3123 3122

III
X
XIII
XIV

:
1-1
2-1
1-2-1 ()MS

1
2
2

2-2-1 (BSS

3-2-1 (MSC

4-2-1 ))HLR

5-2-1 )(VLR

6-2-1 ((GMSC

7-2-1 )(AUC

8-2-1 )(EIR

3-1
1-3-1 ( ) Cell

4
4

1-1-3-1

2-1-3-1 ()Cluster

3-1-3-1

2-3-1 ) (Handoff

3-3-1 ((Roaming

4-3-1 ( )Frequency reuse

5-3-1

11

4-1 () Multiple Access techniques

1-4-1 ()FDMA

11
11

2-4-1 ()TDMA

11

3-4-1 ()CDMA

11

4-4-1 ()OFDMA

12

5-1 ()Modulation

12

III

 1-5-1 ()ASK

13

2-5-1 ()FSK

13

3-5-1 ()PSK

14

4-5-1 ()MSK

14

:
16

1-2
2-2
1-2-2

17
17

2-2-2

18

3-2-2

18

)AMPS( Advanced Mobile Phone System 3-2

1-3-2 ()AMPS

19
19

2-3-2 ((AMPS

19

(SAT) 1-2-3-2

21

(ST) 2-2-3-2

21

3-3-2

21

1-3-3-2

22

2-3-3-2

22

3-3-3-2

23

4-3-3-2
(NMT) Nordic Mobile Telephony 4-2
1-4-2 ()NMT
2-4-2

23
24
25
25

3-4-2 ()NMT

25

4-4-2 ()NMT

26

1-4-4-2

26

2-4-4-2

26

3-4-4-2

27

4-4-4-2
5-4-2
1-5-4-2

27
27
27

IV

 2-5-4-2
6-4-2

27
28

7-4-2

28

8-4-2

29

9-4-2

29

11-4-2

29

11-4-2

29

12-4-2

29

13-4-2

31

14-4-2

31

15-4-2

31

16-4-2 ()NMT

31

17-4-2

31

18-4-2 ()SIS

31

19-4-2

32

21-4-2 () PIN

32

:
33

1-3
23
33
43 ()GSM
1-4-3 ()GSM
2-4-3 ()GSM

33
34
34
35
35

1-2-4-3 ()MS

35

2-2-4-3 ()BS

36

3-2-4-3 ()MSC

37

4-2-4-3 ()HLR

37

5-2-4-3 ()VLR

38

6-2-4-3 ()EIR

39

7-2-4-3 ()AUC

39

8-2-4-3 ()OMC

39

 9-2-4-3 )(Logical Channel

1-9-2-4-3 )(Control Channels
2-9-2-4-3 ((TCH
3-4-3 ()GSM
4-4-3 ()GSM

41
41
43
45
46

1-4-3-3

46

2-4-3-3

47

3-4-3-3

48

5-4-3 ()GSM

49

6-4-3

49

7-4-3 ()GSM

51

8-4-3

51

9-4-3 ()Fading

51

11-4-3 ()GSM

52

5-3 ()" IS-95 "-CDMA One

1-5-3

53
54

2-5-3

55

3-5-3

55

4-5-3

56

5-5-3

56

6-5-3 ()CDMA One

56

7-5-3 ()CDMA

57

1-7-5-3 ()Forward Link

57

2-7-5-3 ()The Reverse Link Channel

59

6-3 ()2.5G
1-6-3 ))GPRS

61
61

2-6-3 ))Packet Switching

61

3-6-3 ()GPRS

62

4-6-3 ()GPRS

62

1-4-6-3 ()Subscriber Terminal

63

2-4-6-3 ()GPRS Base Station Subsystem

63

3-4-6-3 )(GPRS Support Nodes

64

VI

 :
66

1-4
2-4

66

3-4

67

4-4 ( )UMTS
1-4-4 ()UMTS

68
68

2-4-4 )(System Architecture

69

1-2-4-4 )(UE

71

2-2-4-4

71

3-4-4 ()UMTS

72

4-4-4 ()UMTS

73

1-4-4-4 ( )UMTS

74

2-4-4-4 ( )UMTS

75

5-4 CDMA2000
1-5-4 ()CDMA2000

75
75

)CDMA2000 1XRTT( 1-1-5-4

76

) CDMA2000 1XEV-DO ( 2-1-5-4

76

) CDMA2000 1XEV-DV ( 3-1-5-4

76

