Comparison of Electrical

Standards IEC, BS and US

IEC60364, BS7671, NFPA 70

Introduction

This study seeks to determine the differences and similarities between the BS, IEC and NEC standards with
the purpose of preventing fire and shock hazards. As a result, this study revealed that the misapplication of
these standards results in the destruction of equipment and apparatus. Destruction of equipment, printed
circuit boards and appliances can occur when IEC designed equipment is installed to a system that is based
on the NEC and vice versa. The main reason for this loss is because the installer or troubleshooter did not
make provisions for the differences of the standards and power source design. This study revealed that
improper wiring methods, overcurrent protection, and grounding/bonding techniques occur when the
installer does not recognize the difference in the standards. This results in a potential shock, fire hazard, or
reliability issue. In most cases the installer or troubleshooter is not aware of the difference that exists.
Interviews have shown that the installer or troubleshooter did not fully understand the nomenclature used
by the standard that is/was governing the application. The study has also revealed that nomenclature is an
issue. Electron theory is not changed by geography or nomenclature; the principles are the same
worldwide. The applications of the principles however, are different. We found in this study, along with
others, that both the IEC and the NEC were using the same principle and requirement but different
terminology.
Example would be the relationship between the equipment grounding conductor (NEC terminology) and
the protective conductor (BS & IEC terminology).
The different terminologies are compared in this study.
Understanding the principles of shock and fire protection is imperative for safety and reliability. As the two
standards are compared it becomes apparent that it is impossible to write on paper all scenarios that may
be encountered by the electrical industry. History (100 years) has proven that applying these shock and
fire prevention principles produces reliability of operation and reduces maintenance requirements. We
have advanced considerable since 640 BC when the Greeks discovered the movement of electrons. The
principles of electron flow have not changed but the progress we have made with application and direction
of electron flow has dictated a need for congruent standards. Global electrical needs and commerce
demand a understanding of both standards.

The IEC/BS voltage ranges have the advantage lower current which means the use of smaller wire sizes.
The savings in conductor and raceway sizes can be tremendous. However, the risk of fire and shock
hazards is greater with the higher voltage applications. In retrospect, the Europeans have managed to keep
a good safety record in terms of shock and fire hazards. One of the noted reasons is that Europeans
typically respect and have self-discipline concerning electrical needs.

The NEC is published by the National Fire Protection Association located in Quincy, Massachusetts. The
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is headquartered in Geneva Switzerland. The commission
has a responsibility for creating electrical standards primarily for Europeans. The United States has

participated in the International Electrotechnical Commission for many decades with varying degree of
involvement.
The United States has typically been on the peripheral concerning the European standards until recent
years. The leaders of the IEC have typically been Germans, French, and the British. The South Africans
have made significant contributions in specific areas such as residual current device standards.
The IEC, as would be expected, is heavily based on European and German practices. These practices have
been passed down from previous generations. The IEC manpower toward developing and maintaining
electrical standards is about 10 times that of the United States. Most members on the IEC are very skilled,
competent and multilingual engineers. The IEC standards and the German standards are almost identical.
The procedural difference between the NEC and the IEC is that the NEC is a consensus standard based
upon past shock and fire hazards while the IEC is not a consensus standard. Although shock and fire
hazards are greatly considered by the IEC other considerations are included which may the delayed in the
NEC based on adverse circumstances. The NEC committee members consist of those who are associated in
some form or fashion to electrical industry. The writers of the NEC consist of engineers, electricians,
inspectors and manufactures while the IEC consists primarily of engineers.

Table of Contents
Overall Assessment of NEC and IEC ................................................................................................. 6
Electrical Systems ...................................................................................................................... 11
Publication Time Period ............................................................................................................. 11
Adoption (AHJ) ........................................................................................................................... 12
NEC......................................................................................................................................... 12
IEC .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Equipment Approval .................................................................................................................. 13
Product Requirements ........................................................................................................... 13
Definitions...................................................................................................................................... 17
Conductors................................................................................................................................. 17
Branch Circuits ........................................................................................................................... 18
Disconnecting Means................................................................................................................. 19
Electrical Equipment .................................................................................................................. 20
Exposed Live Parts ..................................................................................................................... 20
Feeders ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Grounding that trips OCPD When A Ground Faults................................................................ 23
Equipment Ground ................................................................................................................ 23
Protective Ground ................................................................................................................. 23
Grounding Electrode Conductor Earth Ground ...................................................................... 24
Guarding of Electrical Equipment .............................................................................................. 24
Overcurrent Protection.............................................................................................................. 25
Short Circuit Protection ............................................................................................................. 25
Overload .................................................................................................................................... 27
Premise Wiring System .............................................................................................................. 27
Qualified Person ........................................................................................................................ 28
Service Drop and Service Supply ............................................................................................... 28
Underground Service ................................................................................................................. 29
Utilization Equipment ................................................................................................................ 29
Requirements for Electrical Installations ....................................................................................... 30
Examination of Equipment ........................................................................................................ 30
Short Circuit Coordination ......................................................................................................... 31
Workmanship............................................................................................................................. 31
Identification Equipment ........................................................................................................... 31

Grounding - Types of Earthing ................................................................................................... 33

Identification of Grounding Means ........................................................................................... 33
Color Code Comparison ............................................................................................................. 36
Identification of Terminals......................................................................................................... 38
Reverse Polarity ......................................................................................................................... 39
Receptacles Comparison to Sockets .......................................................................................... 39
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter................................................................................................ 41
Residual Circuit Device............................................................................................................... 41
Function of a RCD and GF Relay ................................................................................................ 43
Branch Circuits Requirements ................................................................................................... 45
Comparison of Conductor Ampacities ....................................................................................... 46
Conductor Sizing ........................................................................................................................ 48
Overcurrent Protection and Conductor Sizing .......................................................................... 48
Grounding and Bonding Language ............................................................................................ 53
Grounding Technique Based on Power Source ......................................................................... 55
Grounding Central Diesel Power Plants..................................................................................... 55
Wiring Methods ............................................................................................................................. 58
Protection From Physical Damage ............................................................................................. 58
Voltage Drop Calculations........................................................................................................ 59
Wet Areas .................................................................................................................................. 60
Temporary Wiring ...................................................................................................................... 61
Cable Trays ................................................................................................................................. 61
Flexible Cords and Cables .......................................................................................................... 63
Motors, Generators and Transformers.......................................................................................... 64
Types of IEC Transformer Systems ........................................................................................ 64
IT network .............................................................................................................................. 65
TT Network ............................................................................................................................ 65
TN networks ........................................................................................................................... 67
TN- C.: ........................................................................................................................................ 67
Hazardous Locations ...................................................................................................................... 68
Appendix 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 84

Overall Assessment of NEC,BS, and IEC

OVERALL ASSESSMENT
National Electrical Code, NFPA 70
100 years old.
written in mandatory language
designers, engineers, installers, and enforcement
close relationship with and reliance on provisions in
product standards

The National Electrical Code, NFPA 70

GeneralThe National Electrical Code has been in existence for over 100 years. The NEC is designed to be an
enforcement tool and is written in mandatory and non-mandatory language. The code is suitable for use by AHJs
such as inspection services, engineers, maintenance and construction. It is designed to be used in all of the local
industrial, commercial, and residential applications. This standard is to serve as guidance to the authority having
jurisdiction. The primary purpose of the NEC is to provide guidance to prevent shock and fire hazards. Although it
may be used often as a design criterion, it was never intended to be a design manual.
The NEC has been adopted and used in various governing bodies of the United States and in a number of other
countries. It has been translated into several languages including Japanese, Korean, and Spanish. While the NEC
was never intended as performances guide the natural results of preventing shock and fire hazards strengthens
performance and quality assurance. Code rules are generally based on past shock or fire hazards. Construction and
performance of products, equipment, wiring methods, and past practice are taken into consideration when code
rules are determined.
Electrical products must be evaluated and certified not only for risks to life and property, but also for potential
conformity to the installation and use provisions of the NEC. The NEC is revised every three years. Product safety
standards must be reviewed and revised when necessary to maintain continued compatibility. The NEC covers
electrical installations from the service point to the outlets and it includes some requirements for utilization
equipment.
Relationship with Product Standards the code typically gives the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) guidance to
determine product reliability and safety. When the AHJ does not have the means to properly test or evaluate
products for safety or reliability they may rely on third-party certification. Third-party certification must be
accomplished by a nationally recognized testing (NTRL). Third-party certification is not mandatory but serves as

guidance to the authority having jurisdiction. Most AHJ rely heavily on internal wiring systems of machines and
equipment to be tested by third-party for certification

Organization, Layout, and Contentthe Code consists of an introduction and nine chapters. Chapters 1 through 8
contain articles. Administration is article 80. Introduction is article 90. Chapter 9 contains tables. Appendix is
considered to be advisory along with fine print notes and informational notes. Text is in sections, the numbers for
which include the article designation, e.g. section 110-3. Chapters 1 through 4 of the Code apply generally;
Chapters 5, 6, and 7 apply to special occupancies, special equipment, or other special conditions. These latter
chapters supplement or modify the general rules. Chapters 1 through 4 apply, except as amended by Chapters 5,
6, and 7 for the particular conditions. Chapter 8 covers communications systems and is independent of the other
chapters, except where they are specifically referenced therein.
The provisions of the NEC cover specific requirements for installation, use, and maintenance of electrical systems
in various types of premises, other than those under the exclusive control of electric or communications utilities,
and as stated in Section 90-2(b) of the NEC. The rules also address certain features of utilization (current-using)
equipment. This ensures that proper overcurrent protection and other safety features are provided on the
equipment. The equipment must be suitable for the circuit to which it is connected. Likewise, the circuit must be
capable of supplying the particular connected load(s) without risks to life and property.

OVERALL ASSESSMENT
International Electrotechnical Commission -IEC 60364
intended to serve as a basis for development of national
requirements
1969 Europe fire and life safety principles
British Standard BS 7671
fundamental principles

International Electrotechnical Commission - IEC 60364

GeneralThe standard, Electrical Installations of Buildings, IEC 60364, was developed by the International
Electrotechnical Commission with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. This standard was developed around the
same time the national code was developed. European countries are in close proximity to each which made the
need for a universal standard that could be adopted by all countries. In 1969, a concerted effort was made to
harmonize a national wiring method and practice for use by European countries. This effort failed because the
agreement on the rules, methods and practice cannot be agreed. However, it was agreed that a standard to
determine fire and life safety principles and objectives was feasible. These principles then could serve as the basis
on which national wiring practices could be developed.
Chapter 13 IEC 60364
The note to Chapter 13, which covers fundamental principles, indicates that:
Where countries not yet having national regulations for electrical installations deem it necessary to establish
legal requirements for this purpose, it is recommended that such requirements be limited to fundamental
principles which are not subject to frequent modification on account of technical development. The contents of
Chapter 13 may be used as a basis for such legislation.
British Standard BS 7671
British Standard BS 7671 the British standard is based on IEC 60364, "Requirements for electrical installations" in
the United Kingdom for low voltage electrical installations. It is also used as a national standard by Mauritius, St
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda, and several
other countries base their wiring regulations on BS 7671. The IET (formerly IEE) has published wiring regulations in
the United Kingdom since 1882. Since their 15th edition (1981), these regulations have closely followed the
corresponding international standard IEC 60364. In 1992, the IEE Wiring Regulations became British Standard BS
7671 and they are now treated similar to other British Standards. They are maintained by the Joint IET/BSI
Technical Committee JPEL/64, the UK National Committee for Wiring Regulations. Although the IET and BSI are

non-governmental organizations and the Wiring Regulations are non-statutory, they are referenced in several UK
statutory instruments.
It is the Technical Committees that, formally, approve a British Standard, which is then presented to the Secretary
of the supervisory Sector Board for endorsement of the fact that the Technical Committee has indeed completed a
task for which it was constituted.
In the United Kingdom wiring installations are regulated by the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Requirements for Electrical Installations: IEE Wiring Regulations, BS 7671: 2008, which are harmonized with IEC
60364. The previous edition (16th) was replaced by the current 17th Edition in January 2008. The 17th edition
includes new sections for micro-generation and solar photovoltaic systems. The first edition was published in 1882.
The BSI publishes numerous titles concerning acceptable standards of design/safety/quality etc. in various fields.
BS 7671 : 2001 (AMD No 2 : 2004) concerns the safety of electrical wiring in buildings (dwellings, commercial,
industrial or otherwise).

IEC and NEC Base

The electrical safety principles cover the need for protection against shock and fire hazards that may occur due to
the use of electricity. Unlike the NEC which is consensus-based. The IEC 60364 is performance-based and is not
intended to be used as a guide for development of national wiring rules.
Organization, Layout, and ContentIEC 60364 is an assembly of 38 separate documents and 10 amendments of
various publication dates. A number of provisions in the documents are incomplete, i.e. they are indicated as
being under consideration. Some of the documents have not been revised since they were issued, as early as
1977.
The IEC 60364 documents cover electrical installations from the service entrance, but stop at the outlets for
current-using equipment. Installations in hazardous locations (explosive atmospheres) are covered in separate IEC
60079 documents. Also, IEC 60364 limits its scope to installations of circuits up to 1000 V, whereas the NEC does
not contain a specific voltage limitation for premises installations. This lack of rules for higher voltages could be a
serious consideration for high-rise building installations.
The fundamental principles contained in Chapter 13 of Part 1 encompass protection for safety: electric shock,
thermal effects, overcurrent, fault currents, and overvoltage; as well as design, selection of electrical equipment,
and erection and initial verification of electrical installations. These basic principles cover known hazards.
Knowledge of the involved hazards and statements for the need of protection against such hazards may not be
sufficient for guarding persons and property without more specific rules on how the protection is to be
accomplished. Other parts of IEC 60364 deal with conditions which may introduce hazards and measures of
protection to be provided.
The numbering system and plan of IEC 60364 are indicated in Annex A to Part 1 of IEC 60364. The numbering
system and updated plan are contained in Annex A-2 of this report. In general, it can be stated that IEC 60364
documents are organized by function. Part 1 contains the scope, object, and fundamental principles. Part 2
contains definitions. Part 3 deals with assessment of general characteristics, such as purposes, supplies, and
structure, classification of external influences, compatibility, maintainability, and safety services. Part 4 addresses

protection for safety. The hazards that are being addressed are electric shock (direct and indirect contact),
thermal effects, overcurrent for conductors and cables, overvoltage, undervoltage, isolation, and switching,
application of protective measures for safety, and choices of protective measures as function of external
influences. Part 5 deals with selection and erection of electrical equipment. It contains common rules, addresses
wiring systems, switchgear, and control gear, earthing arrangements and protective conductors, other equipment,
and safety services. Part 6 covers verification, and Part 7 addresses requirements for special installations or
locations, such as bathrooms, swimming pools, sauna heaters, construction sites, agricultural and horticultural
premises, restrictive conducting locations, earthing requirements for installation of data processing equipment,
electrical installations in caravan parks and caravans, electrical installations in marinas and pleasure craft, medical
locations and associated areas, and electrical installations in exhibitions, shows, stands, and fun fairs.
ExampleThe difficulty in using the IEC 60364 documents for direct application to an installation can be best
illustrated by example. The statements covering overcurrent protection, permitted type and location of
disconnect means, and other rules concerning installation of appliances, are located throughout the documents
and may be subject to choice and interpretation. For instance, on overcurrent protection, the section on
Protection for Safety has Clause 131.4 covering protection against overcurrent. Section 132 on Design has Clause
132.8 on protective equipment, wherein the characteristics of protective equipment shall be determined with
respect to their function for which the equipment provides protection. Among the effects against which
protection needs to be provided are overcurrent (overload, short-circuit) and earth-fault current. Then, Part 4,
which covers Protection for Safety, has Chapter 43, Protection against Overcurrent. This chapter includes general
statements on the nature of protective devices; protection against overload current, protection against shortcircuits current, and coordination of overload and short-circuit protection. The chapter was issued in 1977, but
contains Amendment No. 1, which deletes references to some outdated fuse types. Protection requirements are
expressed in formulas and deal mainly with protection of conductors. Since the IEC 60364 rules stop at the socket
outlet, overcurrent protection for current-using equipment is not addressed. Typically, electrical equipment is
designed for connection to circuits provided with a specific rating(s) and type(s) of overcurrent device. Lack of
code rules on safety features for electrical equipment could result in inappropriate or hazardous installations. In
addition to the foregoing there is Section 473 on Measures of Protection against Overcurrent. Certain aspects of
overcurrent protection are treated in a number of separate sections.
In a similar manner, Chapter 46 covers Isolation and Switching, while Section 537 covers Devices for Isolation and
Switching. Rules which cover one safety feature are located in different parts of the documents.

Electrical Systems
North America and Others 120Volts
European countries and Others 240V

Electrical Systems
The NEC specifically has different rules for below 600volts and above 600volts. The nominal voltage systems are
different when comparing the North American electrical systems and the European in a systems. This difference
dictates the type of safety rules that should be applied to different systems.

The North American systems along with other countries typically have a single phase voltage of 120 V, (between
conductors and to ground). Although there are exceptions to the rule. The European countries and some other
parts of the world typically use 240 V, ac, (between conductors and to ground) as the norm. When comparing the
two systems we see that the North American systems typically consist of wye and delta transformer winding
configurations with variations. The European system consists of TT and TN systems with variations. The type
system used as source of energy determines the proper over current protection, wiring methods, grounding, and
bonding techniques required. This will be discussed later in this book, in detail. Countries with TT, TNC, TNS, and
TNCS systems may adopt Chapter 13 on fundamental principles as the guiding principles and adopt the NEC as the
national installation and wiring rules, or they could use IEC 60364 as a basis for development of their national
rules.
In areas of the world where TT premises wiring systems exist, the IEC 60364 documents may be more suitable for
promulgating national wiring rules. The NEC specifically prohibits TT supply systems. The IEC 60364 documents
contain the requirements for the additional safety features, which are necessary for TT supply systems.

Publication Time Period

IEC - Approximately two months after final voting period
NEC - Approximately three months after issuance of the new edition by the NFPA Standards Council.
COST
IEC 60364 single copy: $1900.00 U.S

IEC 60079 - $1784.00 U.S..

NEC 2011- $125.00

Adoption (AHJ)
NEC
1. Adoption by Reference: Public authorities and others are urged to reference this document in laws, ordinances,
regulations, administrative orders, or similar instruments. Any deletions, additions, and changes desired by the
adopting authority must be noted separately. Those using this method are requested to notify the NFPA
(Attention: Secretary, Standards Council) in writing of such use. The term adoption by reference means the
citing of title and publishing information only.

