International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No.

1: ISSN: 2319-3344

Social Responsibility of Management Education Challenges and

Opportunities
Dr. Hiranmoy Roy, Dr. Arvind Kumar Jain and Dr. R Jayaraj
Assistant Professor, College of Management and Economic Studies, UPES, Dehradun
Email: h.roy10@gmail.com, hiranmoy@ddn.upes.ac.in, akjain@ddn.upes.ac.in, rjayaraj@ddn.upes.ac.in

Abstract: Modern management education has no clear ethical and social responsibility goalposts. This is now
imperative to analyze how to teach and inculcate among managent students and professionals about business ethics
and social responsibility as it is important to influence and shape their thinking. Thus helping them to become more
ethically sensitive and socially responsible is an important responsibility of the present management
education/institutes. This paper propose to analyze the effect of management education, (including past and present
managent education) on society as many organizations now believe that ethics, social responsibility and sustainable
practices are important to the long run success of the institutions. Business Schools must have higher responsibility
of positive social change and formulate corporate strategy to bring social progress. This paper also seeks to analyze
the challenges faced by business Schools in this regard as quality business practices and management education
have become critical factors in determining nations competitiveness and thus having larger implication.
Keywords: Management education, Business ethics, Social responsibility, Social progress, Competitiveness
JEL Classification Code: I20, I21, I29, M14
Accepted On: 27.10.2012

1. Introduction
The practice of management has always reflected
the times and social conditions, so now we are
seeing organizations responding to technology
breakthroughs and developing Web-based
operations. These new business models reflect
todays reality, information can be shared and
exchanged instantaneously anywhere on the
planet. Every organization has to be aware of the
fact that it must build its organizational division
that is flexible and innovative; it recognizes that it
is not always easy to implement new ideas.
The history of management practice is filled with
examples of evolutions and revolutions in
implementing new ideas about how organizations
should be managed. Here we shall look at the brief
history of management as to how it evolved, how
the principles were formulated and it mainly about
the steady march towards decentralization.
Knowledge of management history can help us
understand todays management theory and
practice. We shall determine the origins of many
contemporary management concepts and see how
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they have evolved to reflect the changing needs of

organizations and society as a whole. An insight
on the important trends and issues that managers
are currently facing in order to link the past with
the future shall be highlighted and shall also
express that the field of management is still
evolving.
The modern definition of management is defined
as Management is organization and coordination
of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with
certain policies and in achievement of clearly
defined objectives. According to the management
guru, Peter Drucker, the basic task of a
management is twofold: marketing and
innovation. Difficulties arise in tracing the history
of management. Some see it (by definition) as a
late modern (in the sense of late modernity)
conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a
pre-modern history, only harbingers (such
as stewards). Others, however, detect management
like thought back to Sumerian traders and to the
builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Slaveowners through the centuries faced the problems
of exploiting / motivating a dependent but
sometimes
unenthusiastic
or
recalcitrant

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344
workforce, but many pre-industrial enterprises,
given their small scale, did not feel compelled to
face the issues of management systematically.
However, innovations such as the spread of Arabic
numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the
codification
of double-entry
book-keeping
provided tools for
management
assessment,
planning and control.
Looking back in the history of management we
see that the same principles which are currently in
practice regarding management had been
formulated a long time ago. From this perspective,
Frenchman Henri Fayol, considers management to
consist of six functions: forecasting, planning,
organizing,
commanding,
coordinating,
controlling. He was one of the most influential
contributors to modern concepts of management.
Another way of thinking, Mary Parker Follett,
wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century,
defined management as "the art of getting things
done through people". She described management
as philosophy. The Pre-twentieth-century events
played particularly significant roles in promoting
the study of management. The early writings have
created a background of works that assisted in the
modern management theories.
One of the important questions before the
Business Schools today is to look sincerely i.e.,
the school administration, faculty and students
must have some intense questions as to what
caused these banking, finance and real estates
scandals? What caused business and economy to
this situation specifically in the context of US?
James Rost pointed out that education is the most
important determinant of cognitive moral
development and ethical maturity. Heron [1] also
said that cognitive moral development is one of
the important critical personal characteristics
influencing the whole ethical decision making
process. Moreover, according to Newbaum et al.,
[2], We also know that the ethics can be taught,
and the educational programmes that integrate the
study of ethical theory with its practical
application can be highly effective. Turnley and
Mudwick [6] said that, Prior research suggests
that ethics instruction has the potential to make
people less likely to engage in unethical behavior.