)CDMA 2000 3X RTT( 4-1-5-4

76

2-5-4

77

3-5-4

78

4-5-4 CDMA2111

78

1-4-5-4 ( ) Forward Link

78

1-1-4-5-4 ()Pilot Channel

79

2-1-4-5-4 ( )Sync Channel

79

3-1-4-5-4 ()Paging Channel

81

4-1-4-5-4 ( )Traffic Channel

81

2-4-5-4 ( )The Reverse Link Channel

5-5-4
1-5-5-4 ()Sectorization

82
83
83

VII

 2-5-5-4 ()VAD

83

3-5-5-4 ( )TDM

83

4-5-5-4 ()Smart Antenna

6-4 :UMTS & CDMA2000

84
85

:
86

1-5
2-5
3-5
4-5 ()LTE
1-4-5 LTE
2-4-5

86
87
87
89
91

1-2-4-5

91

1-3-4-5

92

2-3-4-5

94

3-4-5 ()LTE

3-3-4-5
4-45 LTE
5-4-5 LTE
OFDM 1-5-4-5

91

96
97
98
98

1-1-5-4-5 OFDM

111

2-1-5-4-5 OFDM

112

SC-FDMA 2-5-4-5
6- 5 WIMAX

113
114

1-6- 5 WIMAX

115

2-6- 5 WIMAX

117

3-6- 5 WIMAX

118

4-6- 5 WIMAX

118

1-4-6- 5 WIMAX

118

2-4-6- 5

118

3-4-6- 5

119

5-6- 5

119

VIII

 6-6- 5

111

7- 5 WiMAX WiFi

111

9-5 ( ) LTE-Advanced

112

8- 5 LTE , WiMAX

1-9-5 LTE LTE- Advanced

11-5 ( ) WiMAX-2

112
113
114

:
1-6

117

2-6

117

3-6

121

4-6
5-6
6-6

128
133
138

IX

( )1-1

( )2-1

( )3-1

( )4-1

( )5-1

( )6-1

( )7-1

11

( )8-1

11

( )9-1

11

( )11-1

11

( )11-1 OFDM

12

( )12-1 ASK

13

( )13-1 FSK

13

( )14-1 PSK

14

( )15-1 MSK

15

( )1-2 ()ESN

21

( )1-3 GSM DCS

35

( )2-3

36

( )3-3 MSC

37

( )4-3 HLR

38

( )5-3 VLR

38

( )6-3 EIR

39

( )7-3 GSM

44

( )8-3 GSM

45

( )9-3 GSM

47

 ( )11-3

48

( )11-3

49

( )12-3 GSM

51

( )13-3 GSM

51

(Rice Fading )14-3

51

(Raleigh Fading )15-3

52

( )16-3 CDMA

53

( )17-3 FHSS

54

( )18-3 DSSS

54

( )19-3 QPSK

55

( )21-3 CDMA One

57

( )21-3

57

( )22-3 GPRS GSM

61

( )23-3 PCU BSS

64

:
( )1-4 UMTS

71

( )2-4 RNC

71

( )3-4 UTRAN

72

( )4-4 CDMA

77

( )5-4

79

( )6-4

82

:
( ) 1 5 LTE

91

( ) 2 5 LTE

97

( ) 3 5 OFDM

99

( ) 4 5 OFDM

111

( ) 5 5

111

( ) 6 5 ISI

112

( ) 7 5 SC-FDMA

114

( ) 8 5

116

XI

 ( ) 9 5

116

( ) 11 5

118

( ) 11-5

111

( ) 12 5 WiFi WiMAX

111

( ) 13 5 WiMAX LTE

116

:
( )1-6 FDMA

118

( )2-6 TDMA

122

( )3-6 GSM

124

( )4-6 CDMA

128

( )5-6 UMTS

133

( )66 OFDM

133

( ) 7 6 LTE

137

XII


:
( )1-4 UMTS & CDMA2000

55

:
( )15 FDD-LTE

55

( ) 2 5 TDD-LTE

58

( ) 3 5 LTE , WIMAX

112

( ) 4 5 LTE LTE- Advanced

113

( ) 5 5 WiMAX , WiMAX-2

115

XIII

1XEV-DO

Evolution - Data Only

1XEV-DV

Evolution ( Data Voice )

