polynomial

f(x), then the remainder f(k) =0.
Diophantine Equations
If the number of equations is less
than the number of unknowns

For Infinite GP
Where:
r = common ratio
GM = geometric mean

Harmonic Progression

a sequence of number in which their

reciprocals form an Arithmetic
Progression
Variation

in erse ariation
oint ariation

Binomial Expansion

om ine

Properties of Binomial Expansion (x

+ y)n
1.
2.

3.
4.

The number of terms in the

resulting expansion is equal to
n+1
The powers of x decreases by 1
in the successive terms while
the powers of y increases by 1
in the successive terms.
The sum of the powers in each
term is always equal to n
The first term is xn while the
last term in yn both of the terms
having a coefficient of 1.

rth term in the expansion (x + y)n

yrth term in the expansion (x + y)n
Sum of coefficients of (x + y)n

Sum = (coeff. of x + coeff. of y) n

Sum of coefficients of (x + k)n

Sum = (coeff. of x + k)n (k)n

ire t ariation

Work Problems

ariation

Principle of Counting
If one e ent an o ur in m
different ways, and after it has
occurred in any one of these ways, a
second event can occur in n
different ways, and then the number
of ways the two events can occur in
succession is mn ifferent ways
Permutation
n ifferent o e ts taken r at a
time

n o e ts not all istin t

Circular Permutation

Rate/Motion Problems
Moving against the wind or
upstream

Combination
n ifferent o e ts taken r at a
time

Moving with the wind or

downstream
Where
d = distance
r = rate
t = time
c = current
Clock Problems

n ifferent o e ts taken 1, 2, 3, ... ,

n at a time

Probability

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Mathematics
Where:
P = probability the event will occur
s = successful outcomes
f = fail outcomes
Q = probability the event will not
occur

Mutually Exclusive Events

Without common outcome

f.

sin sin
sin 8
Circle inscribed in a triangle

g.

Circle circumscribing a triangle

h.

Triangle with escribed circle

Angle of Depression and Elevation

Oblique Triangles

Sine Law

With common outcome

sin

sin

sin

Length of a Median of Triangle

Cosine law
os
os
os

Conditional Probability
Independent Events
Dependent Events

Trigonometric Identities
sin

Repeated Trial

os

Angle Measurements
1 revolution = 360 degrees
1 revolution = 2 radians
1 revolution = 400 grads
1 revolution = 6400 mils
1 revolution = 6400 gons

9
9
9
8

8
8 36
36

os

sin

Relations between two angles (A &

B)
Complementary angles
A + B = 90
Supplementary angles
A + B = 180
Explementary angles
A + B = 360

os

os
tan
tan
sin

os

os sin

Right Triangles

Pythagorean Theorem

os

os

sin sin
Six Trigonometric Functions
sin

se

ot
sin
tan
os
os
ot
sin
sin
os
ot
s
tan
se
sin
sin os
os sin
os
os os
sin sin
tan
tan
tan
tan tan
sin
sin os
os
os
sin
os
sin
os
os
tan
tan
tan

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY

tan

Where:
p = probability of success
q = probability of failure

Types of Angles
Null
Acute
Right
Obtuse
Straight
Reflex
Full or Perigon

os
sin
sin
os
sin
sin
sin
sin
os
os
os
os

Area of Triangle
a. Given base and altitude

os
b.

Given 3 sides

se

c.

Equilateral Triangle
3

d.

tan

Incenter of a Triangle

ot

Given 2 sides and Included

angle
sin

e.

