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DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0947-x
Received: 2 May 2011 / Accepted: 1 September 2011 / Published online: 15 September 2011
# Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
Abstract Historical profiles of trace element concentrations were reconstructed from two mangrove
sediment cores collected within the Ba Lat Estuary
(BLE), Red River, Vietnam. Chronologies of sediment cores were determined by the 210Pb method,
which showed that each respective sediment core
from the south and north entrances of BLE provided a
record of sediment accumulation spanning approximately 100 and 60 years. The profiles of Pb, Zn, Cu,
Cr, V, Co, Sb, and Sn concentrations markedly
increased from the years of the 1920s1950s, and
leveled out from 1950s1980s, and then gradually
decreased from 1980s to present. The profiles of Cd
N. T. Tue (*) : H. Hamaoka : S. Tanabe : K. Omori
Center for Marine Environmental Studies,
Ehime University,
2-5 Bunkyo-cho,
Matsuyama, Japan
e-mail: tuenguyentai@gmail.com
N. T. Tue
e-mail: tuent@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp
T. D. Quy : M. T. Nhuan
Faculty of Geology, Hanoi University of Science,
334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan,
Hanoi, Vietnam
A. Amano
Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
1-1-1 Higashi,
Tsukuba 305-8567, Japan
1 Introduction
Mangrove ecosystems act as natural filters for retaining
sediments and pollutants that originate from land-
1316
1317
located in the high and low intertidal zone, respectively. Core R4 was located approximately 200 m
from a tidal creek. Cores were taken by hand corer
with a PVC inner tube (1.5 m in length and 10 cm in
diameter), with lengths of cores R2 and R4 being 68
and 75 cm, respectively. Immediately following
collection, cores were capped and stored in an upright
position and maintained cool. Cores were processed
within 12 h of collection by first removing the outer
layers (0.5 cm in thickness) and then slicing by a
plastic knife into 1 cm intervals. Sediment samples
were packed in labeled polyethylene bags for
further analysis. Sections of the sediment slices
were also placed in plastic cubes (1 cm3) for
porosity analysis. Samples were immediately stored
in iceboxes and transported to the laboratory where
they were frozen at 20C until further processing
and analysis.
2.3 Analytical Methods
Sediment samples were dried at 60C for 48 h in an
electric oven and subsequently pulverized using a
1318
1319
210
Pbex Geochronology
Table 1 Marine sediment reference material (PACS-2) for trace element values, analytical values, and recovery (n=16)
Elements
Pb
Zn
Cu
Cr
Mn
Cd
Co
Sb
Sn
Ag
Mo
Analytical value
(g/g dry wt.)
PACS-2 reference
value (g/g dry wt.)
Recovery (%)
1879
39318
32313
81.04.0
1406.0
41720.0
2.350.21
12.00.6
12.50.5
21.30.6
1.280.12
6.060.60
1838
36423
31012
90.74.6
1335.0
44019.0
2.110.15
11.50.3
11.32.6
19.82.5
