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Thinning machines
Japanese plums
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Golden Delicious Crielaard- Reinders - Kl. B
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contents list
Articles:
South Tyrol shows interest
in Kanzi, Modi and Jazz.............................................. 10
Both opportunities and challenges
for the organic grower ............................................... 12
The nutrient element calcium .............................. 14
Increasingly more known about
the eect of thinning machines ......................... 18
Results with re blight-tolerant
apple rootstocks .............................................................20
Japanese plums
conquer South Europe ............................................... 24
Pear growers in Emilia Romagna
plant cherry trees ........................................................... 27
Stressed trees suer
more brown spot ............................................................29
Practical experience with new storage
technologies in Austria Dynamic CA
(DCA) storage and SmartFreshTM.....................30
Automatic bagging machine
saves labour ........................................................................34
News/items:
EFM Today................................................................................8
V E RT EG E N WOOR DIG E R S:
Belgi:
nv Johan Nicola
Johan Nicola: 0032 (0)475.450.258
Gerty Wauters: 0032 (0)475.752.424
trees@nicolai.be
Research news...................................................................40
Nederland:
Marco Van Beusichem: 0031/654.950.432
info@loonbedrijfvanbeusichem.nl
Frankrijk:
Domaine des Croquantes
Myriam Sohier: +33 684.602.221
Johan Nicola: +32 (0)475.450.258
Denemarken:
H.B.H. Handel APS
Henning Hansen: +45 253.220.90
Spanje:
Blay Fruits S.L.
Joseph Blay: +34 972.758.970
n.v.
Johan NICOLA
COLOPHON
Website:
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Gerard Poldervaart
Editor in chief
Info
Target group
The European Fruit
Magazine (EFM) is
the magazine for
the professional and
future-oriented fruit
grower, the rst edition was published in
January 2009. EFM is
intended for growers of apples, pears,
plums and cherries,
and for companies,
suppliers, consultants,
researchers and anyone else who is active
in the fruit sector. EFM
is published monthly
in three languages:
English, German and
Dutch.
EFM Today
ELEVEN HECTARES OF ANTIHAIL NETS FOR
THREEROW SPRAYER
Berend Jan van Westreenen, a fruit grower in the Dutch town of
Echteld, will be putting up anti-hail nets over 11 hectares of his
orchard this season. The structure will be tted such that he can
still drive a three-row sprayer under the nets. The plot concerned
has already been planted with 8 hectares of Kanzi, which will be
expanded by 3 hectares this winter.
My company suered three incidents of severe hail damage in the
past four years, says Van Westreenen. This explains why he decided to put up anti-hail nets. The concrete posts are not planted in
every row, as is customary for an anti-hail net structure, but there
is one post every three rows. This enables a machine which sprays
three rows at a time to be driven under the nets. Such sprayers are
supplied by both Munckhof and KWH.
As the rows are 3.25 metres apart, the centre-to-centre distance
between the posts is 9.75 metres instead of 3.00 to 3.50 metres as
is customary. To still give the anti-hail nets sucient support, the
posts in the rows have been placed at centre-to-centre distances
of 3.00 metres. Contrary to regular hail net structures, the net will
not be suspended from the steel wires, but will be above them.
The anti-hail net structure is supplied and constructed by Fruit
Security of Austria and by Van Nifterik of the Netherlands.
The anti-hail net structure has a ridge height of 4.75 metres and
enables a three-row sprayer to be driven under it.
The Dutch PRI wants to present a scab resistant Junami at Floriade 2012.
Photos: EFM
EFM Today
IFO SEARCHING FOR THE NEW SUPER
VARIETY
IFO, the French company, thinks that it will be able to launch
an apple onto the market in a few years time that is scab resistant, has a sugar level above 15 Brix, a storage life of a year and
a shelf life of at least a month. At the start of February, IFO offered a glimpse behind the scenes of its breeding programme.
Elsewhere in this edition you can nd an extensive article that
addresses IFOs variety breeding and selection programme.
Gerard Poldervaart
gerard.poldervaart@fruitmagazine.eu
Table 1. The number of Kanzi, Modi and Jazz trees planted in South Tyrol.
Year
Kanzi
Modi
Jazz
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total up to and
including 2008
2009 (ordered)
2010 (ordered)
1.100
4.300
44.000
126.000
130.000
20
450
4
4.500
14.500
9
130
2.000
35.000
310.000
20.000
38.000
76.000
-
133.000
-
280.000
10
Kanzi favourable
Nicoter, the variety behind the Kanzi brand, was
created by cross breeding Gala and Braeburn in
1990. The production level of Nicoter in South
Tyrol is 10% lower than that of Golden Delicious.
According to Guerra, the fruit size does not pose
a problem. However, the researcher does question Kanzis colouring. The apples colour poorly,
in particular under hail nets, in regions where
there is little dierence between day and night
temperatures and in the middle of the trees. Kanzi
needs cold nights to colour. For this reason, the
variety is only recommended for planting in orchards where fruit colouring is good, for instance
in the mountains. Kanzi is harvested at the same
time as Golden Delicious.
According to Guerra, in 2008, the total Kanzi hectarage in Europe was 750 ha. The variety owners objective is to develop Kanzi into a basic
Sensory prole
Sensory proles show that Kanzi and Jazz score
better than Braeburn with respect to rmness,
crispness and juiciness. When compared to Braeburn, Kanzi has a lower sugar content, and Jazz a
higher one. For Jazz in particular the high score
for aroma stands out.
During storage, Modi looses a relatively large
amount of acid and as a result has a rather sweet
avour. This variety is mainly seen as a competitor to the frequently grown (in South Tyrol) Red
Delicious. The advantage of Modi is that the apples become mealy slower than Red Delicious
apples.
IFTA Conference
From 1 to 3 February, the International
Fruit Tree Association,
a fruit growers association with approximately 1100 mainly
American members,
held its annual conference in Potsdam, near
Berlin. For two and a
half days, the attendants could listen to
lectures about product developments,
growing techniques,
new varieties, cherry
cultivation and organic fruit growing.
In this article, you will
nd the most striking news about the
lectures on new apple
varieties in SouthTyrol.
