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Introduction
Coal is one of the possible geological storages for CO2 sequestration. The injection
process of CO2 can cause changes in many properties of the coal bed, for example,
the state of stress and seismic velocities. The purpose of this subproject is to develop
monitoring strategies for CO2 storage in coal using those property changes due to
the injection.
Active and passive seismic data are combined for monitoring CO2 storage in coal.
Active seismic data include 3-D surface surveys and vertical seismic profiling (VSP).
Passive seismic data are microseismic events induced by the change in stress and
pore pressure associated with fluid injection. Different data are sensitive to different
property changes caused by CO2 injection. Surface seismic data show the reflectivity
changes. VSP tomography gives detailed velocity models that show the pressure and
saturation changes associated with CO2 injection. Microseismic locations indicate the
fluid front. Joint passive and active seismic tomography and imaging provide more
reliable monitoring with low cost. This is a way to maximize the use of field instrument and data.
In the case of enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM), CO2 replaces CH4 in coal. In this
multi-component case, the CO2 injected may not cause detectable velocity changes;
the passive seismic monitoring should be an effective method because it detects the
fluid front instead of the seismic velocity changes.
Finite difference method is used to simulate the wave field for different observation configurations and different time-lapse models.
Use surface array(s) and a linear vertical array to collect 3-D surface reflection
data and VSP data with control sources. Three different surface arrays are proposed.
Stanford CEES computer clusters are used for this heavy computing task. It takes 50 days CPU time for 5 time-lapse models, 300
sources, 360x360x270 grid size, and 1700 time steps.
Under the condition that each configuration has a fixed number of detectors
Dynamic aperture
considerations
Dynamic travel
time inversion
with sparse data
The simulated seismic data are then imaged using Kirchhoff migration.
Circular array simulation
Containment
assessment
Future tasks
Grid array
(a) Model
(a) Model
Depth slices of 3D migration using synthetic data computed for grid array, linear array, and circular array
Summary
A circular array can be used to collect 3-D seismic
data. This geometry has the maximum coverage for
the same number of detectors.
Albright et al.,1994
Circular array
Cross array
Relatively shallow
Fracturing induced by stress changes
Multi-component adsorption of CH4 and CO2
Little seismic velocity change due to replacement of CH4 by CO2
Low density
Low seismic velocity
High seismic attenuation
High seismic anisotropy
CO2 injected
Compared with deep aquifer and gas/oil reservoir storages, coal beds have some
special features related to in-situ monitoring.
Three surface source/receiver arrays for 3D seismic data acquisition. The shaded area shows the
reflection coverage. The circular array has maximum coverage for the same number of detectors.
Finished tasks
On-going tasks
Circular array
Cross array
Grid array
Fehler et al.,2001
References
Albright, J., J. Dangerfield, S. Johnstad, B. Cassel, J. Deflandre, R. Witheres, 1994, Seismic
surveillance for monitoring reservoir changes, Oilfield Review
Bollinger, G. A., 1989, Microearthquake activity associated with underground coalmining in Buchanan County, VA, Pure & Applied Geophys, vol 129
Fehler, M., A. Jupe, H. Asanuma, 2001, More than cloud: New techniques for characterizing reservoir structure using induced seismicity, The Leading Edge
House, N., B. Fuller, J. Shemeta & M. Sterling, 2004, Integration of surface seismic, 3D
VSP, and microseismic hydraulic fracture mapping to improve gas production in a
tight complex reservoir, SEG Expanded Abstracts, 414
Maxwell, S. C. & Urbancic T. I., 2001, The role of passive microseismic monitoring in the
instrumented oil field, The Leading Edge
Maxwell, S. C., D. J. White, H. Fabriol, 2004, Passive seismic imaging of CO2 sequestration at Weyburn, SET Expanded Abstracts, 568
Jones, R, W. Wason, 2004, PS3 - Making of the most of microseismic monitoring, Offshore Engineer
Wilson, S., R. Jones., W. Wason, D. Raymer & P. Jaques, 2005, Passive seismic makes
sense for 4D reservoir monitoring, First Break.