IEC
2. Adoption by Transcription: Public authorities with lawmaking or rulemaking powers only, upon written notice to
the NFPA (Attention: Secretary, Standards Council), will be granted a royalty-free license to print and republish this
document in whole or in part, with changes and additions, if any, noted separately, in laws, ordinances,
regulations, administrative orders, or similar instruments having the force of law, provided that: (states conditions
for license).
Some states, counties, cities or other municipalities adopt the NEC with or without deviations by one of the above
methods. Some entities in the U.S. develop their own electrical installation codes.
NOTE: IEC 60364-1, Chapter 13, Fundamental Principles
NOTE: Where countries not yet having national regulations for electrical installations deem it necessary to
establish legal requirements for this purpose, it is recommended that such requirements be limited to
fundamental principles which are not subject to frequent modification on account of technical development. The
contents of Chapter 13 may be used as a basis for such legislation.

Equipment Approval

Equipment Approval
NEC

IEC

NEC - The conductors and

equipment required or
permitted by the Code shall
be acceptable only if
approved (110-2).
Suitability of equipment
may be evidenced by listing
or labeling by a qualified
electrical testing
organization.

IEC - Every item of

equipment shall comply with
such IEC Standards as are
appropriate and, in addition,
with any applicable standards
of the ISO (511.1) by visual
inspection. ISO International
Standards Organization
BS 511.1 & 511.2, Appendix I
Comply with relevant
standards.

Product Requirements
Unless noted otherwise, all electrical material used shall be tested by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
(NRTL) such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL), and display the mark of the NRTL. In the event that NRTL-tested
materials are not available, the contractor may then select applicable IEC manufactured, and CE marked material
but the contractor must prove equivalence and must provide the government with a full copy of the relevant
specification(s)/standard(s). If IEC manufactured, CE marked material is chosen, the product shall be provided with
a Declaration of Conformity. The Declaration of Conformity contains information to allow tracing of the
product, including product identification, manufacturers name, address, signature and standards by which the
product is tested. IEC manufactured, CE marked material shall also be independently certified by a Notified Body
A Notified Body must serve as an independent test lab and perform tests properly that comply with the
applicable standards and directives called for by the applicable standards. These tests shall be recorded in
Technical Documentation by the laboratory and submitted for review. Adopted from AED Design Requirements.

NEC, NFPA 70
Art. 90 Introduction

Purpose
The purpose of this Code is the
practical safeguarding of persons and
property from hazards arising from
the use of electricity. Furthermore,
Sec. 90-1(b) indicates that this Code
contains provisions that are
considered necessary for safety.
Compliance therewith and proper
maintenance will result in an
installation that is essentially free
from hazard but not necessarily
efficient, convenient, or adequate for
good service or future expansion of
electrical use.

IEC 60364
Chapter 12 Object
to provide safety and proper
functioning for the use
intended

BS 7671
Chapter 12 Object
to provide safety and proper
functioning for the use
intended

National Electrical Code, NFPA 70

NEC - Art. 90

Introduction

Purpose
The purpose of this Code is the practical safeguarding of persons and property from hazards arising from the use
of electricity. Furthermore, Sec. 90-1(b) indicates that this Code contains provisions that are considered
necessary for safety. Compliance therewith and proper maintenance will result in an installation that is essentially
free from hazard but not necessarily efficient, convenient, or adequate for good service or future expansion of
electrical use. These statements correlate with Chapter 12 of IEC 60364.
IEC and BS 7671 - Chapter 12 Object
Clause 131.1 (Ensure safety)
Clause 12.1 indicates that this standard contains the rules for the design and direction of electrical installations so
as to provide safety and proper functioning for the use intended. The rules are expressed in generalities, i.e.
certain means of protection are required to be provided but the methods by which to accomplish the level of
protection specified are not indicated. From Clause 12.1, it is also evident that the object of IEC 60364 is to
provide safety and proper functioning for the use intended. If functioning is intended to include other than safety
functions, such aspects are considered to be outside the scope of the NEC.

NEC - 90-2

Scope

The installations included or excluded from the scope of each of the two documents are similar.

IEC - Chapter 11 Scope

NEC - 90-3

Code Arrangement

In addition, by use of the index and the specific requirements that, in most cases, are located in one particular part
of the Code, the safety aspects of an installation can be readily assessed.
IEC - There is no index to the IEC 60364 documents.

NEC - 90-4

Enforcement

Since the Code has the capability of being used as a legal document, issues relating to enforcement are important.
These are covered in Sec. 90-4.
Not covered
IEC - Aside from Chapter 6 on Verification, IEC 60364 does not address enforcement issues.

NEC - 90-5

Mandatory Rules and Explanatory Material

Mandatory rules, permissive rules, and explanatory material all are clearly defined. In addition, suitability for
adoption as a legal document precludes recommendatory statements.
IEC - Covered in ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3,
Clause 6.5.1, 6.6.1, and Annex E.

NEC - 90-6

Formal Interpretation

The authority having jurisdiction for enforcement of the Code has the responsibility for making interpretations of
the rules; however, there is a mechanism for obtaining formal interpretations by which clarification on the Code
text, not particular installations, can be obtained.
IEC - Not covered
Formal interpretation procedures are not in place.

NEC - 90-7

Examination of Equipment for Safety

In effect, these provisions relieve the inspection authority from delving into internal wiring of appliances and
equipment, and rely for safe operation on equipment that has been certified by a qualified electrical testing
laboratory as meeting appropriate identified standards.
IEC - Part 6 Verification
Compliance with the safety requirements of the relevant equipment standards is to be made by visual inspection
on permanently wired electrical equipment.

NEC - 90-8

Wiring Planning

IEC - Sec. 132 Design

NEC - 90-9 Metric Units of Measurement

IEC - Not covered; inherently metric

Definition

Definitions
NEC
NEC -Art. 100 Definitions
Contains only those
definitions essential to
proper application of the
Code

IEC
IEC - Part 2 Definitions
Chapter 21 Guide to general
terms.

Status: Purely informative in

nature. Contains informative
notes only for some terms in
IEC 60050 (826).
BS
Guide to general terms.
Part 2

Definitions
NEC -Art. 100 Definitions
Contains only those definitions essential to proper application of the Code.
This analysis includes the definitions for which a corollary can be made to an IEC 60050 definition and those
needed for clearer understanding of the U.S. Safety System.
IEC - Part 2 Definitions
Chapter 21 Guide to general terms.
Status: Purely informative in nature. Contains informative notes only for some terms in IEC 60050 (826).
Inside the covers of IEC publications is a note on terminology referring readers to IEC 60050, International
Electrotechnical Vocabulary. The following definitions are from IEC 60050. The definitions are preceded by the IEC
60050 Part designation in parentheses. Brackets contain the title of the Part (for other than Part 826: Electrical
Installations of Buildings).

Conductors

Conductor Carrying Current

NEC
Article 100
Ampacity: The current in
amperes that a conductor
can carry continuously
under the conditions of use
without exceeding its
temperature rating.

IEC
(826) Current-carrying
capacity Conductor
Continuous
The maximum current which
can be carried continuously
by a conductor under
specified conditions without
its steady state temperature
exceeding a specified value.
BS
Part 2 definition
Same as IEC

Branch Circuits

Branch Circuit
NEC
Article 100 - Branch Circuit:
The circuit conductors
between the final
overcurrent device
protecting the circuit and
the outlet(s).
Branch or
Final Circuit

IEC
826) Final circuit (of
buildings): A circuit
connected directly to
current-using equipment or
to socket outlets.
Branch or
Final Circuit

BS
Part 2
314
433.1.5
543.7.2

Disconnecting Means

Disconnect or Isolation Switch

NEC - Article 100
- Disconnecting Means: A device,
or group of devices, or other
means by which the conductors
of a circuit can be disconnected
from their source of supply.

IEC - 826
(826) Isolation: A function
intended to cut off for reasons of
safety the supply from all or a
discrete section of the installation
by separating the installation or
section from every source of
electrical energy.

BS 537.1.4
Isolator Part 2
Switch Main 537.1.4

Electrical Equipment

Electrical Equipment
NEC Article 100
Equipment: A general term
including material, fittings,
devices, appliances, fixtures,
apparatus, and the like used as a
part of, or in connection with, an
electrical installation.

IEC - 826
Electrical equipment: Any item
used for such purposes as
generation, conversion,
transmission, distribution or
utilization of electrical energy,
such as machines, transformers,
apparatus, measuring
instruments, protective devices,
equipment for wiring systems,
appliances.

BS Part 2
Same as IEC

Exposed Live Parts

NEC - Exposed (as applied to live parts): Capable of being inadvertently touched or approached nearer than a safe
distance by a person. It is applied to parts not suitably guarded, isolated, or insulated. (See Accessible and
Concealed)
IEC - (826) Direct contact: Contact of persons or livestock with live parts.

NEC Article 100 - Live Parts

Electric conductors, buses,
terminals, or components that
are uninsulated or exposed
and a shock hazard exists.

IEC - (826) Live part

A conductor or conductive
part intended to be
energized in normal use,
including a neutral
conductor, but, by
convention, not a PEN
conductor.
Note: This term does not
necessarily imply a risk of
electric shock.

Feeders
Art. 215 Feeders
NEC Article 215 Feeder
Circuits extend from service
equipment to one or more
distribution panelboards

IEC - No set definition

314.2 Separate distribution

circuits where separate
control is needed
Judgment needs to be
exercised in providing
separate distribution
circuits and those parts of
the circuits where separate
control is needed.

NEC - Art. 215 Feeders

Feeder: All circuit conductors between the service equipment or the source of a separately derived system and
the final branch-circuit overcurrent device.
Feeders typically extend from service equipment of the premises to one or more distribution panelboards. These
panelboards in turn supply branch circuits. The rules address minimum rating and size, ampacity relative to
service-entrance conductors, overcurrent protection, use of common neutral conductors, need for diagrams, and
various other aspects in regard to auto transformers and tapping circuits from a feeder. A ground-fault circuit
interrupter protection can be used on a feeder to protect all of the branch circuits emanating from the supplied
distribution panelboard. Also, each feeder having a disconnect rated 1000 amperes or more and connected in
specified voltage circuits, is required to be provided with ground-fault protection of equipment. The equipment
ground-fault protectors operate at a level below the potential short-circuit current of a circuit and they operate
before extensive equipment damage has taken place.
Distribution circuitsGeneral rules apply
IEC - 314.2 Separate distribution circuits where separate control is needed
IEC - (826) Distribution circuit (of buildings): A circuit supplying a distribution board.
Judgment needs to be exercised in providing separate distribution circuits and those parts of the circuits where
separate control is needed.

Grounding that trips OCPD When A Ground Faults

Equipment Ground
Protective Ground

Grounding That Trips OCPD When A Ground Fault Occurs

NEC Article 100
Grounding Conductor, Equipment

The conductor used to connect

the noncurrent-carrying metal
parts of equipment, raceways,
and other enclosures to the
system grounded conductor, the
grounding electrode conductor,
or both, at the service equipment
or at the source of a separately
derived system.

IEC
(826) Protective conductor (symbol PE):

A conductor required by some

measures for protection against
electric shock for electrically
connecting any of the following
parts:
exposed conductive parts,
extraneous conductive parts,
main earthing terminal,
earth electrode,
earthed point of the source, or
artificial neutral.

Grounding Electrode Conductor Earth Ground

NEC - Grounding Electrode
Conductor

The conductor used to

connect the grounding
electrode to the equipment
grounding conductor, to the
grounded conductor, or to
both, of the circuit at the
service equipment or at the
source of a separately
derived system.

IEC - (826) Earthing conductor

A protective conductor
connecting the main
earthing terminal or bar to
the earth electrode.

Guarding of Electrical Equipment

NEC Article 100 Guarded:

IEC - 826 Barrier or Obstacle

NEC - Guarded: Covered, shielded, fenced, enclosed, or otherwise protected by means of suitable covers, casings,
barriers, rails, screens, mats, or platforms to remove the likelihood of approach or contact by persons or objects to
a point of danger.
IEC - (826) Barrier: A part providing protection against direct contact from any usual direction of access.
IEC - (826) Obstacle: A part preventing unintentional direct contact, but not preventing direct contact by
deliberate action.

Overcurrent Protection
NEC Article 100
Overcurrent: Any current in
excess of the rated current
of equipment or the
ampacity of a conductor. It
may result from overload,
short circuit, or ground
fault.

Short Circuit Protection

IEC - 826
Overcurrent: Any current
exceeding the rated value.
For conductors, the rated
value is the current-carrying
capacity.

NEC Article 100 & 110.9

Interrupting Rating

IEC - (441) Short circuit breaking

capacity:

NEC - Interrupting Rating: The highest current at rated voltage that a device is intended to interrupt under
standard test conditions.
IEC - (441) Short circuit breaking capacity: A breaking capacity for which the prescribed conditions include a short
circuit at the terminals of the switching device .
[Switchgear, control gear, and fuses]

Overload
NEC Article 100
Overload: Operation of
equipment in excess of
normal, full-load rating, or
of a conductor in excess of
rated ampacity that, when it
persists for a sufficient
length of time, would cause
damage or dangerous
overheating.

IEC - 151
Overload: The excess of
actual load over full load.
Note: The term overload
should not be used as a
synonym for overcurrent.
[Electrical and Magnetic
Devices]

Premise Wiring System

NEC Article 100

Premises Wiring (System):
That interior and exterior
wiring, including power,
lighting, control, and signal
circuit wiring.., that
extends from the service
point of utility conductors
or source of a separately
derived system to the
outlet(s).

IEC - 826
Wiring system: An
assembly made up of a
cable or cables or busbars
and the parts which secure
and, if necessary, enclose
the cable(s) or busbars.

Qualified Person / Skilled Person

NEC Article 100
Qualified Person: One
familiar with the
construction and operation
of the equipment and the
hazards involved.

IEC 826, Amendment 2

Skilled person: A person
with relevant education and
experience to enable him or
her to avoid dangers and to
prevent risks which
electricity may create.
Instructed person: A
person adequately advised
or supervised by skilled
persons to enable him or
her to avoid dangers and to
prevent risks which
electricity may create.
Ordinary person: A person
who is neither a skilled
person nor an instructed
person.

Service Drop and Supply Service

NEC Article 100

Service Drop: The overhead

service conductors from the last
pole or other aerial support to
and including the splices, if any,
connecting to the serviceentrance conductors at the
building or other structure.

IEC - 601

(601) Supply service: A branch

line from the distribution system
to supply a customers
installation.
[Generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity
General]
Power Neutral is tied to Ground
at pole and ground rod building

Ground Rod

Underground Service

NEC Article 100

Service Lateral:
underground service
service-entrance conductors
from transformer (source)
to meter, or other
enclosure.

IEC - 601
Supply service: A branch
line from the distribution
system to supply a
customers installation.
Generation, transmission,
and distribution of
electricityGeneral]

Utilization Equipment
NEC Article 100

IEC - 826

Utilization Equipment:
Equipment that utilizes
electric energy for
electronic,
electromechanical,
chemical, heating, lighting,
or similar purposes.

Current-using equipment:
Equipment intended to
convert electrical energy
into another form of energy,
for example light, heat,
motive power.

Requirements for Electrical Installations

NEC Article 110.2
Approval
Acceptable to the authority
having jurisdiction.

IEC 60364
IEC 60364 does not address
issues relating to
acceptance of an
installation.

Examination of Equipment
NEC Article 110.3

IEC

110-3 Examination,
Identification, Installation,
and Use of Equipment

This section is equivalent of

Part 3 of IEC 60364,
Assessment of General
Characteristics and Chapter
61, Initial Verification.

CAUTION

Short Circuit Coordination

NEC Article 110.9
110-9 Interrupting Rating

IEC 533.2
533.2 Selection of devices
for protection of wiring
systems against overloads

Current - Limiting

434.3.1 Breaking capacity

Covers series combinations of short circuit protective devices. Note recommends obtaining of details on
coordination from equipment manufacturer.

Workmanship
NEC
110-12 Mechanical
Execution of Work

Identification Equipment

IEC
134.1.1 (Good
workmanship and proper
materials)

110-22 Identification of Disconnecting Means

This section addresses not only identification of disconnecting means, but also indicates that if a series
combination of overcurrent devices is used, use of the system, the system rating, and that identified replacement
components are needed is also covered by the marking requirement. Because of the dynamic conditions during
the interruption process of short-circuit currents, the acceptability of a series combination of the two overcurrent
devices and the host equipment can be determined only by test. Equipment so evaluated is marked with
information indicated above.

NEC
NEC
110-22
110-22 Identification
Identification of
of
Disconnecting
Disconnecting Means
Means
Pump
PumpMotor
Motor##55

Mot
Mot

IEC
IEC
Sec.
Sec. 514
514 Identification
Identification of
of
purpose
purpose of
of switchgear
switchgear and
and
control
control gear;
gear; identification
identification of
of
wiring
wiring for
for specific
specific reasons;
reasons;
color
color coding
coding of
of neutral
neutral and
and
protective
conductors;
protective conductors;
identification
identification of
of protective
protective
devices
as
to
circuit,
devices as to circuit, etc.;
etc.; and
and
provision
provision of
of diagrams.
diagrams.

Sec. 514 Identification

Covers identification of purpose
of switchgear and control gear;
identification of wiring for
specific reasons; color coding of
neutral and protective
conductors; identification of
protective devices as to circuit,
etc.; and provision of diagrams.

Grounding - Types of Earthing

312.2 Types of system earthing
546.2.2 The PEN conductor shall be insulated to the highest voltage to which it may be subjected to avoid stray
currents.
NEC
NEC

IEC
IEC
312.2
312.2 Types
Typesof
ofsystem
systemearthing
earthing

Article
Article250-50,
250-50,52
52 Connection
Connection
to
toGrounded
GroundedSystem
System

A1
A1
NEC
NEC-Equipment
-Equipment
Grounding
Grounding
Conductor
Conductor

IEC
IEC--Circuit
Circuit
Protective
Protective
Conductor
Conductor

IEC
IEC-Main
-MainEarthing
EarthingTerminal
Terminal
NEC
NECService
ServiceEquipment
Equipment
Ground
GroundTerminal
Terminal

A2
A2

Main
Main
Equipotential
Equipotential
Bonding
Bonding

B1
B1

B1
B1

IEC-Earthing
IEC-EarthingConductor
Conductor
NEC-Grounding
NEC-Grounding
Electrode
Electrode Conductor
Conductor

A1
A1&&A2
A2Exposed
ExposedConductive
ConductiveParts
PartsMotors,
Motors,
Equipment,
Equipment,etc
etc
B1
B1&&B2
B2 --Extraneous
ExtraneousConductive
ConductiveParts
Parts
Metal
MetalWater
WaterPipe,
Pipe,Gas,
Gas,Building
BuildingSteel,
Steel,Rebar
Rebaretc
etc

IEC
IEC-Earth
-EarthElectrode
Electrode
NEC
NECGrounding
Grounding
Electrode
Electrode

200-3 Connection to Grounded System

In conjunction with the foregoing section, the
electricity supply system also is required to have a
grounded circuit conductor (N or PEN conductor).
This rules out use of type IT supply systems, except
in a few specialized cases, one of which is in
patient care areas covered in Art. 517.

