Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Short line approximation for lines that are less than 80 km long.
Medium line approximation for lines whose lengths are between 80 km to 250 km.
Long line model for lines that are longer than 250 km.
These models will be discussed in this chapter. However before that let us introduce the
ABCD parameters that are used for relating the sending end voltage and current to the
receiving end voltage and currents.
2.1 ABCD PARAMETSRS
Consider the power system shown in Fig. 2.1. In this the sending and receiving end
voltages are denoted by VS and VR respectively. Also the currents IS and IR are entering and
leaving the network respectively. The sending end voltage and current are then defined in
terms of the ABCD parameters as
VS AV R BI R
I S CVR DI R
(2.1)
(2.2)
VS
VR
I R 0
(2.3)
This implies that A is the ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit receiving end
voltage. This quantity is dimension less. Similarly,
B
VS
IR
VR 0
(2.4)
i.e., B, given in Ohm, is the ratio of sending end voltage and short circuit receiving end
current. In a similar way we can also define
C
IS
VR
I R 0
mho
(2.5)
1.31
IS
IR V
(2.6)
(2.7)
IS IR
(2.8)
(2.9)
1.32
Let us define three currents I1, I2 and I3 as indicated in Fig. 2.3. Applying KCL at
nodes M and N we get
I s I1 I 2 I1 I 3 I R
Y
Y
Vs VR I R
2
2
(2.10)
Again
Y
Vs ZI 2 VR Z VR I R VR
2
YZ
1 VR ZI R
2
(2.11)
Y
Y YZ
1 VR ZI R VR I R
2 2
2
YZ
YZ
1 VR
1 I R
4
(2.12)
Therefore from (2.11) and (2.12) we get the following ABCD parameters of the
nominal- representation
YZ
1
2
AD
B Z
YZ
C Y
1 mho
4
(2.13)
(2.14)
(2.15)
1.33
shunt admittance. The nominal-T representation is shown in Fig. 2.4. Let us denote the
midpoint voltage as VM. Then the application of KCL at the midpoint results in
VS VM
V VR
YVM M
Z 2
Z 2
2
VS VR
YZ 4
(2.16)
IR
(2.17)
YZ
1 VR Z
1 I R
2
Vs
(2.18)
(2.19)
1 I R
2
I R YVR
(2.20)
1
2
(2.21)
YZ
1
4
C Y mho
(2.22)
(2.23)
AD
B Z
1.34
(2.24)
V
Iz
x
(2.25)
(2.26)
Now for the current through the strip, applying KCL we get
I V V y x Vy x Vy x
(2.27)
The second term of the above equation is the product of two small quantities and therefore
can be neglected. For x 0 we then have
dI
Vy
dx
(2.28)
1.35
Taking derivative with respect to x of both sides of (2.26) we get
d dV
dI
z
dx dx
dx
Substitution of (2.28) in the above equation results
d 2V
yzV 0
dx 2
(2.29)
The roots of the above equation are located at (yz). Hence the solution of (2.29) is of the
form
V A1e x
yz
A2e x
yz
(2.30)
yz
A2 yz e x
yz
(2.31)
A1 x
e
z y
yz
A2 x
e
z y
yz
(2.32)
z
which is called the characteristic impedance
y
(2.33)
(2.34)
Then (2.30) and (2.32) can be written in terms of the characteristic impedance and
propagation constant as
V A1ex A2e x
(2.35)
A
A
I 1 ex 2 e x
ZC
ZC
(2.36)
Let us assume that x = 0. Then V = VR and I = IR. From (2.35) and (2.36) we then get
VR A1 A2
(2.37)
A
A
IR 1 2
ZC ZC
(2.38)
1.36
Solving (2.37) and (2.38) we get the following values for A1 and A2.
A1
VR Z C I R
V ZC I R
and A2 R
2
2
Also note that for l = x we have V = VS and I = IS. Therefore replacing x by l and substituting
the values of A1 and A2 in (2.35) and (2.36) we get
VR Z C I R l VR Z C I R l
e
e
2
2
V Z I R l VR Z C I R l
IS R C
e
e
2
2
VS
(2.39)
(2.40)
Noting that
el e l
el e l
sinh l and
cosh l
2
2
We can rewrite (2.39) and (2.40) as
VS VR cosh l Z C I R sinh l
I S VR
sinh l
I R cosh l
ZC
(2.41)
(2.42)
The ABCD parameters of the long transmission line can then be written as
A D cosh l
B Z C sinh l
sinh l
C
Z C mho
(2.43)
(2.44)
(2.45)
Example 2.1: Consider a 500 km long line for which the per kilometer line impedance
and admittance are given respectively by z = 0.1 + j0.5145 and y = j3.1734 106 mho.
