2 - Well Performancex

Well Performance
Copyright 2007,
, All rights reserved
Well Performance
Two basic factors:
Inflow Performance - the capacity of a reservoir to pass

fluids against down-hole conditions
Vertical or Outflow Performance - the ability of the produced

fluids to flow through the well conduit to surface
The two factors are closely linked, because the

final condition of the inflow performance, is the
starting point of the vertical flow performance.
Copyright 2007,
Well Inflow Performance
Types of flow models
Radial flow
Productivity Index (PI)
Straight-line IPR
Vogels IPR
The Skin Effect concept
Determination of Skin
Copyright 2007,
-9795
0
-970
-98
00
23
-9674
-9700
50
41 7+73
-949039
60+26
87
-9600
44
-9387
45
38
44
-9438
-950
35
0
-9539 -9444
9
60+27
43
5
0
36
0
-9377
48
-9522
92
75
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46PGOC -9498(H50) 22
9
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00POW C 8+66
-9535
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00
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95
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0
-9588
0
0
47
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19+63
WC
-9505
-96
70000
10
Proposed Location
-9700
Existing Well
Existing Completion
0
Copyright 2007,
-99
00
00
8
9
-
-9900
000
0
1
-
-96
00
72500
-9600
37
535000
532500
530000
-9700
-9800
75000
-10000
604
OOWC -9
Structural Map
1 km
Pressure drawdown in the Wellbore

Well
re
rw
Pe
P
PDD
Pwf
Pwf
Copyright 2007,
Flow Models for Stabilized Well Inflow
LINEAR
RADIAL
Copyright 2007,
Darcys Law
L
Area A
p1
k dp
v=
dx
p2
kAdp
q = vA =
dx
= fluid viscosity
Copyright 2007,
The Radial Diffusivity Equation
1 k
( r
r r
p
)
r
p
= c
t
pressure : radius : time
Homogeneous reservoir
Isotropic Permeability
Radial Flow
Copyright 2007,
Radial Flow
re
r
dr
h
pe
pwf
pe
h
rw
Copyright 2007,
re
9
Different Flow Regimes

Transient flow
Pseudo steady flow
Steady flow
P
tpss
time
Copyright 2007,
10
Reservoir Well Flow Regimes

3 common conditions of flow
Transient state ( or the infinite acting radial flow period)
No outer boundary
Reservoir appear infinite acting
Pressure decline with time, changes
Solution in field units (w/zero Skin)
162.6qo Bo o
k0
pi pwf =
{logt + log c r 2 3.23}
o t w
ko h
Copyright 2007,
11

Semi-steady State flow
No flow across outer boundary
Reservoir is finite
Pressure decline with time is constant

p
= const, for rw < r < re
t
Solution in field units (w/zero skin)
Copyright 2007,
141.2qo Bo o
re 1
pe pwf =
[ln( ) ]
ko h
rw 2
12

Steady State flow
flow in = flow out (at outer boundary)
reservoir is finite
constant pressure at all points in the drainage volume

p
= 0, for rw < r < re
t
solution in field units (w/zero skin)
pe pwf
Copyright 2007,
re
141.2qo Bo o
=
ln( )
ko h
rw
13
Summary of Stabilized Inflow Equations

Semi-Steady State
General
relationship
between
Steady State
141.2qB
{ln rr }
w
kh
p pwf =
2
141.2qB
{ln rr r 2 }
w 2re
kh
p pwf =
pe pwf
141.2qB
r
=
{ln re 12}
w
kh
pe pwf =
p and r
Expressed in
terms of:
141.2qB
r
{ln re }
w
kh
p = pe at r = re
141.2qB
Expressed in
re
141.2qB
1}
re
3
p
p
=
{ln
R
wf
pR pwf =
{ln r 4}
rw 2
terms of
kh
w
kh
Average reservoir
pressure
Copyright 2007,
14
Radius of Drainage (re) for various Well Spacings

Drainage Radius (re)
Well Spacing
m2
per well
20,234
40,468
80,937
161,874
323,748
647,497
1,294,994
2,589,988
Copyright 2007,
acres
per well
Radius m (ft)
circular area to
equal well
spacing
(5)
(10)
(20)
(40)
(80)
(160)
(320)
(640)
80
113
161
227
321
454
642
908
(263)
(372)
(527)
(745)
(1053)
(1489)
(2106)
(2979)
- m (ft)
Square
spacing
71
101
142
201
284
402
569
804
(233)
(330)
(466)
(660)
(933)
(1320)
(1867)
(2640)
Triangular
spacing
76
108
153
216
306
432
611
865
(250)
(355)
(501)
(709)
(1003)
(1418)
(2006)
(2837)
15
Straight-Line IPR Relationship