Identification of Grounding Means

United Kingdom

British Standard BS 7671:2001 Amendment No 2:2004 adopted the IEC 60446 colours for fixed wiring in the United
Kingdom, with the extension that grey can also be used for line conductors, such that three colors are available for
three-phase installations. This extension is expected to be adopted across Europe and may even find its way into in
a future revision of
IEC 60446.

IEC
IEC

NEC
NEC

Amendment No 2,
2004 of BS
7671:2001,
Requirements for
Electrical
Installations (the 'IEE
Wiring Regulations'),
formally published
on 31 March 2004,
states the new
(harmonized) colors
and includes
guidance for
alterations and
additions to
installations wired in
the old cable colors.

200-6
200-6 Means
Meansof
ofIdentifying
IdentifyingGrounded
Grounded
Conductors
Conductors
200-7
200-7 Use
Useof
ofWhite
Whiteor
or Gray
GrayColor
Color
250.119
250.119Equipment
EquipmentGround
Ground

514.3
514.3 Identification
Identification of
ofneutral
neutraland
and
protective
protective conductors
conductors
Per
PerIEC
IEC60446:
60446:
Neutral:
Neutral: Light
Lightblue.
blue.
Protective:
Green
Protective: Greenwith
withyellow
yellowstripe.
stripe.
Acknowledges
AcknowledgesU.S.
U.S.color
colorcoding
codingfor
for
grounded
groundedand
andequipment
equipmentgrounding
grounding
conductors.
conductors.

The new (harmonized) color cables may be used on site from 31 March 2004. New installations or alterations to
existing installations may use either new or old colors, but not both, from 31 March 2004 until 31 March 2006.
Only the new colors may be used after 31 March 2006.

The following is history of how the color code, IEC standards, has changed. This will not be covered in class but is
for informational purposes only.

Q1. What are the changes that are proposed for the color identification of conductors?
For the fixed wiring of an installation, it is proposed to replace the traditional colors of red and black for the phase
and neutral conductors of single-phase circuits with brown for the phase conductor and blue for the neutral
conductor. The green-and-yellow bi-color identification of protective conductors will continue unchanged. The
proposed color identification will be familiar, having been used in appliance flexible cables and cords in the United
Kingdom for the past 28 + years.
The proposed colors for the conductors of three-phase circuits are brown, black and grey with a blue neutral
conductor, in place of the traditional red, yellow and blue with a black neutral. Again, the bi-color green-andyellow marking of protective conductors will remain unchanged.
The proposed change will implement the use of the core colors introduced in the revision of European
Harmonization document HD 308: Identification of cores in cables and flexible cords, and to align with BS EN
60446: 2000 Basic and safety principles for the man-machine interface - identification of conductors by colors or
numerals.
Q2. Why are the changes for conductor color identification necessary?
The United Kingdom agreed some 28 years ago to adopt the color blue for neutral conductors, and has since used
harmonized (brown/blue/green-and-yellow) colors for the identification of the cores of flexible cables and flexible
cords but, at that time, no move was made towards such harmonization for non-flexible cables used for fixed
wiring. Unfortunately, while the United Kingdom was contemplating such change, much of the rest of Europe was
standardizing on blue for neutral, with brown and/or black phases.
When it became evident in 1999 that, within a few years, a new European Standard would require the use of the
color blue (rather than black) for the neutral conductor of fixed wiring throughout Europe, it became necessary for
the United Kingdom to address the cable color issue with some urgency.
The joint BSI/Institution of Engineering and Technology committee now responsible for the technical content of
the Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) established a Working Group to consider the position the United Kingdom should
take with respect to the harmonization of the colors of the conductors of non-flexible cables for fixed wiring.
The Working Group concluded that the United Kingdom had no realistic option but to agree to use the color blue
for the neutral, and brown for the phase conductor of single-phase circuits.
It also concluded that, due to the widespread adoption in the rest of Europe, the United Kingdom would have to
accept black for one of the other phases of a multi-phase circuit. The Working Group also considered that there
was a need to be able to distinguish between the phases of a three-phase circuit and decided to propose the color
grey for one of the phases, because, of the very few remaining pan-European color options, this seemed to have
the fewest disadvantages.

The Working Groups recommendations subsequently formed the basis of a United Kingdom proposal which was
accepted by the CENELEC countries almost unanimously. Europe now has the opportunity to fully harmonize the
color identification system not only for non-flexible cables for fixed wiring, but also for flexible cables and cords
and distribution cables.
Q3. How were the changes implemented?
The changes were included in Amendment No 2 to BS 7671:2001 Requirements for Electrical Installations. To assist
with the implementation of the new colors for fixed wiring, the amendment included a new appendix to BS 7671
providing advice on marking at the interface between the old and new colors, and general guidance on the
extended range of colors that may be used for line (not neutral or protective) conductors.
Q4. When did the changes come into effect?
BS 7671 permitted the use of the new conductor colors for fixed wiring commencing on site from 1 April 2004.
Continued use of the old colors was permitted until 1 April 2006, after which time only the use of the new colors
was permissible. During the two year transition period, it was permissible to use either the new or old colors, but
not a combination of both in the same installation work.
Q5. To minimize the number of new installations that will have mixed (old and new) colors, was it permissible to
use conductors with the new colors as soon as they become available, perhaps before BS 7671 was amended?
If a designer or other person responsible for specifying an installation decided to use the new cable colors in
advance of the amendment to BS 7671, it was necessary for that person to record on the Electrical Installation
Certificate for that installation a departure from the requirements of BS 7671, confirming that the same degree of
safety has been provided as that afforded by compliance with the Regulations. Regulations 120-02-01 and 511-0102 refer.
However, as some of the proposed requirements, including the marking of cables at terminations, were yet to be
agreed, it may have been impracticable for specifiers to provide the required confirmation until such time as all the
installation requirements had been firmly established by publication of the amendment to BS 7671. Use of the new
colors before all the related safety requirements had been established and communicated to the industry might be
considered inadvisable.
Q6. What is the most significant safety issue?
The change in the United Kingdom to adopt blue for neutral conductor and at least one black for a phase
conductor in a multi-phase circuit could, if not properly addressed, introduce the possibility of confusion with the
black neutral conductor and blue phase conductor in existing three-phase distribution circuits.
However, it is generally considered that the risk is a manageable one. It is acknowledged that other European
countries have reportedly made radical changes in their conductor color identification systems without
immoderate safety ramifications. The public in the United Kingdom is already familiar with a blue neutral and
brown phase in the leads of their domestic appliances.

Color Code Comparison

Gray

UK AC Power Circuit Wiring Color Codes

Function

label

Color, IEC

Old UK color

Protective earth

PE

green-yellow

green-yellow

Neutral

blue

black

Line, single phase

brown

red

Line, 3-phase

L1

brown

red

Line, 3-phase

L2

black

yellow

Line, 3-phase

L3

grey

blue

US AC Power Circuit Wiring Color Codes

Function

label

Color, common

Color, alternative

Protective ground

PG

bare, green, or
green-yellow

green

Neutral

white

grey

Line, single phase

black or red (2nd

hot)

Line, 3-phase

L1

black

brown

Line, 3-phase

L2

red

orange

Line, 3-phase

L3

blue

yellow

NEC

IEC

200-9 Means of
Identification of Terminals

Not addressed

Identification of Terminals
NEC

IEC

200-10 Identification of
Terminals (for grounded
circuit conductor)

Not addressed

Hot Leg or
Phase Conductor
Neutral

Equipment
Ground
Neutral
Conductor

Reverse Polarity
NEC
200-11 Polarity of
Connections

IEC
Not addressed

Reverse Polarity

Receptacles Comparison to Sockets

NEC
210-7(a) through 210-7(e)
Receptacles and Cord
Connectors (Grounding
Requirements)

IEC
NONE - 413.1.1.2 Earthing
(other than the general
provisions for earthing, no
other specifications)

NEC - 210-7(f) Noninterchangeable Types (Receptacles) This provision is needed due to the presence of 120 and
240 volt circuits in dwelling units. In other occupancies, circuits of other voltages with socket outlets may be
present. Other than in recreational vehicles and marine craft, extra-low voltage circuits supplying power are
extremely rare. Art. 720 on circuits and equipment operating at less than 50 volts has been left over from earlier
times when some rural
premises were supplied only by
NEC
NEC
IEC
210-7(f)
Noninterchangeable
IEC
wind power and storage
210-7(f) Noninterchangeable
Types
Types (Receptacles)
(Receptacles)
413.1.1.2
Earthing
(other
than
the
413.1.1.2 Earthing (other than the batteries operating at the low
general
general provisions
provisions for
for earthing,
earthing, no
no voltage. Sec. 210-7(f) is
other
other specifications)
specifications)
applicable regardless of the
types of voltages present.
230
230volt
voltsocket
socketoutlets
outlets

IEC - 411.3.4 Plugs and socket

outlets (for FELV systems only)
Considerable detail in
requirements is provided in
Sec. 411 covering protection
against both direct and indirect
contact by extra-low voltage,
120
120Volt
Voltduplex
duplex Receptacle
Receptacle
SELV, and PELV sources. This
appears to be an indication that
extra-low voltage sources for supplying limited amounts of power are prevalent. Plugs on SELV and PELV circuits
are not prohibited from having the same configuration as 230 volt socket outlets.
240
240Volt
VoltReceptacle
Receptacle

NEC - 210-7(f) Noninterchangeable Types (Receptacles)

This provision is needed due to the presence of 120 and 240 volt circuits in dwelling units. In other occupancies,
circuits of other voltages with socket outlets may be present. Other than in recreational vehicles and marine craft,
extra-low voltage circuits supplying power are extremely rare. Art. 720 on circuits and equipment operating at less
than 50 volts has been left over from earlier times when some rural premises were supplied only by wind power
and storage batteries operating at the low voltage. Sec. 210-7(f) is applicable regardless of the types of voltages
present.
IEC - 411.3.4 Plugs and socket outlets (for FELV systems only)
Considerable detail in requirements is provided in Sec. 411 covering protection against both direct and indirect
contact by extra-low voltage, SELV, and PELV sources. This appears to be an indication that extra-low voltage
sources for supplying limited amounts of power are prevalent. Plugs on SELV and PELV circuits are not prohibited
from having the same configuration as 230 volt socket outlets.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

Residual Circuit Device
NEC - 210-8 Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection for Personnel
Provision of ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel requirements have resulted in a notable
reduction in electrocutions in the U.S. These devices are required to have a trip setting of 4-6 mA of ground-fault
current. This level of protection ensures that a person being subjected to the shock current has the ability to let go
of the hazardous object. Typically, these devices are installed at locations or circuits for which they are specified.
Thus, they are not subjected to excessive leakage currents which may cause nuisance tripping. Concepts of wholehouse protection have been explored, however, increases in design trip point, which would be necessary, were
considered to be a reduction in the level of safety. Further efforts in whole-house protection methods are not
being actively pursued by use of GFCI type devices.

NEC
NEC
210-8
210-8 Ground-Fault
Ground-Fault
Circuit-Interrupter
Circuit-Interrupter
Protection
Protection for
for Personnel
Personnel

IEC
IEC
531.2
531.2 Residual
Residual Current
Current
Devices
Devices

4-6
4-6 mA
mA of
of ground-fault
ground-fault
current
current

RCDs
RCDs isis not
not to
to exceed
exceed 30
30
mA.
mA.

IEC -412.5 Additional protection

by residual current devices
IEC - 531.2 Residual current
devices
Clause 412.5 specifies that
protection by residual current
devices (RCDs) is to be provided
as an additional protection
method against electric shock.
The primary protection methods
include insulation of live parts,
barriers or enclosures, obstacles,
and placing out of reach.

The rated operating current for

the RCDs is not to exceed 30
mA. In the opinion of the U.S.
National Code Committee, a 30
mA trip rating is too high to prevent serious physiological effects other than ventricular fibrillation. These other
effects include inability to let go, interference with breathing, etc. (according to publication by Biegelmeier,
Skuggevig, and Takahashi, The Influence of Low-Voltage Network Systems on the Safety of Electrical Energy
Distribution, 1995, UL).
For other than horticultural and agricultural buildings, the IEC 60364 documents specify 30 mA maximum RCDs
only as a method of protection against electric shock. For the above two types of premises, 705.422 specifies 0.5 A
RCDs as protection against fire.
Even though IEC 60364 documents specify 30 mA RCDs only for protection against indirect contact, there are
indications that to achieve the disconnecting times in Table 41A of Sec. 413 in an economical manner, RCDs with
ratings up to 300 mA are used in Europe and possibly elsewhere. Typically, these devices supply all or a number of
circuits in premises.

NOTE: The higher circuit voltage can create higher touch voltages. Together with the permitted variations in
supply system grounding (earthing) rules, a necessity is created to devote more attention to prevention of shock
hazards due to indirect contact (with accessible parts that may become live due to a fault).
One important consideration in development of new national electrical installation requirements, is the type of
existing infrastructure and electrical supply systems. In areas where the general purpose utilization circuits
operate at 120 V, ac, the NEC may be more appropriate. Even if these circuits operate at 240 V and the supply
systems are of TNS or TNCS type, the NEC could be applied with modifications to some parts of the Code, mainly in
Article 210 sections on branch circuit voltages. The Code also accommodates IT and TNC systems. In the event the
existing branch circuit conductors have metric dimensions and the common conductor sizes and overcurrent
device ratings of the IEC standards are employed, some adjustments in the NEC would be necessary, mostly for
unit conversions. However, from the standpoint of uniform application and enforcement, the NEC, with its
comprehensive requirements, would be a more appropriate base document for development of national wiring
rules.

Function of a RCD and GF Relay

RCD

PCB

Describe the operation of a GFCI and a RCD

Branch Circuits Requirements

NEC - 210-11
Branch Circuits Required
Based on load
calculations as specified
220 and the proliferation
electrical appliances,
requirements for
separate branch (final)
was deemed necessary.

Determine
Determine Branch
Branch Circuit
Circuit Requirements
Requirements
IEC
NEC
IEC
NEC
132.3
210-11
132.3 Nature
Nature of
of demand
demand
210-11 Branch
Branch Circuits
Circuits
Required
Required
Calculations
Calculations As
As Specified
Specified In
In Art.
Art. 220
220 Determining
Determining The
The Number
Number
And
Types
Of
Circuits
And Types Of Circuits
Required
Required

IEC - 132.3 Nature of

Indicates only the
parameters that need to
considered in
determining the number
of circuits required.

in Art.
of
specific
providing
circuits

demand

be
and types

NEC -110-7 Insulation Integrity

The specification that completed wiring installations shall be free from short circuits and grounds faults. The NEC
does not prescribe test
methods
or insulation resistance
values.
NEC
NEC
IEC
IEC
In a compliant installation,
insulation
110-7
612.3
110-7 Insulation
InsulationIntegrity
Integrity
612.3 Insulation
Insulation resistance
resistance
integrity is achieved by use
of wiring
of
the
electrical
installation
of
the
electrical
installation
materials and equipment
that has
Test
Methods
Test
Methods
been certified to specified
and
Test
Test Voltages
Voltages
identified standards and by
proper
Insulation
Insulation Resistance
Resistance Value
Value
installation verified by the
acceptance authorities.
IEC - 612.3 Insulation
resistance of the electrical
installation
Test methods, test voltages,
minimum insulation
resistance values are
prescribed.

and

Comparison of Conductor Ampacities

COMPARISON OF CONDUCTOR AMPACITIES

NEC - Article 110-6

IEC Table 52J Metric

Conductor Sizes
(in AWG or
circular mils)

Minimum crosssectional area of

conductors

COMPARISON OF CONDUCTOR AMPACITIES

Table 1 - Based on NEC Table 310.16 and IEC 60364-5-52 Table A 52-4
Fuse
or
Circuit
Breaker
Protection
Size

Copper
Wire
60Terminal
Types - TW, UF

AWG (mm2)

Copper
Wire
75 C Terminal
Types - RHW, THHW, THW, THWN, XHHW, USE, ZW

AWG (mm2)

15
14 (2.5mm )
14 (2.5mm )
20
12 (4mm )
12 (4mm )
25
10 ( 6mm)
10 ( 6mm)
30
10 ( 6mm)
10 ( 6mm)
35
8 (10mm )
8 (10mm )
40
8 (10mm )
8 (10mm )
45
6 (16mm )
6 (16mm )
50
6 (16mm )
6 (16mm )
60
4 (25mm )
6 (16mm )
70
4 (25mm )
4 (25mm )
80
3 (25mm )
4 (25mm )
90
2 (35mm)
2 (35mm)
100
2 (35mm )
2 (35mm)
110
2 (35mm )
2 (35mm)
125
1/0 (50mm )
1 (50mm )
150
2/0 (70mm )
1/0 (50mm )
175
3/0 (95mm )
2/0 (70mm )
200
4/0 (120mm )
3/0 (95mm )
225
250 (120mm )
4/0 (120mm )
250
300 (150mm )
250 (120mm )
300
400 (240mm )
350 (185mm)
350
500 (240mm )
400 (240mm )
400
700 (400mm )
500 (240mm )
One of the standard conductor temperature ratings is 75C in the NEC, whereas in Part 5, Sec. 523 of IEC 60364,
400
600 (300mm)
the closest standard rating to 75C is 70C. If the NEC ampacities were recalculated for a 70C maximum
temperature, the allowable ampacities would be lower yet.

Conductor Sizing

Conductor Sizing

Overcurrent Protection and

Conductor Sizing
1.
1.Non
Noncontinuous
continuousoperation:
operation:The
Theload
load

isisnot
notoperating
operatingover
over33hours
hourscontinuous.
continuous.
The
Thebreaker
breakersize
sizewould
wouldbe
bebased
basedon
on
maximum
maximumload.
load. Example:
Example: 100
100amp
amp
maximum
maximumload
loadxx100%
100%==100
100amp
ampbreaker
breaker
size.
size.
2.
2.Continuous
Continuousoperation:
operation:Defined
Definedby
bythe
the
NEC
NECisisthe
themaximum
maximumload
loadon
onfor
for33hours
hoursare
are
more.
more. The
Thebreaker
breakerwould
wouldbe
besized
sizedfor
forthe
the
maximum
maximumload
loadplus
plus25
25percent.
percent. Example:
Example:
100
100amp
ampload
loadxx125%
125%==125
125amp
ampbreaker
breaker
size.
size.