In 1985, the New Zealand research institute HortResearch selected the variety Scifresh from a cross
Table 2. The total production in 2006 through 2008 (in kilos per
tree) of Golden Delicious, Kanzi, Modi and Jazz on the trial site in Table 3. The average percentage of Gala, Kanzi, Modi and Jazz apLatsch (Vinschgau). The trees were planted in the spring of 2005; ples larger than 70 mm on the Laimburg research station, in the
the planting distance is 330 by 90 cm.
years 2006 through 2008.
Variety
Production
2006-2008
Variety
Golden Delicious
Kanzi
Modi
Jazz
40
37
32
27
Gala (Brookeld)
Kanzi
Modi
Jazz
81
91
89
61
11
Gerard Poldervaart
gerard.poldervaart@fruitmagazine.eu
IFTA Conference
From 1 to 3 February, the International
Fruit Tree Association,
a fruit growers association with approximately 1100 mainly
American members,
held its annual conference in Potsdam, near
Berlin. For two and a
half days, the attendants could listen to
lectures about product developments,
growing techniques,
new varieties, cherry
cultivation and organic fruit growing.
In this article, you will
nd the most striking
news about the lectures on organic fruit
production.
Bio-Topaz
In a period of ten years, Topaz has, as the only scabresistant variety, managed to nd its place in the
product range of organically grown apple varieties.
In the European organic sector, Jonagold is the
largest variety with respect to produced volume,
followed by Golden and Gala. These three main
varieties are followed by Topaz, and then Elstar.
The eorts of the Austrian organic growers have
certainly contributed here. With the introduction
of the Bio-Topaz brand, the organic growers have
managed in ten years to acquire a permanent position on the supermarket shelves. Nowadays, according to Fritz Prem, fruit grower and chairman
of the European Bio-Fruit Forum, 70% of all apples
grown organically in Austria are Bio-Topaz.
Supporter 2 instead of M9
It is certainly not easy to grow fruit organically. The
grower must try and realise an acceptable production level of a good quality by using a great deal of
inventiveness. Not all problems that a grower encounters can be solved, as shown by the introduction of Franco Weibel, head of FiBL, the research
and advisory institute for the organic fruit sector
in Frick, Switzerland.
12
More phenols
It is dicult to get sucient nutrients into trees
grown organically. This is because articial fertilisers are not allowed and leaf nutrients are only
allowed to a limited degree. During the growing
season, there are very few opportunities to correct shortages, with the result that there is a loss
of production and quality. When using compost,
the ratio between potassium and calcium often
becomes unfavourable, with the result that more
apples suer from bitter pit. A positive aspect is
However, to an increasing degree Gala is also starting to experience losses due to Gloeosporium rot,
says Weibel.
Margit Holland:
With a hot water
treatment, we manage to limit the loss
due to fruit rot to 3
to 5%.
Opal
Opal originated from
a cross between Golden Delicious and Topaz that was created
in 1992. The variety
is scab resistant and
is somewhat similar
to Golden Delicious,
but with an orange
blush. It is harvested
just after Golden. According to the Swiss
variety researcher
Simon Egger, during
harvest, the apples
have a rmness of 8 to
9 kg/cm2 and a sugar
content of 12-14 Brix.
The avour is rated as
good.
Temperature
The correct temperature is very important
when using hot water
as a treatment against
fruit rot. A temperature of 50 to 52C can
eectively kill fruit rot
fungi such as Gloeosporium, without
damaging the apples.
If the temperature of
the water drops too
far, it is possible for
it to promote fungal
growth.
13
Gerhard Baab
DLR Rheinpfalz
Bitter pit in
Braeburn.
Photos: Gerhard Baab
14
Calcium is a vital element for fruit quality and to prevent disorders during storage. In addition, calcium in the soil has
dierent ways of inuencing the absorption of other nutrients. This article
outlines the backgrounds of the various processes in which calcium plays
a role.
Calcium (lime) serves various functions in the
soil. Firstly, in the form of calcium hydroxide
(slaked lime, CaOH2) or calcium bicarbonate it
neutralises the acids in the soil (H+). In this way,
calcium regulates the pH of the soil and has a
major inuence on nutrient availability. Calcium
also prevents heavy metals leaching to the subsoil layer and into ground water.
Another function of calcium is that it encourages biological activity in the soil. The majority of soil organisms thrive best under slightly
acidic soil conditions.
In addition calcium creates calcium bridgesbetween the soil colloids, which is benecial
to the crumbliness of the soil. This improves
the structure, the pore volume and permeability of soil.
Depletion
p
of calcium is caused by acidication of the soil, leaching and uptake
into the
th fruit. Depletion caused by
leaching per hectare per year is
leach
approximately 80 to 100 kg CaO
app
with 600 to 900 mm precipitaw
tion. Depletion caused by soil
ti
aacidication and uptake by the
ffruit is 170 kg CaO. So, on an
annual basis a total of 300 to
400 kg CaO per hectare is lost,
which has to be replenished
vvia maintenance fertilization.
Calcium uptake
Calcium uptake takes places passively in the form
of Ca2+ions via the root tips. The uptake depends
on the root growth, soil temperature, soil moisture content and soil texture. Some 80 to 90%
of the amount of calcium required in that year
is taken by the tree from the soil and only 10 to
20% originates from the reserves in the wood.
The calcium content in the leaves rises continually
until the end of October. The fruits on the other
hand are mainly supplied with calcium during
the cell division phase, in other words during
the rst six weeks after blossoming. During the
cell expansion phase the calcium concentration in the fruit is diluted as a result of fruit and
shoot growth (see gure 1). Calcium uptake is
stimulated by a moist soil and by suciently
high transpiration and is negatively inuenced
by a dry, cold soil.
In the plant
The presence of calcium in the plant has several
functions.
Calcium is an important building block of the
protopectin, a sticky substance that plays an
essential role as the cement that holds the
cells together and creates stability in the cell
structure (see gure 3).
Calcium binds phospholipids in the cell membranes and therefore pays an important contribution to the stability and functioning of
the cell membranes, including transporting
substances and the gas exchange between
the cells.
Calcium is part of a large number of enzymes
that play a role in the ripening process. In this
role calcium reduces the respiratory activity
and ethylene production in the fruit. This retards the respiratory processes and ethylene
induced ripening process that occurs post harvest, or following the shelf life period (mealy
apples).