Valid for single phase liquid flow
(k, , Bo = constant)
pR
p wf
Pwf > Pb
pwf1
q omax
q1
qo1
qo1
qo max
qo1 qo 2
PI = J =
=
= tan =
=
p
pwf 2 pwf 1
p p pwf 1
Copyright 2007,
16
Inflow Equations incorporating Skin

General (p, r ) relationship
Semi-steady state flow

in terms of Average
reservoir pressure
Steady state flow in

terms of Average
reservoir pressure
Copyright 2007,
p pwf
141.2qoBo r
=
(ln + S)
koh
rw
pR pwf
141.2qo Bo re 3
=
(ln + S )
koh
rw 4
p R p wf
141 .2 q o Bo
re 1
=
(ln + S )
ko h
rw 2
17
The Skin effect (Hawkins thick Skin)
k
= [k
a
ra
1]ln(r )
e
rw
re
ra
Copyright 2007,
18
Reservoir Capabilities
Single phase liquid flow
Darcys Law
Liquid flow in through a permeable medium is described by

Darcys Law
7.08 X 10 k h ( pr pwf )
3
q=
Copyright 2007,
re
o Bo ln 0.75 + s + a' q
rw
Example 1
Copyright 2007,
20
Solution 1-A
Copyright 2007,
21
Solution 1-B
Copyright 2007,
22
Example 2
Copyright 2007,
23
Solution 2-A
Copyright 2007,
24
Solution 2-B
Copyright 2007,
25
Productivity Index
A common indicator of liquid reservoir behavior is PI or
productivity index
Referred to as J in SPE nomenclature
q
(STB / D / psi )
J=
p p wf
Copyright 2007,
Productivity Index in Terms

of Darcys Law
7.08 X 10 k h
J=
re
o Bo ln 0.75 + s
rw
Copyright 2007,
Oil Reservoir Phase Envelop

Single Phase Region
(Liquid)
Single Phase Region

(Gas)
Pres
o
w
T
se
a
Ph
Re
Psep
50
25
20
15
10
5
0
on
i
g
Lin
e
100
75
Pb
Po
int
Pressure
b
u
B
ble
t
n
i
Po
e
n
i
L
De
w
% Liquid
Gas
Temperature
Copyright 2007,
28
Inflow Performance Relationship (Pwf < Pb)
Pressure
pR
Straight Line IPR
pb
Curved IPR
Two-phase flow
Copyright 2007,
Flow Rate
29
Two-phase flow in the reservoir

Bubblepoint pressure (pb)
Pressure at which first bubble of gas is released from

reservoir oils
Copyright 2007,
Multiphase Flow
Vogels Behavior
IPR Curve - Vogel plotted the data using the following

dimensionless variables
p wf
p
Copyright 2007,
and
q
qmax
Vogel Equation
Mathematical model for Vogels curve
q
pwf
= 1 0.2
qmax
p
Copyright 2007,
pwf
0.8
Combination single phase liquid and two phase

flow
q
(STB / D / psi )
J=
p pwf
+
q
pwf
= 1 0.2
qmax
p
Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved
pwf
0.8
p

33
Multiphase Flow
Combination Darcy/Vogel
p
Co
ns
ta
nt
Pressure
pb
Vo
ge
l
pwf
J pb
qb
qmax
1.8
O
O
Be
ha
vio
r
Rate
34
Multiphase Flow
Mathematical relationship between Vogel (qmax) and
Darcy (AOF)
qmax
J Pb
= qb +
1 .8
35
Multiphase Flow
How to find qmax:
for q qb , Darcy' s law applies : q = J(p p wf )
p
p
for q qb then : q = qb + (qmax qb ) 1 0.2 wf 0.8 wf
pb
pb
qmax = qb +
J pb
1. 8
36
Well Outflow Performance
Copyright 2007,
Types of Outflow Systems