Given 2 angles and included

side

Circumcenter of a Triangle
1. Calculate the midpoints of each
side
2. Calculate the slope of each side
3. Calculate the slope of the
perpendicular bisector each
side
4. Determine the equation of each
perpendicular bisector
5. Solve any two of the equations
Orthocenter of a Triangle
1. Calculate the slope of each side
2. Calculate the perpendicular
slope of each side
3. Determine the equation of the
altitudes with their rspective
coordinate
4. Solve any two equations

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Important propositions
1. If two angles of a spherical
triangle are equal, the sides
opposite are equal; and
conversely.
2. If two angels of a spherical
triangle are unequal, the sides
opposite are unequal, and the
greater side lies opposite the
greater angle; and conversely.
3. The sum of two sides of a
spherical triangle is greater
than the third side.
a+b>c
4. The sum of the sides of a
spherical triangle is less than
360.
0 < a + b + c < 360
5. The sum of the angles of a
spherical triangle is greater that
180 and less than 540.
180 < A + B + C < 540
6. The sum of any two angles of a
spherical triangle is less than
180 plus the third angle.
A + B < 180 + C
Terrestrial Sphere
Radius of the Earth = 3959 statute
miles
1 minute arc = 1 nautical mile
1 nautical mile = 6080 feet
= 1852 meters
1 statute mile = 5280 feet
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= 1760 yards
1 statute mile = 8 furlongs
= 80 chains
1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hour

PLANE & SOLID GEOMETRY

Right Spherical Triangle

Napiers Rule

1.

The sine of any middle part is

equal to the product of the
cosines of the opposite parts.
Co-op
The sine of any middle part is
equal to the product of the
tangent of the adjacent parts.
Tan-ad

2.

In a right spherical triangle and

oblique angle and the side
opposite are of the same
quadrant.
When the hypotenuse of a right
spherical triangle is less than
90, the two legs are of the same
quadrant and conversely.
When the hypotenuse of a right
spherical triangle is greater
than 90, one leg is of the first
quadrant and the other of the
second and conversely.

2.

3.

sin
sin

sin
sin

os
os
os

os
os
os

os

os

os

os

os

os

os

os

sin

D. General Quadrilateral

os

E. Cyclic Quadrilateral
Ptolemys Theorem

Bramagupathas Formula

Measure of Interior Angle

F. Quadrilateral Circumscribing a
Circle

Number of Diagonals
3

Sum of Exterior Angles

Circle

36

Measure of Exterior Angle

36

Circular Sector

Circular Segment
Case 1:

sin sin
sin sin
sin sin

os
os
os

2. Given apothem and number of

side

sin

tan
tan

Law Cosines for Angles

os

Sum of Interior Angle

1. Given apothem and perimeter

sin
sin

Law Cosines for Sides

os
os
os

C. Rhombus

Area and Perimeter of Regular

Polygons

Oblique Spherical Triangles

Law of Sines

Regular Polygons
3 sides Triangle
4 sides
Quadrilateral/Tetragon/
Quadrangle
5 sides Pentagon
6 sides Hexagon
7 sides Heptagon/Septagon
8 sides Octagon
9 sides Nonagon/Enneagon
10 sides Decagon
11 sides Undecagon
12 sides Dodecagon
13 sides Tridecagon
14 sides Tetradecagon
15 sides Quidecagon/
Pentadecagon
16 sides Hexadecagon
17 sides Heptadecagon
18 sides Octadecagon
19 sides Nonadecagon
20 sides Icosagon
100 sides - Hectogon
1000 sides Chillagon
Let n = number of sides

Important Rules:
1.

Case 2:

3. Given length of the side

sin sin

os

sin sin

os

sin sin

os

4.

sin

ot

Ring (Annulus)

Polygon inscribed in a circle of

radius R
sin

Area of Spherical Triangle

sin

8
Where:
r = radius of the sphere
E = spherical Excess

36

36

Theorems on Circles

Quadrilaterals

A. Parallelogram

tan

sin
tan tan

tan

tan

sin

B. Trapezoid or Trapezium
8

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Mathematics
Prisms
Where:
V = volume
AB = area of base
h = height
S = lateral area
PB = perimeter of base

Spherical Zone
One base:
Two bases:

Truncated Prisms
Where:
AR = area of the right section
h = height
n = no. o sides

