PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

META
L
DETE
CTOR

Certificate
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in
the Investigatory Project is in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the practical exam of class XII submitted in C+
+ of The Baptist Convent Sr. Sec. School, is an authentic record
of my own work carried out under the supervision of Mr.
Lokesh Singh.

ANKIT RATURI
This is to certify that the above statement made by the
candidate is correct and true to the best of my knowledge.
Mr Lokesh Singh
[PGT PHYSICS ]

Dr. Mahima Malik

[PRINCIPAL]
INVIGILATOR
School

The Baptist ConventSr. Sec.

Patparganj, Delhi

Acknowledgemen
t
Every project big or small is successful
largely due to the effort of a number of
wonderful people who have always
given their valuable advice or lent a
helping hand. I sincerely appreciate the
inspiration; support and guidance of all
those
people
who have
been instrumental in making this
project a success.
At this juncture I feel deeply honored in
expressing my sincere thanks to my
Physics teacher Mr Lokesh Singh for
making the resources available at right
time and providing valuable insights
leading to the successful completion of
my project.
I hope that this project will prove to be
a breeding ground for the next

generation of students and will guide

them in every possible way.

CONTENT
S
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

INTRODUCTION
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF METAL DETECTORS
VERY LOW FREQUENCY
PULSE INDUCTION
BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

INTRODUCTION
A metal detector is a portable electron, instrument which detects the
presence of metal nearby. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal
inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground.
They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be
swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of
metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle
moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of
distance; the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or
the higher the needle go.. Another common type are stationary 'walk
through' metal detectors used for security screening at access points in
prisons, courthous., and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a
person body.
The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing
an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating
magnetic field. If a piece of electrical, conductive metal is close to coil,
eddy current will be induced in metal, and this produces a magnetic field
of its own.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists and engineers used
their growing knowl.ge of electrical theory in an attempt to devi. a
machine which would pinpoint metal. The use of such a device to find
ore-bearing rocks would give a huge advantage to any miner who
employ. it Early machines were crude, us. a lot of battery power, and
work. only to a very limi. degree. Alexander Graham Bell used such a
device to attempt to locate a bullet lodg. in the chest of American
President James Garfield in 1881; the metal detector worked correctly but
the attempt was unsuccessful because the metal coil spring b. Garfield
was lying on, confused the detector
Modern developments
The modern development of the metal detector began in the 1920s.
Gerhard Fisher had develop. a system of radio direction-finding, which
was to be us. for accurate navigation. The system worked extremely well,
but Fisher noticed that there were anomalies in areas where the terrain
contain. ore-bearing rocks. He reasoned that if a radio beam could be
distort. by metal, then it should be possible to design a machine which
would detect metalusing a search coil resonating at a radio frequency. In
1925 he applied for, and was gran., the first patent for a metal detector.
Although Gerhard Fisher was the first person gran. a patent for a metal
detector, the first to apply was Shirl Herr, a businessman from
Crawfordsville, Indiana. His application for a hand-held Hidden-Metal
Detector was filed in February 1924, but not patent. until July 1928. Herr
assisted Italian leader Benito Mussolini in recovering items remaining
from the Emperor Caligula, galleys at t. bottom of Lake Nemi, .1y, in

August 1929. Herr, invention was us. by Admiral Richard Byrd's Second
Antarctic Expecition in 1933, when it was us. to locate objects left behind
by earlier explorers. It was effective up to a depth of eight feet[2]
However, it was one Lieutenant Reef Stanislaw Kosacki, a Polish officer
attach. to a unit station. in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, during the early
years of World War II, who refin. the design a practical Polish mine
detector.[3] They were heavy, ran on vacuum tubes, and needed separate
battery packs.
New coil designs
Coil designers also tri. out innovative designs. The original induction
balance coil system consist. of two identical coils plac. on top of one
another. Compass Electronics produc. a new design: two coils in a D
shape, mount. back-to-back to form a circle. This system was widely us.
in the 1970s, and both concentric and D type (or widescan as they
became known) had their fans. Another development was the invention
of detectors which could cancel out the effect of mineralization in the
ground. This gave greater depth, but was a non-discriminate mode. It
work. best at lower frequencies than those us. before, and frequencies of
3 to 20 kHz were found to produce the best results. Many detectors in the
1970s had a switch which enabl. the user to switch between the
discriminate mode and the non-discriminate mode. Later developments
switched electronically betw.n both modes. The development of the
induction balance detector would ultimately result in the motion detector,
which constantly checked and balanced the background mineralization.

Types of Metal detectors

1.

Very Low Frequency (VLF)

Uses two coils:

1.Transmitter coil(search head,antenna)
2. Receiver Coil
There is a delay in received signal compared to the transmitted signal
called phaseshift
The signal is sent to the control box where it is analyzed by sensors

2.

Pulse Induction (Pl)

Simple when compared to vlf detectors

Generates Pulses of Currrent through Search Coil
Pulse reaches its peak and reverses direction, collapsing very
suddenly, thus creating a sharp electrical skipe.
Pulses continues to be generated from a mere dozen to about a few
thousand pulse per second
Reflected portion of signal becomes delayed which is sampled,
amplified and sent to audio circuit to notify user

3. BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR (BFO)

Uses two coils and sends a current through each

Coils use slightly different frequencies, which produces audible beats.
When passed over metal object, induces a current in object

 Current causes a magnetic field, which interferes with field produced by

detector
Interference changes frequency of current in large coil, and thus an
audible change in BEATS
BFO Metal Detectors are cheap to make, but aren't as accurate or
dependable as more expensive types.

Uses
Archaeology
As a hobby
Coin shooting
Prospecting
General metal detecting
Beach combing
Security screening

BBIBLOGRAPHY

www.cbseportal.com
www.google.com
www.slideshare.com
www.wikipedia.org

TEACHERS REMARKS