Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Malaysia, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2
. Kota Kinabalu Specialist Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
ABSTRACT: Uveitis a vision threatening inflammation of uvea is prevalent worldwide. In the United States
uveitis has prevalence of 2.3 million people and causes 10% of all cases of blindness. Uveitis is classified by
the ocular structures involved e.g., anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis.0cular TB(Eales disease) is
common in patients from Indian sub-continent. Frequent uveitis etiologies includes, Herpes simplex, Herpes
zoster, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, tuberculosis, Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis and fungi. Diagnosis of uveitis is
always presumptive and cannot be proved by pathology or by culture. PCR has proven most useful in diagnosis
of uveitis. Treatment is mostly by acyclovir, intravenous antiviral agents, anti TB drugs for ocular tuberculosis,
intravenous penicillin for ocular syphilis and sulfadiazine for Toxoplasmosis, with corticosteroids added to
prevent intraocular or sight threatening inflammation. Early diagnosis and treatment of uveitis can prevent
vision loss.
KEYWORS: Uveitis, Acute retinal necrosis, Progressive outer retinal necrosis, Herpetic anterior uveitis, and
Treatment.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Uveitis the inflammation of uvea (Latin word uva,meaning grape).Uveitis is classified by the ocular
structures involved, International Uveitis Study Group classification (i.e., anterior, intermediate, posterior ,and
panuveitis) is commonly used[1].In anterior uveitis. inflammation involves the iris(iritis),anterior ciliary
body(cyclitis),or both (iridocyclitis) Posterior uveitis refers to inflammation involving the
choroid(choroditis),retina (retinitis),both( chororetinitis),or retinal vessels(retinal vasculitis)Panuveitis involves
all three parts of the uvea .Uveitis may extend to involve the cornea(keratouveitis) or sclera
(sclerouveitis)[1].Uveitis is prevalent worldwide. In the United States uveitis has prevalence of 2.3 million
people and causes 10% of all cases of blindness[2].The prevalence in the United States is 70 to 115 cases per
100,000 population, and uveitis affects slightly more woman than men[3].The prevalence in developing
countries is not clear, but a study from West Africa found that uveitis including that due to onchrocerciasis
caused 24 % of blindness[4].Recurrent retinal and vitreous hemorrhages in ocular TB(Eales disease) is most
common in patients from India, Pakistan and Afghanistan[5].Uveitis can occur at any age, but the average age at
presentation is about 40.Anterior uveitis is the most common type of uveitis, accounting for the 90% of uveitis
cases in community based ophthalmology practice and approximately 50% in university referral centers [6].
Intermediate uveitis, posterior and panuveitis each account for 10 to 15% of uveitis cases in university referral
centers but only 1% to 5% in community practices[6].Most common uveitis infectious agents include: in
anterior uveitis, herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, syphilis, tuberculosis, in intermediate uveitis, Lyme disease and
in posterior uveitis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, fungi(candida),Herpes simplex, zoster(ARN),cytomegalovirus,
and in panuveitis, syphilis ,tuberculosis and leptospirosis[7]. Treatment of uveitis is based upon clinical
presentation and infectious agent. Treatment with corticosteroids is effective in controlling inflammation and
improving vision, but in patients with immune recovery uveitis (IRV) may require surgery [8].The paper
reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentations and treatment of uveitis.
42
43
44
V. DIAGNOSIS OF UVEITIS
Uveitis represents a diagnostic dilemma to ophthalmologist and infectious disease physicians. The
diagnosis is nearly always presumptive and cannot be proved by pathology or culture. With rare exceptions,
uvea cannot be biopsied without risking sight, so pathology of uvea is not available until the eye is lost. The
aqueous and vitreous may be samples safely, but these samples rarely yield an infectious organism. Cytology of
virectomy samples may be helpful to exclude malignancy (e.g. primary ocular lymphoma or metastatic
cancer).Bacterial culture of the aqueous or vitreous are rarely positive.[1].In tuberculous uveitis, cultures of the
vitreous and aqueous are nearly always negative. Similarly, viral cultures of aqueous and vitreous samples are
rarely positive in herpetic uveitis, although PCR testing for herpesviruses is often positive [1].Gupta and
colleagues reported that 10 of 17 patients (60%) with presumed ocular TB had positive aqueous PCR assays for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with clinical diagnosis based on a positive PPD or abnormal chest radiograph (or
both)[42].
PCR has proven most helpful in herpetic uveitis cases, such as herpetic anterior uveitis and ARN. The
aqueous or vitreous may be tested for HVS,VZV , or .CMV. Yamamoto and co-workers found that PCR tests of
aqueous samples from 7 patients with recurrent iridocyclitis of suspected viral etiology were all positive for
HVS(6 samples)VZV(1 sample),whereas samples from 17 control eyes were negative[43].In a study of 28
patients with ARN,PCR was positive in 27(96%) for HSV,VZV or CMV[44].
