These relationships are exactly those defining the electromagnetic-unbalance factors m0 and m2>for which numerical

values have been published.2'3 We may write

e
(14)
o ~
e, =

= m

ii

(1.5)

thereby taking advantage of all the work which has already

been performed in evaluating m0 and m2 and easily establishing the magnitudes of the e 0 and e 2 to be injected in the
proposed simulation as a function of the positive-sequence
line current.

It is apparent, according to eqns. 10 and 11, that balanced

series-capacitor compensation in the three line conductors
does not have any influence on the magnitudes of the injected
voltages e 0 and e 2 . Consequently, if eqns. 14 and 15 are used
for evaluating e 0 and e 2 ) it is essential that the Z oo and Z 22
= Z1X employed are consistent with those used for defining
m0 and m 2 . Suggested practice is to let Z oo , Z 22 , m0 and m2
represent values for the uncompensated line, and to retain
the identity of the series capacitor in the proposed equivalent networks.

id'

i c *

V,

(i)

(ii)

Fig.l
Basic horizontal-transmission-line configuration

-Q
u

-CD-

O-6
22

-CD-

Fig. 3
Equivalent-phase network for electromagnetic effects

^00

-CD-

If it is desired to work in terms of physical or phase quantities, the 3-phase 4-wire equivalent network shown in Fig. 3
may be employed, whereby
(Z bb - Z a a + Z bc - Zab) - 3(Z bb - Z aa )
( Z b b - Z a a + Z bc - Zab) + 3a(Zbc - Z ab ) di/3)
a (Zbb- z aa + Zbc - Zab) + 3a 2 (Z bc - Z ab )
a2

Fig. 2
Symmetrical-component networks for electromagnetic
effects
1622

J
Zn,
01 +
J

01

^21

+ a Z 21

(16)

21

PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972

In summary, a balanced current flowing along an untransposed line section will induce unbalanced voltage drops. This
can be simulated by injecting equivalent-voltage generators
in series with the line-section equivalent network, and the
voltages are evaluated on the basis of the positive-sequence
line current. Consequently, if a given line section carries no
positive-sequence current, there can be no equivalent-voltage
generators. However, this line section may yet carry negative- and zero-sequence current components because of the
influence of adjacent untransposed line sections forming a
ring or loop.
2

and, since Ai0, Ai 2 ,X 0 1 ,X 0 2 ,X 2 1 ,and X 20 are relatively

small, we may write
^ 0 * (-X 0 1 /X 0 0 )Ai 1 = - E 0 / - j X 10 0

(24)

Ai2 * (-X 2 1 /X 2 2 )Ai 1 = - E 2 / - j X :

(25)

22

Fig. 5 shows the equivalent-network simulation for these

unbalanced line-charging currents.

ELECTROSTATIC UNBALANCE

Fig. 4 shows the line-to-earth and line-to-line capacitances

which characterise the electrostatic field associated with
overhead transmission lines. For long e.h.v. lines, the charging current can become a significant portion of the line

Fig.4
Transmission-line

capacitances

current. Because the capacitive reactance for 160 km of

overhead line is about five times the surge impedance of the
line, the charging power for such a line section is about onefifth of the surge-impedance loading, or roughly 200 MVA at
500 kV. The charging currents are defined as
Aia"
Ai b
Aic

Fig. 5
Symmetrical-component networks for electrostatic effects

ia ~ ia'
=

(17)

ib - ib'
ic-ic1

A system of electrostatic voltage equations may be established, 5 similar to eqn. 1, and, after elimination of the earthwire equations, appears as
Va

vb
Vc

Xaa Xab
= - 3 Xab
x

bb

_ ab b c

Xab

Ais

(18)

Xbc
Xbb_

and, in terms of symmetrical components,

L

oo

L 2j

LX2 0

01

X 02

11

12

21

X 22_

Ai

o~

Ai x

(19)

Ai

_ 2

To enforce a balanced charging current (Ai0 = Ai2 = 0),we

would require a voltage unbalance of
E o = - j X o l A i 1 = (X ol /X 11 )V 1

(20)

E 2 = - j X 2 1 A i 1 = (X 21 /X 11 )V 1

(21)

In practice, the line-earth voltages are essentially balanced,

thereby causing unbalanced current components of the form
0 = X 0 0 A i 0 + X 0 1 A i x + X 0 2 Ai 2

(22)

0 = X 2 0 Ai 0 + X 2 1 Ai 1 + X 2 2 Ai 2

(23)

PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972

Fig. 6
ir networks for combined
Symmetrical-component
magnetic and electrostatic effects

electro1623

In summary, a balanced line-to-earth voltage on an untransposed line section will cause unbalanced charging currents
to flow. This can be simulated by injecting voltage generators in series with the capacitances in the line-section equivalent networks, whose voltages are evaluated on the basis
of the positive-sequence line voltage. These charging currents must be added to the load current in the line in order
to obtain the total unbalanced current flowing in the line
section.

source voltages are reasonably well balanced. This will

cause negative- and zero-sequence currents to flow, which,
taken rigorously, would require additional voltage generators in the equivalent networks. It has been shown,2 J 7 ? 8
however, that the usual magnitudes of negative- and zerosequence currents, together with the relevant mutual-sequence impedances, result in insignificant contributions to
the unbalancing forces. Thus, Figs. 2 and 5 are satisfactory

"1AC

Fig. 7
Elementary single-circuit e.h.v.-loop configuration
3
EQUIVALENT II NETWORKS .
When an appropriately unbalanced voltage source is applied
at the left-hand end of the equivalent networks shown in
Figs. 2 and 5, with a balanced-load termination on the righthand end, only positive-sequence currents will flow, thereby
rigorously reflecting the performance of the actual transmission line within this constraint. In practice, however,
1624

for predicting the performance of untransposed transmission lines in practical studies.

A detailed justification for combining the electromagnetic
and electrostatic networks into a TT network, as shown in
Fig. 6, lies beyond the scope of this paper. Briefly, however,
if the natural-mode transformation matrix for the electromagnetic-impedance matrix is identical to that for the elecPROC. IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972

trostatic admittance matrix, then each single-phase modal

ff-network combination is permissible within the usual and
well known 77-network constraints. Subsequently, other linear
transformations do not destroy this validity. With practical
overhead transmission lines, it is known that the electromagnetic and electrostatic natural-mode transformation
matrices are not identical. However, even for horizontalconductor configurations,the two natural-mode transformation matrices are very nearly of the same form as the aj30

if not more important, this form of representation offers a

clear picture of the current-unbalance problem and the
various factors which influence it.
Fig. 7 illustrates such an elementary e.h.v. loop, whereby the
appropriate symmetrical-component networks are shown.
Each untransposed line section contributes to electromagnetic unbalanced in its own way, depending on line configuration and positive-sequence current loading. For example,

11

a-

c,
22

CD-

e,,n

2'2

oC

2V

22

"00

a-

-01

00

in'77777

o'o'

00

Fig. 8
Paralleled double-circuit configuration
(Clarke) transformation. On this basis, the combination of
Figs. 2 and 5 into the network shown in Fig. 6 appears to be
justified. On this same presumption, a w-network representation in terms of physical line-impedance and admittance
matrices was applied to an analysis of a double-circuit untransposed transmission line, 13 and comparison with field
tests showed excellent agreement.

4
SINGLE-CIRCUIT E.H.V. LOOPS
This method for simulating electromagnetic- and electrostatic-unbalance effects offers a relatively simple and effective means for predicting the performance of an e.h.v. loop
consisting of various sections of untransposed lines. Equally,
PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972

changing the phase order of a given line section will influence

the magnitude and phase angle of the associated e 0 and e 2
induced voltages. Also, reversing positive-sequence-power
flow in a line section will reverse the phase angle of e 0 and
e2.
It is apparent that the sum of the inphase components of the
various e 0 and e2 will cause currents i 0 and i 2 to flow
around the loop, since this is generally the lowest impedance
path. This remains so even if one line section does not
happen to carry a significant amount of positive-sequence
current. For that line section,a calculated m 0 = iQ/ilft0T
example, would be a very large number. It is unrealistic,
then, to consider m0 and m2 factors by themselves as merit
figures in such cases, since it is only the current in amperes
that has any physical significance.
1625

DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINE SECTION

Fig. 8 illustrates a configuration which is even more complex than that described in Section 4, yet the equivalent-network technique is equally applicable. An untransposed,
paralleled, double-circuit transmission-line section is subject to current unbalance due to voltages induced within each
circuit as well as between circuits. Therefore, two equivalent generators are shown in each circuit of the sequence
networks in Fig. 8.
To establish a benchmark for the validity of the equivalentgenerator technique, a numerical example has been included
in Appendix I. The results of a more sophisticated digitalcomputer solution, using a complete 77-network representation, are also given. In the numerical example, line charging
has been ignored, for the sake of simplicity and because this
influence was expected to be small when unbalanced currents
can flow in preferred lower-impedance loops. Also, the
through currents were not calculated and added to the circuit
currents, since these were also expected to be small owing to
the load termination at the end of the line. The good agreement between the computer solution and the simplified sliderule solution supports the validity of the simplified approach.
6