AAA

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

AGCH

Access Grant Channel

AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System

AR

Authentication Register

ASK

Amplitude shift keying

AUC

Authentication Center

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel

BCH

Broadcast Channels

BFSK

Binary Frequency Shift Keying

BSC

Base Station Controller

BSIC

BS Identity Code

BSS

Base Station System

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

CC

Calling Channel

CCCH

Common Control Channels

CCH

Control Channel

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

CS

Circuit Switched

DAMPS

Digital AMPS

DC

Data Channel

DCCH

Dedicated Control Channels

DCS

Digital Cellarer System

DFT

Discrete Fourier Transform

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

DSSS

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

DTCH

Dedicated Traffic Channel

EIR

Equipment Identity Register

XIV

EDGE

Enhance Data Rates For Global Evolution

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standard Institute

FACCH

Fast Associated Control Channel

FCCH

Frequency Correction Channel

FDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

FHSS

Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum

FM

Frequency Modulation

FSK

Frequency shift keying

GGSN

Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMSC

Gateway Mobil Switching Center

GMSK

Minimum Shift Keying Gaussian

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

HA

Home Agent

HLR

Home Location Register

HSDPA

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSUPA

High-Speed Uplink Packet Access

HSS

Home Subscriber Server

IP

Internet Protocol

ISI

Inter-system Interference

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network

LOS

Line of sight

LTE

Long Term Evolution

MBMS

Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service

MCH

Multicast Channel

MME

Mobility Management Entity

MFR

Manufacturers code

MIN

The Mobile Identification Number

MTCH

Multicast Traffic Channel

MIMO

Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output

XV

MS

Mobile Station

MSC

Mobile Switching Center

MSK

Minimum shift keying

MTS

Mobile Telephone System

NMT

Nordic Mobile Telephone

NLOS

Non Line of sight

NTT

Nippon Telephone and Telegraph

OMC

Operation and Maintenance Center

OFDM

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

PBCH

Physical Broadcast Channel

PCH

Paging Channel

PCCH

Paging Control Channel

PCFICH

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

PCU

Packet control unit

PCRF

Policy Control and charging Rules Function

P-GW

PDN Gate Way

PDA

Personal Digital Assistant

PDSCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDU

Protocol Data Unit

PHICH

Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

PMCH

Physical Multicast Channel

PIN

Personal Identification Number

PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

PS

Packet Switched

PSK

Phase shift keying

PSTN

Public Telephone Switched Network

PUSCH

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

PUCCH

Physical Uplink Control Channel

QPSK

Quarter Phase shift keying

QAM

quadrature amplitude modulation

XVI

RACH

Random Access Channel

RNC

Radio Network Control

RNS

Radio Network Sub-system

RTMS

Radio Telephone Mobile System

PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

SAK

A Secret Authentication Key

SACCH

Slow Associated Control Channel

SAT

The Supervisory Audio Tone

SDCCH

Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel

SGSN

Serving GPRS Support Node

SCH

Synchronization Channel

SC-FDMA

Single Carrier frequency Domain Multiple Access

SID

The System Identification Numbers

SIM

Subscriber Identity Module

SIS

Subscriber Identity Security

SNR

Signal Noise Ratio

ST

The Signaling Tone

S-GW

Serving Gate Way

TACS

Total Access Communications System

TCH

Traffic Channel

