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Design and manufacturing of gears - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Design and manufacturing of gears

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gear design is the process of designing a gear. Designing is done prior to manufacturing and includes
calculation of the gear geometry, taking into account gear strength, wear characteristic of the gear teeth,
material selection, gear alignment and provision for lubrication of gear.

Contents
1 Gear
1.1 Gear tooth terminology
1.2 Standard system of Gear Teeth
1.3 Design Considerations[1]
1.4 Selection of Materials
1.5 Gear wheel proportions
2 References
3 External links

Gear
A gear is a rotating machine part which has cut teeth, that mesh with another toothed part in order to
transmit torque. The cut teeth are also called 'cogs'. Gears are one of the most important parts of any
machine or a mechanism. Some of the sectors in which gears play a vital role are:
Turbine plant
Hot and Cold Rolling
Construction machinery
Elevator industry

Gear tooth terminology

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Design and manufacturing of gears - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Standard system of Gear Teeth

In a gear drive, two types of curves, the cycloidal and the involute, are generally used. In a gear drive,
the shape of the tooth depends upon the pressure angle. Gears of involute profile with 14.5, 20 fulldepth and 20 stub pressure angles are most commonly used in industries. A 20 pressure angle fulldepth involute gear tooth has various advantages over the other pressure angles. BIS has recommended
the use of 20 pressure angle full depth involute gear tooth.

Design Considerations[1]
The accuracy of the output of a gear depends on the accuracy of its design and manufacturing. The
correct manufacturing of a gear requires a number of prerequisite calculations and design considerations.
The design considerations taken into account before manufacturing of gears are:
Strength of the gear in order to avoid failure at starting torques or under dynamic loading during
running conditions.
Gear teeth must have good wear characteristics.
Selection of material combination.
Proper alignment and compactness of drive
Provision of adequate and proper lubrication arrangement.

Selection of Materials
The gear material should have the following properties:
High tensile strength to prevent failure against static loads
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High endurance strength to withstand dynamic loads

Low coefficient of friction
Good manufacturability
Generally cast iron, steel, brass and bronze are preferred for manufacturing metallic gears with cut teeth.
Where smooth action is not important, cast iron gears with cut teeth may be employed. Commercially
cut gears have a pitch line velocity of about 5 metre/second. For velocities larger than this, gear sets with
non-metallic pinions as one member are used to eliminate vibration and noise. Non-metallic materials
are made of various materials such as treated cotton pressed and moulded at high-pressure, synthetic
resins of the phenol type and rawhide. Moisture affects rawhide pinions. Gears made of phenolic resins
are self-supporting on the other hand other two types are supported by metal side plates at both ends of
the plate. Large wheels are made with fretting rings to save alloy steels. Wheel centre is commonly cast
from cast iron. The ring is forged or roll expanded from steel of the respective grade specified by the
tooth design.

Gear wheel proportions

A gear has three important parts
Hub
Web or arms
Rim
Hub of gears are of two types, solid or split. The advantage of split hub is that it reduces the cooling
stresses in the gear and facilitates the mounting of the gear on the shaft. The solid hub gear is to be
mounted overhung on the shaft. The key is placed under the arm in case of solid hub while in case of
split hub, the key is placed at right angles to the hub joint. Small gears up to 250 mm pitch circle
diameter are built with a web, which joins the hub and the rim. The thickness of the web of the gear
should be such that it is capable of transmitting the torque without shearing off at the hub where it joins.
The gear is designed such that the thickness of its web is equal to half the circular pitch. Gear of larger
diameter are provided with arms. The number of arms depends on the pitch circle diameter of the gear.
Following are the prevailing practices of the number of arms and gear diameters
Gear diameter(mm) Arms
300-500

4-5

500-1500

1500-2400

>2400

10-12

While calculating the dimensions of the arms it is assumed that they transmit the stalling torque safely.
Elliptical cross sections are preferred for lighter loads while remaining cross sections are used for large
and heavy gears. The following aspects are considered while determining cross sectional diameter of the
arm.
Empirical formulas are used to determine the rim thickness.

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where
is the number of teeth and
are the number of arms.
A good design is a one in which the rim has a central rib of thickness equal to half the circular pitch.
If the lay out of the shaft is known, the diameter of the gear shaft can be calculated. Toothed wheels
fixed on the shaft are fitted by interference-for example, press or light press fit. For impact load or
speeds above 2000 r.p.m. press fit is employed. If the wheel is to be removed from the shaft medium fit
are used.
The following types of gears are most commonly used in industry for power transmission purposes:
Spur gears
Helical gears
Bevel gears
Worm and worm gears

References
1. ^ Pandya, N.C. (1981). Elements of Machine Design. India: Charotar Publishing House. pp. 713735.

External links
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/gears.html
Application of analytical geometry to the form of gear teeth
(http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12045-013-0106-3)
Web Utility for designing gears to print (mostly for smaller DIY projects
(https://woodgears.ca/gear_cutting/template.html)
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