10

CONCLUSION

Untransposed transmission-line sections lead to unbalanced

currents. This problem is aggravated when e.h.v. lines are
closed to form loops, when double-circuit line sections are
electrically paralleled at common busbars, and when seriescapacitor compensation is applied.
Various aspects of this problem have been discussed in the
literature, 7 ' 8 and it is apparent that a rigorous analysis is
complex and usually involves the use of matrix algebra. To
emphasise the physical nature of the problem more clearly,
a simplified network approach has been proposed. This
should be of help in predicting whether a serious current unbalance actually exists.
This simplified approach is related directly to elementary
network analysis employing equivalent generators for r e presenting the electromagnetic and electrostatically induced
voltages. The equivalent generator voltages, in turn, are
directly related to readily available transmission-line impedances and the positive-sequence current loading of the
line under any given operating conditions.
Comparison with a more sophisticated digital-computer
analysis shows that the simplified approach is, in itself,
quite satisfactory for predicting the actual magnitudes and
phase angles of the unbalanced currents.
7
1
2

REFERENCES
GROSS, E. T. B.: 'Unbalances of untransposed overhead
lines', J. Franklin Inst., 1952,254, pp. 487-497
GROSS, E . T . B . , and HESSE,M.H.: 'Electromagnetic
unbalance of untransposed transmission lines',Trans.
Am.Inst. Elec.Eng., 1953,PAS-72,pp. 1323-1336

11
12
13

GROSS, E . T . B . , and NELSON, S.W.: 'Electromagnetic

unbalance of untransposed transmission lines. Pt.II
Single lines with horizontal conductor arrangement',
ibid., 1955,PAS-74, pp. 887-893
GROSS, E. T. B., DRINNAN, J. H., and JOCHUM, E.: 'Electromagnetic unbalance of untransposed transmission
lines. Pt.IllDouble-circuit lines',ibid., 1959,PAS-78,
pp.1362-1372
HESSE,M.H.: 'Electromagnetic and electrostatic transmission line parameters by digital computer 1 , ibid., 1963,
PAS-82, pp. 282-291
HOLLEY, H., COLEMAN, D., and SHIPLEY, R. B.: 'Untransposed e.h.v.line computations',ibid., 1964,PAS-83,
pp.291-296
HESSE,M.H.: 'Circulating currents in paralleled untransposed multicircuit lines. Pt. INumerical evaluation', ibid., 1966, PAS-85, pp. 802-811
HESSE, M.H.: 'Circulating currents in paralleled untransposed multicircuit lines. Pt. IIMethods for estimating current unbalance',ibid., July 1966, PAS-85, '
pp.812-820
PICKETT, M. J., MANNING, H. L., and VAN GEEM, H. N.:
'Near resonant coupling on EHV circuits. Pt.IField
investigations', ibid., 1968,PAS-87,pp. 322-325
HESSE,M.H., and WILSON,D.D.: 'Near resonant coupling on EHV circuits. Pt. IIMethods of analysis',ibid.,
1968, PAS-87,pp. 326-333
GROSS, E . T . B . , and WESTON,A.H.: 'Transposition of
high-voltage overhead lines and elimination of electrostatic unbalance', ibid., 1951, PAS-70, pp. 1837-44
GROSS, E . T . B . , and CHIN, WING: 'Electrostatic unbalance of untransposed single-circuit lines', ibid., 1968,
PAS-87,pp. 24-34
HESSE, M.H., and SABATH, J.: 'EHV double-circuit untransposed transmission line: analysis and tests',ibid.,
1971, PAS-90,pp. 984-992
APPENDDC

The following numerical example serves to illustrate the

effectiveness of the proposed simplified method. A section
of untransposed double-circuit transmission line is considered, illustrated in Fig. 8, where one circuit has 70%
series-capacitor compensation. The symmetrical-component
impedance matrix for the uncompensated line is given in
Table 1.
Assuming that ix and i'x are of the order of ten times larger
than the remaining symmetrical-component currents, and
neglecting products of small terms, we obtain
AV0 * 0 * Z o o i o + Z 0 0 . i 0 , + Z Q ^ + Z 0 1 . i l t

(26)

AV0- * 0 - Z o - O i o + Z o V i o . + ZQ V ! +

(27)

ZQV

AV2 * 0 Z 2 2 i 2 + Zaiij. + Z 2 1 . i 1 .