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2. Business Ethics
Responsibility

and

Social

Business schools and business education prepare

students to learn the basics of thinking critically,
communicating effectively and managing small
and large enterprises so that they can serve society
in a successful and socially responsible manner.
However, recently business schools and their
graduates seem to be a target for many critics as
they link the ethical lapses of senior executives to
major scandals that have partially led to the
financial challenges that the world is facing today.
Perhaps some analysis and reflections are needed
for a self-analysis of business education and its
curricula. The Economist described recent
economic meltdown (2008-09) as fraud infested
downturn. The concept of responsibility
underlying business management techniques
taught in Business Schools is too self-centered.
And also the Business Schools do very little, if
anything to help managers build their internal
moral compasses [3].
A basic flaw in the modern management
philosophy is the ideologically rooted limitation
on the responsibility of the business leaders who
are expected to focus persistently on growth and
profits of their business. The business of business
is business only as said by Milton Friedman the
Nobel Laureate. The social order - whether in
business, sports, arts or education is conquered
by those who make more money. Business leaders
are ranked by their personal wealth, companies by
their share holders value, countries by their GDP,
and business schools by the salaries their
graduates obtain. Other measures of goodness like
ethics and social responsibility seem to fade in
comparison. Real leader requires moral compass,
to improve the world for everyone. They are not
supposed to follow the narrow goals of creating
more wealth for themselves and their corporations.
The means to create wealth is more important than
end.
The questions and thoughts reflected upon in this
writing are focused on social responsibility,
management education, and the integration of
ethical thinking in business schools curriculums.
As we all know that the purpose of business is to
generate maximum returns for its owners and

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344
shareholders. So therefore should the business
pursue all activities that enhance profitability and
increase the value of the business for the owners
and / or shareholders? This very purpose can be
achieved on a higher proportion when the business
behaves in a socially responsible and ethical
manner. It is not right or correct just to function
within the epistle of law. One of the best methods
to become successful for any organization is to
serve and help the local community and its
employees to lead better lives. By examining each
and every decision they make based on
profitability, business ethics and social
responsibility they display a fair chance to better
their brand and over the time higher profitability.
The need for this particular study is to be correctly
understood as the global management has a lot of
criticisms of the business patterns adopted lately.
The criticism has been about businesses seeing
value creation only in terms of achieving shortterm, unsustainable results and how business
schools prepare future leaders predate the financial
meltdown due to ignorance of following the
business ethics which would have help them
sustain. The crisis simply made it more obvious
that business as usual isnt working, either in the
classroom or boardroom. Adding value is the key
element and what is more important here is adding
values to management education. The piece of
management education reform that involves the
role of ethics has added importance not only
because trust in business has fallen so far, but also
because it is tied to how leaders behave and the
impact that has on a company culture as well as
society