1.220.14
5.430.28
102.19
107.97
104.19
89.31
105.26
94.77
111.37
104.35
110.62
107.58
105
111.6
1320
1321
2008
2001
1995
1989
1982
1976
1970
1963
1957
1950
1944
1937
1931
1925
1918
01
56
1011
1516
2021
2526
3031
3536
4041
4546
5051
5556
6061
6566
6768
20
53.03.8
62.36.7
81.25.5
101.012.7
89.911.7
98.711.2
105.011.4
97.716.3
93.06.0
81.09.3
85.110.9
74.326.7
83.910.1
71.98.0
66.221.9
Pb
95
79.85.1
104.016.0
118.08.4
150.026.3
130.019.9
153.024.7
164.02.4
150.029.6
146.015.3
145.015.3
144.022.0
132.027.7
159.024.3
143.021.3
127.033.4
Zn
45
31.81.4
42.36.0
58.67.9
70.613.4
65.910.5
68.38.7
93.114.2
75.512.4
78.412.1
77.312.9
78.413.2
72.020.6
84.010.7
77.916.9
70.221.9
Cu
90
547.9
5710
669.7
606.4
679.5
656.2
717.3
6514
7113
6916
7018
5617
7612
7115
6320
Cr
130
811.2
1001.6
1201.8
1302.0
1302.3
1301.6
1401.8
1302.3
1502.5
1402.4
1402.6
1303.9
1402.1
1302.3
1103.7
850
62810.1
84315.2
85424.6
63415.9
59214.7
39354.2
68618.2
46210.7
65512.7
53910.7
49311.3
44713.8
58389.4
80124.5
1,04043.8
Mn
0.3
0.2350.024
0.1240.024
0.2990.040
0.6310.041
0.5110.077
0.3590.021
0.6260.072
0.3450.029
0.2580.054
0.2660.015
0.4190.012
0.2640.010
0.3150.016
0.2540.023
0.2860.093
Cd
Average shale indicates the average concentrations of trace elements in world shale (Turekian and Wedepohl 1961)
Average shale
Year
Depth (cm)
19
131.6
152.2
172.1
173.0
172.9
172.0
200.7
182.3
182.4
172.7
182.9
164.9
182.2
183.0
165.1
Co
Table 2 Concentrations of trace elements (g/g dry wt.) in core R2 from Xuan Thuy National Park of the BLE, Vietnam
1.5
1.950.33
2.230.20
2.710.13
3.560.80
3.220.38
3.470.28
3.460.18
3.540.63
3.230.24
3.700.16
3.860.10
3.430.86
3.720.36
3.560.45
2.830.78
Sb
3.620.18
4.320.62
5.920.59
6.010.33
6.170.76
5.930.05
6.880.47
7.180.98
6.470.60
5.720.59
6.611.00
5.500.68
7.120.18
6.050.86
5.320.79
Sn
0.07
0.280.12
0.190.04
0.220.16
0.270.15
0.470.16
0.260.08
0.360.07
0.250.07
0.270.02
0.280.07
0.310.10
0.280.09
0.320.11
0.320.11
0.270.93
Ag
2.6
0.820.50
0.560.08
0.850.12
1.370.79
1.120.20
1.280.15
1.430.18
1.680.06
1.600.22
1.480.33
1.610.13
1.180.43
1.500.31
1.120.08
0.910.29
Mo
1322
Water Air Soil Pollut (2012) 223:13151330
2008
2004
2000
1996
1991
1987
1983
1979
1975
1971
1966
1962
1958
1954
1950
1946
01
56
1011
1516
2021
2526
3031
3536
4041
4546
5051
5556
6061
6566
7071
7475
20
78.42.2
70.70.3
74.32.2
72.25.0
71.73.8
80.25.8
76.12.6
84.11.8
80.80.7
95.64.8
82.95.4
82.32.0
75.93.9
90.22.7
83.10.3
85.11.3
Pb
95
94.135.2
76.532.5
87.935.7
126.09.5
135.01.6
158.03.1
143.08.9
127.021.2
170.038.8
132.026.5
139.046.7
124.023.8
123.022.8
133.024.9
199.085.4
149.03.0
Zn
45
64.91.5
60.01.2
65.21.4
71.16.4
75.33.7
86.17.1
71.52.0
78.83.2
78.73.4
80.11.5
81.55.6
81.41.2
74.43.1
93.63.3
90.77.2
84.10.7
Cu
90
683.8
654.5
652.5
697.9
683.1
795.9
653.5
752.7
692.4
713.4
721.1
673.0
653.6
681.0
652.8
660.5
Cr
130
1102.5
1000.6
1006.7
11014
1207.0
1408.6
1204.0
1301.5
1303.8
1307.0
1302.6
1202.2
1201.0
1301.6
1205.6
1302.6
850
72516.2
6377.2
66827.3
72682.6
