Chapter 3 Federalism

Block Grants
Given to states to spend as they want
Categorical Grants
Given to states who are told how and where to allocate the money
Conditions of Aid
Federal rules attached to grants that states must abide by in order to receive grant. Like build
new schools or highways
Mandates
A certain time an order by the federal government has to be completed by
Commerce Clause
Congress can regulate trade between states, over seas and indian tribes.
Confederation
A group of individual states with final authority. States are independent just like the political
system of the united states under the articles of confederation
Federal System
Power goes from central government to states to people
Unitary System
Power just given to the central government and states and people have no say in politics. Its
all on the central government
Devolution (of power)
From national to state to nongovernment groups
Initiative
A procedure allowing voters to pass a law by popular vote via a collection of signatures
Mculloh vs Maryland
Government can tax banks. Established elastic clause so that government can do its job
Necessary and Proper Clause
Elastic clause. The government can do whatever it can to do its job as a government. Like
collecting taxes for example
Nullification
To declare void
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10 amendment
Explains principle of federalism and the federal government possesses powers delegated to it by
states and people
Selective Incorporation
Adds many parts of the bill of rights to the states
Chapter 4 American Political Culture
Civic Competence
A belief that one can affect the government
Culture War
A struggle between two or more sets of cultural values
-No quick fix
-Money isn't involved
-Conflict is profound

Orthodox
Religious, usually conservative
Progressives
New age thinkers, usually liberals
Homogenous
Composed of all of the same kind
Heterogeneous
Composed of different kinds
Horatio Alger
Rags to riches with hard work and proper living
Political Culture
A coherent way of thinking about how politics and government should be carried out
Political efficacy
The belief that you as an individual makes a difference in politics by participating. Political
participation. On the decline in American political culture
Chapter 5 Civil Liberties
Espionage and Sedition Acts
1917-1918
Prevented people from publishing or mailing malicious or false content about the united
states
WW1
Against spies infiltrating the united states
McCain-Feingold
McCain lost the campaign to bush due to soft money which is now regulated and limited to
$2000 per candidate
1st Amendment
-Free Speech
-Freedom to Assemble
-Freedom to Petition
-Freedom of the Press
-Freedom of Religion
-Wall of Separation
-Establishment Clause
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4 Amendment
-Protection from unreasonable search and seizures (Mapp v Ohio)
-Probable Cause
5th Amendment
-Right not to self incriminate
-Protection from double jeopardy
6th Amendment
-Right to an attorney
8th Amendment
-Cruel and unusual punishments
9th Amendment
-Enumerated rights, shadow of privacy, people have more rights than stated

10th Amendment
-Reserved powers to states and people for powers not delegated to the united states
-commerce clause and federal fund raising
Exclusionary Rule
Improperly gathered evidence can't be used in a trial
Good Faith Exception
An error in gathering evidence. The mistake is minor so it may be used in a trial
Prior Restraint
Government censorship of information before it's published or broadcast
Clear and Present Danger
Law shouldn't punish speech unless there is a clear and present danger. Like a verbal threat.
Symbolic Speech
An act that conveys a political message. More or less protected than pure speech?
Gag Order
A legal order by the court or government to prevent a case from being public
Due Process Clause
A person has to go through due process before being found guilty and put to jail. This
involves a right to a speedy and fair trial.
Equal Protection Clause
A standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government. The government
has to treat everyone equally and fairly
Selective Incorporation
The bill of rights is applied to the states and the states are held accountable to abide by it
Wall of Separation
Church and State cannot get involved. The government can't get involved with the church
Mapp v Ohio
Exclusionary rule. Evidence gathered illegally cannot be used in trial
Miranda v Arizona
Miranda rights. Right to remain silent
Gideon v Wainright
Free lawyer. Right to an attorney
Gitlow v Newyork
Clear and present danger. Gitlow wanted to cause anarchy in new york which is illegal despite
1st amendment
Chapter 6 Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Minorities are given opportunities because they are under represented in colleges and they
need an advantage to level the playing field
Brown v Board
Overturned separate but equal. Schools desegregated
Plessy v Ferguson
Established seperate but equal. Later overturned by Brown v Board
Roe v Wade
Ruling that decriminalizes abortion
Rostker v Goldberg
Congress can draft men without drafting women