TCH / H

Half Rate TCH

TCH / HS

Half Rate Speech Channel

TCH / F

Full Rate TCH

TCH / FS

Full Rate Speech Channel

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

UE

User Equipment

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

UMTS Subscriber Identity Module Card

USIM Card
UTRAN

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

VAD

Voice Active Detection

XVII

VLR

Visitor Location Register

WCDMA

Wideband - Code Division Multiple Access

WMAN

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks

WIMAX

Access Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Wi-Fi

Wireless Fidelity

XVIII

MS

SIM
Microprocessor

BSS
Cells

MSC

HLR

VLR

GMSC
MSC

AUC
MSC

EIR

Cell

Cluster

4 , 7 , 12 , 21

Macro cells

3 35 Km

Micro cells

0.1 1 Km

Pico cells
0.01 0.1 Km

100 m

Selective cells
360
BTS

Umbrella Cells

Handoff

(Handoff )
MSC
MS

MSC
MSC

BS

MS

BS
BS

MSC

Handoff

Soft Handoffs

Drop

Hard Handoffs

Drop

Roaming

Roaming

Frequency reuse

Multiple Access techniques

FDMA

BAND

TDMA

Time-Slot
BAND

CDMA

OFDMA

sub-carriers

OFDM

Modulation
Frequency

Amplitude
Phase

ASK
1

Interference

a
Noise

ASK

FSK
1 0

FSK

PSK
180
1

PSK

MSK
FSK
f2= 2 f1

f2

f1

f2
180

f1
180
f1

f2

MSK

GMSK

MSK
GSM

AMPS
NTT

MTS

MTS

1964

AMPS

FDMA

1982

30 kHz
FM
10 kbps

cluster

BFSK

12
omni directional antenna

824 849 MHz

869 894 MHz
50 MHz

AMPS
TACS
NMT
C-450
Radiocom2000
RTMS
1995

50%

FSK

TACS & NMT

FM

AMPS

RTMS

NMT

TACS

25 kHz

C-450
NMT -900 & Radiocom2000

1979

12.5 kHz

NTT
25 kHz

2.4 kbps

10 kHz

1988

600

300 bps
2400

Advanced Mobile Phone System AMPS

MS

BS

30 kHz

: AMPS
800 MHz
FM
MHz 800

AMPS
50 MHz AMPS
824849 MHz) and (869894 MHz

25 MHz
45 MHz

334 666
21

312

1 333

667
{ 334 354

313 333 }

16

AMPS
(SAT)
250 ms

5.97 kHz , 6 kHz and 6.03 kHz.

(ST)

AMPS
ESN
ROM

32-bit

32

ESN

31

24

23

Serial no.

18
17

Unused
0

MFR

SID
AMPS

15-bit

15

34-bit

34

MIN

21

MIN - ESN SIDS

MIN - ESN

SAT

SAT

SAT

AMPS

MSC
MSC

MSC

MSC

MSC

SAT
SAT
MSC

(NMT)

NMT-450

450 MHz

NMT-900

900MHz

NMT
NMT
MTX
HLR
BS
MS
PSTN

HLR

MTX

MTX

MTX

256

NMT
Full duplex

25 kHz

180

NMT 450

359

20
399

NMT
NMT
CC
TC
CC / TC
DC

NMT

Free Marking

Busy
Idle

CC

MTX

MTX

MTX

30

20

MTX

10

MTX

HLR
MTX

MTX
HLR

NMT

MTX

BSs

SNR

Block

NMT
NMT

HLR

SIS
3

MTX

Challenge - Response

MTX

MSs

PIN
NMT
PIN

PIN

GSM

GSM
TDMA

900 MHz

1991

IS-54
DAMPS

1991
Digital AMPS
TDMA
FDMA

IS-95
CDMA

GSM
GSM

1991
1992

Group Special Mobile

Global System for Mobile Communications

(ETSI)
DCS

1996
1800 MHz

GSM
1800 MHz

900 MHz

160 Kbps
900

30

1800 MHz

8
MHz

DCS

Uplink 915 MHz

890 MHz

Downlink 960 MHz

935 MHz

GSM

GSM
MS
GSM

BS

BTS
64

BSC
BTS
BSC

30

20
A-bit
MSC

MSC

MSC

HLR

HLR

VLR
MSC

HLR

VLR

EIR

EIR

EIR

AUC
OMC

HLR

OMC

OMC-S
OMC-R

TCH

(Traffic Channel)

GSM

(Control Channel)
CCH

GSM
GSM

(BCH

BCH

(FCCH
sin wave

(SCH)
GSM
(BSIC)

SCH

GSM

(BCCH

(CCCH

CCCH

(PCH)

IMSI

PCH

RACH

RACH
PCH
PCH
RACH

SDCCH
AGCH

(AGCH

CCCH

AGCH

(DCCH)

SDCCH

TCH

(SACCH
SDCCH

TCH

FACCH

SDCCH

FACCH

SDCCH

(TCH

TCH / F

TCH / FS
13 kbps
22.8 kbps

GSM

(TCH / F9.6) 9600 bps

9600 kbps
22.8 kbps

GSM

(TCH / F4.8) 4800 bps

4800 kbps
22.8 kbps

GSM

(TCH / F2.4) 2400 bps

2400 kbps
22.8 kbps

GSM

TCH / H
TCH / HS
7 kbps

TCH / F

11.4 kbps

GSM

(TCH / H4.8) 4800 bps

4800 kbps
11.4 kbps

GSM

(TCH / H2.4) 2400 bps

2400 kbps
11.4 kbps

GSM

GSM

GSM

GSM

GSM

GSM
260 bit

20ms
78 bit

1/2

182 bit
189 bit

3 bit

78 bit

4 bit
387 bit

20 ms

456 bit

GSM

10cm

FDMA

GSM
8

TDMA
577 s

124

45 MHz

downlink

uplink

GSM

260bit
20ms

20ms

456 bit

13kb/s

GSM
8

114 bit
20ms

40ms

912 bit

912 bit

40ms

8 bits

114

GSM

GSM
545.5 micro sec

GSM

148 bit

GSM

GMSK
1.35 bit/sec/Hz

200 kHz

Fading
GSM

Rice Fading
Raleigh Fading

Rice Fading

GSM
270.8 kbps

Raleigh Fading

GSM

GSM

(IMSI)
SIM

(MCC)