Spherical Segment
One base:
Two bases:
3

Cylinder

Where:
a and b = radius of the bases
Spherical Sector

Cone

3
3

Spherical Polygon
8

Frustum of a Cone

Spherical Pyramid
8

3
Where:
B = area of the lower base
b = area of the upper base
h = height
L = slant height
CB and Cb = circumference of the
lower and upper bases

Spherical Lune
9
Where:
angle of the lune
Spherical Wedge

Pyramid

Triangle
3

Triangle

Square

6
12

4
6

4
8

Pentagon

12

Hexagram

30

Similar Solid

12

Pentagram

6
Where:
A1 = area of the lower base
A2 = area of the upper base
Am = area of the midsection
h = perpendicular distance of the
two bases

Prismatoid
n-leaved Rose

12

Lemniscate

Hexahedron

Where:
PB and Pb = circumference of the
lower and upper bases

Octahedron

Tetrahedron

Dodecahedron

Cardioid

VOlume

Frustum of a Pyramid

Edges
Type of
Face

Parabolic Segment

Polyhedrons

Faces

Where:
B = area of the base
P = perimeter of the base

Vertices

Ellipse

Where:
angle of the we ge

Polyhedron

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Triangle

30

20

Icosahedro
n
20

Mathematics

sin

Ellipse (e < 1)

p
Distance From a Point to a Line

Solid Revolutions
Torus
(Doughnut)
Distance Between Two Parallel Lines

Ellipsoid

Oblate
Spheroid
Prolate
Spheroid

General Equation
Angle Between Two Lines

Standard Equation

tan

Parabolloid
tan

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

ma or a is hori ontal

Area of a Polygon of n Vertices

ma or a is erti al

Distance Formula
Conic Sections
Division of a Line Segment
If
If
para ola
If
hyper ola
Midpoint Formula

ellipse

Length of major axis = 2a

Length of minor axis = 2b
Lenghth of Latus Rectum = 2b2/a
d = a/e
c = ae
a 2 = b2 + c 2
Hyperbola (e > 1)

Circles

General Equation

Slope of a Line

General Equation
tan
Where:
angle of in lination
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Given two lines with slopes m1 and
m2
If m1 = m2 lines are parallel
If m1 = -1/m2 lines are
perpendicular

Standard Equation

Standard Equation
Equation of the Circle Given Ends of
Diameter

hori ontal trans erse

erti al trans erse

General Equation

Length of transverse axis = 2a

Length of conjugate = 2b
Lenghth of Latus Rectum = 2b2/a
d = a/e
c = ae
c 2 = a 2 + b2

Standard Equations

Equation of Asymptote

Parabola (e = 1)

Equations of Straight Lines

1.

Point-slope form

General Equation
2.

Slope-intercept form

3.

Two-point form

parallel to y
a is

Standard Equation
4.

Intercept form

5.

Normal form
os
Where:

m = b/a (horizontal transverse)

m = a/b (vertical transverse)
Polar Coordinate System

parallel to
a is
opens right left
opens up

sin

own
os
sin

os
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Mathematics

tan

Distance Bet. Two Polar Points

os

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Limits (Important Limits)
sin
lim
lim
lim

Time Rate
+dx/dt = increasing rate
dx/dt = decreaing rate
Rolles Theorem
If a function f(x) is continous in the
closed interval [a, ; if f e ists
on the open interval (a, b); and if
f(a) = f(b) = 0, then there is a
num er in a, su h that f
0.

se

tan

ot

lim
Indeterminate Form
00, 0, 1,
,-,

ln os

ot

ln sin

se

ln se

tan

ln s

ot

ln
ln

Derivatives

ln
sin

LHospitals Rule
If lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0 then
lim

log

ln

Derivatives in Parametric Form

ln
sin
os
tan
ot
se
s

lim

Approximation and Error

If is the error in the
measurement of a quantity x, then

is alle the RELATIVE

ERROR.