NEC 210-19 Conductors

Minimum Ampacity and Size

IEC - Condu
based on

Conductor Size Is To Be
Based On The
Noncontinuous Load Plus
125% Of The Continuous
Load Connected

3.
3.Continuous
Continuousand
andnon
noncontinuous
continuous
mixed
mixedloads:
loads:The
Thebreaker
breakerwould
wouldbe
besized
sized
for
fornot
notless
lessthan
than100
100%%of
ofthe
thenon
non
continuous
continuousload
loadplus
plus125
125%%of
ofthe
the
continuous
continuousload.
load.

NEC- 210-19 Conductors

Minimum Ampacity and Size

Due to the performance

characteristics of overcurrent
devices used in conjunction with the NEC, the minimum conductor size is to be based on the noncontinuous load
plus 125% of the continuous load connected to the branch circuit. Continuous load is defined as a load that
operates continuously for three hours or more. Typically, such loads are lighting loads, air conditioning loads, and
electric heating loads.
FPN No. 4 provides information on voltage drop, which for other than fire pump motors, is considered a design
consideration, not safety.
The provisions in this section also specify the minimum size of branch circuit conductors which is No. 14 AWG (2.08
mm). Some exceptions permit tap conductors as small as size No.18 AWG (0.823 mm).

IEC - Sec. 133 Selection of electrical equipment

133.2 Characteristics
Table 52J indicates minimum size conductors for various applications. For power and lighting circuits, the table
indicates 1.5 mm copper which is close to size No. 16 AWG, and 2.5 mm for aluminum conductors. Aluminum
conductors in the smaller sizes (No. 12 and No. 10 AWG) are no longer available in the U.S.
Sec. 525 has a title voltage drop in consumers installations. This section is indicated as under consideration.
There is no indication on voltage drop for other than consumers installations. Some generic statements are made
in Chapter 45 on protection against undervoltage, leaving the protection needed as a judgment item.

Overcurrent Protection and Conductor Sizing

AED DESIGN REQUIREMENTS - CABLE AND BREAKERS SIZING

Adjustment Factors
NEC
NECTable
Table310
31015(B)(16)
15(B)(16)Adjustment
Adjustment Factors
Factors for
for
More
MoreThan
ThanThree
Three Current-Carrying
Current-Carrying Conductors
Conductors in
inaa
Raceway
Raceway or
orCable
Cable

IEC
IEC--Table
Table52-E1
52-E1--Correction
Correction factors
factorsfor
forgroups
groups
of
ofmore
morethan
than one
one circuit
circuitor
ormore
morethan
thanone
one
multicore
multicore cable
cable

Number
Number of
of

Percent
Percent of
of

Current-Carrying
Current-Carrying
Conductors
Conductors

Values
Valuesin
in Tables
Tables
Table
Table310.15
310.152011
2011
edition
edition

Number
Numberof
of
Circuits
Circuits
Table
Table53-2E1
53-2E1

4-6
4-6

80
80

7-9
7-9

11

Number
Numberof
of
Loaded
Loaded
Single
SingleCore
Core
Conductors
Conductors
In
InA
AGroup
Group
33

Correction
Correction
Factors
FactorsFor
For
Values
ValuesIn
In
tables
tables52-C1
52-C1
to
to 52-C6
52-C6
1.00
1.00

70
70

22

66

0.80
0.80

10-20
10-20

50
50

33

99

0.70
0.70

21-30
21-30

45
45

44

12
12

0.65
0.65

55

15
15

0.60
0.60

31-40
31-40

40
40

66

18
18

0.55
0.55

77

21
21

0.55
0.55

41
41and
andabove
above

35
35

8,9,10
8,9,10

24-30
24-30

0.50
0.50

12,
12,14
14

36-42
36-42

0.45
0.45

16,19,20
16,19,20

48-60
48-60

0.40
0.40

Overcurrent
protection for
conductors and
equipment is
provided to open the
circuit if the current
reaches a value that
will cause an
excessive or
dangerous
temperature in the
conductors or
conductor insulation.
It is very important
that the ampacity of
the breaker properly
protect the
conductors. This
document does not
include instruction for
motor protection (See

National Electrical Code (NEC) Article 430 for motor protection).

Breakers are normally sized based on the maximum load that will pass through them on a continuous or non
continuous operation (NEC Article 210.20(A)).
1. Non continuous operation: The load is not operating over 3 hours continuous. The breaker size would be based
on maximum load. Example: 100 amp maximum load x 100% = 100 amp breaker size.
2. Continuous operation: Defined by the NEC is the maximum load on for 3 hours are more. The breaker would be
sized for the maximum load plus 25 percent. Example: 100 amp load x 125% = 125 amp breaker size.
3. Continuous and non continuous mixed loads: The breaker would be sized for not less than 100 % of the non
continuous load plus 125 % of the continuous load.
Conductors shall be sized based on Table 1, and NEC 240.4. The table was created based on a worst case
capacity from NEC Table 310.16 and IEC 60364 Table A.52-4. Table 1 ampacity values are valid for 3 current
carrying-conductors or less in a conduit or raceway, at an ambient temperature of 30C. If actual conditions differ
from these values, Table 2 (correction for number of conductors) and Table 3 (correction for ambient temperature)
shall be used to adjust the capacity for conductors shown in Table 1.

NEC
Table 310-15(b)(2)(a): Adjustment Factors for More Than Three Current-Carrying Conductors in a Raceway or
Cable
[Applies also to single conductors or multiconductor cables in free air, stacked or bundled more than 24 in. (0.61
m)]
The foregoing adjustment factors apply where all current-carrying conductors carry current continuously. Where
load diversity is involved, such as may be the case in numerous industrial applications, for more than nine
conductors in a raceway or cable, Table B310-11 provides factors with less severe reduction in ampacities than the
values shown above.
Conductor sizes and types have an influence on the amount of current a conductor can carry where the conductor
is installed in close proximity to other current-carrying conductors. For practical reasons the numbers given for the
adjustment factors are not exact. However, they serve well to ensure minimum levels of safety that can be
achieved by design, installation, and verification.

IEC
Table 52-E1: Correction factors for groups of more than one circuit or more than one multicore cable
[Note 6 has been applied to the number of single core cables to facilitate direct comparison]

The foregoing values apply to single-core conductors or cables bunched on a surface or enclosed in conduit or
trunking.

Table 52-E1 is expressed in terms of numbers of circuits and multicore cables. According to Note 6, for groups of
single-core conductors the number of groups of conductors have to be divided either by two or three to arrive at
the number of circuits in the Table. This alternative can result in a difference of five percentage points in some
correction factors.

Table 310.15(B)(2)(a) Ambient Temperature Correction Factors Based on 30 C (86 F)

For ambient temperatures other than 30 C (86 F), multiply the allowable ampacities specified in the ampacities
specified in the ampacity tables by the appropriate correction factor shown.

Correction
Correction Factors
Factors for
for Ambient
Ambient Temperature
Temperature
NEC
NEC Table
Table 310.15(B)(2)(a)
310.15(B)(2)(a)

IEC
IEC--Table
Table52-D1:
52-D1: Correction
Correctionfactors
factorsfor
for
ambient
ambientair
air temperatures
temperaturesother
otherthan
than30C
30C

Ambient
Ambient
Temp.
Temp. (C)
(C)
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
---35
35
40
40
45
45
50
50
55
55
60
60

PVC
PVC Insulated
Insulated
70C
70C Conductors
Conductors
1.22
1.22
1.17
1.17
1.12
1.12
1.06
1.06
---0.94
0.94
0.87
0.87
0.79
0.79
0.71
0.71
0.61
0.61
0.50
0.50

Correction Factors for Ground Temperature

IEC
Ground
Temp. (C)
10
15
-25
30
35

PVC Insulated
70C Conductors
1.10
1.05
-0.95
0.89
0.84

Table 52-D2: Correction factors for ambient ground temperatures other than 20C

NEC - Art. 220 Branch-Circuit,

Feeder and Service Calculations

Example - lighting loads

0.25 and 3.5 VA per square
foot depending on
application diversity

IEC - 133.2.4 Power equipment

is to be selected to be suitable
for the load

Maximum demand and

diversity
No guidance diversity
factors and conditions

Art. 220 Branch-Circuit, Feeder and Service Calculations

The NEC contains specific rules for calculating the size of electrical service, feeders, and branch circuits, and how
much load can be safety connected to each. General lighting loads are based on volt-amperes per square foot and
the volt-ampere values vary between 0.25 and 3.5 VA per square foot. There are various demand factors for
multiple loads where all of the loads are not expected to be energized at the same time.
For feeder and service loads, there are optional calculations which are permitted to be used. Farms have a
different load composition, therefore, separate rules are specified for computing farm loads.
133.2.4 Power equipment is to be selected to be suitable for the load
Sec. 311 Maximum demand and diversity
Maximum demand and diversity are two factors that need to be considered in sizing electrical circuits, and the
power equipment is to be selected to be suitable for the load.
No guidance is provided for determining diversity factors and conditions under which they can be applied. Each
country has to determine the minimum safe electrical service that can be provided for premises and how much
load can be applied to each circuit.

Grounding and Bonding Language

PEN
PEN conductor
conductorfulfills
fulfills the
the functions
functionsofof
both
both aa PE
PE and
and an
an NN conductor
conductor

PE
PEProtective
ProtectiveEarth
Earth
NNNeutral
Neutral
PME
PMEProtective
ProtectiveMultiple
Multiple
Earthing
Earthing

Grounding Language
NEC

Grounding Electrode
Grounding Electrode
Conductor
Equipment Ground
Neutral
(Grounded Circuit Conductor)
Bonding

IEC

Earth
Conductor to Earth
Protective Earth (PE)
Protective Conductor
Neutral

TNS PE and N are separate conductors that are connected together only near the power source. TNC A
combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N conductor. Rarely used. TNCS Part of the
system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The combined
PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and separated in the
service head. In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of

connecting the combined neutral-and-earth conductor to real earth at many locations, to reduce the risk of broken
neutrals - with a similar system in Australia being designated as multiple earthed neutral (MEN).

Grounding Technique Based on Power Source

NEC

Grounding Technique is Based on

Power Source

Single Phase
Three Phase Wye Ungrounded
Three Phase Grounded Wye
Three Phase Delta Ungrounded
Three Phase Delta Grounded
Center Tap
Corner Tap

IEC

TT System
TN - C System A MultiGrounded Neutral System
TN-S System 3Phase System
Also Used As Single Phase, 2Wire and 3-Wire Systems With
Ground
TN-C-S System Common
neutral and protective
Conductor. Most Commonly
Used because it uses both the
C and S configurations in the
same facility.

*Grounding

Grounding Central Diesel Power Plants

60Hz systems: Grounding shall be designed and installed accordance with NEC Article 250. Most AED-N projects
have central diesel power plants, and a main distribution panel that feeds all buildings. Each building in these
compounds is considered a Building Supplied by a Feeder by NEC 225.30, and is bound by the grounding
requirements of NEC 250.32. NEC 250.32(A) requires a grounding electrode at buildings supplied by a feeder.

50Hz systems: Grounding system shall be TN-S Earthing System, as identified in BS7671. Additional earthing of the
Protective Earth is required for all projects. The PE shall be connected to all available grounding electrodes
available at the building,
including but not limited to:
Building Steel, Concrete
Encased Electrode, and
IEC
IEC -- 50Hz
50Hz systems
systems
NEC
NEC -- 60Hz
60Hz systems
systems
Ground Rods.
TN-S
TN-S Earthing
EarthingSystem,
System, BS7671
BS7671
Feeder
Feeder Grounding
Grounding
PE
PE shall
shall be
be connected
connected to
to all
all
NEC
NEC 225.30
225.30
available
grounding
available grounding
NEC
NEC 250.32(A)
250.32(A)
If a transfer switch is
electrodes
electrodes available
available at
at the
the
provided ahead of the Main
building,
building, including
includingbut
but not
not
Distribution Panel, it must be
limited
limited to:
to: Building
BuildingSteel,
Steel,
Concrete
Service Entrance rated, or a
Concrete Encased
Encased Electrode,
Electrode,
and
and Ground
Ground Rods.
Rods.
Service-Rated disconnect

Grounding
Grounding Central Diesel Power Plants

switch with an overcurrent

protection device must be
provided on the Utility
(transformer) side of the
transfer switch.

See NEC 230.83 Equipment Connected to Supply Side of Service Disconnect.

* Adopted from AED Electrical Design Requirements

Grounding
NEC Generators 60 Hz

IEC Generators 50 Hz

TN-S Earthing System, as

identified in BS7671.
Additional earthing of the
Protective Earth is required for
all projects.
The PE shall be connected to
all available grounding
electrodes available at the
building, including but not
limited to: Building Steel,
Concrete Encased Electrode,
and Ground Rods

Separately Derived System

Article 250.32 , 2011 edition
Grounding Electrode System
Article 250.52, 2011 edition

Wiring Methods
Protection From Physical Damage

Protection From Physical Damage

NEC Article 300-4

Protection Against Physical

Damage

IEC 522.6,7&8
522.6 Impact
522.7 Vibration
522.8 Other mechanical
stresses

NEC

IEC

300-6 Protection Against

Corrosion
300-5 Underground
Installations

522.5 Presence of corrosive

or pollution substances
Table 52H, Reference
numbers: 5, 5A, 21 through
24A, 52, 53, 61, 62, 63

NEC - 300-7 Raceways Exposed to Different Temperatures

IEC - Other than fundamental principles, not covered

Grouping of Conductors
NEC Article 300-20 Induced
Currents (grouping of conductors
and single conductor entries into
ferromagnetic enclosures)

IEC - 521.5 All conductors to be

grouped in same enclosure where
ferromagnetic enclosures are used

Voltage Drop Calculations

The voltage drop of any insulated cable is dependent upon the length of the cable, the current on the cable and
the impedance (ohm) per unit length of the cable based on the type of conduit. Voltage drop on the cable shall be
limited to the following:
- The voltage drop of the secondary
of 3%. - The voltage drop of a feeder or
circuit of 2%.

Voltage
Voltage Drop
Drop Considerations
Considerations
NEC
NEC

No
Nomandatory
mandatoryaction
action

IEC
IEC

service
branch

No
Nomandatory
mandatoryaction
action

Information
The combined voltage drop of feeder
and
Informationnote
noteto
toArticle
Article
215.3.Informationnote
2,
33
215.3.Informationnote
2,
branch circuit shall not exceed 5%.
Voltage
&&44
Drop Calculations shall be provided in
accordance with the NEC, regardless of
where
the cable was manufactured. U.S
Formula
(NEC) For three phase: VD = 1.732 x L
xRxI/
1000 For single phase: VD = 2 x L x R x
I / 1000
VD: The voltage drop (V) L : The length
of
conductor (m) R: The impedance value
from
NEC Chapter 9, Table 9 (ohm/km) [or Table 1 of Section 2 above] I : The load current (A) The value R is
determined from the National Electrical Code (NEC), Chapter 9, Table 9 column Effective Z at .85 PF for Uncoated
Copper using the ohm/km column. See Table 2 below for the NEC table data presented in the USACE Allowable
Capacities of Conductors chart. Below is an example calculation for determining voltage drop. Determine the
voltage drop of a 380V, 3 phase circuit with a current of 100A and a length of 150 m and a conductor size of 50 mm
in steel conduit. This is a secondary service feed. VD = 1.732 x Length x Impedance x Current / 1000. Impedance
is found in Table 1 of Section 2 above:
= 1.732 x 150 x 0.52 x 100 /1000
= 13.51 V

Wet Areas
60Hz systems: Provide GFCI protected circuits (either by breaker, or GFCI receptacle) IAW NEC 210.8(B). Locations
requiring GFCI protection include, but are not limited to: bathrooms, kitchens, rooftops, outdoors, and within
1800mm of sink basins. GFCI devices shall have a trip rating of 4-6mA. 50Hz systems: Provide RCDs where
required by BS7671. RCDs shall be used in conjunction with overcurrent protection, preferably in the same device
(RCBO). Current using devices shall not be provided within Zone 2.
Receptacles shall not be provided within 3 meters of the boundary of Zone 1.
RCDs shall have a maximum trip rating of 30mA.

ANSF projects:
Omit general-purpose receptacles from all wet areas, unless shown on site-adapt plans.

U.S./NATO Occupied Facilities:

All circuits feeding latrines/bathrooms/restrooms
shall be protected by either GFCIs or RCDs.
These circuits include, but are not limited to:
Receptacles
Lights
Split-pack HVAC units
Exhaust fans
unit heaters
Water heaters
Exhaust fans

Temporary Wiring

Temporary Wiring
1.
2.
3.
4.

Art. 590 Temporary Wiring

590-4(d) Receptacles
590-4(f) Lamp Protection
590-4(h) Protection from
Accidental Damage

1. Sec. 704 Construction and

demolition site installations
2. 704.538 Plugs and socket
outlets
3. Not specifically stated
4. 704.521.1.7.3 (Mechanical
protection, not run across
roads)

Cable Trays

Cable Trays
Art. 392 Cable Trays

Chapter 52 Wiring systems;

cable ladder; and cable tray

NEC - Art. 392 Cable Trays

This article covers four types of cable trays: ladder type, ventilated trough, ventilated channel, and solid bottom
type. There are different rules for each construction due to their means for dissipation of heat, provision of
physical protection, support for conductors, and other aspects as covered in the article.
Cable trays are a support method for cables and raceways, but they are not to be treated as a raceway system.
The rules in Art. 318 are distinct and different from those for raceway systems covered in other articles of Chapter

3. The open construction, provision of direct ventilation, ability to maintain routing, and separation between
cables or racewaysall of these allow rules that achieve effective levels of safety, different from those for
enclosed raceways.
The rules include the types of cables and raceways that may be placed in a cable tray, construction specifications,
installation as a complete system, accessibility, grounding, installation of cables, allowable cable fill, and ampacity
of cables. These rules vary for single or multiconductor cables and for the type of cable tray construction.
The comprehensive and specific rules provide for uniform application and enforcement to provide equivalent
levels of safety from one installation to the next.

IEC - Chapter 52 Wiring systems; cable ladder; and cable tray

Cable ladders and cable trays are included among all other wiring systems covered in Part 5. Solid bottom,
perforated trays, and ladders are indicated in Table 52H. Other than the fundamental principles on safety and the
correction factors for current-carrying capacity in Tables 52-E4 and -E5, there are no other rules to guide the
installer or verifier. Notes which are not part of the requirements allude to potential problems with certain
installations, such as with more than one layer of conductors and how to treat parallel conductors.