PSTN

(MNC)

10

(MSIN)

: (TMSI)
IMSI

MS

SIM

IS-95

CDMA One

1980

TDMA

FDMA

CDMA

CDMA
FHSS

FHSS

DSSS

DSSS

QPSK

QPSK

1995

14.4 kbps
114kbps

IS-95B

66

22
FDMA

18

9.6 kbps IS-95

1998

CDMA One

1.25MHz
GSM

(VAD)

CDMA

55

CDMA

CDMA One
GSM

CDMA

CDMA One

Forward Link
MS

BTS

Walsh
code

Pilot Channel

Sync Channel

Paging Channel

Traffic Channel

Handoff

CDMA2000
CDMA One
Primary Traffic

Secondary Traffic

Signaling

Walsh Code

The Reverse Link Channel

Access Channel

Traffic Channel

2.5G

9.6 kbps

GSM
171 kbps
call

Circuit
Packet Switching)

Switching)

GSM

GPRS
2.5G
100

(GSM)

(GPRS)

GPRS)
GPRS
SGSN

GPRS
HLR)

Packet Switching)

route

(packets
header information

(circuit switching)

(packet switching)
GSM)

(circuit
(header)

switching)

circuit)
,

switching)

(Packet Switching
GPRS)

GPRS

Always - on

GPRS
GSM

GPRS
GPRS

GSM
GPRS

Subscriber Terminal
GSM

GPRS
GPRS

Packets

Class A , Class B , Class C

:Class A terminals
GSM & GPRS
simultaneously

Class B terminals

GSM & GPRS

Class C terminals

GPRS Base Station Subsystem

BTS

BSS

(PCU

BSS

BSS

PCU

(GPRS Support Nodes)

circuit-switched central office

MSC

GSM

data traffic

MSC

SGSN
SGSN

MS
MS

HLR
MS

hand off

mobility management

SGSN

GGSN
interface
intranet

MSs

Protocol Data Unit(PDU)

SGSN

packet switching
circuit switching

UMTS

WCDMA

CDMA 2000
1995
CDMA
100

1999

(CDMA2000 1XRTT
CDMA 2000
1XEV-DO

2Mbps

CDMA 2000

DSL

700Kbps

Instant connection

EV-DO1

EDGE
GSM
EDGE
TMDA

GSM

384 Kbps

200KHz

GPRS

UMTS
UMTS
3G

384 Kbps

2 Mbps
GSM

UMTS
UMTS
uplink 1885 MHz-----2025 MHz
downlink 2110 MHz------2200 MHz
(5MHz)

QPSK
Soft handoff
10 ms

:(System Architecture)
(UMTS)

(UE)

(UTRAN)
(GSM)

(Node B)
(RNC)
(GSM)
(Core Network)

(Core Network)
(PTSN)

(UMTS)
(CS)
(PS)

(UE)
(PDA)
(WCDMA)

Uu

(UMTS)
(GSM)

(SIM)

(Mobile Equipment)

(USIM Card)

(GSM)

1MB
(32KB )

(8KB)

(UTRAN)
UMTS
(UTRAN)
(GSM)

(BTS)

(Node B) B

(Node B)

(CN)

(RNC)

Node B
(UTRAN)

(GSM)

)RNC( ) 2-4(

(BSC)

(ME)

(Cu)

(Uu)

(Iu)

Soft Handover

(Iur)

(RNC)

(Iub)

(USIM)
(WCDMA)
(UMTS)
(CN)

RNC

(RNC)

(RNS)

(UTRAN)

(Node B)

(RNS)

(UTRAN)
(Node B)

(UTRAN)

UMTS

20s

2s

1s

(WCDMA)
5 MHz

(WCDMA)

(WCDMA)
-1
-2

UMTS
GSM
RNC

UMTS
Node B

GSM

SIM


UMTS

Node B
RNC

Upgrading

UMTS

3G

Node B

UMTS

CDMA2000
GSM)

CDMA
(GSM

CDMA)

3G

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1XRTT
1x

(307Kbps)
(1.25MHZ)

IS-95A & IS-95B

CDMA ONE

50%

CDMA2000 1XEV-DO

(2.4 Mbps )
(1.25 MHZ)