76040.5
118021.2
77732.4
8702.0
84216.7
104014.5
75911.7
7082.4
70821.3
72018.0
64320.8
9154.1
Mn
0.3
0.2250.093
0.4960.041
0.4690.078
0.3490.037
0.6380.039
0.4170.017
0.3360.088
0.5140.089
0.7080.056
0.1950.015
0.5130.062
0.380.029
0.3390.083
0.3910.014
0.7540.064
0.3830.047
Cd
19
170.2
160.6
160.9
170.9
181.0
201.1
180.7
190.5
180.5
180.5
180.6
180.3
170.6
190.6
180.4
180.1
Co
Average Shale indicates the average concentrations of trace elements in world shale (Turekian and Wedepohl 1961)
Average shale
Year
Depth (cm)
Table 3 Concentrations of trace elements (g/g dry wt.) in core R4 from Tien Hai Nature Reserve of the BLE, Vietnam
1.5
3.040.21
2.790.11
3.430.24
2.970.28
3.500.81
4.030.41
4.100.16
3.770.14
4.700.32
3.900.25
4.080.20
4.060.18
3.920.19
4.290.17
4.170.50
4.270.16
Sb
4.090.50
4.000.60
4.501.10
5.740.54
5.720.89
6.080.78
5.320.05
6.050.93
6.260.43
5.180.57
5.300.69
4.570.91
5.350.54
5.700.93
6.801.17
6.130.37
Sn
0.07
0.300.07
0.240.08
0.310.07
0.280.03
0.390.06
0.410.04
0.290.07
0.430.01
0.480.23
0.320.08
0.410.06
0.360.09
0.380.09
0.370.04
0.360.07
0.340.08
Ag
2.6
0.880.14
0.870.22
0.700.08
0.850.02
1.000.16
1.310.62
1.450.43
1.020.14
1.850.71
1.540.10
2.050.63
1.180.05
1.380.31
1.650.16
1.690.36
1.610.05
Mo
1324
1325
Table 4 Correlation matrices of inter-element in the mangrove sediment cores from BLE
Pb
Pb
Zn
Cu
Zn
Cu
Cr
Co
0.83
0.69
1.00
a
0.94
0.77
0.79
1.00
0.63
a
a
0.72
0.77
1.00
0.71
0.82a
0.94a
0.94a
0.82a
1.00
Cd
0.74
Sb
0.68a
0.91a
0.88a
0.66a
0.84a
Sn
0.80
0.80
0.72
0.62
0.73
0.80
Cr
Mo
0.80
0.59
0.88
0.78
0.73
0.75
0.89
0.69
0.71
0.90
0.91
0.55
0.90
TOC
0.67a
0.53b
0.58
0.80
0.71
0.57
0.68
b
b
0.51
0.65
0.63a
0.91a 0.67a
0.51
0.83
0.84
0.90
0.52
0.69a
0.63b
0.83a
0.70a
0.76a
1.00
0.53
0.60
0.66
0.52
0.70
1.00
0.72a
0.81
0.89
0.77
Md
Porosity
0.50b
0.69
0.71a
0.71
0.61b
0.55b
0.50
0.62a
b
b
1.00
0.84
0.62
0.64b
0.53
0.62b
Mn
0.62b 0.64a
1.00
0.75
0.54b 0.66a
TOC
Porosity
0.77
0.55b
a
0.59b
1.00
Mn
Md
Ag
0.93
Ag
V
Mo
0.53
0.89
Sn
0.59b
Co
Sb
0.55b
0.7a
1.00
Cd
1.00
0.73a
0.82a
0.73
0.54b
0.60
0.61
0.78a
0.64a
0.64a
0.55b
1.00
0.70a
0.62b
0.53b 0.70a
0.57
0.69a
0.67a
1.00
b
1.00
0.94a
0.82a
1.00
1326
p
nCF1CF2CF3:::CFn
1327
Table 5 Comparison of trace element concentrations (g/g dry wt.): range (average) in the mangrove sediment cores from the BLE
and other studies
Sites
Pb
Zn
Cu
Cr
Cd
Co
Ag
Methods of
extraction
52.95105.12
(82.95)
70.7295.62
(80.22)
79.85164.47
(136.47)
76.53199.44
(132.29)
31.7993.07
(69.62)
60.0493.59
(77.35)
53.6575.59
(65.32)
64.9478.73
(68.58)
0.120.63
(0.35)
0.200.75
(0.44)
12.7219.76
(17.0)
15.662.18
(17.83)
0.190.47
(0.29)
0.240.48
(0.35)
HNO3 + HF
NA
NA
HCl + HNO3
HNO3 + HF
11.925.1
18.932.6
(16.8)
(26.6)
14.358.8 (31.6) 19.541.5
(28)
50
75
0.070.09
(0.08)
0.030.24
(0.1)
0.4
NA
NA
HCl + HNO3
NA
NA
HNO3 + HF +
HClO4
97.231.2
17967
427306
11.30.8
NA
HNO3 + HF
12822
15740
2.10.9
10.20.9
NA
HNO3 + HF
7.784.7
40.8144
3.134.1
7.6116.8
ND2.0
NA
ND2.8
HNO3 + HCl
1695 (55.8)