Therefore
ZC
0.1 j 0.5145
0.524179
0.5241
79 90
6
6
6
j 3.1734 10
3.1734 10 90
3.1734 10
2
406.4024 5.5
and
79 90
l yz l 0.5241 3.1734 10 6 500
1.37
We shall now use the following two formulas for evaluating the hyperbolic forms
cosh j cosh cos j sinh sin
sinh j sinh cos j cosh sin
A D
(2.46)
B Z
(2.47)
YZ
C Y
1 mho
4
(2.48)
Z Z C sinh l
z
sinh l
sinh l
sinh l zl
Z
y
l
l yz
(2.49)
where Z = zl is the total impedance of the line. Again comparing (2.43) with (2.46) we get
cosh l
YZ
Y
1
Z C sinh l 1
2
2
(2.50)
1.38
Rearranging (2.50) we get
Y
1 cosh l 1 1
tanh l 2
2 Z C sinh l
ZC
Y tanh l 2
2 l 2
y
yl tanh l 2
tanh l 2
z
2 l 2 yz
(2.51)
where Y = yl is the total admittance of the line. Note that for small values of l, sinh l = l and
tanh (l/2) = l/2. Therefore from (2.49) we get Z = Z and from (2.51) we get Y = Y. This
implies that when the length of the line is small, the nominal- representation with lumped
parameters is fairly accurate. However the lumped parameter representation becomes
erroneous as the length of the line increases. The following example illustrates this.
Example 2.2: Consider the transmission line given in Example 2.1. The equivalent
system parameters for both lumped and distributed parameter representation are given in
Table 2.1 for three different line lengths. It can be seen that the error between the parameters
increases as the line length increases.
Table 2.1 Variation in equivalent parameters as the line length changes.
Length of
the line
(km)
Lumped parameters
Distributed parameters
Z ()
Y (mho)
Y (mho)
100
52.4179
3.1710490
52.2779
3.1710489.98
250
131.03279
7.9310490
128.8179.2
8.010489.9
500
262.06479
1.5810390
244.6179.8
1.6410389.6
(2.52)
(2.53)
The term surge impedance loading or SIL is often used to indicate the nominal
capacity of the line. The surge impedance is the ratio of voltage and current at any point
1.39
along an infinitely long line. The term SIL or natural power is a measure of power delivered
by a transmission line when terminated by surge impedance and is given by
SIL Pn
V02
ZC
(2.54)
I I Re I Re
jx
(2.55)
(2.56)
This implies that as the distance x changes, the magnitudes of the voltage and current in the
above equations do not change. The voltage then has a flat profile all along the line. Also as
ZC is real, V and I are in phase with each other all through out the line. The phase angle
difference between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage is then = l. This
is shown in Fig. 2.7.
VS VS
and
VR VR 0
(2.57)
where is angle between the sources and is usually called the load angle. As the total length
of the line is l, we replace x by l to obtain the sending end voltage from (2.39) as
VS VS
VR Z C I R j VR Z C I R j
e
e VR cos jZC I R sin
2
2
(2.58)
VS VR cos
jZC sin
(2.59)
1.40
Substituting (2.59) in (2.52), the voltage equation at a point in the transmission line that is at
a distance x from the receiving end is obtained as
V VR cos x
VS VR cos
V sin x VR sin x
jZC sin x S
jZC sin
sin
(2.60)
j VS cos x VR cos x
ZC
sin
(2.61)
Example 2.3: Consider a 500 km long line given in Example 2.1. Neglect the line
resistance such that the line impedance is z = j0.5145 per kilometer. The line admittance
remains the same as that given in Example 2.1. Then
ZC
j 0.5145
402.6524
j 3.1734 10 6
and
1.41
When the system is unloaded, the receiving end current is zero (IR = 0). Therefore we
can rewrite (2.58) as
VS VS VR cos
(2.62)
Substituting the above equation in (2.52) and (2.53) we get the voltage and current for the
unloaded system as
VS
cos x
cos
j VS
I
sin x
Z C cos
(2.63)
(2.64)
Example 2.4: Consider the system given in Example 2.3. It is assumed that the system
is unloaded with VS = VR = 10 per unit. The voltage and current profiles for the unloaded
system is shown in Fig. 2.9. The maximum voltage of 1.2457 per unit occurs at the receiving
end while the maximum current of 0.7428 per unit is at the sending end. The current falls
monotonically from the sending end and voltage rises monotonically to the receiving end.
This rise in voltage under unloaded or lightly loaded condition is called Ferranti effect.
1.42
Fig. 2.9 Voltage and current profile over an unloaded transmission line.
