PHYSICS

PROJECT
FILE

AIM
To construct and study
An Astable Multivibrator
And
Study its operation

Certificate
This is to certify that __________(name), student of
Class XII A,
_________________________________(school), has
completed the project titled ASTABLE
MULTIVIBRATOR during the academic year 2014-15
towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics
practical evaluation of CBSE and has submitted a
satisfactory report, as compiled in the following
pages, under the supervision of his Physics teacher
___________(T.Name).

________________
________________

(PHYSICS TEACHER)

(PRINCIPAL)

Acknowledg
ements
I have been supported by many people to complete
this project.
I would like to thank K.V. Sector VIII R.K.Puram and
all of its members for providing me this unique
opportunity for self-learning.
I am very grateful to computer science teacher, Mr.
Praveen Kumar for his moral support and guidance.

During this study, I have become indebted to many

individuals without whose willing corporation, I
wouldnt have been able to complete this project.

I am also very thankful to my parents for their

incredible

support in everything I have done.

MULTIVIBRATOR:
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a
variety of simple two-state systems such as light emitting
diodes, timers and flip-flops. It is characterized by two
amplifying devices (transistors, electron tubes or other
devices) cross-coupled by resistors and capacitors.

In its simplest form the multivibrator circuit consists of two

cross-coupled
transistors.
Using
resistor-capacitor
networks within the circuit to define the time periods of the
unstable states, the various types may be implemented.

TYPES OF MULTIVITBRATORS
There are three types of multivibrator circuit:
Astable, in which the circuit is not stable in either state
it continuously oscillates from one state to the other.
Monostable, in which one of the states is stable, but
the other is not the circuit will flip into the unstable
state for a determined period, but will eventually
return to the stable state. Such a circuit is useful for
creating a timing period of fixed duration in response
to some external event. This circuit is also known as a
one shot. A common application is in eliminating
switch bounce.
Bistable, in which the circuit will remain in either state
indefinitely. The circuit can be flipped from one state
to the other by an external event or trigger. Such a
circuit is important as the fundamental building block
of a register or memory device. This circuit is also
known as a flip-flop.

Multi vibrators find applications in a variety of systems

where square waves or timed intervals are required.
Simple circuits tend to be inaccurate since many factors
affect their timing, so they are rarely used where very high
precision is required.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

C1 and C2 are capacitors in Farads.

T is time constant.

COMPONENTS USED

BC548 NPN transistors

47K,1/4 W resistors
470R, W resistors
10K, W resistors
10UF, electrolytic capacitors
9V battery
Connecting wires
Battery snapper
LED(s) red

WORKING

Transistors Q1 and Q2 are configured as an astable

multivibrator which means one of the two transistors is
always conducting. Since transistors do not conduct
together, LEDs also do not glow together. When LED D1 is
off, LED D2 is on and vice versa. Thus, the combination
produces clock pulses.
The blinking speed of LEDs can be adjusted using
capacitors C1 and C2 and resistors R1 and R2.

Mathematical formula for calculating frequency:

f = 1/T
=

> f = 1/ [(0.693)xRxC ]

> f = 1/ [(0.693) x ( (R1xC1) + (R2xC2) )]

Where F is frequency in hertz.

R1 and R2 are resistors in Ohms.

THANK
YOU!!