(28)

AV2< 0 * Z 2 . 2 d 2 . + Z a - ^ + Zg

(29)

TABLE 1
SYMMETRICAL-COMPONENT IMPEDANCES
0
0-30912
2-13833

-0-02427
-0-01401

-0-04856
0-02804

0-02427
-0-01402

0-02321
0-59576

0-04856
0-02803

0'

0-28591
1-13258

-0-02391
0-05011

0-02392
0-05011

0-30912
2-13833

-0-03144
-0-04576

-0-00255
-0-00813

-0-00753
-0-00434

0-02427
-0-01401

0-.04856
0-02803

0-03144
-0-04577

0-00753
-0-00435

0-00255
-0-00814

-0-02427
-0-01400

0-02321
0-59576

2'
1'
-0-04856
0-02804

(ohms per 1-609 km at 60 Hz)

1626

PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972

Thus the equivalent negative-sequence generator voltages

are given by

Then
e 2 1 = (0-01122 + j 0-00647)iL

2 ~ ~""Z22i2 ~ Z 2

2'

~Z2'2'i2'

2 l ' i l t = e 21

+ e

e 2 1 , = (0-00196 - j 0-00625)iL

2l'

e2V

(31)

Because of the significant Zoo> = Z o i o term, we have,for the

zero sequence,

(46)

e 2 = (0-01318 + j 0-00022)iL 0-01318ii,/0

e 2 t l = (0-000589 - j 0-00188)iL
e 2 V = (-0-037400 + j 0-02160)iL

(47)

e 2 - = (-0-036811 + j 001972)i L 0-0415i f ./151-8 o

z

oo z oo'
z
o'o z o V

Z
Z

01

Ol'

0'l

0'l'

(32)

, e 0 1 = (0-00171-j 0-0130)iL
e 0 1 . = (0-0450 - j 0-0465)iL

(48)

e 0 = (0-04671 - j 0-0595)iL - 0-0757/-51-9 0

and

e 0 ( l = (0-00535 + j 0-01867)iL
Z

A ~ o'o

oo

o'i

oV

o'i'

(49)

(-0-0402 + j 0-01671)iL

e 0 . = (-0-03483 + j 0-03538)iL = 0-0497/134-6

with
= Z00Z0V-(Z00.)

(34)

Then
Z

00Z0'0'

lrj

l 1

It is observed that e2> leads e 2 by 151-8, and eo> leads e 0 by

186-5;or,for practical purposes,the respective included
voltages are almost of opposite phase (for this configuration
and conductor phasing), so a predominant circulating current
is to be expected. Thus

01 1

2C

22 + Z 2'2'

(o

(50)

= 0-0694i L /-lll-3

(35)
z

0-775/90

oo oo'

Zo

-ZoVio.=

oo + Zo'o'

''ZoO'(Zoli1

3-91/80-9

o'o' z oo ( Z , i + Z , , i , )
o 1 1
o 1 1

= 0-03205iI/-130-2

(36)

(51)

and the respective unbalance factors are

m

o = W i l = l'3i oc /(0-3i L ) = 13-9%

(52)

o ' = - i o c / i i ' = - l - 3 i o c / i L = 4-17%

(53)

m2 = W i i = l-3i2C/(0-3iL) = 30-0%

(54)

e0 =
(37)

e 0 . = (-k 33 Z
Z0 1

o^Hi + (-k 3 Z 0 1 .

1*2' = - 2 c / i

I =

(55)

- l - 3 i 2 C / i L = 9-02%

(38)

According to Table 1, we have

Z

2'2' = z i V = 0-02321 + j 0-59576

(39)

so that, with 70% series-capacitor compensation, we have

Z

2'2' = z i V = 0-02321 + j 0-17873

Z o V = 0-30912 + j 1-72130

(40)

TABLE 2

(41)

UNBALANCES AT ENDS OF LINE

Rigorous solution

Then
z

oo o'o'

(42)

= Q.7575/-1O-740

0-3.

PROC. IEE, Vol.119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972

(43)

(44)

i
1-3

Simplified
method

whereby only the uncompensated Zs are used, and where the

equalities of ks happen as a peculiarity of the configuration.
If we assume a unity power-factor load at the rated voltage
of 500 kV, and a 3-phase load of 1000 MW, then, for the line
section, we have

11

To assess the quality of the simplified method in predicting

current unbalances, a rigorous digital-computer solution to
the problem was obtained. Both line impedances and line
charging were represented by a matrix ir section. For purposes of comparison, unbalances at both sending and receiving ends of the line (digital-computer solution) are shown in
Table 2.

(45)

The rigorous analysis showed a through-current unbalance

(load-current unbalance) of about 0*5% for m 0 and 1-715% for
m 2 ,thereby demonstrating the effect of load and other terminal impedance in limiting through-current unbalance. It
was permissible, in this case, to omit the calculation for
through-current unbalance; otherwise it must be superimposed upon the circulating-current unbalance. The comparison demonstrates that the simplified method for predicting
current unbalances is essentially sound and quite accurate.
1627