ln
ln

tan

Mean Value Theorem

If a function f(x) is continous on the
lose inter al a, an f e ists
on the open interval (a, b), then
there is a number c in (a, b) such
that

os
tan

se

os
sin
se
s
se tan
ot

ln

Arc Length

sin
Radius of Curvature

os
tan

sinh

osh

osh

sinh

se h

tanh

Center of Curvature

ot

oth

se

se h tanh

s h

sinh
osh
tanh
oth
se h
s h

osh
sinh
se h
s h
se h tanh
s h oth

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

se h

oth

s h

tanh

ln os

oth

ln sin
sinh

sinh

osh

osh
ln

tanh
oth

ln

se h
sin

s h
Maxima and Minima

Slope pt

Y Y

os

Concavity

MAX
0 (-)dec
down
MIN
0 (+)inc up
INFLECTION - No change -

se

os
sin
tan
ot

Methods of Integration

Product of Sines and Cosines

sin

os

sin
sin
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Mathematics

os

os

Rational Fractions of sinx and cosx

os

Rectangular Form

tan

os
sin sin

Length of a Plane Curve

os

os

os

os

Powers of Sines and Cosines

sin

os

If m

o ; n any no
sin
os
sin
If m any no ; n
o
sin
os
os
If if m, n
e en
sin
os

Powers of Tangents and Secants

tan

Where:
F(x) = indefinite integral of f(x)

sin

os
3

If m

any no ; n
e en
tan se
se
If m
o ; n any no
tan
se
tan se
If if m
integer; n
tan
tan

Powers of Tangents and Secants

s

Involving Quadratic equations

In polar form

sin
, ,

Centroid of Plane Areas

Plane Areas

Areas between two curves

erti al strip

Reduce to a form which a standard

integration formula can be applied

Where:
y = yupper curve ylower curve

sin
tan
se

Algebraic Substitution

hori ontal strip

Where n = LCD of fractional

exponents
Integrands contains
where m,n,p
and q are integers (n,q>0) and
if

Where:
x = xright curve xleft curve

Area in Polar Coordinates

Integrands contains fractional

powers of x
Where n = LCD of fractional
exponents
Integrands contains fractional
powers of a+bx

Where:
A= area of the figure
dA = (yupper curve ylower curve)dx
(vertical strip)
dA = (xright curve xleft curve)dy
(horizontal strip)

In polar form

Trigonometric Substitution

c.

are oth e en

Double Integration

b.

Area of a Surface of a Revolution

Where:
k if m an
k = 1, otherwise

Use completing the square

a.

Triple Integration

Use the same rules as Powers of

Tangents and Secants

Polar Form

Wallis Formula

se

ot

Parametric Form

Definite Integral

Volume of a Solid Revolution

Circular Disk Metod

Where:
y = yupper curve ylower curve

os
sin

Centroid of a Volume

Moment of Inertia of Plane Areas

Vertical Strip

Horizontal Strip

Washer Method
Moment of Inertia of a Volume

Or if
d.
e.

reciprocal substitution: x=1/z

Integrand contains

f.

Integrand contains

Hallow Cylindrical Shell Method

Vertical Strip

Where:
x = xright curve xleft curve

Horizontal Strip

With Known Cross Section

Where:
A(x) = area of a plane section

Pappus Theorem
1. The area of the surface
generated is equal to the
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Mathematics
product of the length of the arc
and the circumference of the
circle described by the centroid
of the arc.
2.

The volume generated is equal

to the product of the area and
the circumference of the circle
described by the centroid of the
area.

Applications of Definite Integral

1. Force of Fluid Pressure
Where:
w = 62.5 lb.ft3
2.

an
,

Homogeneous Equations
,
,
,
Solution:
Reduce to var.sep using

Bernoulli Equations

an

Pumping liquid in a container

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Order highest derivative
Degree highest exponent of the
variable in the highest derivative
Linear Equations

i i e y

Reduction by Translation

Solution:
Put x = X + h and y = Y + k, find h
and k, solve var. sep and translate
back.