Flexible Cords and Cables

Art. 400 Flexible Cords and Cables
Typically, flexible cords are used in factory- or field-made cord sets, or power supply cords, as pendants, and as
replacement for damaged cords. The larger cables and those for specific uses are covered as well to assure
uniformity in construction and performance. Even though there are product standards that contain detailed
requirements, the Code rules
address
general characteristics such as
Flexible
Flexible Cords
Cords and
and Cables
Cables
identification, range of sizes, type,
and
thickness of insulation, outer
NEC
IEC
NEC
IEC
covering, and use for which the
cord or
cable is intended.
Art.
522.7;8.1.8
8.1.8 Vibration
Vibration-Art.400
400 Flexible
FlexibleCords
Cordsand
and 522.7;
Normative references, Chapter 52
wiring systems

IEC - 522.7 Vibration

Cables
Cables
Installation
Installation
Size
Size
Type
Type
Insulation
Insulation
Identification
Identification

flexible
flexiblewiring
wiringsystems
systemsshall
shallbe
be
installed
installedso
sothat
thatexcessive
excessive
tensile
tensilestress
stressto
tothe
theconductors
conductors
and
connections
and connectionsisisavoided.
avoided.
IEC
IEC60364
60364rules
rulescover
coverwiring
wiring
from
fromthe
theservice
serviceto
tothe
thesocket
socket
outlets,
outlets,power
powersupply
supplycords
cordsfor
for
current-using
current-usingequipment
equipmentor
or
other
othercords,
cords,such
suchas
asfor
for
pendants.
pendants.

Wiring systems shall be suitable

conditions. Also, 522.8.1.8
indicates that flexible wiring
shall be installed so that excessive tensile stress to the conductors and connections is avoided.
Since the

on

for such
systems

Motors, Generators and Transformers

Motors
Motors Generators
Generators and
and Transformers
Transformers
NEC
NEC
Art.
Art.430
430 Motors,
Motors,Motor
Motor
Circuits,
Circuits,and
andControllers
Controllers
Art.
Art.445
445 Generators
Generators
Art.
Art.450
450 Transformers
Transformersand
and
Transformer
TransformerVaults
Vaults
(Including
(IncludingSecondary
SecondaryTies)
Ties)

IEC
IEC
General
GeneralReference
Reference
Sec.
Sec.551
551 Low-voltage
Low-voltage
generating
generatingsets
sets
Types
Typesof
oftransformers
transformersunder
under
the
thescope
scopeof
ofArt.
Art.450
450not
not
covered
covered

Normative references, general rules

Art. 440 Air Conditioning and Refrigerating

Equipment
Note: Also see Annex D of this report for an
example circuit.
Normative references, general rules

Generators
NEC - Art. 445 covers Generator use and installation issues.
IEC - Sec. 551 Low-voltage generating sets
Mutual Inductance principles are the same for both NEC and IEC systems. This includes motors, transformers and
generators. Windings are wound differently thus producing different voltage and frequency outputs. See our book
on transformers, generators and Motors for a more in-depth look.

Transformers and Transformer Vaults (Including Secondary Ties)

Transformer types under the scope of Art. 450and 250, NEC, are not covered in IEC
Comparison of NEC and IEC Transformer Systems
The reason we compare the systems is because how we design and apply grounding, overcurrent
protection, wiring methods along with codes and standards is dependent on the source. The winding
of transformers, generator and motors is the first step to determine how to properly apply codes and
standards. I find many misinterpretations and applications are due to not properly matching the
standard to the power source.
For example: if we apply the principles (standards) of grounding to a grounded wye that we apply to ungrounded
delta we will create objectionable currents that can create shock and fire hazards. If we apply the same standard to
a IEC- TT system to a TN-C System, objectionable currents will flow in directions never intended and result in
potential shock and fire hazards.

Types of IEC Transformer Systems

Comparing the US transformer system to the European system has some differences. The US system is based on a
frequency of 60 Hz, cycles per second; the European system is based on 50 Hz, cycles per second. The major
difference is the utilization of voltage required of each system. The European system are served by three phase, 4
wire systems with voltage ranges from 380 Y/220 v, 400 Y./230v., and 416 Y/240 v.
The US system voltages are not typically those of the European systems. The nominal voltage systems consist of
480/277Y, 480/ 240 Y, 480/240 d, 208/120 Y., 240/120d, and a variety of single phase and multi-grounded systems.

The higher voltage ranges in the European system have the advantage of lower average which means the use of
smaller wire sizes. The savings in conductor and raceway sizes can be tremendous. However, the risks of fire and
shock hazards are greater with the high-voltage. However, the Europeans have managed to keep a good safety
record in terms of shock and fire hazards. One of the noted reasons is that Europeans typically respect and have
self-discipline concerning electrical needs.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is headquartered in Geneva Switzerland. The commission has
a responsibility for creating electrical standards for Europeans. The United States has participated in the
International Electrotechnical Commission for many decades with varying degree of involvement.
The United States has typically been on the peripheral concerning the European standards until recent years.
Leaders of the IEC have typically been Germans, French, and the British. The South Africans have made significant
contributions in specific areas such as residual current device standards.

The IEC, as would be expected, is heavily based on European and German practices. The IEC manpower toward
developing and maintaining electrical standards is about 10 times that of the United States. Most members on the
IEC are very skilled, competent and multilingual engineers. The IEC standards and the German standards are
almost identical.
Again the basic difference between the NEC and the IEC is that the NEC is a consensual standard based upon past
shock are fire hazards while the IEC is not a consensual standard. The NEC committee members consist of those
who are associated in some form or fashion to electrical industry. The NEC committees consist of engineers,
electricians, inspectors and manufactures.
IT network
In an IT network, the distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has only a high impedance
connection. In such systems, an insulation monitoring device is used to monitor the impedance. For safety reasons
this network is not accepted under European norms.

TT Network

In a TT earthing system, the protective earth connection of the consumer is provided by a local connection to
earth, independent of any earth connection at the generator.
The big advantage
TT earthing system
fact that it is clear
and low frequency
that come through
neutral wire from
electrical
equipment
connected to it.
why TT has always
preferable for
applications like

TT System

of the
is the
of high
noises
the
various

This is
been
special

Located
Locatedat
atpole
pole
or
orpad
padmounted
mounted
transformer.
transformer.

telecommunication sites that benefit from the interference-free earthing. Also, TT does not have the risk of a
broken neutral.
In locations where power is distributed overhead and TT is used, installation earth conductors are not at risk
should any overhead distribution conductor be fractured by, say, a fallen tree or branch.
In pre-RCD era, the TT earthing system was unattractive for general use because of its worse capability of
accepting high currents in case of a live-to-PE short circuit (in comparison with TN systems). But as residual current
devices mitigate this disadvantage, the TT earthing system becomes attractive for premises where all AC power
circuits are RCD-protected.
The TT system has the ground point to Earth located at the pole or pad mounted transformer. The Earth ground is
terminated to the secondary of the transformer neutral. Also at the pole or pad mounted transformer is this where
the primary Earth ground is located. This design leads to a different voltage rise from the primary to secondary
earth grounds when lighting, high voltage switching or changing of radial systems occur within the power
distribution system. This system will cause fluctuation of voltage with line surge. When an unbalanced line surge
occurs it produces damage to equipment in the secondary. The results can be shock hazards fire hazards, and
damage to electrical equipment. This very application is the reason the national electrical code prohibits the
primary to secondary ground electrodes from being within 6 feet of each other.
This system paved the way for the residual current device (RCD). When this device was first introduced it was
designed to cover the entire premise wiring system. The RCD was an earlier attempt by the Europeans to solve the

problems with the TT systems. It was called the 4X breaker. The Forex breaker trips instantaneously at four times
its rating.
As described before, the European high-voltage application allows for smaller wire size because of less amperage.
However, this can affect the fault current ratings. The smaller wire produces a larger impedance when a shortcircuit occurs. This leads to lower unavailable fault current values which could cause an explosion or fire when a
short-circuit occurs instead of just tripping the overcurrent device.
The Swiss watch 4x are great breakers but the basic TT problem remains.
TN networks
In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually the star
point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection
at the transformer.
The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts of the consumer is called protective earth (PE). The
conductor that connects to the star point in a three-phase system, or that carries the return current in a singlephase system, is called neutral (N). Three variants of TN systems are distinguished:
TNSPE and N are separate conductors that are connected together only near the power source.TNCA combined
PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N conductor. Rarely used.TNCS Part of the system uses a
combined PEN conductor, which is at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The combined PEN
conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and separated in the
service head. In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of
connecting the combined neutral-and-earth
conductor to real earth at many locations, to
TN
TN -- C
C System
System
A
Multi-Grounded
A Multi-Grounded Neutral
Neutral System
System
reduce the risk of broken neutrals - with a
Not
Not Used
Used By
By NEC
NEC or
orNFPA
NFPA70
70
similar system in Australia being designated
as
multiple earthed neutral (MEN).TN-S:
separate protective earth (PE) and neutral (N)
conductors from transformer to consuming
device, which are not connected together at
any
point after the building distribution point.TNC:
combined PE and N conductor all the way
from the transformer to the consuming
device.TN-C-S earthing system: combined
PEN
conductor from transformer to building
distribution point, but separate PE and N
conductors in fixed indoor wiring and flexible power cords. It is possible to have both TN-S and TN-C-S supplies
from the same transformer. For example, the sheaths on some underground cables corrode and stop providing
good earth connections, and so homes where "bad earths" are found get converted to TN-C-S.

TN- C.: this is one of three variations of the TN system. This system has the grounded circuit or system neutral
combined with the equipment ground protected conductor throughout the system. This is a multi-grounded
neutral system. The national electrical code does not address this type system because it is not used in the US.

The TN-S system has a separate ground circuit

conductor or system neutral conductor from the
equipment grounding protective conductor
throughout the system. The neutral can be
grounded in several places to the equal potential
plane and is a common application in the US
system. The TN-S- system is similar to American
grounding systems.

TN-S-System
TN-S-System Three
Three Phase
Phase With
With
Ground
Ground

The TN-C-S system has a column grounded circuit or

system of mutual conductor and equipment around
the conductor for portion of the system, and has a
separate grounded circuit or system neutral
conductor and equipment grant a conductor for the
rest of the system. As you can see in the circuits above the two-phase loads are based on the TN-C system and the
single phase loads are based on the TN-S system. In the American system and equipment ground (protective
conductor) would be required from the two-phase loads to the single point grounding earth point.

Types of NEC, US, Transformer

Systems

TN-C-S-System
TN-C-S-System
Introduction
A transformer does not generate or
produce
electrical power it transfers
electrical
power. A transformer is a voltage
changer.
Most transformers are designed to
either
step voltage up or to step it down,
although
some are used only to isolate one
voltage
from another.
The transformer works on the
principle
that energy can be efficiently
transferred by magnetic induction from one winding to another winding by a varying magnetic field
produced by alternating current. An electrical voltage is induced when there is a relative motion between
a wire and a magnetic field. Alternating current (AC) provides the motion required by changing direction
which creates a collapsing and expanding magnetic field.

How Transformers Operate

How Transformers Operate

A transformer usually consists of two insulated windings on a common iron (steel) core:
The two windings are linked together with a magnetic circuit, which must be common to both windings.
The link connecting the two windings in the magnetic circuit is the iron core on which both windings are
wound.
Iron is an extremely good conductor for magnetic fields. The core is not a solid bar of steel, but is
constructed of many layers of thin steel called laminations. One of the windings is designated as the
primary and the other winding as the secondary.
Since the primary and secondary are wound on the same iron core, when the primary winding is
energized by an AC source, an alternating magnetic field called flux is established in the transformer
core. The flux created by the applied voltage on the primary winding induces a voltage on the secondary
winding. The primary winding receives the energy and is called the input. The secondary winding
discharges the energy and is called the output.

Mutual Induction

Mutual Induction
If flux lines from the expanding and contracting magnetic field of one coil cut the windings of another
nearby coil, a voltage will be induced in that coil. The inducing of an EMF in a coil by magnetic flux lines
generated in another coil is called mutual induction. The amount of electromotive force (EMF) that is
induced depends on the relative positions of the two coils.
Windings
The primary and secondary windings consist of aluminum or copper conductors wound in coils around an
iron core, the number of turns in each coil will determine the voltage transformation of the
transformer.
Each turn of wire in the primary winding has an equal share of the primary voltage. The same voltage is
induced in each turn of the secondary. Therefore, any difference in the number of turns in the secondary
as compared to the primary will produce a voltage change.

Winding Physical Location:

In most transformers, the high voltage winding is wound directly over the low voltage winding to
create efficient coupling of the two windings.
NOTE: Other designs may have the high voltage winding wound inside, side-by-side or sandwiched
between layers of the low voltage winding to meet special requirements.

Theory of Operation
A transformer works on the principle that energy can be transferred by magnetic induction from one set
of coils to another set by means of a varying magnetic flux. The magnetic flux is produced by an AC
source.
The coil of a transformer that is energized from an AC source is called the primary winding
(coil), and the coil that delivers this AC to the load is called the secondary winding (coil).
The primary and secondary coils are shown on separate legs of the magnetic circuit so that we can easily
understand how the transformer works. Actually, half of the primary and secondary coils are wound on
each of the two legs, with sufficient insulation between the two coils and the core to properly insulate
the windings from one another and the core.
A transformer will operate at a greatly reduced efficiency due to the magnetic leakage. Magnetic
leakage is the part of the magnetic flux that passes through either one of the coils, but not through both.
The larger the distance between the primary and secondary windings, the longer the magnetic
circuit and the greater the leakage.
When alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding, an alternating current will flow that will
magnetize the magnetic core, first in one direction and then in the other direction. This alternating flux
flowing around the entire length of the magnetic circuit induces a voltage in both the primary and
secondary windings.
Since both windings are linked by the same flux, the voltage induced per turn of the primary and
secondary windings must be the same value and same direction. This voltage opposes the voltage
applied to the primary winding and is called counter-electromotive force (CEMF).

Windings

Windings
The primary and secondary windings consist of aluminum or copper conductors wound in coils around an
iron core, the number of turns in each coil will determine the voltage transformation of the
transformer.

Each turn of wire in the primary winding has an equal share of the primary voltage. The same voltage is
induced in each turn of the secondary. Therefore, any difference in the number of turns in the secondary
as compared to the primary will produce a voltage change.

Voltage Ratio
VR = TR
Voltage Ratio = Turns Ratio

Ratio 5 : 1
5 volt primary = 1 volt secondary
VP = voltage on primary coil
VS = voltage on secondary coil
NP = number of turns on the primary coil
NS = number of turns on the secondary coil

Voltage Ratio
The voltage of the windings in a transformer is directly proportional to the number of turns on the coils.
The ratio of primary voltage to secondary voltage is known as the voltage ratio (VR).
As mentioned previously, the ratio of primary turns of wire to secondary turns of wire is known as the
turns ratio (TR). By substituting into the Equation, we find that the voltage ratio is equal to the turns
ratio.
VR = TR
A voltage ratio of 1:5 means that for each volt on the primary, there will be 5 volts on the secondary. If
the secondary voltage of a transformer is greater than the primary voltage, the transformer is referred to
as a "step-up" transformer. A ratio of 5:1 means that for every 5 volts on the primary, there will only be 1
volt on the secondary. When secondary voltage is less than primary voltage, the transformer is referred
to as a "step-down" transformer.

Application
The primary use of transformers is for the distribution of voltage from one source to another. Typically
this is accomplished by either stepping up the voltage from the primary to secondary or stepping down

the voltage from primary to secondary. There are other applications for transformers that we will discuss
later. Our primary focus in this text is on the power transformer each uses, and applications.
The first application we will look at will be the step down transformer. In this application our goal is to
determine how the source voltage (primary) steps the voltage down from a higher source of voltage to a
lower voltage of use on the load (secondary) side. . If there are fewer turns in the secondary winding than
in the primary winding, the secondary voltage will be lower than the primary.

Step-Up Transformers
1:5 Ratio

120 Turns

480 Volt
Primary

600 Turns

2400 Volt
Secondary

If there are fewer turns in the secondary winding than in the primary winding, the secondary voltage will
be lower than the primary.
Three-phase transformer operation is identical except that three single-phase windings are used.
These windings may be connected in wye, delta, or any combination of the two.

Delta Connection

In the delta connection, all three phases are connected in series to form a closed loop

Wye Connection

In the wye connection, three common ends of each phase are connected together at a common terminal
(marked "N" for neutral), and the other three ends are connected to a three-phase line

Delta to Delta
A

Wye to - Delta
A
A
B

B
C
C

Voltage Taps
As stated previously, the voltage
transformation is a function of the turns
ratio. It may be desirable to change the
ratio in order to get rated output voltage
when the incoming is slightly different
than the normal voltage.

Multi-voltage Taps
As an example, suppose we have a
transformer with a 4 to 1 turns ratio.
With 480 volts input, the output would
be 120 volts. Suppose the line voltage is
less than normal or 456 volts. This would produce an output voltage of 114 volts which is not desirable.
By placing a tap in the primary winding, we could change the turns ratio so that with 456 volts input we
could still get 120 volts output. This is called a primary voltage tap and standard transformers may have
from two to six taps for the purpose of adjusting to actual line voltages.
Multi-voltage Tap transformer has a tap 2.5% below normal and one at 5% below, it is said to have 22.52% full capacity below normal taps (FCBN). This would give a 5% voltage range. When the transformer
has taps above normal as shown, they would be full capacity above normal (FCAN).
For standardization purposes, these taps are in 2~2.5% or 5% steps. The taps are so designed that full
capacity output can be obtained when the transformer is set on any of these taps.
NOTE: Taps are only to be used for steady state input line variations. They are not designed to provide a
constant secondary voltage when the input line is constantly fluctuating.

Application
The application called multi-tap transformers has many
uses. This transformer is commonly used in power
applications to resolve voltage drop or overvoltage issues.
This transformer is commonly used also for lighting. It is
used often wind different voltages are available for
lighting up connections. This gives the end-user much
more versatility to determine the type of voltage that best
applies to their application.

Series - Parallel Windings

To make the basic single-phase transformer more versatile, both the primary and secondary windings can
be made in two equal parts. The two parts can be reconnected either in series or in multiple (parallel).
This provides added versatility as the primary winding can be connected for either 480 volts or 240 volts
and the secondary winding can likewise be divided into two equal parts providing either 120 or 240 volts.
(Note: there will be four leads per winding brought out to terminal compartment rather than two.) Either
arrangement will affect the capacity of the transformer.
Secondary windings are rated such as 120/240V and can be connected in series for 240V or in multiple for
120V or 240/120V (for 3 wire operation.) Primary windings rated with an X such as 240X480 can
operate in series or multiple but are not designed for 3 wire operation. A transformer rated 240X480V
primary, 120/240V secondary could be operated in (6) different voltage combinations.

Parallel Winding Circuits

Series and Parallel Winding Circuits (Additive or Subtractive)

It is important to note the diagrams are in series and parallel circuitry. Series windings tend to equal
more voltage while parallel windings tend to subtract the voltage source. This is somewhat of a
simplification of the issue but it is true. Take special note of the voltage reaction to a series or parallel
circuit.
From a practical standpoint we can say that parallel windings or circuitry tend to subtract from voltage
output while series windings or circuitry tends to add to the voltage output.