Positive serologic tests, such as IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma, CMV, HVS, also be of little help, given
the high prevalence of such antibodies in the general population. The one serologic test that always helpful and
should be ordered on all patients with uveitis is the specific treponemal test for syphilis (e.g.,T.pallidum particle
agglutination or FTA-abs).If this test is positive and eye findings are consistent with ocular syphilis, the patient
should be treated for ocular syphilis.[45].The T.pallidum agglutination is preferred because the FTA-abs may be
falsely positive in some patients, especially patients with rheumatologic conditions. A negative RPR does not
exclude ocular syphilis because it is negative in greater than 50% of patients with eye disease with tertiary
syphilis [46].
Radiologic studies of the eye or orbit sometimes are helpful in uveitis. Magnetic resonance imaging of
the brain and orbit may be helpful in suspected cases of ocular-central nervous system lymphoma if brain
lesions are found, although eye disease may precede central nervous system lesions by months. Fluorescein
angiography of the eye may show retinal vascular patterns consistent with certain diseases, such as a viralinduced vasculitis in CMV .Indocyanine green angiography of the eye was found to be useful in detecting and
following subclinical choroidal in eight patients with presumed ocular TB[47].
45
VII.CONCLUSION
Uveitis a sight threatening intraocular inflammation is prevalent worldwide. Recent medical
advancement provides better understanding of pathogenesis and treatment of uveitis.
REFERENCES
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].
[9].
[10].
[11].
[12].
[13].
[14].
[15].
[16].
[17].
Durand ML. Infectious Causes of Uveitis. In: Mandell, Douglas and Bennetts Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases,7th
Ed.Mandell GI.,Bennett JE,Dolin R(editors).Churchill Livingstone Elsevier,2010.
Subler ER,Ljoyd MJ,Choi D,et al.Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in veterans Affairs Medical Centers of Pacific North West.
Am J 0phthalmol.2008;146:890-96.
Gritz Dc,Wong JG.Indidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California: The Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis
Study.0phthalmology.2004;111:491-500
Ronday MJH,Stilma JS,Barbe RF,et al.Blindness from uveitis in a hospital population in Sierra Leone.Br J
0phthalmol.1994;78:690-95.
Helm CJ,Holland GN,0cular tuberculosis. Surv Ophthalmol.1993;38:229-56.
Jacob F, Reuland MS, Mackensen F,et al. Uveitis subtypes in a German interdisciplinary uveitis center-analysis of 1916 patients
Rheumatol .Dec .15 .2008; epub ahead of print.
Shafik S,Foster CS.Definition,classification,etiology and epidemiology.In:Foster CS, Vitale AT,eds.Diagnosis and treatment of
uveitis .Philadelphia: WB. Saunders, 2002; 17.
M.Ruiz-Cruz,Barrera CA,Terrazas YA,Teran RGProposed clinical use of definition for cyclomegalovirus-immune recovery
retinitis.Clin Infect Dis.2014;View at Publisher -View at Google Scholar.
Rodriguez A,Calonge M.Pedoza-Seres M,et al.Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center.Arch
0phthalmol.1996;114:593-99
Karavellas MP,Plummer DJ,Macdonald JC,et al.Incidence of immune recovery vitritis in cytomegalovirus retinitis patients
following institution of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy Infect Dis.1999;179(3),697-700.
Kupperman BD,Holland GN.Immune revovery uveitis.Am J 0phthalmol. 2000; 130 (1),103-6.
Modorati G,Miserocchi E,Brancato R.Immune recovery uveitis and human leukocyte antigen typing: a report on four patients. Eu
J 0phthalmol.2005;15(5):607-9.
The Herpetic Eye Study Group. A controlled trial of oral acyclovir for iridocyclitis caused by herpes simplex virus. Arch
0phthalmol.1996; 114:1065-72.
Liesegang Y.0cular herpes simplex infection: Pathogenesis and current therapy. Myo Clin Proc.1988; 63:1092.
Pavan Langston D.Herpes simplex of the ocular anterior segment .In: Remington JS,Swartz MN.eds.Current Clinical Topics in
Infectious Diseases 20 Cambridge. Mass:Blackwell Science;2000;296.
Kobashi Y,Hayasaka S,Shibuya Y,et al.Herpes simplex virus iridicyclitis unassociated with keratitis.Am
0phthalmol.1996;28:107-9.
Siverio CD Jr,Imati YD,Cunningham ET Jr.Diagnosis and management of herepetic anterior uveitis.Int 0phthalmol
Clin.2002;12:43-8.
46
47