‫أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺎت & اﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﮫﻨﺪس‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﮫﻨﺪس‬
‫ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن‬
‫ﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﯿﺪ‬‫ﺳﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬‫ﺳﯿﺪ‬
‫اﺑﻮﻟﯿﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺪ اﺑﻮﻟﯿﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻮﻧﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫واﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺪﯾﺎت‬
‫‪٠١٠٥٧٤٧٦٨٦‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ‪٠١٠٥٧٤٧٦٨٦‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل‬

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 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻹﻧ ﺸﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻨ ﺸﺎت …‪ .‬و ﻃ ﻮال اﻟﻘ ﺮون‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿ ﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑ ﺔ اﻟ ﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺼﺮ ﻓ ﻲ وأدى اﻟﻨﯿ ﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟ ﺔ ﻛﺒﯿ ﺮة ﻷﻧ ﻮاع و‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻨ ﺸﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭ ﺎ دون ﻣ ﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗ ﺬﻛﺮ …‪ .‬و ﺧ ﻼل رﺑ ﻊ اﻟﻘ ﺮن اﻷﺧﯿ ﺮ ﺑ ﺪأت‬
‫ﻣ ﺼﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺨ ﺮوج ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻮادي اﻟ ﻀﯿﻖ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺼﺤﺮاء ﻓﻈﮭ ﺮت ﺑﻌ ﺾ أﻧ ﻮاع اﻟﺘﺮﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﺑﺼﻮرة واﺿﺤﺔ و ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔ ﺎش و‬
‫ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻟﮭ ﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﮭﯿ ﺎر ﻓﻌﻨ ﺪ وﺻ ﻮل اﻟﻤ ﺎء إﻟ ﻲ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺘﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻧﺠ ﺪ أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺎن ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻨﮭﺎر ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدى إﻟﻰ ھﺒﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ أو اﻻﻧﮭﯿﺎر ! ! !! ! !‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‪-:‬‬
‫واﻟﺠﺴﺔ ھﻰ ﺛﻘﺐ رأﺳﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﯾﻨﻔﺬ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺑﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و ﺻﻔﺎﺗﮭﺎ و ﺳﻤﻜﮭﺎ و ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﯿﺎة اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ وﻛﺬاﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﺮض اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺘﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ ﯾﺪوﯾﺎ او ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺎ او ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺸﻮف ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ) اﺳﺎﺳﺎت ﺳﻄﺤﯿﺔ او ﻋﻤﯿﻘﺔ (‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﺟﮭﺎد اﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻰ إﺟﮭﺎد اﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ )ﻛﺠﻢ ﺣﻤﻞ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ(‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻹﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻷرض ﺑﮭﺎ و اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﻃﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎﺗﮭﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬
‫‪ – ٥‬ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﺒﻮط اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎل و ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٦‬ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ) ﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ( و اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ و ﺿﺦ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ و ﺗﺠﻔﯿﻔﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٧‬ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت ) اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ – اﻟﺮﻣﻞ – اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺦ ( ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻣﻼح أو اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت و ﻣﺪى ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺤﻘﻠﯿﺔ و‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ و ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺪى ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ او اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﻇﮭﻮر ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ و‬
‫اﻗﺘﺮاج اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٩‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ و ﻣﺪى اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺮدم اذا دﻋﺖ اﻟﻀﺮورة ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ‬

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 ‫ﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ & ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋـﻤـــــــل ﺍﻟﺠـــــﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺠــــــــــﺴﺎﺕ‬

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 ‫ﻛﻮر أﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت‬

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 ‫ﺳﻜﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﻜﻮر و ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻔﺪﯾﺔ‬

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 ‫رﺑﻂ اﻟﺴﻜﯿﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮر‬

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 ‫رﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺳﻮرة‬

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 ‫ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﯾﺖ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺬاﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﺴﻨﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ & واﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ & وﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻠﻌﻘﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺎت‬

Standard Penetration test ,SPT ‫ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ‬

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 ‫رﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺳﻮرة ﻻﺟﺮاء ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﯿﺔ‬

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 ( ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺪاﻟﺔ وﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﻨﺪاﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ ﻻﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺎت ) اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻰ‬

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 ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬

‫ ﺳﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن‬٠١٠٥٧٤٧٦٨٦ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻨﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺟﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺑﺮج اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺧﺮﻃﻮم ﺿﺦ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﯾﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﯾﻔﻞ اﺧﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﺳﻮرة‬

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 ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﺣﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﻧﺶ و ﺣﺒﻞ اﻟﺪﻗﺎت‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ ﻟﺴﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮭﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺎ‬

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 ‫ﻃﻠﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﯾﺖ‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ و ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻀﺦ و ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬

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 ‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎح زﯾﺖ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻚ ﻟﻠﻨﺰول و اﻟﻄﻠﻮع ورﻓﻊ اﻟﺒﺮج وﻟﮫ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﺧﺮى ﻛﺜﯿﺮة‬

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 ‫اﻟﺪرﯾﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻼﻧﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ‬

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 ‫ﺑﻜﺮة اﻟﺪﻗﺎت‬

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 ‫ﺧﺮﻃﻮم ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﯾﺖ‬

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 ‫ﺷﺮﯾﻂ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس ﻻﺳﺘﻼم اﻻﻋﻤﺎق وﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺪﻗﺎت‬

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 ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ و اﻟﻔﻚ وادوات ﺣﻔﺮ ﯾﺪوى‬

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 ‫ﺍﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻪ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﻌﺪم اﻻھﺘﺰاز‬

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 ‫رﻓﻊ اﻟﺒﺮج وﺗﺠﮭﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻔﺮ ﺛﻼث ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮة ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺒﻮﻧﺘﻮﻧﺎﯾﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮة ﺗﺮﺳﯿﺐ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮة اﻟﻨﺰول ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﺔ و ﺿﺦ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﯾﺖ‬

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 ‫اﯾﺬاﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﯾﺖ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﯾﺖ ﻓﻰ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﻟﺴﻨﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ وﺳﺪ اﻟﺸﻘﻮق وﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

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 ‫رﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﻮر ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة ﻻﻧﺰاﻟﮫ ﻟﺒﺪء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬

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 ‫رﺑﻂ اﻟﻔﻼﻧﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺳﻮرة ﻟﺒﺪء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻻﺧﺮاج ﻋﯿﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺒﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮر‬

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 ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺧﺮاج ﻋﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﺒﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮر‬

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 ‫وﺿﻊ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻛﯿﺎس ﻣﻊ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ورﻗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ و اﻟﻌﻤﻖ‬

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 ‫ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﺣﺠﺮ رﻣﻠﻰ و ﺑﻠﻮرات‬

‫ﺣﺠﺮ رﻣﻠﻲ ﺟﯿﺮي ﻟﻮﻧﮫ ﺑﻨﻰ داﻛﻦ‬

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 ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ‪ S P T‬اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﯿﺔ ) اﻟﺪﻗﺎت (‬

‫ﻧﺰول ﺣﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺪاﻟﺔ وزن ‪ ٦٣٫٥‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ٧١‬ﺳﻢ ) ﻋﺪد اﻟﺪﻗﺎت اﻻزﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﺰول ‪ ١٥‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ ٣‬ﻣﺮات (‬

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 ‫اﺧﺮاج ﻋﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ و اﺟﺬاء اﻟﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻻﺣﻆ ان اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺬء‬
‫اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﻜﻮر )اﻟﺴﻜﯿﻨﺔ( ﻧﺎﺷﻔﺔ‬

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 ‫ ﺳﻢ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻰ‬١٥ × ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺛﻼث ﻋﻼﻣﺎت‬

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 ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ‪RQD & CR‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻃﻮال اﻻﺟﺬاء اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺬﯾﺪ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺠﺬء ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ) ‪----------------------------------------------------- = ( %‬‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﺧﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص‬

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 Test Pits and Open Cuts ‫ﺣﻔﺮ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ‬

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 ‫ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬: ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ھﺬة اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻼﺣﻤﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﮭﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ وأﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﯾﺠﺐ إﻋﺎدة إﻏﻼق اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ودﻛﮭـﺎ ﺟﯿﺪاً ‪ ،‬أو أن ﺗﺼﺐ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻮﻧﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺘﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ إﻧﻀﻐﺎط اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ أو ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻤﺮاً ﻟﻠﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﺠﻮﻓﯿﺔ أو أﯾﺔ أﺧﻄﺎر أﺧﺮى ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻔﺮ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﯾﺪوﯾﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﯿﺪ‬