Three-Phase Transformers
Single-Phase vs Three-Phase Power Systems
Most power distribution via three-phase AC systems.
Generators produce electricity by rotating (3) coils or windings through a magnetic field within the
generator. These coils or windings are spaced 120 apart. As they rotate through the magnetic field they
generate power, which is then sent out on three (3) lines as three-phase power.
Three-phase transformers have (3) coils or windings connected in the proper sequence in order to match
the incoming power and therefore transform the power company voltage to the level of voltage we need
and maintain the proper phasing or polarity.
Advantages of Three-Phase Power
Three-phase power for industrial loads is more efficient than single-phase.
Single-phase power is available between any two phases of a three-phase system, or, in some systems,
between one of the phases and ground.
Three-phase systems provide 173% more power than single phase systems.
Three-phase power helps prevent voltage drop problems.

The Three-Phase Transformer

A
PA

B
PB

SA
SB
SC
P = Primary
Core
S = Secondary
A = Phase
B = Phase
C = Phase
H1 = Primary marking on Lead or Terminal A phase
H2 = Primary marking on Lead or Terminal B phase
H3 = Primary marking on Lead or Terminal C phase
X1 = Secondary marking on Lead or Terminal A phase
X2 = Secondary marking on Lead or Terminal B phase
X3 = Secondary marking on Lead or Terminal C phase
Xo = Secondary marking on Lead or Terminal Neutral

C
PC

The Three-Phase Transformer

In a three-phase transformer there is a three legged iron core as shown below. Each leg has a respective
primary and secondary winding.
The three primary windings (P1, P2, P3) will be connected at the factory to provide the proper sequence
(or correct polarity) required and will be in a configuration known as Delta.
The three secondary windings (P1, P2, P3) will also be connected at the factory to provide the proper
sequence or (correct polarity) required. However, the secondary windings, depending on our voltage
requirements, will be in either a Delta or a Wye configuration.

Three-Phase Transformers
The Delta has the three windings connected in a
closed circuit. The ends of the windings connect
together in the proper polarity.
In the Wye, all three windings connect together
at one point.

Windings are connected in series

Wye Connections and Circuitry

4

2
1
1
5

5
4
6

6
3
3

In the Wye, all three windings connect together at one point. Numbers count clockwise

Winding Combinations
As can be seen, the threephase transformer actually
has 6 windings (or coils) 3primary and 3-secondary.
These 6 windings will be preconnected at the factory in
one of two configurations:
Configuration 1.
Three Primary Windings in
Delta and Three Secondary
Windings in Wye
NOTE: These are the
designations which are
marked on the leads or
terminal boards provided for customer connections and they will be located in the transformer wiring
compartment.
In both single and three-phase transformers, the high voltage terminations are designated with an H
and the low voltage with an X.

Three Phase transformer are designed to make the winding magnetic flux of each transformer 120 out
phase with each
other. These
configurations are
commonly
called wye and
delta types
because their
vectorial
relationships.
These
configurations can
be design an
installed in several
types of
configuration by
series or
parallel
connections
of the windings.
Using
trigonometry
functions we
can predetermine
voltage,
current and power
capabilities of
a transformer.
Quick formulas for
60 hertz
applications to
determine
the voltage, current
and power
are given below:

WYE Connection
Phase Amps = Phase Amps
Phase Volts x 1.732 = Line Volts or Line Voltage 1.73 = Phase Voltage
Delta Connection
Phase Voltage = Line Voltage
Phase Amps x 1.732 = Line Amps or Line Amps 1.732 = Phase Amps

Hazardous Locations
Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2 hazardous (classified) locations where fire or explosion hazards may
exist due to flammable gases, vapors, or liquids.
Informational Note: For the requirements for electrical and electronic equipment and wiring for all
voltages in Class I, Division 1 or Division 2; Class II, Division 1 or Division 2; and Class III, Division 1 or
Division 2 hazardous (classified)
locations where fire or explosion
Hazardous
Hazardous (Classified)
(Classified) (Zone)Locations
(Zone)Locations
hazards may exist due to flammable
[Explosive
[Explosive Atmospheres]
Atmospheres]
gases or vapors, flammable liquids, or
combustible dusts or fibers
NEC
NEC
Arts.
Arts. 500
500through
through 505,
505,510,
510,
511,
513
through
516
511, 513 through 516
Hazardous
Hazardous (Classified)
(Classified)
Locations
Locations [Explosive
[Explosive
Atmospheres]
Atmospheres]

IEC
IEC
Art.
Art. 505
505of
of the
the NEC
NEC isis
harmonized
with
harmonized with IEC
IEC60079
60079
Hazardous
Hazardous Locations
Locations Are
Are
Not
Not covered
covered by
by IEC
IEC 60364
60364
IEC
IECrequirements
requirements for
for
explosive
explosive atmospheres
atmospheres are
are
covered
by
covered by IEC
IEC60079
60079

The zone classification concept, based on

the standards for area classification used by
the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), offers an alternative
method of classifying Class I hazardous
locations. The IEC classification scheme
includes underground mines, whereas in
the United States, mines are under the
jurisdiction of the Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA) and are outside the
scope of the NEC.

Our purpose is to point out the similarities and difference between the US and European Electrical standards. This
is by no means gives all information to classify an area. The following are informational notes excerpted from the
NFPA 70, 2011 version that should be useful when determining the classification of an area based on US and
European standards.

Informational Note No. 1: It is important that the authority having jurisdiction be familiar with recorded
industrial experience as well as with standards of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the
American Petroleum Institute (API), the International Society of Automation (ISA), and the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) that may be of use in the classification of various locations, the
determination of adequate ventilation, and the protection against static electricity and lightning hazards.
Informational Note No. 2: For further information on the classification of locations, see NFPA 497-2008,
Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous
(Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas; ANSI/API RP 505-1997,

Hazardous
Hazardous (Classified)
(Classified)
(Zone)Locations
(Zone)Locations [Explosive
[Explosive
Atmospheres]
Atmospheres]
NEC
NEC
Class
Class II
Class
Class IIII
Class
Class III
III
Division
Division11 Normally
Normally
Hazardous
Hazardous
Division
Division22 Not
Not Normally
Normally
Hazardous
Hazardous

IEC
IEC
Zone
Zone 00
Zone
Zone 11
Zone
Zone 22
Divisions
Divisions 11&&22 are
arenot
not
addressed
in
the
addressed in theIEC
IEC

Recommended Practice for Classification

of Locations for Electrical Installations at
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I,
Zone 0, Zone 1, or Zone 2; ANSI/ISATR(12.24.01)-1998 (IEC 60079-10-Mod),
Recommended Practice for Classification
of Locations for Electrical Installations
Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, or
Zone 2; IEC 60079-10-1995, Electrical
Apparatus for Explosive Gas
Atmospheres, Classification of Hazardous
Areas; and Model Code of Safe Practice
in the Petroleum Industry, Part 15: Area
Classification Code for Petroleum
Installations, IP 15, The Institute of
Petroleum, London.

Informational Note No. 6: For further information on the installation of electrical equipment in hazardous
(classified) locations in general, see IEC 60079-14-1996, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas
atmospheres Part 14: Electrical installations in explosive gas atmospheres (other than mines), and IEC
60079-16-1990, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 16: Artificial ventilation for
the protection of analyzer(s) houses.

Classification
As a guide in determining when flammable gases or vapors are present continuously or for long periods of time,
refer to ANSI/API RP 505-1997, Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations of
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1 or Zone 2; ANSI/ISA-TR12.24.01-1998 (IEC 60079-10 Mod),
Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1,
or Zone 2; IEC 60079-10-1995, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres, classifications of hazardous
areas; and Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations, Model Code, Part 15, Institute of Petroleum.
The gas and vapor subdivision as described is based on the maximum experimental safe gap (MESG), minimum
igniting current (MIC), or both. Test equipment for determining the MESG is described in IEC 60079-1A-1975,
Amendment No. 1 (1993), Construction and verification tests of flameproof enclosures of electrical apparatus; and
UL Technical Report No. 58 (1993). The test equipment for determining MIC is described in IEC 60079-11-1999,
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 11: Intrinsic safety i. The classification of gases or
vapors according to their maximum experimental safe gaps and minimum igniting currents is described in IEC
60079-12-1978, Classification of mixtures of gases or vapours with air according to their maximum experimental
safe gaps and minimum igniting currents.

Encapsulation m.
Common to both standards is Encapsulation m. Type of protection where electrical parts that could
ignite an explosive atmosphere by either sparking or heating are enclosed in a compound in such a way
that this explosive atmosphere cannot be ignited.

Informational Note No. 1: See ANSI/ISA-60079-18 (12.23.01)-2009, Electrical Apparatus for Use in
Class I, Zone 1 Hazardous (Classified) Locations, Type of Protection Encapsulation m; IEC 60079
18-1992, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 18: Encapsulation m; and
ANSI/UL 60079-18, Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres Part 18: Encapsulation
m.
Informational Note No. 2: Encapsulation is designated type of protection ma for use in Zone 0 locations.
Encapsulation is designated type of protection m or mb for use in Zone 1 location
The gas or vapor group order in the zone classification system is inverse of the gas or vapor groups specified in
Article 500 of the NEC. For example, Group IIC includes Article 500, Groups A and B. Determination of a gas or
vapor for the purposes of grouping includes the evaluation of the maximum safe experimental gap ratio as well as
minimum igniting current ratio. Although the maximum safe experimental gap for Group A is less than that for
Group B in some circumstances, the minimum igniting current ratio is less for hydrogen (Group B) than it is for
acetylene (Group A). This difference has been accounted for in ANSI/UL 913, Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and
Associated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, III, Division 1, Hazardous (Classified) Locations, because it is a factor that
must be considered in the evaluation of IS apparatus.

Cross Reference of NEC, IEC and British Standards

General Requirements:
No unused openings in panels, boxes, cabinets, transformers and any electrical equipment except
venting. NFPA 70, Article 110.12.(A); BS7671 597.1
All conductors must be identified for applicable use at each accessible point such as panels,
junction boxes, switch boxes, any cabinet, wiring trough, fixtures and equipment. Example - Green
color as equipment ground See NFPA 70, Article 210.5(A)(B)(C), 215.5, 215.12, 200.7 and
250.119; BS7671 - 514
All overcurrent protection devices such as circuit breakers, disconnects and fuse protection must
be identified at point of origin. NFPA 70, Article 110.22, Article 408.4,; BS7671 -514.8
All Receptacles/Sockets must be tested. No open grounds, reverse polarities, reverse hot and
equipment grounds, reverse neutral and equipment ground or high impedance equipment grounds
will be accepted. NFPA 70,Article 110.7 2001.11,; BS7671 411.7.5, 418.3.5, Table 53.2, 612.6
Power Cords (extension) must be grounded properly. Broken or removed ground prongs are not
acceptable. NFPA 70, Article 250.134,; BS7671 - 514
No open bulb fixtures (luminaires) are accepted. Fixtures must have globe or guard to protect
bulbs (luminaires) form physical damage See NFPA 70, Article 410.11,; BS7671- 422.3 & 4
Identification of Feeder Circuits. NFPA 70, Article 215.12; BS7671- 514.8
Cords and cables cannot lay on pipes, units, nails, drop-in ceiling or hooks. See NFPA 70, Article
300.11(A); BS7671-522.6-10
No cords pass through walls, ceilings doors or windows that could be pinched, strained or
subject to physical damage. See NFPA 70, Article 400.14,; BS7671 521.6.5
No cords pass through walls, ceilings doors or windows used as a substitute for permanent
wiring methods. See NFPA 70, Article 400.8 (1)(2)(3)(4),; BS7671 -521.6.5
All panels, junction boxes, transformers and electrical access points must be accessible. See NFPA
70, Article 110.26, 300.15, 314.29 & 30, 230.93, 240.24; BS7671 -513.1
All metal enclosures must be tested for stray (unwanted) voltage. Any stray or

unwanted voltage on surfaces of panels, cable trays, transformers, generators, enclosures

and cabinets must be removed before use. Article 110.7., NFPA 70; BS7671 Chapter 44
Equipment deterioration must be replaced or repaired as appropriate. See NFPA 70
Article 110.11&12 (B) 33,; BS7671- 412.2.4, 561.10
Plugs must be properly attached to cords See Article 400.14, 406.7, NFPA 70; BS7671553.1
Identification of Branch Circuits/Final Circuits See Article 210. 5 (C) (A)(B)(C), NFPA 70;
BS7671- 514.5, 514.8, Table 51
All equipment installed outdoors must be protected for physical damage, wet weather and
sun. See Article 300.3 (A), 300.4, 110.11, NFPA 70; BS7671- 522
All receptacles/sockets installed outdoors must have GFCI/RCD protection Article 210.8,
NFPA 70; BS7671- 411.3.3.i
All Receptacles/sockets in Wet Locations must have GFCI/RCD protection Article 210.8., 406.9
NFPA 70; BS7671- 701.411.3.3
All raceways, cables and tray in Wet Locations must have must be rated or listed for location
NFPA 70, Article 110.3, NFPA 70; BS7671- 701.55
Bushings shall be required at all conduit connectors. See Article 300.5 (H) ; 300.4(G), 300.15(C),
300.16(A)(B) NFPA 70; BS7671- 412.2.4, 561.10
Locknuts must be installed properly with nut cutting into box or cabinets Article 110.3.B,
250.134 (G)NFPA 70; BS7671-522.8, 412.2.4, 561.10
All luminaires/lighting in Wet Locations must have must be rated or listed for location.
See Article110.3.B, 410.10 NFPA 70; BS7671- 701.55(i),(viii)
Kitchens all counter receptacles, sink receptacles must have GFCI/RCD protection
Article 210.8., NFPA 70;BS7671- 706.410.310(iii)(b)
Grommets are required at each cable entering boxes, cabinets or equipment Article
300.7.(A); 300.9, NFPA 70; BS7671- 412.2.4, 561.10
Labels shall be provided by contractor at each panel, switchboards, control panels and
motor control centers to warn qualified electrical workers of type PPE needed plus shock
and arc boundaries. See Article 110.16, NFPA 70; BS7671- 514.13, 522, 537
Expansion fittings must be used when thermal or vibration could cause damage to raceways or
equipment. See Article 300.7(B), NFPA 70; BS7671- 412.2.4, 561.10
Raceways must be secured. Ceiling support wire is not acceptable. Raceways must have
independent support. 300.11(A) NFPA 70; BS7671- 522.8.5
Conduit, cable and all raceways must have continuity and not broken without appropriate
fittings See Article 300.10, 300.12, NFPA 70; BS7671- 543.2.1, 543.3.6, 522.8.5
Raceways and cables cannot be used as a support means for anything other than
raceways, equipment or cables 300.11.(B)(C)NFPA 70; BS7671- 522.8.5

Documentation Test and Policy

Documentation of Test records for Megger Ohm Readings of Service and Feeder Conductors
must be provided and approved. NFPA 70, Article 110.7, 110.12 (B), BS7671-612.3, Table 61
Each contractor must have a written Lock Out and Tag Out procedure. Documentation of
procedure must be provided to inspector OSHA CFR 1910.147
Worker Qualification documentation Written policy and procedure for training must be
certification or degree. See NFPA 70, Article 100, 70, NFPA 70 E Article 110.27; BS7671-560.6.2
PPE is available to workers. Verify by visual inspection of equipment. Must meet ASTM standard
must be visible on all equipment.
Documentation that smoke detectors operate properly interlock operation should observed
via audio inspection Article 700.4,NFPA 70; BS7671-560.5.1

 Labels shall be provided by contractor at each panel, switchboards, control panels and motor
control centers to warn qualified electrical workers of type PPE needed plus shock and arc
boundaries. See NFPA 70, Article 110.16, energizing and deenergizing equipment, OSHA CFR.
1910. Subpart S
Safety Training documentation of How to Control Electrical Hazards must be provided. Article
100, NFPA 70.
Voltage Drop- Obtain documentation of voltage readings at all Service and Feeder panels. No
more than 5% voltage drop for feeders and 3% for branch circuits is acceptable. NFPA 70, article
215.2, Informational Note 2; BS7671-612, 525.2,
Conduct a witness test of emergency systems such as generators. NFPA 70, Article 700.4 (A)
(E); BS7671-612.13; Chapter 63
System Test
Battery test
Load Test
All receptacles must be tested. No open grounds, reverse polarities, reverse hot and equipment
grounds, reverse neutral and equipment ground or high impedance equipment grounds will be
accepted. Article 110.7., 110.12 (B), 200.11, 250.6, 250.4(A)(5),250.4(B)(4),250.134, NFPA 70;
BS7671-612.6,612.9
All metal enclosures must be tested for stray (unwanted) voltage or step potential voltage.
Any stray or unwanted voltage on surfaces of panels, cable trays, metal water pipe,
appliances, faucets, water heaters, transformers, generators, enclosures and cabinets must be
removed before use. Any conductive path that could be energized unavailable to the public.
Article 110.7., 110.12 (B), 250.6, 250.4(A)(5),250.4(B)(4), NFPA 70; BS7671-621.2, Table
61

Electrical/Mechanical Rooms:
Panels, switchgear, transformers, fire controls, and electrical equipment must be identified Article 408.4,
110.22 NFPA 70; BS7671-514.15.1, 418.2 & 3
Doors must not be modified different to original design. Article 110.4.B, NFPA 70; BS7671-412.2.2.3
Wet locations all equipment must be design for installation in said location. NFPA 70, Article 110.11.,
NFPA 70; BS7671- 701.55
High Voltage Signs Must Be Posted. See Article 110.34(C)NFPA 70; BS7671-514.15.1, 418.2 & 3
Deterioration of Equipment or conductors must be replaced or repaired as appropriate. See NFPA 70,
Article 110.7, 110.11; BS7671-632.4, 633.1, 634.2
Identification of Disconnects, panels (included branch circuits), motor controls centers, including starters is
required. NFPA 70, Article 408.4, 110.22; BS7671-514.15.1, 418.2 & 3
Motor, generator, pump and fire controls doors must be closed and latched. NFPA 70, Article
110.27(A)(1)(2)(3); BS7671-412.2.2.3
Disconnects, switches and circuit breakers must operate properly. Article 110.4&7, NFPA 70 ;
BS7671-537.5.2.3
Restricted Area Signs Posted Example this area accessible to Qualified Electrical Workers
Only See Article 110.27(A) 1(C)NFPA 70; BS7671-410.3.5
Emergency lighting must be working properly. Illumination required. See Article 110.26.(D,
110.34.(D) NFPA 70; BS7671-110.1(xxii)
Proper ventilation for electrical room as required by drawings Working Clearance/ Dedicated
Space/Headroom/ Illumination. Conditions (1or2or3) of Article 110.26 less than 600 volts and
Article 110.27 above 600 volts must be met. 110.34; BS7671-132.12, 512 &513
Identify equipment ground and protective grounds. NFPA 70, Article 250.110, 119,
NFPA70, BS7671-514.4.2
Are all enclosures bonded? Article 250.90-96, 250.110 & 112, NFPA 70, BS7671- 411.3.1.2