Calcium plays an important part in preventing
environmental stress (heat, cold, wind, UV-B).
Sufficiently
high content
in small fruits
Blossoming
July
Dilution of the
Ca-content
in large fruits
Harvest
Ca
O2
Ca-
calmodulin
complex
O2-
15
cell with
cell wall
stage 1
intact
middle lamella
stage 2
starting Cadeficiency
collapse of mutual
cell connections
Calcium deciency
The Auxin pump
Transport over short
distances from cell to
cell is driven by a socalled auxin pump
mechanism. The auxin
producing tissues in
the plant have a hormonal sink eect and
therefore have priority in the supply of
nutrients and water
Table 1. Risk categorisation of Coxs, Braeburn, Kanzi and Jonagold for physiological
disorders based on the Ca, K and N content in the esh
Optimal
Normal
Critical
Very critical
16
K/Caratio
N/Caratio
> 5,5
4,5 - 5,5
< 4,5
< 3,5
< 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
> 40
< 10
10 - 20
> 30
Risk of disorders
A serious threat of disorders caused by calcium
deciency is present in:
orchards with too low calcium availability in
the soil (low pH, little free calcium);
trees with rosette leaves damaged by frost or
night frost or rosette leaves with poor nutrient
level (Ca-pump);
sensitive varieties (for example Kanzi, Braeburn,
Coxs, Boskoop, Elise and Junami >75 mm);
apples harvested too early (bitter pit) or too
late (brownish esh, gloeosporium);
fruits too large for the variety concerned;
newly planted trees with strong growth and
trees with low production (unfavourable calcium distribution);
trees with a too high nitrogen, potassium or
magnesium content.
Relevant in the rst place are low calcium, potassium, nitrogen and magnesium contents in
the esh. The mutual ratios in particular especially the K/Ca and N/Ca ratio are important
indicators of the potential risk of physiological
disorders in the fruits (see table 1). A few of these
also partially occur while the fruit is still on the
tree (bitter pit, lenticel blotch), others only after
a period of storage (brown esh, scald, storage
pit, gloeosporium).
Gloeosporium
in Pinova.
ver
Pink was ne
l
so beautifu
Strong
properties:
Good flavour
Variety with large fruit
Extraordinary pink colour
Storage properties similar
to Jonagold
Not a club variety
Healthy tree
Gerard Poldervaart
gerard.poldervaart@fruitmagazine.eu
Reduced labour
There are two types of thinning machine on the
market that must be mounted on a tractor: the
Tree Darwin and the type Bonn. The Tree Darwin is the oldest of the two. The plastic thinning
strings of this machine are mounted on a vertical shaft. The angle that the shaft makes with
respect to the tree can be hydraulically adjusted
vertically.
The Bonn thinning machine consists of three arms
with plastic strings that are mounted one above
At the farm of fruit grower Helmut Brhan, thinning Elstar using the Tree Darwin was very
successful this year.
Photos: EFM
18
After mechanical thinning, the apples were nicely distributed over the tree (on the right).
six-year old Red Elswout trees had too many apples, too many of which were smaller than 70
mm. The trees that were thinned using the Tree
Darwin (driving speed 8 km per hour and rotating speed 240 revs per minute), were ne. The
size of the apples was visibly better than those
on unthinned trees. Moreover, the apples were
nicely distributed over the tree.
The grower should not be afraid when operating the thinning machine, warned consultant
Maike Steens. Dare to pass close to the tree, as
passing further away results in more thinning on
the outside. Furthermore, the shape of the tree
is also important. A slender tree is the best. For
trees that have thick, strong branches, the machine sometimes knocks o all the owers, while
the owers on hanging branches are thinned a
lot less eectively.
Source: PCFruit-PPS
15 litres/hectare
24 April
Number of fruits
per tree
78
43
60
15 litres/hectare
27 April
62
22 April
38
22 April
39
Thinning method
Control without manual thinning
Control with manual thinning
ATS - two-year branches in full bloom
ATS - three days after two-year branches being in
full bloom
Tree Darwin - 3 of 5 owers opened
Tree Darwin - 3 of 5 owers opened
Date
19
20
Photo: ACW
Yield
Accumulated yield of Gala apples per tree for the
individual rootstocks from 2004 to 2008 varied
extremely between more vigorous rootstocks
with a high total yield and less vigorous rootstocks with a weaker total yield. The G.11 with
roughly 65kg per tree achieved considerably
more than the M9T337 and B9 with about 45 kg
per tree. With respect to the relative yield however, which is the yield in relation to tree volume
(represented by the cross-section area), a very
dierent picture is presented (g. 2). The highest
relative yields were produced on the rootstocks
P16 and P59. G.11 produced slightly better than
M9T337, B9 and G.41. The vigorous rootstocks
G.16, P60 and G.202 showed the lowest relative
yealds. With regard to average fruit weight and
share of 1st class fruits, in 2007 and 2008 there
were no signicant dierences registered between the M9T337 and the re blight-tolerant
rootstocks.
Info
B.9
Photo: ACW
Propagation
Propagation of rootstock B9 in the stool
bed is satisfactory
(similar to the M9
standard). Some of
the CG rootstocks
showing a worse
propagation ability
might - depending
on the individual rootstock - not be able to
establish themselves
in practice. G.41 is not
easy to propagate in
stoolbed and shows
thorny liners, whereas
G.11 can be propagated much better but
is so far only being
propagated in small
numbers in France
and Holland.
10
5
9
P5
6
P1
B9
7
33
9T
M
Su
p
po
rte
r4
G.
11
G.
41
G.
7
2
G.
20
G.
16
Fig. 2: Relative yield as yield from 2004 to 2008 per cm trunk cross-section area 2008, in kg/cm.
G.
20
2
P6
0
G.
16
Su
p
po
rte
r4
G.
7
G.
41
B9
7
33
9T
M
G.
11
8
M
P1
6
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P5
9
kg/cm2
21
Discussion
In comparison with other European trial results,
the CG rootstocks are more vigorous in the ACW
trials. Vigor of the weakest CG rootstocks, G.41
and G.11 in Wdenswil was comparable to the
growth of M9Pajam2, which is the most vigorous
M9 type, while in other trials the growth of the
G.41 and G.11 lay, with a few deviations, between
the M9T337 and M9 Pajam2. With regard to overall yield, the G.41 and G.11 performed better in
all the trials than the M9 standard. The relative
yield of the named rootstocks is comparable.
Growth and relative yields of the rootstocks B9
and M9T337 were at the same level. For many
years, the B9 has been upheld in Europe as an
alternative to the M9, with growth between the
M9Fleuren56 and the M9T337.
22
Photo: ACW
Proudly Yours,
Hans Scholten
consultant in France
hansscholten@sfr.fr
Japanese plums
conquer South Europe
Info
Japanese plum
The name Japanese
plum is actually incorrect. The varieties this
name covers are in
fact hybrids of American and Chinese plum
cultivars. The rst
hybrids were created
at the end of the 19th
century in California,
USA. The Chinese varieties initially used
then were imported
from Japan. Hence
the name - Japanese
plum.
Shifting pattern
24
TC Sun
One of the most widely grown Japanese varieties
is TC Sun. This variety was introduced to France
ten years ago. The extremely good properties of
this cultivar account for the huge interest shown
in this Japanese plum. TC Sun is a plum with masses of avour, a yellowy orange skin and fruits that
weigh a good 75 grams (55 mm diameter).
The tree grows gradually and is highly fertile.
Some growers even plant TC Sun without a pollinator, as they would otherwise have to thin too
many fruits. If optimally pollinated, the hours devoted to thinning can reach as many as 200 per
hectare. Japanese and European plums cannot
pollinate each other. In Spain TC Sun starts to
ower in early February and in South West France
in early March.
Big yielders
At planting distances of 4.00 x 1.50 or 4.00 x 1.25
metres (2,000 trees per hectare) TC Sun trees
are easy to manage. Production of 20 kilos per
tree in the third year of growth and 30 kilos per
tree from the fourth year of growth are possible.
This translates to 60 tons per hectare, of which
about 50 to 55 tons is marketable. The fruits
ts in
the remaining
ing 5 to 10 tons are either too small
or too large,
ge, or damaged. This high production
does have a negative impact on the
any growers stick
avour. Many
to a yield off 45 tons per
hectare, off which
nearly everything
ything
can be sold..
TC Sun is not
susceptible to
biennial bearring. The fruits
ts
h
are juicy with
Good prices
The prices achieved by growers in the South of
France for TC Sun are betweendepending on
the year and the quality 0.75 and 1.50 per
kilo. These are the net payout prices. Linked to the
high yields this results in extremely good operating results. On many farms TC Sun is grown under
hail nets, and if possible, sucient night frost
protection is installed. Considering the
excellent yields its worthwhile investing in measures to protect
the harvest. A growers association
Ruby Crunch
sh.
has red esh.
25
Diseases
The diseases and
pests that attack
Japanese plums are
roughly the same as
those European plums
have to cope with.
Cydia moths demand
a concerted approach,
also because the
disease pressure of
this moth is higher in
South Europe than
in the North regions.
ESFY, the European
stone fruit yellows
phytoplasma also
plays a signicant
role. This phytoplasm
is very probably
transmitted by
the psyllid vector
Cacopsylla pruni. This
problem does not
occur in Spain, as the
climate is too warm
for this insect. Trees
aected with EFSY
die.
Promising newcomers
The leaves of tees aected by ESFY become increasingly chlorotic and the trees usually die within a year.
There is an abundance of new Japanese plum varieties. The question is, however, which of these
new varieties is good enough to develop into
the main variety.
Ruby Crunch, also known as Florence (picking
date mid August), is a promising cultivar, but
on the downside it is a very strong grower. Research is required to see if Ruby Crunch grafted
onto a weak rootstock, for example VVA-1, shows
weaker growth and can be brought into production earlier.
Catalina and Sapphire, which both ripen at the
end of July, are dark, almost black skinned.70%
of Catalina fruits have a diameter of 50 to 60 mm.
These varieties are starting to be planted here
and there.
Some of the many new Japanese cultivars being
trialled are Sun Kiss, Ruby Red and Early Queen.
Of these a number will most likely be introduced
as a club variety. Expectations are high in the
short term.
Jubileum
Jubi
Ju
bil
bi
ile
leum ((b
leum
(blue),
blue),
Ruby Crunch (red)
and TC Sun
(yellow/orange)
26
Gerard Poldervaart
gerard.poldervaart@fruitmagazine.eu
A seven-year Grace Star planted on a Colt rootstock at a planting spacing of 5.0 x 5.0 metres. In Italian, the
shape of the trees, planted at an angle of 45, is called Bandiera. This tree shape can best be compared to the
French Drapeau Marchand.
Photos: AllroundFruit
Symposium
On the initiative of
Stefano Musacchi
from the University of
Bologna, on 5 June a
symposium was held
concerning intensication in cherry growing. This was held in
the Ferrara congress
centre. More than four
hundred Italian cherry
growers heard the
introductions to the
subject and visited
two farms that grow
cherries intensively.
27
Productive varieties
The greengrocers in Ferrara will sell the cherries for 8 to 10 per kilo.
28
Gerard Poldervaart
gerard.poldervaart@fruitmagazine.eu
Sap ow
A survey conducted by PCFruit among pear growers has revealed that brown spot is much more
common on soils with poor natural drainage and
on wet plots. Researchers also noticed that attacks
of brown spot sometimes dier greatly within one
plot. The sap ow in the trunks of pear trees was
measured on well-drained and poorly drained
parts of a plot. It was observed that when the plot
was waterlogged, after rain for example, the sap
ow of trees in poorly drained parts slows down
much earlier and for much longer than in trees
on well-drained parts of the plot. Trees whose
leaves turn yellow early in the autumn are more
susceptible to Stemphylium, the observations in
Belgium revealed. It was also observed that brown
spots mainly appear on the sun side of the fruit.
Exposure to UV light also makes the fruit more
susceptible to brown spot.
Stress
With apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), for example,
it is mainly factors such as temperature, humidity and the presence of spores that determine
whether an infection will occur. These and other
observations lead to the conclusion not only that
brown spot infection is contingent on the presence of spores and infection conditions, but also
that the susceptibility of the fruit plays a major
role. Stress caused by poor growth or exposure to
ozone or UV light makes the fruit more susceptible
to brown spot, the researchers concluded.