3. Literature Review
Management students come from diversified
cultures, backgrounds and statures with a certain
confidence in what ethics and responsibility depict
but forget its real essence and fall in the pit of ego
centered motives. In order to be a globalised
citizen and to actually understand what this term
really stands for in todays modern day society we
need to understand the Ethics first. Ethics can be
expressed as social concept which caters to
morals. Executives become moral managers by
recognizing and accepting their responsibility for
acting as ethical role models. They must also
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manage ethics by communicating about ethics

and values on a regular basis and by holding
organization members accountable for ethical
conduct. The students who shall be the managers
of the future should be varying of the ethical
theory concept and understand as to how
important it is for their well-being.
Looking at management in 2020, there is a varied
capacity of growth and strong structured blocks
but which depends upon the action taken and
greater responsiveness to reaction as one famously
said that Action is Greater Than Apathy.
Business students in the future must magnify the
possibility of their analysis in order to embrace
their calculations which shall determine the
consequence of the action on businessmen and
private owners and primarily the influence on the
society. The above derivation comes from the
Utilitarianism theory of Jeremy Bentham, (17481823) [4] that is based on the writings of Bentham
and Mill who were famous English Philosophers.
The theory reveals that the students are primarily
used to one crucial characteristic that is foreseeing
and then measuring and weighing the
consequences of an action so he should carry a
broader view observing all aspects. Though the
concept of Utilitarianism is very broad and
uncluttered ethical theory based which illustrates
wholesomeness of pleasure or pain, it has a major
drawback of morally validating an action that
causes pain or sufferings to the minority groups.
Thus, the ends do justify the means, at least
pursuant to this ethical theory, and so the students
are taught. The concept gives meaning to the
ethical theory and the ends justify the means
making way for the students to learn. But as
philosophers have varied views so did the German
philosopher who thought that the idea of the
ethical theory of morally legitimizing pain and
distress of anyone is utterly disgraceful and wrong.
He consequently professed that the consequences
of action should be ignored in ethics and the main
focus should be on its form. Kant derived a test
called the Categorical Imperative (a formal ethical
test) which would safeguard that the action, that is,
the mean so as to ensure its veracity.
The argument done by various authors on business
ethics and social responsibility suggests that the
core teaching problems have been neglected, and
so is the world view of unpinning all the

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344
management education. The authors now consider
that the proposed world-view leads to moral
ethics-friendly worldview, and some consideration
of its implications [5].
These measures may more commonly be used for
research, but they can also serve instructional
purposes. Though reports with much more
extensive details concerning particular values and
ethics-related measures are available for
academicians willing to invest time and study, the
author has been unable to find a basic summary in
the business and professional ethics literature [6].
In simple words, to get on the path of World
Development it is important to materialize the all
possible Human Capital; which can be optimized
if they are educated. For research in business and
professional ethics, various measures related to
individual values, ethics attitudes and moral
reasoning exist and are being increasingly applied.
Many of these measures, beyond research usage,
offer potential for instructional purposes.
Knowledge of the characteristics and limitations of
the values and ethics-related measures allows
better selections of possible supplements to
traditional instructional methods for business
educators [7]. The main findings of the literature
survey are shown in a nutshel in Table 1.

4. Criticisms on
Responsibility
Businesses

Present Social
Models
for

Milton Friedman wrote that one and only social

responsibility of business, is to increase profits for
shareholders in his famous 1970s article in The
New York Times Magazine, and Managements
fundamental goal is to increase value for its
shareholders and not any single stakeholder such
as solely the socially responsible.
McKinsey [25] developed a model of CSR as
shown in Figure 1 and which conducted a survey
from eighty-four percent of the executives around
the world who agreed that their organizations
should pursue not only shareholder value but also
broader contributions to the public good. Most
acknowledged that their organizations could
handle sociopolitical issues more successfully, as
well. To improve, an organization should identify
emerging
trends
and
develop
coherent
organization-wide responsesan approach that
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requires it to integrate social issues into all