 Metal piping systems and structures bonding requirements 250.104, NFPA 70, BS7671- 411.3.1.2
Grounding Electrodes/Earth Ground NFPA70, Part II Article 250.50-53, BS7671 542.2, Part 2

Underground Installations
Raceways and cables underground must maintain a minimum cover requirement given in NFPA 70, Table
300.5 5; BS7671-522.8.10
Conductors and cables emerging from the grade or entering a building must be protected See NFPA
70, Articles 300.5(D) (1); BS7671-522.8.10
Conductors buried below grade must have ribbon installed at no less than 18 above the conductor See
Article 300. (D)(3); BS7671-522.8.10
All underground enclosures and raceways must be protected from physical damage. See NFPA 70, Article
300.5(D) (4); BS7671-522.8.10
Raceway Seals such as grommets must be installed to protect from moisture. See NFPA 70, Article
300.5(G), 300.7; BS7671-522.8.10
Bushings at all conduit ends. See NFPA 70, Article 300.5(H); BS7671-522.8.10
All phase conductors, neutrals, and equipment grounds must be installed in the same trench. See Article
300.5(I)
Conductors, Cables and Raceways subject to earth movement must install as S type loops to allow for
movement. See NFPA 70, Article 300.5(J)IN
Manhole must maintain a minimum of 900mm or 3 work space when cables are located on both sides.
See NFPA 70, Article 110.72; BS7671-522.8.10
Manhole must maintain a minimum of 1.8 or 6vertical clearance.. NFPA 70, Article 110. 72; BS7671522.8.10

Kitchen, Cafeteria, Office, Labs, Laundry, Break Rooms

Power cords arranged in neat and nonhazardous manner. NFPA 70, Article 110.12(B), 300.4, 400.8;
BS7671-521.9
No tripping hazard with cords NFPA 70, Article 400.8; BS7671-521.9
Appliances must have permanent wiring to receptacles within pigtail length. NFPA 70, Articles
422.16(B)(1)(2), 422.16(B)(2)(2), 400.8(1), NFPA-70
Wet/Dry sinks Adjacent receptacles must have GFCI/RCD See AED Requirements and
NFPA 70, Article 210.8; BS7671- 411.3
Kitchen counter GFCI protection NFPA 70, Article 210.8 (A)(6)(7), 210.8 (B) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)NFPA 70;
BS7671-521.9, 553.1.7
No cords strung in air or along walkways. Replace with permanent method NFPA 70, Article
400.8; BS7671-521.9
All receptacles in wet areas must have GFCI protection NFPA 70, Article 210.8 (A)(6)(7),210.8 (B)
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5); BS7671-701.413, 701, 512.3
All panels must be assessable NFPA 70, Article 408.20, article 240.24(A), BS7671-132.12 & 513
On/Off switches must be accessible - See NFPA 70, Article 110.26, 300.15, 314.29 314.55, 230.93,
240.2,4; BS7671 -513.1
Must meet all general requirements as applicable under General Requirements

Dormitories
All general requirements as applicable.
Smoke detectors must be installed each habitable area and hallways adjacent. Fire Code
Smoke detectors must be interlocked Example when one detector sounds all detectors must
sound NFPA 70, Article 700.4 NFPA 70
Lighting must be operable for all exits, rooms, stairways (3way at exit and entrance) attics and
entrance See Article 210.70(A)(1); BS7671-559.6.1.5 & 9
All Receptacles in bathrooms must have GFCI/RCD protection NFPA 70, Article 210.8
(A)(6)(7), 210.8 (B) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)NFPA 70; BS7671-521.9, 553.1.7
All luminaires/lighting in Wet Locations must be rated or listed for wet locations.
Shower lighting must be specifically listed for that area. NFPA 70, Articles 406.8 (C);
410.10; BS7671- 701.55 (viii)
All raceways, cables and tray in Wet Locations must have must be rated or listed for location.
NFPA 70, Articles 406.8 (C); 410.10; BS7671- 701.55 (viii)
Check smoke detectors for proper operation NFPA 70, Articles 700.4; BS7671-560.10
No electrical equipment allowed in shower area switches, receptacles etc. receptacles adjacent
to sinks must have GFCI/RCD protection. NFPA70, Article 250.110, 119, BS7671-514.4.2
Are all enclosures bonded? Article 250.90-96, NFPA 70, BS7671- 411.3.1.2
Metal piping systems and structures 250.104, NFPA 70, BS7671- 411.3.1.2
Grounding Electrodes/Earth Ground NFPA70, Part II Article 250.50-53, BS7671 542.2, Part
2
No luminaires installed over shower stall or tub NFPA 70, Articles 406.8 (C); 410.10; BS7671701.55 (viii)

Tables

Overcurrent Protection, Wire Size, Conduit Size, Protective Conductor

and Equipment Ground Size

Fuse or

Copper

Copper

Continuous

Circuit

Wire

Wire

Ampere

Conduit
Breaker

60Terminal

75 C Terminal

Protection

Types - TW, UF

Types - RHW, THHW, THW,

THWN, XHHW, USE, ZW

Size

Load

Size

Protective
Conductor
Equipment
Ground
Size

Below
600
Volts

Above
600
Volts

12

14

12 (4mm )

16

12

10 ( 6mm)

10 ( 6mm)

20

10

30

10 ( 6mm)

10 ( 6mm)

24

10

35

8 (10mm )

8 (10mm )

28

10

40

8 (10mm )

8 (10mm )

32

10

45

6 (16mm )

6 (16mm )

36

10

50

6 (16mm )

6 (16mm )

40

10

60

4 (25mm )

6 (16mm )

48

10

70

4 (25mm )

4 (25mm )

56

80

3 (25mm )

4 (25mm )

64

90

2 (35mm)

2 (35mm)

72

100

2 (35mm )

2 (35mm)

80

110

2 (35mm )

2 (35mm)

88

125

1/0 (50mm )

1 (50mm )

100

AWG (mm )

AWG (mm )

15

14 (2.5mm)

14 (2.5mm)

20

12 (4mm )

25

150

2/0 (70mm )

1/0 (50mm )

120

175

3/0 (95mm )

2/0 (70mm )

140

200

4/0 (120mm )

3/0 (95mm )

160

225

250 (120mm )

4/0 (120mm )

180

250

300 (150mm )

250 (120mm )

200

300

400 (240mm )

350 (185mm)

240

350

500 (300mm )

400 (240mm )

268

400

700 (400mm )

500 (300mm )

304

600 (300mm)

320

400

Comparison of Metric to AWG Wire

Size

Overcurrent
Protection
AWG
14
12
10
8
6
4
3
2
1
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800

Metric
2.5mm2
4mm2
6mm2
10mm2
16mm2
25mm2
25mm2
35mm2
50mm2
50mm2
70mm2
95mm2
120mm2
120mm2
150mm2
185mm2
240mm2
300mm2
300mm2
400mm2
400mm2

15
25
30
50
65
85
100
115
130
150
175
200
230
255
285
310
335
380
420
460
490

AWG

Metric

8
6
4
3
2
1
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800

10mm2
16mm2
25mm2
25mm2
35mm2
50mm2
50mm2
70mm2
95mm2
120mm2
120mm2
150mm2
185mm2
240mm2
300mm2
300mm2
400mm2
400mm2

AC/DC Formulas
To Find

Direct Current

AC/Phase to
Neutral
220v,115vor120v

Amps when
Horsepower is
Known

Amps when
Kilowatts
are known

HP x 746

HP x 746

HPx746

E x Eff

E x Eff X PF

E x Eff x PF

1.73 x E x Eff x PF

kWx 1000

kWx 1000

kWx1000

kWx1000

E x PF

E x PF

1.73 x E x PF

kVAx 1000

kVAx1000

kVAx 1000

1.73 x E

IxE

I x E x PF

I x E x PF

I x E x 1.73PF

1000

1000

1000

1000

IxE

IxE

I x E x 1.73

1000

1000

1000

Kilovolt-Amps

Horsepower
(output)

AC 3phase
All Voltages

HP x 746

Amps when kVA

is known

Kilowatts

AC/1phase
330,208,230, or
240v

I x Ex Eff

I x E x Eff x PF

I x E x Eff x PF

I x E x Eff x 1.73 x PF

746

746

746

746

IntegrityInstituteCopyright
2011

C&G 2382. 17th Edition (BS7671:2008) Examination

(You should allow 1 hour 10 minutes for this 40 question Mock-exam)

1. The Regulations (BS7671:2008) do NOT apply to

a. Residential Premises
b. Industrial Premises
c. Lightning Protection
d. Street Furniture
2. The Regulations do apply to
a. Offshore Installations
b. Mines & Quarries
c. Lift Installations
d. Low Voltage Generators
3. Which of the Following documents are deemed Non- Statutory
a. BS7671:2008
b. EAWR 1989
c. HASAW 1974
d. ESQCR 2002
4. Parts 3 7 of BS7671:2008 are explained in rudimentary terms within
a. Chapter 13
b. Chapter 12
c. Part 3
d. Appendix 5
5. Basic protection is defined as
a. Protection against shock under fault conditions
b. Protection against shock under fault free conditions
c. Protection against contact with live parts under fault free conditions
d. Protection against faults under sound electrical conditions
6. Equipment in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic
insulation only is described as
a. Double Insulated Equipment
b. Class I Equipment
c. Class II Equipment
d. Class III Equipment
7. The Earthing System illustrated in Figure 1 below would be identified as a
a. TN-S
b. TT
c. TN-C-S
d. IT
Figure 1

8. A Voltage of 250Volts AC (rms) would be defined as

a. Band I
b. Extra Low Voltage
c. High Voltage

d. Low Voltage
9. In determining Maximum Demand, Diversity may be applies, which is
a. Taking the sum of all the protective devices from any CCU
b. Taking into account that not all loads will be switched on at the same time
c. Taking into account that all loads doubtless will be engaged at the same time
d. Ensuring that an economical and reliable design preference is utilised.
10. Every Installation is divided into circuits in order to
a. Ensue simplicity of isolation
b. Comply with European Standards
c. Avoid hazards and prevent inconvenience in the event of a fault
d. Allow individual energising of circuits which are not isolated
11. A building made entirely out of wood would be categorised for External
Influences as
a. CA2
b. CA1
c. CB3
d. CB4
12. The Maximum Disconnection time for an a.c. TN circuit rated at 230V is
a. 0.04 seconds
b. 0.1 seconds
c. 0.4 seconds
d. 0.2 seconds
13. The Maximum Zs for a BSEN60898 Type C circuit breaker rated at 16Amps with
a 0.4second disconnection time is
a. 2.87
b. 1.44
c. 0.72
d. 1.15
14. For a TT System the Maximum earth fault loop impedance for a 100mA
BSEN61008-1 RCD in a 230Volt circuit is
a. 500
b. 460
c. 167
d. 100
15. Where, on electrical equipment, must the symbol in figure 2 be present
Figure 2

a. Where basic and supplementary earthing is present on an appliance

b. Where supplementary earth-bonding to an appliance is not present
c. Where electrical equipment has basic insulation only
d. Where Class I equipment is served from a sub-main CCU
16. Where Basic Protection is employed in the form of a barrier or enclosure, any
horizontal top surface must meet a protection level of at least
a. IPDXX
b. IP2X
c. IPXX3
d. IP4X
17. Except if made from adequate material, a luminaire rated at 200Watts should be
located away from combustible material by
a. 0.3m
b. 0.5m
c. 0.8m

d. 1.0m
18. To avoid burning, a non-metallic part intended to be touched but not hand held
cannot exceed
a. 80C
b. 85C
c. 90C
d. 95C
19. In relation to Voltage Disturbances, the resistance of the earthing arrangement
at the Transformer is referred to, within the area of symbols, as
a. RA
b. RB
c. RD
d. RE
20. Every core of a cable shall be identifiable at its terminations and preferably
throughout its length by
a. colour code only
b. letter code only
c. number code only
d. one or more of the above
21. An appropriate colour for a PEN conductor should be:
a. blue through its length with green markings at the terminations
b. green & yellow through its length with blue markings at the terminals
c. green & yellow through its length with brown markings at its terminals.
d. Green through its length with yellow markings at the terminals
22. A permanent label with the words Safety Electrical Connection Do Not
Remove, complies with:
a. BS728
b. BS1363
c. BS951
d. BS423
23. A cable buried underground but not in conduit or ducting for mechanical
protection must incorporate
a. An earthed armour or metal sheath or both
b. A surface covering of 50mm thickness paving stones
c. A clear surface warning notice informing of its location
d. A PVC outer sheath
24. The de-rating factor for a cable surrounded by 50mm of thermal insulation is
a. 0.88
b. 0.78
c. 0.63
d. 0.51
25. In an L.V installation supplied directly from a public L.V distribution system the
maximum volt drop on a lighting circuit between the origin and any load point
should be no greater than
a. 6% Uo
b. 5% Uo
c. 4% Uo
d. 3% Uo
26. Every electrical inspection shall be accessible for inspection, testing and
maintenance purposes except for which of the following
a. A connection made in a junction box beneath floorboards

b. A connection made within a motor control unit

c. A connection designed to withstand fault current
d. A compound filled or encapsulated joint
27. The rated RCD operating current of such a device installed as a protection
against risk of fire in a TT system shall have a value of
a. 30mA
b. 100mA
c. 300mA
d. 500mA
28. The maximum prospective short circuit or earth fault current in a circuit should
not exceed
a. The operating current of circuit switching devices
b. The rated breaking capacity of any associated protective device
c. The design current of the circuit
d. The rated operating current of any RCD in circuit
29. Which of the following switching devices may be satisfactorily utilised for the
purposes of isolation?
a. BSEN60669-2-4
b. BSEN60669-2-3
c. BSEN60669-2-1
d. BSEN60669-1
30. When using bare conductors in extra low voltage lighting installations supplied
from a safety isolating transformer the minimum permissible cross sectional
area of conductors must be
a. 1.5mm2
b. 2.5mm2
c. 4mm2
d. 6mm2
31. Suspension devices for ELV luminaries must in any case be capable of
supporting at least
a. 5 Kg
b. 7.5 Kg
c. 10 Kg
d. 20 Kg
32. An automatic electrical safety service supply classed as medium break must, in
the event of losing the main supply, instate the safety service supply in a time
period of
a. between 0.15 & 0.5 seconds
b. between 0.5 & 5 seconds
c. between 5 & 15 seconds
d. greater than 15 seconds
33. The minimum value of Insulation Resistance for a 230Volt system must be
a. >0.25 M
b. >0.5 M
c. >1.0 M
d. >2.0 M
34. Correct Polarity must ensure that every ES lamp-holder have their outer or
screwed contacts connected to the neutral conductor, except for
a. E14 & E27 Lampholders
b. E14 & BSEN60895 Lampholders
c. E27 & BSEN61009 Lampholders

d. E11 & E24 Lampholders

35. To comply with PART 6 of BS7671, Periodic Inspection & Testing shall be
specifically undertaken by
a. A formally qualified Test Engineer
b. A person deemed as the Duty Holder of the company carrying out the work
c. A expressly skilled person
d. A competent person
36. Zone 2 of a bathroom is restricted to the highest water outlet or the horizontal
plane lying above finished floor level by
a. 3.00m
b. 2.50m
c. 2.25m
d. 2.00m
37. In Zone 3 of a Sauna equipment must be able to withstand a minimum
temperature of
a. 100C
b. 120C
c. 125C
d. 170C
38. In marinas, equipment installed above a jetty or wharf, which is likely to
encounter water jets, shall be selected to comply with external influence levels
of
a. (AD4): IPX4
b. (AD5): IPX5
c. (AD6): IPX6
d. (AE6): IPX5
39. For a BS88-2.2 Fuse rated at 25A to obtain a 0.4sec disconnection time, it would
require a minimum prospective fault current of
a. 160A
b. 130A
c. 100A
d. 85A
40. A 30Amp Semi Enclosed BS3036 Fuse receiving a prospective fault current of
130A would disconnect in
a. 5.0sec
b. 1.0sec
c. 0.4sec
d. 0.2sec
Answers:
1. C Part 1 -110.2 Page 13
2. D Part 1 -110.1 Page 12
3. A Part 1 -114.1 Page 13
4. A Part 1 -120.3 Page 14
5. B Part 2 - DEFENITIONS
6. B Part 2 - DEFENITIONS
7. C Part 2 - DEFENITIONS
8. D Part 2 - DEFENITIONS
9. B Part 3 - 311.1 Page 38
10. C Part 3 - 314.1 Page 39
11. A Appendix 5 Page 319
12. C Part 4 - Table 41.1 Page 46

13. B Part 4 - Max Zs Tables - Part 4

14. B Part 4 - Table 41.5 Page 50
15. C Part 4 - 412.2.1 Page 55
16. D Part 4 - 416.2.2 Page 60
17. C Part 4 - 422.3.1 Page 67
18. A Part 4 - Table 42.1 Page 69
19. D Part 4 - 442.1.2 Page 80
20. D Part 5
21. B Part 5
22. C Part 5
23. A Part 5
24. A Part 5 Table 52.2 Page 104
25. D Part 5
26. D Part 5
27. C Part 5
28. B Part 5
29. A Part 5
30. C Part 5
31. A Part 5
32. C Part 5
33. C Part 6 - Table 61 Page 158
34. A Part 6 - 612.6 Page 159
35. D Part 6 - 621.5 Page 162
36. C Part 6 - Page 169
37. C Part 7 - 703.512.2. Page 180
38. B Part 7 - 709.512.2.1.1 Page 193
39. A Appendix - Time/Current Graph - Page 248
40. C Appendix - Time/Current Graph -Page 245

Thanks for questions contribution - djtelectraining.co.uk

Appendix 1
US and European Product Requirements

U.S. Product Requirements Corresponding to Normative References in IEC 60364 Documents

Note: The indicated locations in IEC 60364 documents are in the order given in Annex B-1. The
indicated corresponding U.S. product requirements were selected, taking into consideration the context
in which the IEC documents were referenced.