Info
Temperature
2C higher
Temperature measurements at PCFruit
reveal that the average annual temperature rose by 2C between 1950 and 2008.
The average temperature today is 11C
compared with 9C
in 1950. The change
in temperature is
thought to be partly
responsible for the
spread of brown spot
in the Netherlands
and Belgium.
Interpera
At the Interpera
Conference at SintTruiden, Belgium, at
the end of May, researcher Piet Creemers delivered an address on the various
diseases and infestations threatening pear
cultivation. He also
presented the latest
ndings of research
into brown spot in
Belgium.
29
Following the introduction of Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage in the nineteen fties, the introduction of DCA storage and the acceptance of
1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) represented a new
giant step in the storage of fruit. By dynamically
adapting the storage conditions to the physiological status and the activities of the apples, a further
improvement in fruit quality can be achieved without supplementary post-harvest treatments.
The active ingredient 1-MCP (registered under the
trade name SmartFresh) eectively prevents the
formation of ethylene, which in turn delays the
ripening and aging of the fruit.
The use of SmartFresh is extremely interesting in
particular due to the improvement in internal fruit
quality after storage (shelf life) and in the prevention of physiological storage problems.
Figure 2: Graph showing the uorescence signal during the entire storage period (end of October 2007 to mid
March 2008)
30
12
CA 2
CA 1
DCA 2
52
40
24
30
DCA 1
0
20
10
30
core browning
40
50
cavities
60
70 [%]
esh browning
Figure 4: The inuence of various storage techniques and harvesting times on the occurrence of internal browning in Braeburn
9,0
9
8,5
kg/cm2
8,9
8,7
8,9
8,6
8,6
8,3
8,2
8,4
7,8
7,5
7,3
7
6,5
6
15.02.2007
26.06.2007
06.07.2007
date of analysis
Figure 5: Graph showing the rmness of Braeburn apples kept dierently during the
2006/2007 storage season
their research programmes. Since 2006, the Haidegg research station (Steiermark, Austria) has also
been working on DCA storage, and has purchased
six uorescence sensors for this purpose. In the
2006/2007 season, the research concentrated on
Braeburn, which, as is commonly known, is very
dicult to store in normal ULO stores due to its
susceptibility to internal browning (core and esh
browning, cavities) (Figure 3). In the 2007/2008
season, the apple variety Topaz and the pear variety Uta, both grown by the organic sector, were
included in the research programme. In addition,
practical experience could be gained from a large
practical trial of DCA storage at a fruit trading
company.
In summary, the most important results of the
DCA Braeburn trials
Reduction of core and esh browning by approximately 30 to 50%, depending on the moment of harvesting (Figure 4)
If the DCA conditions are incorrectly controlled
alcohol damage can occur
SmartFresh exacerbates internal browning,
also in combination with DCA
Info
DCA
DCA has the same objective as DCS storage,
which is to keep the
oxygen level in the atmosphere in the store
to just above the alcohol formation level.
DCA uses a number of
sample apples and a
sensor to continually
monitor the chlorophyll uorescence (see
text in article). Chlorophyll uorescence is
related to the alcohol
content in the fruit.
31
31,1
DCA
10,0
1,0
3,2
72,3
28,0
20
40
60
80
100
storage losses in %
core browning
esh browning
32
cavities
CA
120
signicant dierence when compared to untreated) and Golden Delicious that had been picked
too early, which due to the lack of aroma were
clearly rated lower in the avour test than the
untreated fruits.
While most varieties including Gala, Elstar, Jonagold and Golden Delicious clearly reacted well
to SmartFresh, the treatment was not a success
for Braeburn, in particular, due to its promotion
of esh and core browning. Extremely positive
eects are also seen against scald. For instance,
in Granny Smith, a variety known for its extreme
susceptibility to scald, the occurrence of scald
could be completely prevented even when the
fruit was stored until June. Due to the delay in
aging of the fruits after SmartFresh treatment,
they retain their natural resistance to the fungi
that cause fruit rot for longer. Therefore, by using
SmartFresh it is possible to reduce the occurrence
of Gloeosporium and other types of fruit rot, in
particular in sensitive varieties including Elstar,
Rubens and Topaz (unfortunately SmartFresh is
not allowed for organically grown produce).
A negative aspect of SmartFresh is the slight promotion of skin spots in sensitive batches of Elstar.
After extended storage to July-August, skin damage could sometimes also be found in Golden Delicious. Based on the experience gained in recent
years, Golden Delicious treated with SmartFresh
seems to be more sensitive to high concentrations of CO2. This is particularly the case when the
stores are lled very rapidly (within 1-3 days), the
as yet not completely cooled fruits are treated with
SmartFresh and the store is immediately brought
to ULO conditions. After extended storage up to
July-August, skin damage was visible 4-5 days after opening the cell. Gradual cooling and bringing
the store down to ULO conditions slower has led
to less damage in trials and in practice.
Summary
The introduction of the new storage technologies can reliably improve storage and fruit quality when compared to the normal CA and ULO
storage.
However, both approaches place higher demands
on the fruit growers and cold store managers, in
particular due to the necessity to accurately determine the optimum harvesting moment, the
homogeneity of the stored batches and the rapid
lling of the cold stores.
In addition, DCA storage is associated with considerably higher costs due to the installation of
higher-capacity scrubbers, the supplementary
supply of nitrogen and the careful monitoring
and control of the storage conditions.
8,0
7,5
7,0
7,2
6,8
6,5
6,5
kg/cm2
Inuence on physiological
damage and storage disorders
8,5
6,3
6,1
6,0
5,5
6,2
6,2
5,8
5,5
5,7
5,0
CA 23.09.2003
CA 07.10.03
MCP 23.09.2003
MCP 07.10.03
4,5
4,0
3,5
Einlagerung
4,9
4,6
4,5
4,5
38057
38155
38169
date of analysis
Table 1: Flavour assessment of various apple varieties with and without SmartFresh (storage
duration depending on variety 240 270 Days, ULO).