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 ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت اﻟﯿﺪوﯾﺔ‬
‫وھﺬة اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ وﻓﻰ اﻻرض اﻟﻄﯿﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺮﻣﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻮن اﻟﯿﺪوى وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ وﺻﻼت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ٦‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
‫وﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ اﻣﺘﺪ ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﺠﺲ داﺧﻞ اﻻرض وﻛﺬﻟﻚ وﻧﺶ ﯾﺪوى وﺣﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﻻﻧﺰال ورﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﺎت وﯾﻌﻠﻖ اﻋﻼھﺎ ﺧﻄﺎف ) ﺑﻜﺮ (‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ اﻟﺠﺴﺎت اﻟﯿﺪوﯾﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺪرﺑﯿﻦ وﺗﺆﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﻠﻘﻠﺔ او ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻘﻠﻘﻠﺔ وﺗﻐﻠﻒ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻄﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﯾﻠﺼﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻜﯿﺖ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ورﻗﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﺔ وﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬

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 ( ‫ﻣﺎﻛﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﺎت اﻟﯿﺪوي ) اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻮن‬

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 ‫ ارﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ‬٣ ( ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺺ )اﻟﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬

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 ‫ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬٦ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻮن ﻗﻄﺮ‬

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 ‫اﻟﻔﺘﯿﻞ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﺧﺮاج اﻟﻄﯿﻨﺔ‬

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 ‫اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﺧﺮاج اﻟﺮدم واﻟﻄﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮدم‬

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 ‫ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬٦ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ داﺧﻞ ﻣﻮاﺳﯿﺮ‬

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻨﺎﻗﺔ )اﻟﺰرﺟﯿﻨﺔ( ﻟﻤﺴﻚ ﻣﻮاﺳﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺰرﺟﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ و اﻟﻔﻚ‬ ‫ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬٦ ‫ﻗﻈﺮ‬

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 ( ‫ﺟﮭﺎز اﺧﺬ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻄﯿﻨﮫ ) ﺷﻠﺒﻰ‬

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 ‫اﻟﻮﻧﺶ اﻟﯿﺪوى‬

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 ‫اﻟﺸﻤﻊ اﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪراﻧﻰ‬

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 ‫ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬٦ ‫ﻣﻼوﯾﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ وﻓﻚ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ‬

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 ‫ﯾﺪ اﻟﻮﻧﺶ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻠﻌﻘﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺎت‬

‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻰ‬

Standard Penetration test ,SPT

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 ‫ﺑﻜﺮة اﻟﻮﻧﺶ‬

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 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺪاﻟﺔ‬

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 ‫اﯾﻘﺎف اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺠﺴﮫ‬

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 ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻔﺮة اﻟﻨﺰول ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬

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 ‫رﺑﻂ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺳﻮرة‬

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 ‫اﻟﻨﺰول ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﯾﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ و اﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻎ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

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 ‫ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﺴﻨﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬٦ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻇﮭﻮر اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﯾﺒﺪء اﻧﺰال اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ‬

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 ‫رﺑﻂ وﺻﻼت اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ‬

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 ‫اﻧﺰال اﻟﺒﻠﻒ ﻻﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬

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 ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻒ ) ﺿﺮف اﻟﺒﻠﻒ ﺑﻘﻮة داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ ‪ ٦‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ (‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﯾﺮ )ﺣﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﻧﺶ( واﻟﻨﺰول اﻟﺤﺮ وذﻟﻚ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ادﺧﺎل ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻠﻒ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺸﻤﯿﻊ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻄﯿﻨﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﺸﻤﻌﺔ وﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺣﻔﺮ‬

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 ‫اﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﻣﯿﺎة اﻟﺮﺷﺢ‬
‫واﻟﻤﯿﺎة اﻟﺠﻮﻓﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻈﮫﻮر‬
‫واﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﮫﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫واﺧﺬ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‬