NA
3458 (47.8)
1.452.7 (2.2)
617 (10.9)
2144 (28.8)
NA
HF + HCl +
HNO3
16.834.1
27.6108
8.6358.5
26.587.2
0.1170.209 5.4315.1
NA
HCl + HNO3 +
HF
17.190.7
(5212.2)
55.6328
(14953.6)
18.886.6
(42.816.7)
10.546.1
(22.47.86)
NA
NA
HNO3 + H2SO4
1696.3
(47.913.7)
Marine sediment quality guideline
55.1268
(14042)
6.2100
(46.817)
33.8135
(87.622)
ND3.46
(1.05
0.823)
NA
7.424
(14.63.4)
NA
HNO3 +HClO4
30.2
124
18.7
52.3
0.68
NA
0.73
112
271
108
160
4.21
NA
1.77
ERLj
46.7
150
34
81
1.2
NA
ERMj
218
410
270
370
9.6
NA
3.7
NA not available
a
Ip et al. (2007)
1328
Cn
1:5Bn
Where Cn is the measured concentration of examined element n in the sediment; Bn is the geochemical
background concentration of element n; and the
coefficient of 1.5 is the background matrix correction
factor due to lithogenic effect. In this study, the
geochemical background concentrations of trace elements were used from reported values for world shale
(Turekian and Wedepohl 1961). Based on Mullers
(1979) Igeo scale, the Igeo values of 12 trace elements
in the present study were classified into three classes:
class 0 (unpolluted) consisted of elements Cr, Co, Cd,
V, Mn, Mo, and Sn, class 1 (from unpolluted to
moderately polluted) consisted of elements Cu, Zn, and
Sb, and class 2 (moderately polluted) consisted of
elements Pb and Ag. The high Igeo values of elements
Pb, Ag, Cu, Zn, and Sb in mangrove sediments from
the BLE inferred that the mangrove ecosystems have
been potentially impacted by the pollutants from
industrial sources (e.g., manufacture of batteries,
glassware and ceramics, plastics, rubber, and steel
works) and other non-point sources.
Sediment quality guidelines have been established
to provide a standard of known environmental quality
based on quantitative data to protect organisms from
adverse biological effects (Long et al. 1995; MacDonald
et al. 2000; Bjrgester and Gray 2008). Unfortunately,
the SQGs are unavailable for marine sediments of
Vietnam, therefore, two sets of SQGs consisting of the
threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level
4 Conclusions
This study presents the first record of historical profiles
of 12 trace element concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, V,
Mn, Cd, Co, Sb, Sn, Ag, and Mo) in the mangrove
sediments from the Ba Lat Estuary, Red River, Vietnam.
The chronologies of sediment cores were determined by
the 210Pbex method. Results showed that cores from
south and north entrances of the BLE provided records
of sediment accumulation spanning approximately 100
and 60 years, respectively. The historical profiles of
trace element concentrations were classified into four
groups: group 1 consisted of trace elements Pb, Zn,
Cu, Cr, V, Co, Sb, and Sn which markedly increased in
concentrations from the 1920s to the 1950s, and then
leveled out from the 1950s to 1980s, and decreased
from the 1980s to the present; group 2 consisted of Cd
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