Case 2: Parallel Lines (A = B, D = E)

Solution:
Put

,
an sol e

Solution:
Find g(x, y) by integrating and
comparing:
an

Reduction to Exact DE
,
Case 1:

ln

Simple Cases

y, y missing

y, missing
Solution:
Change var p

y + chain rule, then

p(dp/dy) = f(y) is 1st Order ODE.
Solve it, back-replace p and solve
again.

y and then

y + chain rule, then

p(dp/dy) = f(p, y) is 1st Order ODE.
Solve it, back-replace p and solve
again.

Reduction of Order Method

If we already know y1, put y2 = vy1,
expand in terms of v, v, v, and put z
= v and solve the reduced equation.

Wronksian (Linear
Independence)
y1(x) and y2(x) are linearly
independent iff:

os

os
sin
Failure case: If any term of f(x) is a
solution of yh, multiply yp by x and
repeat until it works.

Orthogonal Trajectories

Constant Coefficients

Complex Roots

Method of Undetermined
Coeffi ients Guesswork
Sol: Assume y(x) has same form as
f(x) with undetermined constant
coefficients.
Valid forms:

Applications of DE

ln
sin

Sol

Solution:
Change var p

Where:
Case 2:

os

Then

Single Root
,

ln

x missing

Real Roots
,

Complex Roots

y missing

Sol

Exact Differential Equations

,
,
,
If and only if:

Single Root

has solution

Real Roots

has solution

2nd Order Homogeneous DE

, , ,

Solution:
Separate and integrate both sides

Reduction to Constant Coefficients:

Use x = et, t = ln x,
and rewrite in terms of t using the

Solution:
Change of variable p
solve twice.

has solution

Solution:
y(x) of the form x_

Solution:
Integrate twice

Case 1: Lines Intersect

Sol
Variables Separable

Euler-Cauchy Equation
;

2nd Order Non-Homogeneous

, , ,

Principle of Superposition
If

Order Differential Equations

, ,

chain rule.

Solution:
hange aria le

Where:
k = constant of proportionality

1st

Case 3

Work (extension and

Compression)

3.

sin

Given family of curves y = f(k, x)

1. Write k in terms of y and x.
2. Differentiate, so k becomes 0.
This is the differential equation
for the curves.
3. Replace y0 by 1/y0. This is the
differential equation for the
orthogonal trajectories.

Mixing Problems

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Mathematics
Amplitude
Where:
y = amount of salt at time t

Exponential Growth and Decay

Percentiles

Phase Angle
os

sin

Damped Vibrations
Mean Absolute Deviation

Where:
P = population/amount after time t
Po = inital population/amount
k = proportionality constant
t = time (yrs, months, days, etc)

overdamping

underdamping
os
sin
;

Forced Vibrations

Where:
K = carrying capacity

Newtons Law of Colling

Where:
Ts = ambient temperature

Newtons Se on Law of Motion

Quartile Deviation

STATISTICS

Binomial Distribution
If p is the probability that an event
will happen and q is the probability
that the event will not happen, then
the probabilities that the event will
happen 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ., n times in n
trials are given by the successive
terms of the expansion of (q + p)n
taken from left to right.

Measures of Central Tendencies

Binomial Theorem

If F(t) is periodic, then resonance

occurs when the applied frequency
0 equals the natural frequency .

Mean

Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data

Velocity of Escape
Where:
g = acceleration due to gavity
R = radius

Springs
Where:
x = displacement
dx/dt = velocity
m = mass
c = damping constant
k = spring constant
F(t) = external force

Median

Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data

Mode

Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data

Electrical Circuits
Where:
Q = charge
dQ/dt = I = current
L = inductance
R = resistance
C = capacitance
1/C = elastance
E(t) = electromotive force