Single / multiple
selective / non-selective
flowing / lifted
gas-lifted
pumped
beam pump
ESP
PCP
Jet Pump
Hydraulic Pump
38
38
Tubing Size in Depleting Reservoir

1
Pinitial
2 3/8
3 1/2
Tubing
Intake
Pressure
P5
4 1/2
Pwf
P10
Q
Copyright 2007,
39
Effect of Gas Injection Rate

0
400
50
300
100
150
P
200
IPR
250
Qmax
Copyright 2007,
40
Gas Lift Performance Curve

Technical
Optimum
SLOPE = 1.0
Economic Limit
4
x
Kick-Off
Lift-Gas Requirement
2 Initial Oil Rate at Kick-off

3 Technical cut-off limit
4 Max. Oil Rate
Incremental
Lift-Gas Volume
x
x
NET OIL PRODUCTION

OR REVENUE
x
x
x
x
2
x
3
1
Copyright 2007,
LIFT-GAS INJECTION RATE

OR PRODUCTION COSTS
41
Horizontal Completions
Copyright 2007,
Applications
Low Permeability Matrix with High Vertical Perm.
Thin Formations
Naturally Fractured Formations
Turbulence Control
Sand Control
Coning Control
Access of Remote Targets
Efficient Drainage of Elongated Infill Areas
Efficient in Gravity Drainage
Minimize Heat Loss in Thermal Floods
Copyright 2007,
Applications
Matrix Flow
Increased PI
Increased Reservoir Contact
Increased Drainage
Reduced Drilling Cost
Controls Coning
Thin Beds - Efficient Exploitation
Fracture Flow
Increased PI
Intersect Increased No. of
Fractures
High Vertical Perm
Increased Drainage
Drilling Cost Savings
Thin Beds
Copyright 2007,
Horizontal /Vertical Well, Matrix /Fractured Formation
Sandstone Matrix
Copyright 2007,
Naturally Fractured
Horizontal Drainage Model
kv
kh
reh
L
Copyright 2007,
Horizontal Well - Flow Components
h+
2a
Copyright 2007,
Horizontal IPR - Joshi

2 k h ( pr - pwf )
q = ---------------------------------------------
[ ln{a +
a2 - (L/2)2
( L/2 )
} + hL ln( h
2rw ) ]
=(kh/kv)0.5
Horizontal IPR - Joshi
a = (L/2) .5 +{.25 + (2 reh / L)4 }.5 ].5

for L > h , 0.5L < 0.9 reh
Copyright 2007,
Anisotropy
=
Copyright 2007,
kh
kv
Coning vs Cresting
Coning
Copyright 2007,
Cresting
Horizontal / Vertical Well Performance

3000
vertical
Pwf. psi
2000
60 deviated
75 deviated
1000
horizontal
0
0
400
800
qo, bopd
Copyright 2007,
1200
1600

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Well Performance

, All rights reserved

Inflow Performance - the capacity of a reservoir to pass

Vertical or Outflow Performance - the ability of the produced

The two factors are closely linked, because the

, All rights reserved

Well Inflow Performance

Types of flow models

Productivity Index (PI)

The Skin Effect concept

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Pressure drawdown in the Wellbore

, All rights reserved

Flow Models for Stabilized Well Inflow

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

The Radial Diffusivity Equation

pressure : radius : time

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Different Flow Regimes

Pseudo steady flow

, All rights reserved

Reservoir Well Flow Regimes

Reservoir appear infinite acting

Pressure decline with time, changes

Solution in field units (w/zero Skin)

, All rights reserved

Reservoir Well Flow Regimes

No flow across outer boundary

Pressure decline with time is constant

Solution in field units (w/zero skin)

, All rights reserved

Reservoir Well Flow Regimes

flow in = flow out (at outer boundary)

constant pressure at all points in the drainage volume

solution in field units (w/zero skin)

, All rights reserved

Summary of Stabilized Inflow Equations

, All rights reserved

Radius of Drainage (re) for various Well Spacings

, All rights reserved

Straight-Line IPR Relationship

, All rights reserved

Inflow Equations incorporating Skin

Semi-steady state flow

Steady state flow in

, All rights reserved

The Skin effect (Hawkins thick Skin)

, All rights reserved

Liquid flow in through a permeable medium is described by

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Referred to as J in SPE nomenclature

, All rights reserved

Productivity Index in Terms

, All rights reserved