V V sin 2
sin
sin
2V cos 2 2
1 cos
we obtain the following expression of the mid point voltage
V 2 2 cos tan 1
VM
V cos 2
2
cos 2
(2.65)
j V V cos 2
V sin 2
2
ZC
sin
Z C sin 2
(2.66)
1.43
The phase angle of the mid point voltage is half the load angle always. Also the mid point
voltage and current are in phase, i.e., the power factor at this point is unity. The variation in
the magnitude of voltage with changes in load angle is maximum at the mid point. The
voltage at this point decreases with the increase in . Also as the power through a lossless line
is constant through out its length and the mid point power factor is unity, the mid point
current increases with an increase in .
Example 2.5: Consider the transmission line discussed in Example 2.4. Assuming the
magnitudes of both sending and receiving end voltages to be 1.0 per unit, we can compute the
magnitude of the mid point voltage as the load angle ( ) changes. This is given in Table 2.2.
The variation in voltage with is shown in Fig. 2.10.
Table 2.2 Changes in the mid point voltage magnitude with load angle
in degree
20
25
30
VM in per unit
1.0373
1.0283
1.0174
It is of some interest to find the Thevenin equivalent of the transmission line looking
from the mid point. It is needless to say that the Thevenin voltage will be the same as the mid
point voltage. To determine the Thevenin impedance we first find the short circuit current at
the mid point terminals. This is computed through superposition principle, as the short circuit
current will flow from both the sources connected at the two ends. From (2.52) we compute
the short circuit current due to source VS (= V) as
I SC1
V
jZC sin 2
(2.67)
Thus we have
V
jZ C sin 2
(2.68)
1.44
I SC I SC1 I SC 2
2V cos 2
V V
2
jZ C sin 2 jZ C sin 2
(2.69)
Z TH jX TH
VM
Z
j C tan
2
I SC
2
(2.70)
V2
sin
Z C sin
(2.71)
If V = V0, the rated voltage we can rewrite the above expression in terms of the natural power
as
Pe
Pn
sin
sin
(2.72)
1.45
l lc l X
c
(2.73)
where X is the total reactance of the line. Equation (2.71) then can be modified to obtain the
well known power transfer relation for the short line approximation as
Pe
V2
sin
X
(2.74)
In general it is not necessary for the magnitudes of the sending and receiving end
voltages to be same. The power transfer relation given in (2.72) will not be valid in that case.
To derive a general expression for power transfer, we assume
V S V S
and
V R V R 0
If the receiving end real and reactive powers are denoted by PR and QR respectively, we can
write from (2.52)
V S V S cos j sin V R cos jZ C
PR jQR
sin
VR
Z C QR
sin
VR
(2.75)
and
V S sin
Z C PR
sin
VR
(2.76)
Rearranging (2.76) we get the power flow equation for a losslees line as
Pe PS PR
VS VR
Z C sin
sin
(2.77)
To derive expressions for the reactive powers, we rearrange (2.75) to obtain the
reactive power delivered to the receiving end as
1.46
2
QR
V S V R cos V R cos
Z C sin
(2.78)
IS
j V S cos V R
ZC
sin
(2.79)
V S cos
V S V R
j V S cos V R
PS jQS V S I V S
j
j
ZC
sin
Z C sin
Z C sin
Equating the imaginary parts of the above equation we get the following expression for the
reactive generated by the source
2
QS
V S cos V S V R cos
Z C sin
(2.80)
QL QS QR
2
S
VR
cos 2 V
V R cos
Z C sin
(2.81)
It is important to note that if the magnitude of the voltage at the two ends is equal, i.e.,
VS = VR = V, the reactive powers at the two ends become negative of each other, i.e., QS
= QR. The net reactive power absorbed by the line then becomes twice the sending end
reactive power, i.e., QL = 2QS. Furthermore, since cos 1for small values of , the reactive
powers at the two ends for a short transmission line are given by
QS
V 2 cos V 2 cos V 2
1 cos QR
Z C sin
X
(2.82)
The reactive power absorbed by the line under this condition is given by
QL
2V 2
1 cos
X
(2.83)
1.47
Example 2.5: Consider a short, lossless transmission line with a line reactance of 0.5
per unit. We assume that the magnitudes of both sending and receiving end voltages to be 1.0
per unit. The real power transfer over the line and reactive power consumed by the line are
shown in Fig. 2.11. The maximum real power is 2.0 per unit and it occurs for = 90. Also
the maximum reactive power consumed by the line occurs at = 180 and it has a value of 8
per unit.
Fig. 2.11 Real power flow and reactive power consumed by a transmission line.