Variety
Harvesting
moment
Elstar
Gala
Rubens
Golden Klon B
Golden Reinders
Fuji Kiku 8
26.08.2002
26.08.2002
10.09.2002
12.09.2002
12.09.2002
16.10.2002
Flavour (1 10)
Without 1-MCP
With 1-MCP
6.1 a
6.1 a
2.2 a
3.9 b
2.6 a
4.6 b
4.8 b
1.7 a
2.5 a
5.1 b
4.6 a
4.4 a
Numbers followed by the same letter do not dier signicantly from each other. The signicance
calculations were only performed within the variety (assessment 1=very poor, 10 = very good)
Author:
Dr. Gottfried Lafer
Versuchsstation fr Obstund Weinbau Haidegg
A-8047 Graz
E-Mail:
gottfried.lafer@stmk.gv.at
Literature
Streif J., McCormick R., Neuwald D., 2008. Haltbarkeit und Fruchtqualitt durch Fortschritte in
der Lagertechnik verbessern: ULO pur, DCA oder
MCP. Teil 1: Besseres Obst 8, 9 11. Teil 2: Besseres
Obst 9, 10 12.
Lafer G., 2008. Die Fruchtqualitt erhalten durch dynamische CA-Lagerung. Besseres Obst 9, 17 20.
Gasser F., Hhn E., 2007. Dynamische CA-Lagerung
Versuchsresultate und Vergleich mit MCP. Vortrag
im Rahmen des Interreg IIIA Projektes in Ravensburg am 16.08.2007.
Zanella, A., Cazanelli, P., Panarese, A., Coser, M.,
Cecchinel, M. and Rossi, O. 2005. Fruit uorescence response to low oxygen stress: Modern storage
technologies compared to 1-MCP treatment of apple. Acta Hort. 682: 15351542.
Zanella A., 2004. Dynamische CA-Lagerung und
Anwendung von 1-MCP. Besseres Obst 9, 11 13
33
Gerard Poldervaart
gerard.poldervaart@fruitmagazine.eu
Automatic bagging
machine saves labour
The English supermarkets sell lots of apples in bags of 1 or 1.5 kilos. The large
packing stations use fully automatic
bagging machines to count and weigh
the apples. However, such machines are
mostly too expensive for smaller packing stations. During the National Fruit
Show, a fruit exhibition in Kent, UK, various suppliers presented bagging machines that can be of interest to smaller
packing stations.
The large packing stations use fully automatic
machines to bag the apples. These machines
count and weigh the fruit and can be adjusted
to ensure that almost exactly the same weight
of fruit ends up in each bag. The machine also
closes the bags and attaches a label. Hardly any
human intervention is required. Due to the price,
approximately 200,000 each, these machines
are often unprotable for the smaller packing
stations. Suppliers of grading and packing equipment saw that the smaller packing stations needed smaller bagging machines. Maf Roda, Greefa
Careful placement
The bagging machine from Burgs Machinefabriek does not roll, but as it were places the apples into the bags. Another dierence is that the
machine also closes the bags, labels them and
deposits the full bags in a bin or box. Obviously,
the Burg machine requires fewer personnel than
the Greefa and Maf Roda machines, which is also
reected in the price.
Costs
34
The Burg machine costs around 55,000 excluding vat. Greefas machine around 7,000. The Maf
Roda sales rep declined to give a price.
Using the Greefa machine, one person can ll
seven to eight bags per minute, explained the
company representative. A person lling the
bags by hand would ll approximately three
bags per minute. The fully automatic machines
used in large packing stations ll twenty bags
per minute.
www.gebrbonenkamp.nl
Lindeweg 24
8315 RD LUTTELGEEST
Telefoon +31(0)527 202 377
Fax +31(0)527 202 604
E-mail info@fairplant.nl
Web www.fairplant.nl
www.redjonaprince.nl
P.O. Box 2711, 6030 AA NEDERWEERT HOLLAND
Phone: +31 (0)495 632793, Fax: +31 (0)495 632128
E-mail: info@redjonaprince.nl, Internet: www.redjonaprince.nl
POLAND:
NOT MUCH FRUIT
SOLD THROUGH
SUPERMARKETS
Relatively little fruit is currently sold in
supermarkets in Poland. Professor Eberhard Makosz estimates that around a
quarter of all apples are sold through this
channel. The supermarkets have an even
smaller segment of the market for other
fruit types like pears, cherries, strawberries and raspberries. Makosz has noted
a trend towards more fruit being sold in
supermarkets, at the expense of weekly
markets and green grocers.
Ras
Junami
Kanzi
Rubens
2004
0
8
0
2005
26
51
31
2006
101
192
72
2007
259
306
145
2008
363
381
190
Total
of which newly
planted
108
365
710
934
100
257
345
224
Source: CBS
NEW ZEALAND:
STRONG INCREASE IN
JAZZ ACREAGE
Jazz is getting close to becoming the
main variety grown in New Zealand after
Breaburn and Gala. The acreage planted
with Jazz rapidly rose to 577 hectares in
2007. The target acreage is 1100 hectares,
in other words, 12% of the total New Zealand apple acreage. At the moment, Jazz
is the fourth apple variety, with slightly
less acreage than Fuji, but more than
Pacic Rose and Cripps Pink.
Jazz is popular with New Zealand growers due to the high prices it attracts. For
GERMANY:
RED JONAPRINCE POPULAR IN NORTH GERMANY
In the North German fruit region das Altes
Land, the Jonagold strain Red Jonaprince
is very popular, reports consultant Wouter
van Teeelen of WTE-Fruitadvies in his electronic newsletter. According to a spokesperson of the sales organisation Elbe-Obst, this
planting season, growers are planting lots
of Jonagold and more than 90 percent of
these are the dark strain Red Jonaprince.
For the grower, Red Jonaprince combines
the advantages of a high percentage of
top quality fruit with an easy harvest. The
situation for Braeburn is comparable. In
comparison to the Netherlands and Belgium, Braeburn is planted a lot and a large
proportion of the planted trees are the dark
strain Maririred.
Red Jonaprince is frequently planted in Das Alte Land.
36
Photo: EFM
The van de Water brothers trees were cut on one side using an angled
knife in early March.