Simple Harmonic Motion

Frequency

Inter-Quartile Range

critical damping

Logistics Equation

os

Range

Stan ar De iation and Variance

2)
Ungrouped data

Grouped Data

Quartiles

Poisson Distribution
The probabilities of an event
occurring 0, 1, 2, 3 . . . times are
given by the successive terms of the
expression
3
Taken from left to right.
Normal Distribution
A normal distribution curve is
standardised as follows:
(a) The mean value of the
standardised curve is made the
origin, thus making the mean value,
x, zero.
(b) The horizontal axis is scaled in
standard deviations.
This is done by letting
where z is called the normal
standard variate, x is the value of the
variable, x is the mean value of the
distribution and is the standard
deviation of the distribution.
(c) The area between the normal
curve and the horizontal axis is
made equal to unity.

Area under Normal Probability

Curve

sin
Deciles

Period

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Mathematics
Note:

Linear Correlation

os

De Moi res Theorem

os
sin
sin

Where:
x = mean value of X
y = mean value of y

sin

os

sinh

Roots of Complex Numbers

osh

Linear Regression
os

Where:
X, Y = co-ordinate values
N = no. of co-ordinates
a0, a1 = regression coefficients of Y
on X

Where:
n = index of root
k
, , , 3, , n-1)

sin

LAPLACE TRANSFORM

os

sin

Properties

sin

OTHERS

os

ERROR CALCULATION
True Error true alue
appro
True Fra tional Error

sin

alue

true error
true alue

sin

os

a sin

sin

relati e true error

true error
true alue

os
lim

relati e appro error

appro error
true alue

lim

lim

os

os

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Case 1:

lim

A s realti e true error

true alue appro alue
truie alue

Case 2:

COMPLEX NUMBERS

Case 3:

Powers of i
Where:
F(s)

Operation

f(t)

Case 4:

k (any constant)
t
Methods:
1. Assigning values to x
2. Equating the coefficients of
equal powers of x

Argand Diagram

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Operations of Matrix
Addition and Subtraction

Multiplication
os

sin
tan
os

sin

Where:
r = modulus
argument measure from
positive x-axis)

Division
Where:
B-1 = inverse matrix
Ricardo A. Banal Jr.
+639359084067
ricbanal@gmail.com

10

Mathematics

Inverse Matrix
1. Form co-factor matrix
2. Transpose co-factor matrix
3. Evaluate the determinant of the
matrix
4. Divide each element in the
transpose of the co-factor
matrix by the result in step 3

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

Co-factor Matrix
It is the form by replacing each
element in the given matrix vy its
co-factor

Rules and Laws

A+B=B+A
AB = BA
(A +B) + C = A + (B + C)
(AB) C = A (BC)
A (B + C) = AB + AC
A + BC = (A + B)(A + C)
A+0=A
A+1=1
A+A=A
A+A=1
A .0=A
A .1=1
A .A=A
A .A=1
A + AB = A
A (A + B ) = A
A + AB = A + B
A B AB
AB A B

Transpose Matrix
All rows become columns and all
columns become rows.
Determinants
Number of rows equals to number
of columns
Properties of Determinants
1. Interchanging rows or columns
2.

Matrix and its transpose

3.

|B| is from |A| by interchanging

rows or columns

4.

Two rows(columns) are equal

5.

If a row(column) is entirely 0

6.

If B is obtained from A by
multiplying a row(column) of A
by a real number

7.

If B is obtained from A by
adding each element of the rth
row(column) of A a constant c
times the corresponding
element of the sth row(column)
r is not equal to s then |B|=|A|

8.

If a matrix is a upper(lower)
triangle

9.

Product of two matrices

Truth Table
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

A
1
1
0
0

B
1
0
1
0

A+B
0
1
1
1

AB
0
0
0
1

10. If each element in a row

(column) of a determinant is
expressed as the sum of two or
more terms, the determinant
can be expressed as two or
more determinants.
Cofactor Expansion
Where:
i = row
j = column
aij =the element of the i and j
Mij = the cofactor of the lement in i
and j
Ricardo A. Banal Jr.
+639359084067
ricbanal@gmail.com

11