U.S. Product Requirements Location and Number of Standard

60364-1-132.5
Number, Title
60364-3-3.2
IEC 446
ANSI/NFPA 79, Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery [contains requirements (among others) for
identification of conductors]
60364-3-3.2, Amd 2
IEC 255-22-1
IEC 801-4
IEC 1000 (all referenced parts)
UL991, Tests for Safety Related Controls Employing Solid-State Devices
Note 1: UL991 includes EMC elements of EMC evaluations contained in IEC 1000 documents. UL991
applies where referenced in a product standard, such as UL8730, which is harmonized with IEC 60730 on
automatic electrical controls for household and similar use
Note 2: All EMC emissions related requirements are contained in U.S. Federal Regulations

60364-4-411.1.2
IEC 742
UL1310, Class 2 Power Units
UL1585, Class 2 and Class 3 Transformers
UL1561, Dry-Type General Purpose and Power Transformers
60364-4-41.2, Amd 1
IEC 146-2
UL508C, Power Conversion Equipment
60364-4-43, Amd 1
IEC 60269-1, -2, -3
UL248 (series), Low-Voltage Fuses
Note: A series of 16 Standards. UL/CSA harmonized
60364-4-43, Amd 1
IEC 60898
IEC 60947-2
UL489, Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, Molded-Case Switches, and Circuit-Breaker Enclosures
60364-5-510.2
IEC 60707
UL94, Test for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances
60364-5-510.2
IEC 61024-1
UL96A, Installation Requirements for Lightning Protection Systems

60364-5-510.2
IEC 332-1
UL910, Test for Cable Flame-Propagation and Smoke-Density Values

60364-5-510.2
IEC 332-3
UL1685, Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-Release Test for Electrical and Optical-Fiber Cables

60364-5-510.2
IEC 439-2
UL857, Busways and Associated Fittings
UL870, Wireways, Auxiliary Gutters, and Associated Fittings

60364-5-510.2
IEC 529
UL50, Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (protection against environmental conditions only)

60364-5-510.2
IEC 614
IEC 1200-52
UL1, Flexible Metal Conduit

UL6, Rigid Metal Conduit

UL360, Liquid-Tight Flexible Steel Conduit
UL651, Schedule 40 and 80 Rigid PVC Conduit
UL651A, Type EB and A Rigid PVC and HDPE Conduit
UL1242, Intermediate Metal Conduit
UL1660, Liquid-Tight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit
UL1684, Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Conduit
UL797, Electrical Metallic Tubing
UL1653, Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing

60364-5-523.1.2
IEC 502
UL1072, Medium-Voltage Power Cables

60364-5-527.2.1
ISO 834
UL1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops

60364-5-53.2
IEC 269-3
UL248 (series), Low-Voltage Fuses

60364-5-53.2
IEC 1008
IEC 1009
UL489, Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, Molded-Case Switches, and Circuit-Breaker Enclosures
UL943, Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters

60364-5-534.1.2
IEC 60664-1
UL840, Insulation Coordination Including Clearances and Creepage Distances for Electrical Equipment

60364-5-548.1.2
IEC 950, Amds 1 & 2
UL1950, Standard for Safety for Information Technology Equipment

60364-7-701.53, Note
IEC 669-1
UL20, General-Use Snap Switches

60364-7-702.12

IEC 60245-1, -4
UL44, Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables
UL62, Flexible Cord and Fixture Wire
UL676, Underwater Lighting Fixtures

60364-7-704.511.1
IEC 439-4
UL231, Power Outlets

60364-7-707, Preface
IEC 83
IEC 614-2-1
UL1681, Wiring Device Configurations
ANSI/NEMA WD 6, Wiring DevicesDimensional Requirements
UL1682, Plugs, Receptacles, and Cable Connectors of the Pin and Sleeve Type
UL1686, Pin and Sleeve Configurations
UL6, Rigid Metal Conduit

60364-7-708, Preface
IEC 309-1
IEC 309-2
IEC 695-2-1

UL1686, Pin and Sleeve Configurations

ANSI/NFPA 501C, Recreational Vehicles
UL746, Polymeric MaterialsShort Term Property Evaluations

60364-7-709.12
IEC 38
IEC 227
ANSI C 84.1, Electric Power Systems and EquipmentVoltage Ratings (60 Hz)
UL83, Thermoplastic Insulated Wires and Cables

60364-7-711.1.2
IEC 60204-1
IEC 61046
ANSI/NFPA 79, Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery
UL508, Industrial Control Equipment
UL2108, Low-Voltage Lighting Systems (under consideration)

60364-7-714.12
IEC 598

UL1570, Fluorescent Lighting Fixtures

UL1571, Incandescent Lighting Fixtures
UL1572, High Intensity Discharge Lighting Fixtures

Annex C
Excerpts From ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3, 1997

6.5.1

Notes and examples integrated in the text

Notes and examples integrated in the text of a standard shall only be used for giving additional
information intended to assist the understanding or use of the standard and shall not contain provisions
to which it is necessary to conform in order to be able to claim compliance with the standard.

6.6.1

Verbal forms for the expression of provisions

6.6.1.1 A standard does not in itself impose any obligation upon anyone to follow it. However, such an
obligation may be imposed, for example, by legislation or by a contract. In order to be able to claim
compliance with a standard, the user needs to be able to identify the requirements he is obliged to
satisfy. He needs also to be able to distinguish these requirements from other provisions where he has
a certain freedom of choice.

6.6.1.2 Clear rules for the use for verbal forms (including modal auxiliaries) are therefore essential.

6.6.1.3 Annex E gives, in the first column of each table, the verbal form that shall be used to express
each kind of provision. The equivalent expressions given in the second column shall be used only in
exceptional cases when the form given in the first column cannot be used for linguistic reasons.

Verbal forms for the expression of provisions of ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3, 1997 (normative)
Note: Only singular forms are shown.

The verbal forms shown in the Requirement Table shall be used to indicate requirements strictly to be
followed in order to conform to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

Requirement

Verbal form
Equivalent expressions for use in exceptional cases (see 6.6.1.3)
Shall
is to
is required to
it is required that
has to
onlyis permitted
it is necessary
shall not
is not allowed [permitted] [acceptable] [permissible]
is required to be not
is required thatbe not
is not to be
Do not use must as an alternative for shall. (This will avoid any confusion between the requirements
of a standard and external statutory obligations.)

Do not use may not instead of shall not to express a prohibition.

To express a direct instruction, for example, referring to steps to be taken in a test method, use the
imperative mood in English.

EXAMPLE: Switch on the recorder.

Annex D
Example Circuits
The following two example circuits are typical of circuits installed in one-or two-family dwellings in the
U.S. The circuits are NEC compliant. These examples were analyzed by David Latimer, chairman of IEC
TC64, which is responsible for IEC 60364. Latimers analysis follows each of the two examples.
Additional commentary on the analysis is provided from the U.S. perspective.

Example No. 1
Central Air Conditioner (outdoor section) consisting of a hermetic motor compressor with inherent
overload protection and a fan motor (thermally protected). [Sec. 440-52]
Applicable
NEC Section
Ratings
Voltage: 230V, 1-ph, 60Hz (115V to ground)

250-20(b), 440-4

Supply System: Type TNS

Compressor:

250-20(b)

26.9ARated Load Amperes (RLA)

440-4

156.0ALocked Rotor Amperes (LRA)

440-4

Fan: 1.4AFull Load Amperes (FLA)

440-4

Marked Minimum Circuit Ampacity (MCA): 35A

[MCA = 1.25 RLA + FLA]
Marked Maximum Fuse Size: 50A

440-22

Note: Fuse Rating could be 60A, per UL1995;

manufacturer chose 50A

440-33

Location:
Outdoor, 1 m from building; unit provides physical protection for
wiring to fused switch

Wiring System, Unit to Switch: T310-13, 351-4

Type THWN conductors in liquidtight flexible nonmetallic
conduit in free air
Conductors:

2 circuit conductors, No. 10 AWG

T310-16

1 protective earthing (grounding), No. 10 AWG

250-122

Insulation: 0.020 in. PVC plus 0.004 in. Nylon, rated 75C
Conductor properties: No. 10 AWG = 10380 cmils
(1975 cmil = 1 mm)
DC resistance = 1.24 ohms / 1000 ft. Chapter 9, Table 8

Conduit:

App. Chapter, Table C5

Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit (Type B),

3/8 in. trade size, 0.494 in. ID, 1.2 m long

Fused Switch:
Rated 60A, 240V ac

440-12, 440-14

Fuse: 50A, Class RK5, nonrenewable cartridge type

Between threshold and 50 kA: Ip = 20 kA, max.
It = 200,000 As, max.
(based on certification information)

Chapter 9, Table 8

Wiring System, Switch to Panelboard:

T310-16

Cable: Consists of 2 Type THWN, No. 10 AWG conductors in steel armor

(Type AC Cable), 2 in. thermal insulation on each side (in wall)
Total length 60 ft.
Armor serves as protective earthing conductor 250-118
Maximum DC resistance of armor: 1.38 ohms per 75 m
(based on UL4)

Overcurrent Protection in Panelboard:

50A circuit breaker

440-22

Available short-circuit current: 20 kA

Analysis of Example No. 1 Under Rules of IEC 60364

Example No. 1: Air Conditioner Unit

Ampacity of cables 35A
Circuit breaker rating 50 amps. Cables not protected against overload, but A/C unit has built-in overload
protection. The separate overload and short-circuit protection rules can be invoked. We need to know
the It of the CB, which I do not have, but a rule of thumb is that a protective device protects a cable
with an ampacity of half the rating of the CB. Therefore, this is probably satisfactory.
There is a need to calculate the Earth Fault Loop Impedance (EFLI) and thus the It from the fuse or CB
characteristics.
Fuse to A/C:
EFL formed by two 10 AWG wires
Resistance: 2 x 1.24 / k ft.
Length: 4 ft.
Resistance: 2 x 1.24 x 4 / 1000 = 0.01 ohms

CB to Switch:
EFL formed by 10 AWG wire and armouring
Resistance of armouring:
1.38 ohms / 75 M = 1.38 x 1000 / 75 / 3.28 = 5.6 ohms / 1000 ft.
Length: 60 ft.
EFL resistance: (5.6 + 1.24) x 60 / 1000 = .41 ohms
External loop impedance (assumed): 0.3 ohms
[External loop impedance is the impedance from the supply service to the service equipment. This
impedance, plus the impedances of the live conductor up to the point of fault and the protective
conductor from the fault to the service, comprises the Earth Fault Loop Impedance]
Total EFLI: 0.01 + 0.41 + 0.3 = 0.72 ohms
EF current: 115 / 0.72 = 161 A
Disconnecting time (fuse): 20 seconds
Disconnecting time (CB): 312 seconds

Permitted disconnecting time is five seconds, therefore the circuit does not comply if the CB is at the top
limit of its characteristic; in actual fact, it would probably comply because manufacturers usually make
to the lower edge of the characteristic.

Load current: 26.9 + 1.4 = 28.3

Circuit resistance: 1.24 x 2 x 63 / 1000 = 0.156
Voltage drop: 0.156 x 28.3 = 4.42 V = 1.92%

Note 1: The fuse does not discriminate against the CB.

Note 2: Because there is no discrimination, the whole circuit is protected against earth fault by the CB,
so we must check its tripping time using the EFLI for the whole circuit. In this case, the fuse to A/C unit
is so short that the difference between the EFLI of the whole circuit and that of the circuit from the CB

to the fuse is negligible insofar as its effect on the tripping time is concerned. But if the difference in the
EFLI was greater and there was discrimination, then it would be possible to ascertain the tripping time
for a fault on the CB to fuse section of the circuit.

Maximum touch voltage: (5.6 x 60 / 1000 + 0.15) / 0.72 x 115 = 78 V

Example No. 2: Kitchen and Dining Room Receptacle Circuit

Applicable
NEC Section
Ratings
Voltage: 20A, 120V, 60Hz, one side grounded

210-6, 210-52(b)

Overcurrent Protection: 20A circuit breaker

240-3(d)

Supply System: TNS

Calculated Load: 1500 VA
Receptacles:

250-20(b)
220-16

4-duplex in kitchen
5-duplex in dining room

Shock Hazard Protection

210-8

All kitchen receptacles protected by a receptacle type ground-fault

circuit-interrupter (4-6 mA); dining room receptacles not protected by a GFCI

Cable
Type NM
2 Type THHN, No. 12 Cu conductors; 1 bare No. 12
grounding (earthing) conductor in PVC Jacket

Conductors
No. 12 AWG THHN (0.015 in PVC + 0.004 in. Nylon)
[No. 12 Cu = 6530 cmils (1975 cmils = 1 mm),
DC resistance - 1.98 ohms / 1000 ft.]

T310-16,
240-3(d), 250-122

T310-13; Chapter 9, Table 8

Installed in uninsulated 10 cm wide wall cavities, through centers of wood studs 336-4

Wall surfaces: 1/2 in. gypsum wallboard

Total length of circuit: 75 ft.

Analysis of Example No. 2 Under Rules of IEC 60364

Example No. 2: Kitchen and Dining Room Receptacle Circuit

Load: 1500 VA (assessed) There are no rules in IEC as to how this is done;
it is done differently in different countries
Current: 12.5A
Cable: 12 AWG
Ampacity: 25 A [Limited to 20 A by Sec. 240-3(d)]
Length: 75 ft.
Earth Fault Loop (EFL) formed by two 12 AWG wires
Resistance of 12 AWG: 1.98 ohms / k ft.
Earth Fault Loop Impedance (EFLI) of wires: 2 x 1.98 x 75 / 1000 = 0.3 ohms
External EFLI (assumed): 0.3 ohms

EF current: 120 / 0.6 = 200A

Disconnecting time for type 730-3 CB: 0.4 seconds max
Permitted disconnecting time at 120 V: 0.8 seconds

Therefore, the circuit complies.

Load current: 12.5 A

Circuit resistance: 0.3 ohms
Voltage drop: 0.3 x 12.5 = 3.75 = 3.26%

These disconnecting times are based on characteristics supplied by manufacturers.

Commentary on Analysis of Example Circuits

General: Comments in the analysis of Example No. 1 indicate that where separate overload and shortcircuit protective devices are provided, which is the case in this example, short-circuit protection can be
provided by a device with a rating of twice that of the ampacity of conductors (rule of thumb). Under
the NEC hermetic motor compressors may be protected at up to 225% of the motor rated-load current.
Since the ampacity of the conductors has to be at 125% of the RLA, the 2x rule of thumb is not
exceeded. However, short-circuit and ground-fault protection at higher levels is permitted for other
types of motors under Art. 430 of the NEC.
Considerable amount of information is needed under the IEC 60364 rules for installations that may be
considered routine under the NEC.
Information is needed to be able to calculate the Earth Fault Loop Impedance (EFLI) which includes the
service conductors, any feeders (distribution circuits), branch circuits (final circuits), and equipment
ground return paths, such as conduit, cable armor, or equipment grounding (protective) conductors.
From these values and the circuit voltage to ground maximum earth fault current is calculated. This
current is then related to overcurrent device trip curves from which the disconnecting times are
determined. The disconnecting time is an indication of the length of time during which hazardous
voltages exist on electrical equipment.
The disconnecting times so calculated are valid only for a bolted fault at the assumed fault location
whether at a socket outlet or terminals of current-using equipment. If there is an arcing fault, there is
an approximate 40 V arc-voltage drop, which reduces the earth fault current. Also, if extraneous metal
bridges a phase conductor and an earthed part, the EFLI will be higher. In either case, the disconnecting
time calculations are no longer valid and longer disconnecting times are very likely.

The foregoing calculations are made over a concern for protection against shock hazard due to indirect
contact as specified in Sec. 413 and Clause 533.3. The potential shock hazard voltages exist on
accessible metal parts only for the duration of the fault condition and only until the OC device opens the
circuit. Normally persons do not remain in contact with exposed metal parts of fixed or stationary
equipment for extended periods of time. Therefore, there is potential for shock hazard only if a person
happens to be in contact with the equipment during the existence of the shock hazard voltage.
In situations where it is necessary for a person to be in contact with electrical equipment such as
industrial machinery, other means of protection against electric shock are specified by IEC Standards as
well as NEC and other NFPA documents. Likewise, at swimming pools and locations where persons are
immersed in water, other measures of protection, e.g. GFCIs under the NEC and RCDs under IEC 60364,
and stringent bonding rules are specified.
The concern over protection against indirect contact is appropriate if a hazardous touch voltage exists
between simultaneously accessible conductive parts. Clause 413.1.1.1 indicates this voltage to be 50 V
ac or higher. Ostensibly, where the possible touch voltages are lower, there should be no concern over
the disconnecting times. Yet the second paragraph of 413.1.1.1 and 413.1.3.5 indicates that
disconnecting times not exceeding five seconds, irrespective of the touch voltage, are permitted for
distribution (feeder) circuits and final (branch) circuits supplying stationary equipment only. (Table 41A
specifies disconnecting times between 0.8 and 0.1 seconds for circuits at 120 to over 400 V for circuits
with socket outlets.) It is not clear why, from a shock hazard standpoint, the disconnecting time is
significant when a hazardous voltage is not present.

Example No. 1
The TC64 Chairmans analysis indicates a touch voltage of 78 V, therefore, under the IEC rules, the
disconnecting time calculations have been made. In the analysis, an external (service) loop impedance
of 0.3 ohms has been assumed. It appears that this assumption has been influenced by the
characteristics of European supply systems. Typically in the U.S., residences with a central air
conditioner are provided with a 200 A service. Even if the service conductors were 100 ft. (30.5 m) long,
the external loop impedance would be only 0.019 ohms (2/0 cu conductors, 0.0967 ohms / k ft.). Using
this value in the analysis, the total EFLI for the A/C circuit becomes 0.439 ohms and the EF current
becomes 262 A (238 A if a 100 A service is assumed). A review of fuse and CB characteristics shows that
the disconnecting times would be within five seconds.
Note 2 in the analysis addresses discrimination between the fuse and the circuit breaker. In the U.S. the
vast majority of branch circuits have overcurrent protection is provided by circuit breakers. In this
example the fuses provide protection for the equipment. In some cases, equipment markings specify
fuse protection. [In other cases specially marked (HACR) circuit breakers may be used if the equipment
markings so permit.] Coordination between the two types of OC devices is not necessary because each
serves a different purpose.

Example No. 2
The analysis points out that load calculation (assessment) is not covered by IEC rules, but different
countries address it differently. Other than ampacity of the conductors and the rating of the OC device,
the calculated load has no effect on the remainder of the example.
In this case, the EFLI is calculated to the last socket outlet on the circuit. Provision of GFCI protection (46 mA) for the kitchen socket outlets means that the kitchen part of the circuit is protected from shock
hazard due to indirect contact. Assuming a circuit length of 50 ft. to the last dining room socket outlet
(no GFCI protection) and a fault at the last dining room outlet, the earth fault current would be
approximately 240 A. The 20 A circuit breaker would function in even less than 0.4 seconds, judging
from the information for the quoted 730-3 circuit breaker and known performance of U.S. circuit
breakers.
If the circuit in this example is connected to the same distribution panelboard as the circuit in Example
No. 1, and the service is rated 200 A, the external (service) loop impedance would also be lower than 0.3
ohms, and the EF current would be much higher. Shorter yet disconnecting times would be
encountered.

Acknowledgements: