Lecture 1

Introduction

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

10-May-07
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Typical Efficiency of Different Plants

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Economic and Operation Characteristics of Plants

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Advantages of a Gas Turbine Plant

The advantages of a gas turbine plant as compared to a steam plant
of comparable horsepower include:
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

They are small in size, mass (70% weight reduction), and initial
cost per unit output.
Their delivery time is relatively short and they can be installed
quickly.
They are quick starting (as low as 10 s), often by remote control.
They are smooth running and have a capacity factor (percent of
time the unit is operating at full power) of 96 to 98 percent.
They have quicker response time (faster
acceleration/deceleration)
They can use a wide variety of liquid and gaseous fuels
including gasified coal and synthetic fuels.
They are subject to fewer environmental restrictions than other
prime movers.
Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Comparison Between Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine (1)

The gas turbine competes with the high and medium speed diesel
engines in all non-aero shaft power applications up to 10MW.

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Comparison Between Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine (2)

The gas turbine competes with the high and medium speed diesel
engines in all non-aero shaft power applications up to 10MW.

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Comparison Between Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine (3)

Where the application can use the waste heat from the engine the gas
turbine has a significant advantage.
The gas turbine has significantly lower weight per unit of power output.
For example a 5MW aero-derivative gas turbine will have a specific
weight of less than 1 ton/MW, whereas a medium speed diesel would be
nearer 5 ton/MW.
The gas turbine has significantly lower volume per unit of output power.
In the 5MW example above the packaged volume of the gas turbine
would approach 50% of that for the diesel engine.
The start time to idle for a gas turbine is typically 1060 seconds in
applications where it would compete with a high speed diesel. The
diesel engine has the advantage of being able to start in less than 5 sec.
Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Comparison Between Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine (4)

The gas turbine can have dual fuel capability, being able to transfer
from natural gas to diesel fuel while running.
The potential for low emissions of pollutants is an order of magnitude
better for gas turbines.
Maintenance costs for a gas turbine are generally lower than for a
diesel engine.
The gas turbine intrinsically has a lower vibration level than a diesel
engine.

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Development of engine pressure ratio over the years

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Trend in improvement of firing temperature

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Overall cycle efficiency

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Essential Criteria For the Gas Turbine Design (1)

1. High efficiency
2. High reliability and thus availability
3. Ease of service
4. Ease of installation and commission
5. Conformance with environmental standards
6. Incorporation of auxiliary and control systems, which have high
degree of reliability
7. Flexibility to meet various services and fuel needs

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Essential Criteria For the Gas Turbine Design (2)

High efficiency requires:
1. High pressure ratio
(for axial compressors pC increased from 7:1 to 40:1)

2. High turbine inlet temperature

(55.5C increase in turbine inlet temperature results
in 10% increase in work and about 1-0.5% increase
in efficiency)

3. Regeneration

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Essential Criteria For the Gas Turbine Design (3)

Reliability and availability:

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Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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Categories of Gas Turbines

Frame Type Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines.
3 MW to 480 MW in a simple cycle configuration, with efficiencies
ranging from 30-46%.
Aircraft-Derivative Gas Turbines Aero-derivative.
2.5 MW to about 50 MW. The efficiencies of these units can range
from 35-45%.
Industrial Type-Gas Turbines.
2.5 MW-15 MW. This type of gas turbine is used extensively in many
petrochemical plants for compressor drive trains. The efficiencies of
these units are in the low 30s.
Small Gas Turbines.
0.5 MW-2.5 MW. They often have centrifugal compressors and radial
inflow turbines. Efficiencies in the simple cycle applications vary from
15-25%.
Micro-Turbines.
20 kW-350 kW.

Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban

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