dimensions of the business, not just the making of
strategy [26].
We cannot be sure how far these CSR models will
be suitable for any business. The organizations
make profits and society benefits. But who really
wins? If there is a benefit to society, which in
many cases is doubtful, is this outweighed by
losses to society in other areas of the
organizations operation and by gains the
corporation is able to make as a result?
Lack of formal Regulation. CSR is a voluntary
corporate action. It needs to go beyond simple
compliance with domestic regulations and laws.
Many organizations are subject to national
regulation of CSR in certain specific geographic
areas and at a global level the Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD), the International Labor Organization
(ILO) and the United Nations (UN) have all
attempted to regulate framework of CSR through
some CSR. It lacks formal regulation.
Abuse the power of CSR. Because of the
voluntary nature and the lack of formal regulation
of CSR, the organizations have more power in
decision-making of organizations. Organizations
are given liberty to shape and define corporate
social responsibility as they deem fit which is
increasing the risk of opportunity for abuse of
power.
Misusing CSR. Some organizations whose very
existence is considered to be socially irresponsible
are being recognized for performing some socially
responsible acts. They never mind that the socially
irresponsible behaviors substantially overwhelm
the few socially responsible acts. British American
Tobacco, which was attacked after it won a United
Nations Environment Program/ Sustainability
reporting award for its annual social report. Critics
were pointed out that winning a CSR award
deflects how they are against a socially
irresponsible outlook of selling products that cause
so much known damage to health.
Ethical consumerism. After the industrialization
and globalization, consumers of both developed
and developing countries are becoming more
aware of the environmental and social implications
of their day-to-day consumer decisions. Their
purchasing decisions are related to their
environmental and ethical concerns.

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344

Table.1 Studies of Social Responsibility on businesses

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International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344

Figure 1. McKinsey model of CSR (Source: The McKinsey Quarterly, Chart Focus Newsletter, Dec. 2006)

cultural orientations. Critics claim that management

education focuses too much on the achievement of
the bottom-line at all costs and that this
indoctrination has led to unethical behaviors and
scandals associated with Enron, Tyco, WorldCom,
and other such firms [28]. According to Neubaum,
Pagell, Drexler, McKee-Ryan, and Larson , many
of the recent discussions of business schools have
centered not on the good their graduates do, but on
how the theoretical foundations of business school
education may be linked to ethical lapses and
scandals involving managers who have been
subjected to business school training [29] The
critics argue that business school faculty members
teach such concepts as transaction-based
economics, economic liberalism, or agency theory
to students, which focus on short-term profits even
if this comes at a cost of damaging long-term
opportunities and relationships with customers,
suppliers, and/or vendors.
Jacobs explained during this tough economy that
fingers are increasingly being pointed at the
academic institutions that educated those who got
us into this mess. Jacobs discussed three failures of
sound business practices which he says is at the
5. Challenges
of
Management root of the economic crisisand these have not
been adequately addressed by business schools:
Educations Business Ethics
misaligned incentive programs (incentive systems
that rewarded short-term gain took precedence over
People in management education compete with those designed for long-term value creation),
each other from across the globe with diverse understanding the responsibility and obligation of

Ethics training. The rises of CSR training inside

corporations are not done which is required by
government regulation and it is another driver
credited with changing the behavior and culture of
corporations. The aim of such training is to help
employees make ethical decisions when the
answers are unclear. Tullberg believes that humans
are built with the capacity to cheat and manipulate,
hence the need for learning normative values and
rules in human behavior [27].
The Management Education Review Committee
suggested the following steps for strengthening
management education [28], viz.: Increase the
focus on under managed sectors such as
cooperatives,
forestry,
urban
management,
infrastructure, rural development, education and
legal systems. The review has also indicated that
management education in globe faces is neglecting
the areas of social responsibility and business ethics
as they think it is of little or no relevance. One of
the identified emerging issues and apart from other
management issues is incorporating Business Ethics
& Social Responsibility.