Photos: EFM
37
GERMANY:
FEWER AND LARGER
FARMS
The number of fruit farms in the main
fruit growing region of Germany, das
Alte Land in the north, has halved in
fteen years. According to the ve-yearly inventory of the hectarage, in 1992
there were 1500 fruit farms in das Alte
Land. In 2007, only 769 remained. The
area covered by fruit in the same period declined by just 734 hectares. In
2007, the fruit region had in total 9,491
hectares of apple, pear, cherry, plum
and damson. As in various other fruit
growing regions, the fruit farms remaining in das Alte Land are becoming ever
larger. In 1997, the average size of a fruit
farm was 8.15 hectares. Ten years later,
this had grown to 12.15 hectares per
farm. Apple is by far the most important
fruit crop, accounting for 88.1% of the
hectarage, followed by sweet cherry
at 5.7%. Few pears are grown, they account for just 3.4% of the hectarage.
Plums and damsons account for 2.6%
and sour cherries 0.2%.
GERMANY:
WORKFORCE NUMBERS
In the German agricultural and horticultural sectors the number of seasonal
workers from Romania and Bulgaria is
increasing, while the number of Poles,
Croats and Slovaks is falling. According to the latest statistics from the German Federal Employment Agency, there
were about 71,000 Romanians working
in agriculture up to the end of July 2009.
This is 30% of the total foreign seasonal workforce, and 14,700 more than in
2008. At 61% of the total, Polish workers still form the largest group. In 2008
67% of foreign seasonal workers came
from Poland and 25% from Romania.
The number of workers from Bulgaria
- 2,000 - is not yet very high, but this
number is rising rapidly.
FRANCE:
NETS AGAINST INSECTS
In the south of France, numerous experiments
are underway into the total protection of orchards from insects using nets. In addition to
the existing hail nets, both apple and plum
orchards are being wrapped in insect nets at
the sides and ends. This prevents insects such
as the codling moth and the oriental fruit moth
(Cydia Molesta) from ying in. The latter moth
is also occurring more frequently in apples.
Both organic and conventional growers are
wrapping up their orchards.
When new hail nets are erected, the headland
at the end of the row is also wrapped in, so that
the net does not have to be lifted at the end
of every row when spraying or mowing. For
existing hail nets, several growers have made
a structure that allows the net to be rolled up
over the entire width of the plot.
(Hans Scholten, consultant in France; hansscholten@sfr.fr)
38
Orchard in the south of France with nets to protect apples from insects.
Photo: Hans Scholten
Schne Helene is one of the varieties from Professor Jacobs breeding programme in Geisenheim.
Photos: EFM
GERMANY:
CROSS BETWEEN PEAR AND NASHI
When fruits are crossed to develop new varieties, this is usually done within the same species. All over
the world, large numbers of breeding programmes are being undertaken within the European pear
species (Pyrus communis) or within the nashi species (Pyrus pyrifolia) to develop new varieties. But
technically it is also perfectly possible to cross the European pear with the nashi. In this way, the typical
properties of both species could be combined in one variety.
During his time as a breeder at the Geisenheim Research Centre in Germany, Professor Jacob did just
that. One of the progeny from a cross between the Harrow Sweet pear and the Niiseiki nashi pear is
currently being evaluated for suitability for commercial growing. The cross has the number BN 49-30
and has the appearance of a normal pear.
39
Research News
MODEL TO PREDICT
EARLY DROP
Researcher Duane W. Greene from the
University of Massachusetts has developed a method to predict apple
June drop when the fruit are just 10
to 12 millimetres. The Fachhochschule
Weihenstephan magazine reports that
the method is being trialled this year by
the Schlachters research garden near
the Bodensee in South Germany. The
idea behind Greenes model is that fruits
that fail to grow as fast as the average
fruit will drop during the June drop.
To be able to determine the June drop,
six to eight ower clusters on four trees
are marked and the fruits numbered.
Shortly after blossoming, when the
fruits are four to seven millimetres, the
size of every separate fruit is measured.
This is repeated one week later. According to Greene, fruits that show less than
half of the average growth will drop.
Therefore, if the average growth of fruits
is 6 millimetres in the week, all fruits
that have grown 3 millimetres or less
will drop.
CRACKING
IN CHERRY TUNNEL
ents
A rain cover or plastic tunnel prevents
cherries from cracking due to rain. However, this does not mean that cherries
rries
will not crack at all. At a trial orchard
rd of
cherry specialist Greg Lang from the
nited
Michigan State University in the United
States, even in a plastic tunnel a large
arge
proportion of the cherries cracked.
d.
m
After a week in which in total 100 mm
of rain fell, 91% of the Lapins and
d
89% of the Rainier fruit grown with-out a rain cover had cracked. However, even in a tunnel the percentage of cracked cherries was high:
32% of Lapins and 60% of Rainier.
Lang explains this by the fact thatt
the water that owed o the tun-en
nel reached the roots and was then
absorbed by the trees. In the days folol40
lowing the rain, which saw high temperatures and a high air humidity, the
leaves were unable to evaporate the
water, as a result of which it was absorbed by the fruit.
CHERRIES IN TUNNELS
The return made on cherries grown in a
tunnel or greenhouse depends largely
on the yield that can be achieved. In
an experimental tunnel greenhouse of
Greg Lang from the Michigan State Uni-
versity in the United States, two sprinklers were installed above the trees that
could also be used to apply crop protection products. This approach means
that you do not need any tracks in the
tunnel to be able to spray using a tractor
with a sprayer. The relatively expensive
space in the tunnel is therefore used
more eectively and higher production
levels are possible.
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GLOBACHEM NV
Leeuwerweg 138 3803 Sint-Truiden Belgium
Tel. +32 (0)11 78 57 17 Fax +32 (0)11 68 15 65
E-mail: globachem@globachem.com
Web: www.globachem.com
New Products
PINK LADY OF THE NORTH
The Pink Lady of the north: an alternative name for the new
apple variety Maribelle. Some twenty years ago, the late Piet
de Sonnaville, a private plant breeder, crossed the Meiprinses
and Gloster apple varieties. He then crossed the resulting
apple variety with Elstar. One of the progeny of that cross is
now marketed under the name of Maribelle by his son Ben
de Sonnaville, working together with Jan van Ingen of the
Boomkwekerij van Rijn tree nursery and Mathieu Gremmen.
Due to its pinkish-red blush, Maribelle looks a bit like a Pink
Lady apple.