CDMA2000 1XEV-DV

(3.09 Mbps )

CDMA 2000 3X RTT

3
1 Mbps

CDMA20
00 3X

IS95A
9.6kbp
s

1995

IS95B
115.2kb
ps

CDMA 1X
307.2kbps
CDMA200
0 1X EV
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV

1998
2000

2002

CDMA
CDMA

Voice Quality

CDMA

Battery Life
CDMA

No Cross-Talk

CDMA

Privacy
CDMA

MS
BS
HLR
VLR

AAA

(1XRTT)

HA)

CDMA

Forward Link

PILOT Channel
SYNC Channel
PAGING Channel
TRAFFIC Channel

Pilot Channel

Modulation

Amplitude

Handoff

Sync Channel

1200bps

Pilot

Paging

Paging Channel
Overhead

CDMA

CDMA

Traffic Channel
Categories Of Traffic
Primary Traffic
Secondary Traffic
Signaling

Forward Traffic

Walsh Code

Fundamental Channel

The Supplement Code Channel

Walsh Code

IS 95A

The Reverse Link Channel

CDMA

Access Channel

Traffic Channel

Sectorization
3
Omni Direction Antenna

VAD
35 %
VAD
CDMA
2

55%
3

VAD
8

TDM
CDMA2000
CDMA One

TDM

Smart Antenna

Quality
dropped

60 %

Capacity Gain
3

50 %

90 %

UMTS & CDMA2000

CDMA2000
1.25 MHz (1x)
3.75 MHz (3x)
1.2288 Mcps
4-128 bits (1x)
4-256 bits (3x)

UMTS
5 MHz
3.84 Mcps
4-256 bits

BW
Spreading
Channelization codes

QPSK
QPSK

Modulation

BPSK
20,40 and 80ms - PL

10 ms PL

Frame size

10,20,40 and 80ms - TL

FDD

FDD & TDD

614 kbps

2 Mbps

mode
Peak Data Rate

LTE
( Long Term Evolution)

LTE
4G

.3G

( .2
(WiFi)
(WiMAX)

(WiFi)

latency

(173mbps)
(1 Gbps)

UMTS

(326mbps)

3.9

LTE

LTE
UMTS
(1 Gbps)

LTE - Advanced

LTE

LTE

Maravedis

2016
14

FDD-LTE

305
86
TDD-LTE

FDD-LTE

TDD-LTE

LTE
100Mbps DL 50 Mbps UL
1.4,3,5,10,15,20MHZ
5ms
:
Downlink: OFMA
Uplink: SC-OFDMA
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM
soft handoff
10msec

(S-GW)
IP
. eNodeBs

UE

EPS Connection Management - IDLE [ECMUE

UE

MME

IDLE])
S-GW

PCRF

PCRF

P-GW

PCEF
PCEF

QoS

(P-GW)
QoS

IP

PDN

IP
GBR
WiMAX

PCRF
QoS

CDMA2000

P-GW

TFTs )

3GPP

Mobility Management Entity (MME)

CN

MME
NAS

CN

UE

)HSS(
EPS-subscribed QoS

SAE
PDNs
IP

DNS

HSS
AUC

APN

PDN

PDN

HSS

MME

LTE

(LTE)

Physical channels
.

(Transport channels)
.

(MAC)

(MAC)

Logical channels
LTE

Downlink

Uplink

LTE

Downlink
(PBCH)
40ms

BCH

40ms

40ms

BCH
QPSK

(PCFICH)

(PDCCH)
ARQ

DL-SCH

PCH

UE

DL-SCH

Uplink
QPSK

(PHICH)
Uplink

ARQ

ARQ ACK/NAKs
QPSK

DL-SCH

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

(PDSCH)
PCH

(PMCH)
MCH

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

Uplink
(PUCCH)
Downlink

ARQ ACK/NAKs

CQI
BPSK and QPSK

(PUSCH)
UL-SCH

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

(PRACH)

Zadoff-Chu
Zadoff-Chu

Downlink

Uplink

LTE

MAC

Downlink
(BCH)

(DL-SCH)
ARQ

UE

DRX

UE
MBMS

(PCH)
UE

DRX

UE

(MCH)

MBMS

MBSFN

Uplink
(UL-SCH)

ARQ

(RACH)


(BCCH)
downlink

downlink

(PCCH)

UE

(CCCH)

UE
RRC

UEs

(MCCH)
MBMS

downlink
MTCHs
MBMS

UE

UEs
(DCCH)