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 ‫ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ‪ #‬ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺭﺍ ﻫﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫** ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ أھﻤﯿﺘﮫ و اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﺑﻘﻠﻢ م‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺷﻮر‬
‫** ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪﯾﮭﺎت أن ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻤﺸﻰ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ و ﻧﻘﯿﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ و اﻟﻄﺮق و‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎرات وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﯿﻦ و اﻟﻄﻤﻲ واﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬
‫أو ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ واﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﺠﯿﺮي أو ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﻛﺴﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ و‬
‫ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﮭﻨﺎك ارض ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ؛ وھﻨﺎك أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻄﯿﻦ وﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ وھﻜﺬا ؛ أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺮاﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ؛ واﻟﻰ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﺎن‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﯾﻜﻮن أﻋﻈﻢ ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻃﯿﻦ أو ﻃﻤﻲ أﺳﻔﻠﮫ رﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل‬
‫ﻓﻲ وادي اﻟﻨﯿﻞ واﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ وﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ أﺧﺮ ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻮرﺳﻌﯿﺪ وﺷﻤﺎل اﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻄﯿﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺪﯾﮭﻲ أن اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و ﻋﺪم اﻟﺪراﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﻮاﺻﮭﺎ ﻛﺬاﻟﻚ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮع‬
‫وﻋﻤﻖ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﯾﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺧﻄﯿﺮة ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﻋﻼﺟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﻘﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺎھﻈﺔ ورﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻓﻲ ھﺬة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ھﻮ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﻞ رﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﺴﺒﺐ ھﺬا اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻧﮭﯿﺎر ﻣﺒﺎن ﻣﺠﺎورة أو ﺗﺼﺪﻋﮭﺎ وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻮاﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺬاﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫* ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﯿﻦ اﻧﮭﺎر ﺟﺴﺮ ﺗﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﺑﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻘﺎدر وﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻛﺎرﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫واﻻراﺿﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة وﯾﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذاﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم اﺗﺰان ﻣﯿﻮل اﻟﺘﺮﻋﺔ رﺑﻤﺎ ﻟﻘﺼﻮر ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﺤﺺ واﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﺗﺄﻣﯿﻨﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
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 ‫* ﺧﻼل ﺷﮭﺮ ﯾﻨﺎﯾﺮ وﻓﺒﺮاﯾﺮ ﻋﺎم ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬اﻧﮭﺎرت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﺣﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺮك ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪرﯾﺔ ؛‬
‫وذاﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﻤﺎرة ﻣﺠﺎورة ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ أﺳﻔﻠﮭﺎ وﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر أﺳﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ھﺒﻮﻃﺎ ﻛﺒﯿﺮا ﻟﮭﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ اﻧﮭﯿﺎر اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‬
‫* ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺸﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺎرى وﻓﻰ دﯾﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﻇﮭﺮت ﻣﯿﻮل ﺷﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻋﯿﻮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﻗﺪ أزﯾﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات ﻻن ذاﻟﻚ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻧﮭﺎرت ﻋﻤﺎرة ﺑﺄرض اﻟﻠﻮاء ﺑﺎﻟﺠﯿﺰة ﻓﻲ دﯾﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬وﻛﺎن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻻﻧﮭﯿﺎر ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎور ﺑﺪون دراﺳﺔ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻓﻲ أواﺧﺮ اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﯿﻨﯿﺎت ﺗﻢ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﻤﺎرة ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺎرات اﻹﯾﻮاء ﺑﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﺳﻮھﺎج ﻇﮭﺮ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻣﯿﻞ واﺿﺢ‬
‫وﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪ ٤٣‬ﺳﻢ دون ﺣﺪوث اى ﺷﺮوخ أو ﺗﺼﺪﻋﺎت ﻓﻰ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎت أو ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫أﺟﺮﯾﺖ دراﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة أﺗﻀﺢ أﻧﺔ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ دراﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻛﺎن ﺟﺰء‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻷرض اﻟﻤﻘﺎم ﻋﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺳﻠﯿﻢ و اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺧﺮ ﺑﺔ ردم ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ردﻣﮭﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﺴﻨﻮات وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺪث ھﺒﻮط ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺮدم ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻋﻤﺎرات اﻟﺴﺤﺎب ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﯾﺲ وﻋﺪدھﺎ ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﻤﺎرة وﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﻦ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﮭﺎ ﻇﮭﺮ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺷﺮوخ‬
‫و ﺗﺼﺪﻋﺎت وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﯿﻮب اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات ھﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﺼﺪﻋﺎت وﺑﻌﺪ أن‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻤﮭﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺑﺎھﻈﺔ ﻇﮭﺮت ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮوخ ﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﺟﺎء ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺒﻨﺎء و‬
‫اﻹﺳﻜﺎن ﻟﯿﺆﻛﺪ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷزھﺮ ﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﯿﻨﯿﺎت ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﯿﺪات ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎش‬
‫)ﺗﺮﺑﺔ اﻧﺘﻔﺎﺷﯿﺔ( وﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ أن ﺗﺘﺴﺮب اﻟﻤﯿﺎة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﯿﺪات وأدى ذاﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺮوخ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﺎت و ﻛﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮة ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﺑﻜﺜﺮة ) اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎدة ( ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﯿﺔ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﮫ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ ﻻﻋﻤﺎق اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ) اﻟﺮﻣﻠﯿﺔ و اﻟﺰﻟﻄﯿﺔ (‬
‫)ﻋﺪد اﻟﺪﻗﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ٣٠٫٠٠‬ﺳﻢ ( وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻌﯿﻦ رﻗﻢ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺆﺷﺮ اﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ و اﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬
‫– ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺬ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﺣﺒﺲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ – ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺬ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻘﻠﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ‪ -‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ﺑﻜﻞ دﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﺮھﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻛﯿﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻚ وﯾﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﻜﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع و رﻗﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﺔ ورﻗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ وﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ و اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻼت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺛﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎري ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء وﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﻼزم اﻟﺦ ‪.‬‬
‫– أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻼﺣﻤﺔ و اﻟﻄﯿﻨﯿﺔ ‪- :‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺒﺲ و ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻄﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺧﺮوﺟﮭﺎ ﻓﻮرا و ﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﺧﺬ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﺑﺠﮭﺎز ﺷﻠﺒﻲ و ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﯿﺎرة ﺑﻌﻤﻖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻼﺣﻤﺔ ﻷﺧﺬ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻘﻠﻘﻠﺔ ﻷﺟﺮاء‬
‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻣﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ و ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﻤﻰ اﻟﻀﻌﯿﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻤﯿﻌﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﮫ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺪم اﻣﻜﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻮﻛﺖ )اﻟﻐﺰ اﻟﺠﯿﺒﻰ ( ﻟﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ و ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت‬
‫ﻓﻲ أﻛﯿﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻚ وﯾﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﻜﯿﺖ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﺔ ورﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﺦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬

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 ‫‪ – ٣‬أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﺮﯾﺔ) اﻟﺤﺠﺮ ( ‪- :‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﻨﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻄﯿﺌﺔ وﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻮﻗﻮف ﺑﻤﯿﺰان اﻟﻤﯿﺎه و‬
‫اﻟﻨﺰول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﻣﺘﺮا و إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت و ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﻼص ) ‪ ( Recovery‬و دﻟﯿﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ) ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة‬
‫اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ‪ ( R.Q.D‬و ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪى اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬
‫و ﻣﺪى اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ و اﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎت ﺑﮭﺎ‪ .‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ‪ RQD & CR‬و ھﻜﺬا‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ و ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻛﯿﺎس ﻃﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﻮل ﻣﺘﺮ وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺘﮭﺎ وﯾﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﻜﯿﺖ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﺔ ورﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﺦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺘﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻒ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺪى ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺼﺨﺮى ھﻨﺪﺳﯿﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺮ ﻛﯿﺒﮫ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ و ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ‬

‫‪١٠٠ -٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٠ -٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٥ -٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠ - ٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٥ -٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ) ‪( %‬‬
‫‪R.Q.D‬‬

‫ﺟﯿﺪ ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﺟﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﺮ‬
‫) ‪(Core Recovery Ratio Cr‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص ‪-‬‬
‫ھﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﺧﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص‬
‫) ‪(Rock Quality Designation R.Q.D‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ‪-‬‬
‫ھﻰ ﻣﻘﺎس ﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺘﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ و ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ دل ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺨﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﯿﺠﮫ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ او ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻃﻮال اﻻﺟﺬاء اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺬﯾﺪ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺠﺬء ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ) ‪----------------------------------------------------- = ( %‬‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﺧﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص‬

‫‪ -٤‬أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﻄﯿﺔ) اﻟﺰﻟﻂ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ( ‪- :‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﺎرة ﻗﺎﺳﻮن و ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮭﺎ واﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻷﺧﺬ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و ﻻ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻈﺎﻓﺮ أو‬
‫اﻟﺪرﯾﻘﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﺦ‬

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 ‫اذﻛﺮﻛﻢ وﻧﻔﺴﻰ ﺑﺘﻘﻮى اﷲ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻨﺴﻮ زﯾﺎرة ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
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 ‫اﻧﺘﻈﺮوﻧﺎ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻧﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻻﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻤﯿﺰات وﻋﯿﻮب ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺮق ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫* اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻓﯿﺰﯾﻘﯿﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻧﻮاﻋﮭﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ – ﻃﺮق اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻰ – اﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻰ – اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﯿﺔ – اﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫وھﻰ ﻃﺮق ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﺎت و اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و اﺑﺤﺎث وﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ھﺬا ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻈﺮوﻧﺎ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﯿﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ ﺳﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن‬/ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪس‬
‫ﺳﯿﺪ اﺑﻮﻟﯿﻠﺔ‬
sayddafsy@hotmail.com
Sayddafso@yahoo.com
saydabolila@yahoo.com
‫زورو ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
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