Civil Rights Act 64'

Desegregation of schools and any racial, religious or sex discrimination by employer is illegal.
Just like woodinville high school code of conduct
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14 Amendment
-Residency
-Due Process
-Privileges
-Equal Protection
To all Blacks
Separate but Equal Doctrine
Separate but equal quality schools and facilities for black and white
De Facto Segregation
Segregation that happens just because. naturally happens, birds of the same feather flock
together
De Jure Segregation
Forced segregation, redrawn county lines, forced busing (Swann)
Jim Crow
Laws made to oppress blacks like preventing them from voting with grandfather clause, high
poll tax, literacy tests, etc.
Chapter 7
Conservative
Religious, Rich, Professionals, Farmers, Old, White
Liberal
Secular, Middle Class, Students, Professors, Young, Minorities
Libertarians
Socially liberal, Economically conservative
Populists
Socially conservative, Economically liberal
Gender Gap
Gap in gender, differences in gender and how they vote
Random Sample
A small group of people with all the sub category of people (demographic) being equally
represented
Sampling Error
A biased sample that doesn't represent population accurately
Chapter 8
Midterm Election
Election to see how president is doing after 2 years, his midterm
Coattails Effect
If the president is doing bad, so will the people supporting him in office and congress
Maintaining Elections
The same party gets chosen and party maintains control

Deviating Elections
When fluctuating ideologies causes people to vote a different way for a short while
Realigning (Critical) Elections
The party in power gets kicked out and a different party takes office
Australian Ballot
A ballot to prevent voter fraud. The voter fraud was associated with party print ballots
Grandfather Clause
Allows males to vote if their ancestors voted before 1867. To prevent blacks from voting
Literacy test
Test given to people before voting. Blacks were illiterate and failed
Poll Tax
Blacks were to poor to pay poll taxes
Voter Turnout
The percent of the population that voted
Voting Rights Act of 65'
Prohibits discrimination in voting
White Primary
Only whites allowed to participate
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15 Amendment
Black suffrage, all men can vote
19th Amendment
Womans suffrage, all can vote
23rd Amendment
Right to vote in D.C.
24th Amendment
Prohibits poll tax in federal elections
26th Amendment
Voting age moved to 18
Chapter 9
Caucus
A convention where people back a delegate. First is iowa
Primary
Each member gets to vote for a candidate
Deviated Election
When the party that doesn't hold office is getting more votes
Factional Parties
Parties that are factional
Ideological Parties
Parties built around ideology
Initiative
A factions way of pushing reform to congress through signatures
Maintaining Election
Same party already in office wins
Plurality System
Winner gets most votes. Not the majority of votes

Political Machine
A party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage
Progressives
People who want to push reforms. Usually with liberal ideologies
Single Issue Party
Party that dies off quick once their issue is handled
Super Delegates
National party leaders. Get automatic delegate slot in national convention. They don't
represent anyone and can vote however they want
Split Ticket Voting
Separated by office
Straight Ticket
Separated by party
Two Party System
Two parties hold majority of power
Winner Take All System
2nd placers and 3rd placers aren't represented
Hatch Act
Federal employees can't get involved in political process
Chapter 10
Incumbent
Person that was in office
Primary
Election held to choose candidates in office
Open
An open primary
Closed
Need to be registered as part of the member
Blanket
May vote for both candidates in office
Position Issue
Divided
Valence Issue
Agreement on subject but different approaches to solving it
Party Platform
A candidate decides what his goals are and it reflects the party he is on
Super Tuesday
Where most states have their primaries on the same day
Sophomore Surge
An advantage incumbents have
Chapter 11
Issue Advocacy Ads
Paid by unregulated soft money

Litigation
Pursuing legal action
Federal regulation acts of 1946
Decreases power of lobbyist