UE
RRC

UE


(DTCH)

UE
downlink

uplink

DTCH

(MTCH)
UE

Downlink
MBMS

UEs

LTE

LTE

100km

LTE
OFDM

LTE

BS ,

UMTS

GSM

LTE
( Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ) OFDM
1970

bandwidth
Channels
GSM

sub-carriers

OFDM

AB

FM
ADSL

WiMAX+

quadrature

OFDM
DVB-T

LTE+

quadrature phase-shift keying QPSK

keying BPSK phase-shift

QAM amplitude modulation
Subcarriers

DFT

Fast Fourier Transform ( IFFT Inverse

OFDM

OFDMA
SC-FDMA

LTE+

LTE

Up-Link

OFDM
band
5.2 GHz
54 Mbps
fading
channel coding)
( equalization )
ISI

interfering
time

( sample time
single carrier
symbol

(dispersion

( noise )
delay
NLOS

OFDM

OFDM
offset frequency
carrier frequency offset
(Power)

amplifier

noise
Attenuation

symbol

ISI
band
OFDM

orthogonal

ISI

dispersion

frame
frame

frame

time band

guide time

0.5
(band)

Single Carrier frequency Domain Multiple Access SC-FDMA

OFDMA

Up-Link

SC-FDMA
PAPR

OFDMA

multipath mitigation
PAPR

OFDMA

( cyclic prefix )
carrier based equalization

transmission

transmitter

DFT

transmit spectrum
( bandwidth )
( localized mapped subcarriers )
frequency selective gain

LTE

SC-FDMA

WIMAX

(WiMAX)

(LTE)
17.25

(WiMAX)

Maravedis
2011

5 (WiMAX)

320

WIMAX

(LTE)

WIMAX

WIMAX

WIMAX
WIMAX
WiMAX
56BIT-DES

X.509

WiMAX

VOIP
TVOIP

3000 GHz

9 km

WiFi

WiMAX

8000 km

54 Mbs
70 Mbs
60 m
100 km

10-66 GHz

2-11GHz
2.4-5 GHz

WiFi WiMAX

LTE , WiMAX

WiMAX

LTE
Downlink

OFDMA
OFDMA

Uplink

SC-FDMA
All IP

Architecture

FDD (802.16m)

Spectrum

FDD and TDD

TDD

Spectrum
Fixed bandwidth

Flexible bandwidth

flexibility
Services/Apps

IMS
IETF

Standards

3GPP

LTE , WIMAX

LTE-Advanced
uplink : 500 Mbps

downlink : 1 Gbps
LTE

uplink : 15 bps/Hz downlink : 30 bps/Hz

BW

5 ms
LTE
LTE
LTE
3GPP

LTE-Advanced
LTE

LTE-Advanced

LTE- Advanced

LTE

LTE- Advanced

100M

1G

50 M

500 M

~10 ms

less than 5 ms

Rel 8

Rel 10

LTE

downlink
uplink

3GPP releases)

OFDMA

OFDMA

DL

SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA

UL

Up to 350 km/hr

Up to 500 km/hr

15

30

DL

3.75

15

UL

LTE- Advanced

bps/Hz

LTE

WiMAX-2
IEEE 802.16m
.1 G
.10 ms
OFDMA

WiMax
3800 MHz
5, 7, 8.75, 10, 20, and 40 MHz
500 km/hr

WIMAX

WIMAX- 2

70 M

1G

25 ms

10 ms UL or DL

IEEE 802.16e

IEEE 802.16m

OFDMA

OFDMA

IETF releases)

UL or DL

15

DL

2.8

6.75

UL

2500 MHz

3800 MHz

TDD, FDD

TDD, FDD, and H-FDD

Up to 20 MHz

5, 7, 8.75, 10, 20, and 40

MHz

DL:2x2,2x4, 4x2, 4x4

UL:1x2, 1x4,2x2, 2x4

DL: 2x2, 2x4, 4x2, 4x4,

8x8
UL: 1x2, 1x4, 2x4, 4x4

Up to 120 km/hr

Up to 500 km/hr

WiMAX , WiMAX-2

bps/Hz

Frequency Bands
Spectrum
BW

LTE

WiMAX

1G

2G
3G

4G

Analog Signal
Digital Signal

FDMA

FDMA

FM
BFSK

)Hard Handoffs(

dropped

1982

AMPS

1985

(TACS)