Maribelle is a fruit grower-friendly apple. The variety has a
high yield, a good fruit size, easy colouring, high pack-out
and low susceptibility to diseases. Maribelle has a fresh taste,
a good sweet and sour balance, a sugar content of approx.
14Brix and a rmness of 7 to 8 kg/cm2 and has a crisp bite as
well, says Gremmen, summarising the qualities of Maribelle.
The apples are picked in the same period as Golden Delicious
and Jonagold and keep for a long time.
Unlike most other new apple varieties, Maribelle will not be
marketed under a tightly managed club concept, but as a
variety which can be grown and sold freely. However, the
parties that took the initiative to develop and introduce Maribelle, want to support and coordinate the sales eorts. And
Photos: EFM
42
Land:
sterreich
Sprache:
Deutsch
Datum:
15. und 16. Dezember 2009
Lokation/ Ort: Fachschule fr OBST-Wirtschaft und EDV Technik
in Gleisdorf
Info:
www.fachschule-gleisdorf.at
Anmeldung: bis 30. November 2009
bei claudia.freiding@lk-stmk.at
Kosten:
60,-
Country:
Language:
Date:
Location:
Info
Kernobstseminar
Land:
sterreich
Sprache:
Deutsch
Datum:
17. Dezember 2009
Lokation/ Ort: Fachschule fr OBST-Wirtschaft und EDV Technik
in Gleisdorf
Info:
www.l.at
Anmeldung: zentrale@l-steiermark.at
Kosten:
35,-
Belgi
18 - 20 december 2009
Belgische Fruitveiling (BFV)
Montenakenweg 82, 3800 Sint-Truiden
Organisator: Fruittelers Zuid-Limburg vzw en Groene Kring
Fruittelers Zuid-Limburg
Info:
www.fructura.be
Bundesseminar Kernobst
Land:
Deutschland
Sprache:
Deutsch
Datum:
05-01-2010 bis 07-01-2010
Lokation/ Ort: Andrea Hermes Akademie
In der Wehrhecke 1
53126 Bonn-Rttgen
Info
www.dlr-rheinpfalz.rlp.de
Anmeldung: DLR Rheinpfalz / KoGa
E-Mail:
dlr-3.koga@dlr.rlp.de
Agrosimex 2010
Country:
Language:
Date:
Location:
Info
Poland
Polish
6 and 7 January 2010
EXPO-center XXI,
ul. Pradzynskiego 12/14
Warschau.
www.agrosimex.pl
Poland
Polish
15 and 16 January 2010
Warsaw
http://www.mtas.pl/index.php?sLang=en
Sandomierz 2010
Country:
Language:
Date:
Location:
Info
Poland
Polish
26 and 27 January 2010
Sandomierz (PL)
www.spotkaniesadownicze.pl
Deutschland
3. bis 5. Februar 2010
Alle Tagen 09.00 18.00 Uhr
Messe Berlin, Messedamm 22, 14055 Berlin
unter www.fruitlogistica.de
Messe Berlin
www.fruitlogistica.de
Deutschland
10. und 11. Februar 2010
Schtzenhofstrae in Jork
Fachausstellung von Maschinen und Gerten fr
den Obstbau
Veranstalter: OVR Altes Landes, OVB Jork, LNK Stade
Info:
www.ovb-jork.de
Deutschland
19. - 21. Februar 2010
Messe Friedrichshafen
www.fruchtwelt-bodensee.de
Intervitis-Interfructa 2010
Land:
Datum:
Ort:
Programm:
Info:
Deutschland
24. bis 27. Mrz 2010
Messe Stuttgart
Technologiemesse fr Wein, Obst, Fruchtsaft und
Spirituosen
www.intervitis-interfructa.de
Steirische Obstbautag
Land:
sterreich
Sprache:
Deutsch
Datum:
13. Januar 2010
Lokation/ Ort: LVZ Haidegg
SIVAL Angers
Country:
Date:
Location:
Program:
Info:
France
12 14 january 2010
Parc des Expositions, route de Paris, Angers
Trade fair for equipment and techniques in viticulture, horticulture, arboriculture and vegetable
crops
www.sival-angers.com
Fruchtwelt Bodensee (D)
43
www.fruitmagazine.eu
Powerflex- Foliensystem
Regenschutz
Bltenfrost
Winterfrost
Sonnenschutz
Ernteverfrhung bzw. -versptung
Pflanzenschutz usw.
Das Powerflex-Foliensystem kann in Verbindung mit Hagelschutznetzen
montiert werden, wobei das ffnen und Schlieen von Folie und Netz vllig
voneinander unabhngig ist
www.fruitsecurity.com
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9EDJ79JKI
Via Galvani, 2/4 - 35011 Campodarsego (PD) - ITALY - Ph. +39 049 5565855 - Fax +39 049 9200548
www.valentepali.com - valente@valentepali.com
Our recommendations
for your next
cherry planting
Samba sumste
protected variety
Origin Canada Summerland
3. Cherry week
Early blooming, S1S3
Productive
Large fruit size very shiny
Sensitive to pseudomonas
after springfrost
Origin CZ Holovousy
4. Cherry Week
Middle early blooming, S2S6
Look alike to Kordia
Fruit setting better than Kordia
High crack resistance
Large picking window
pvr
Grace Star
protected variety
Origin Italy Bologna
4. Cherry week
Middle early blooming,
self-fertile
Very good productivity
Good pollinator for Korvik
1884
CONSIDERABLY
COST-REDUCING!
ANSEHNLICH
KOSTENSPAREND!
AANZIENLIJK
KOSTENBESPAREND!
Machinefabriek
J.M. van den Munckhof B.V.
Meterikseweg 115
5961 CV Horst
Tel. 077 398 1001
Fax 077 398 6485
info@munckhof.org
www.munckhof.org
EDTA
standard
chelates:
HBED
new formula stable
within wide pH range:
Fe IDHA
Zn IDHA
Mn IDHA
Cu IDHA
Fe EDTA
Zn EDTA
Mn EDTA
Cu EDTA
Fe HBED
blends/compounds
blends/compounds
ul. Warszawska 43
61-028 Pozna, Poland
e-mail: office@adob.com.pl
www.adob.com.pl
www.fruitoftomorrow.com