1985 1981

NMT

1985

C-450

:(Radiocom2000

( RTMS

1985
1985

AMPS
800 MHz

800MHz

50 MHz
MHz

824849 MHz) and (869894 MHz

21

312

667

45

(NMT)
359

900 MHz

450 MHz

(NMT)

399

25 kHz

MTX
HLR
BS
MS

CC
TC
CC / TC
DC
10kbps

50%

PIN

FDMA

TDMA
(Time-Slot)

TDMA

CDMA One

GSM

(GMSK)
QPSK

Soft Handoffs

) Hard Handoffs (

Drop

1991
1991

1980

GSM

DAMPS

IS-54

CDMA One

IS-95

GSM
1800 MHz

900 MHz

Uplink 915MHz

890MHz

Downlink 960MHz

935MHz

CDMA One
1.2288 MHz

800MHz

Uplink 835MHz825
Downlink 880 MHz

MHz
870MHz

GSM
MS
BS
MSC
HLR
VLR
EIR
AUC
OMC

GSM

(BCH
(FCCH
(SCH)
(BCCH

(CCCH
(PCH)
RACH
(AGCH

(DCCH)
SDCCH
(SACCH
FACCH

TCH / F
TCH / H

CDMA one
GSM

Pilot Channel
Sync Channel
Paging Channel
Traffic Channel

Access Channel
Traffic Channel

CDMA One

10 kbps GSM
kbps

GPRS
GSM
30kbps
40kbps

1XRTT
CDMA one
75kbps

50kbps

(IMSI)

(MNC)
(MSIN)

(TMSI)

SIM

CDMA

CDMA

Forward

QPSK
QPSK

CDMA2000
Reverse

UMTS
Reverse

BPSK

Forward

Soft Handoff

UMTS

WCDMA

CDMA
1995
CDMA

1999

EDGE
GSM
TMDA

GSM

CDMA2000
1900 MHz
(uplink) 1850 - 1910 MHz
(downlink) 1930 - 1990 MHz

UMTS
1900MHz

FDD
(uplink) 1920 - 1980 MHz
(downlink) 2110 - 2170 MHz

TDD
(uplink) 1900 - 1920 MHz
(downlink) 2010 - 2025 MHz

UMTS
UE
(Mobile Equipment)
(USIM Card)

(UTRAN)
(Node B) B
(RNC)

CDMA2000
MS
BS
HLR
VLR
AAA
HA

CDMA2000
144 kbps, 348kbps

, 2048kbps

UMTS
348kbps

FDD

2 kbps (TDD

Node B
RNC

Upgrading

GPRS

1XEV-DO

300kbps

700 kbps

CDMA 2000
1XEV-DV

UMTS

.
OFDM

OFDM

QPSK , 16-QAM and 64-QAM

WiMAX

LTE

LTE
4G

Long Term Evolution

LTE

3G

WIMAX
(WiFi)

(WiFi
2.4GHz
WIMAX

(LTE)
2000 MHz

WIMAX
. 2500 MHz

(LTE)

(S-GW)

(P-GW)

Mobility Management Entity (MME)

)HSS(

E-UTRAN
(e-Node B) B

UE
(Mobile Equipment)
(USIM Card)

(BCCH) .1
(PCCH) .2
(CCCH) .3
(MCCH) .4
(DCCH) .5


.1 )(DTCH
.2 )(MTCH

Downlink:
.1 )(BCH
.2 )(DL-SCH
.3 )(PCH
.4 )(MCH
Uplink:
.1 )(UL-SCH
.2 )(RACH

Downlink:
.1 )(PBCH
.2 )(PCFICH
.3 )(PDCCH
.4 ARQ )(PHICH
.5 )(PDSCH
.6 )(PMCH

Uplink:
)(PUCCH
)(PUSCH
)(PRACH

LTE

DL: OFDMA
UL: SC-FDMA

CDMA

TDMA

FDMA

WiMAX: 2500
MHz
LTE: 2000 MHZ

900 MHz
1900 MHz

800 MHz

1800 MHz

PIN

(QPSK)
UMTS
(GMSK)
CDMA 2000
WiMAX

LTE

QPSK , 16-QAM

FM
QPSK GSM

QPSK
CDMA One
BPSK

BFSK

and 64-QAM

LTE)
100 MHz
70 WiMAX
MHz
, WiMAX2
1GHz LTE+

CDMA2000
348kbps

10 kbps GSM
CDMA One

10Kbps

384kbps UMTS
2kbps

FDD

(TDD

9.6kbps

Soft Handoff
Soft Handoff

Soft Handoff

Hard
Handoff

Hard Handoff