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International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344
corporate boards, and having an apparent and
enforceable system of accountability [30].
While business school curricula do teach scientific
research,
efficiency,
accuracy,
operations
management, and economic theories, they also
teach students about value creation by maintaining
a healthy relationship with their suppliers,
colleagues, unions, government entities, etc. for the
long-term sustainability of their success. This
dichotomy would suggest that studies are needed to
see if business schools are in fact driven to more
toward revenues and profits or are they more
focused on the long-term success of their graduates.
The culture of each school heavily influences what
the faculty and staff actually focus on. And the
institutional culture of each school is heavily
influenced by their top leaders, including the Dean,
department chairs and program level directors. As
such it becomes imperative that academics focus on
the state of business schools, education, and ethics
since all graduates will eventually end up in the
workplace where they will face a challenging and
competitive work environment.

new ideas, approaches, or practices. The answer

should be both. Fundamental shifts in strategy, new
and improving practices, and the like must be
driven quickly into business and management
curricula. Yet, rigorous and independent business
and management insights that abstract from the
experience of any single company and integrate
theory across multiple disciplines are needed to
enhance business and management practice. Social
responsibility is a prime example of the need for
complementary leadership from both business and
business schools. Management education must
respond to, and lead, efforts to develop socially
responsible and sustainable business. Management
education worldwide has already begun to take
action, individually and collectively
Each of the organizations mentioned above has
combined to formulate a broader business school
initiative under a set of Principles of Responsible
Management Education (PRME). Under this
framework, schools can voluntarily accept and
report on an established set of principles, which
addresses a wide range of ways that business
schools can demonstrate leadership in the broadlyDirections and Opportunities for Business Ethics defined area of social responsibility.
& Social Responsibility: Ethical business leaders
recognize
people
as
capable
of
great 6. Role of Business Leaders
accomplishments. A principal purpose of a
management education to create value for the
students, the school and all the schools Conferring to Indra Nooyi, Pepsicos chairman and
stakeholders; and value is simply quality divided CEO told students at Yales School of
by cost! There are, obviously, many ways to Management in May 2010 that performance with
measure quality, but one very good and practical purpose is how we run the company. She
approach is to demonstrate how successful the explained that Performance with purpose is about
schools students have been. Yet a school needs how you can intimately link what a company can
students to begin with! A school should not just do with what the needs of society are and together
lower standards to increase the number of students, deliver great performance.
as that approach is a very short-sighted one. The A thought by Simon Webley, Research Director at
key is to create programs and courses that possess the Institute of Business Ethics in London says it is
in-depth focus on business ethics and social the inconsistencies that often trip a company up; he
responsibility, quality and responds to the needs of makes a distinction between doing ethical things
the marketplace. In order to respond to the needs of (like philanthropy and environmental activities) and
the market, a school must be agile, flexible, and doing things ethically. Doing the former is no
responsive to the marketplace, which now is a very substitute for doing things ethically, he says,
mentioning a company in the U.K. known for the
crowded and competitive arena.
Business ethics can be handled through the right wonderful things it does for the community, but yet
mix and channel of Leaders from Both Business it doesnt pay its suppliers on time. It is easier to
and Business Schools. The world of management do CSR (corporate social responsibility) than to
education to debate whether its business or integrate high ethical standards throughout the
business schools that lead the way when it comes to organization.
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International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344
To help students practice integrating ethics into the
decision-making
mix,
Loyola
Marymount
University (LMU) has developed an invitational
intercollegiate business ethics case competition
which attracts international participation. It is also
sponsored by the Ethics and Compliance Officer
Association, a professional group for corporate
compliance officers, whose members serve as
judges. MBA and undergraduate teams make
presentations showing their understanding of the
legal, ethical and financial dimensions of problems.
Every decision you make in business generally
occurs when you are under pressure, without all the
information or time you like, and in the midst of
competing factors usually financial, legal or
ethical issues, says Thomas White, professor and
director of the Center for Ethics and Business, who
created the competition. There needs to be more
emphasis on ethics education in MBA programs
(however, it is done) because individuals need more
technical ability in recognizing and resolving
ethical issues, which are as sophisticated and
complex as any financial problem, and getting more
so. The success of business education reform has
many champions, and is coming up again at a time
when there is crisis fatigue as well as examples of
successful companies with a value proposition that
puts a priority on social good.
In response to the demands of the 21st century
marketplace and the need to stay in step with peers,
companies continue to seek the help of business
schools in redefining what it means to be socially
responsible, and teaching students to have a
socially responsible mindset with decision-making
skills that look beyond short-term benefits. Going
beyond the basics, here is a description of how
some quite different universities combine theory
and research with robust practical learning to
develop high-potential employees who understand
and embrace corporate social responsibility and
business ethics.
In Haas School of Business, University of
California-Berkeley - a defining part of the culture
at the Haas School is its commitment to teaching
and exploring ethical and social responsibilities of
business. This is accomplished through cuttingedge research and bringing real world consulting
challenges into the classroom. "About 40 percent of
the graduate students come to Berkeley specifically
because of its reputation as a premier CSR
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educational center offering innovative courses,"

says Jo Mackness, executive director of the Center
for Responsible Business at Haas [31].
Noting that students were interested in ethics long
before the collapse of Enron, McElhaney says it
was the serial corporate scandals that spurred
academia and employers to get on board.
"University donors began asking how to create
structures that will train students to be leaders who
make the right decisions," she says [31]. W. Paul
Stillman School of Business Seton Hall University for 10 years, corporate social responsibility has
been considered essential knowledge in the MBA
program at the Stillman School at Seton Hall in
South Orange, New Jersy. The current set of
learning goals specifies six broad areas of
competencies incorporated in all MBA core
courses: Understand markets and customers,
manage strategically, design production and
distribution systems, manage financial, human and
information resources, understand and manage the
external environment, and manage ethically with
social responsibility [31].

6. Conclusion and Suggestions

An organization that have a collective goals,
control its own performance in terms of the
financial balance sheet, having its boundaries,
separating from the environment designed to
deliver goods or services to the customers can be
classified as business. The etymology of "business"
relates to the state of being busy either as an
individual or society as a whole, doing
commercially viable and profitable work where as
the business education largely focus on creating
Business leaders. In contrast to Business, Business
education involves in imparting students the
fundamentals, theories, and processes of business.
Education in this field occurs at several levels,
including secondary
education and higher
or university education, with the greatest activity in
the latter. Business education typically prepares
students for an occupation in business or businessrelated fields. Business education from recent past
is emerging as one of the prominent sector in
business not having a vision to earn profits but also
have a concern for social responsibility hence the
model that the Business education is adopting is

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International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344
Not-for Profits, investing their earnings for their
enhancement and diversification.
Why there is a necessity of a separate Social
Responsibility Model for Management Education?
The Management education should shoulder the
social responsibilities for the upliftment of not only
the society but Nation at large. There are education
societies in India that are shouldering the social
responsibilities as corporate organization does by
imparting education free of cost to the members of
the society. By doing so the job of the education
societies does not get restricted but they should
look beyond and create business leaders those can
shoulder the social responsibilities further and
contributes towards the nation.
The sense of social responsibility on the business
leaders cannot be imbibed at the later stage of their
higher education but same can be made felt from
base level of education hence forth making the
individuals feel socially responsible for the society
at large. The present CSR models may be fit for
business but not for business education. As it has
lot of criticisms and gaps there is a necessarily a
separate model for Business Education (Social
Responsibility of Educational Organizations,
SREO) that can decipher Business from Education
as Business.
While many Management schools are already
deeply involved in renewing and reinvigorating
their commitment to ethics in business education,
social responsibility and continuous improvement
are as important in this field as in any other.
Making the world a better place isnt the
exclusive province of business schools; but
business schools canand want toequip their
students to be ethical and successful managers and
leaders. While the task force does not prescribe a
particular curriculum or course, it recommends that
followers of management education encourage its
member and their faculties to renew and revitalize
their commitment to ethical responsibility at both
the individual and organizational levels. Schools
should be encouraged to demonstrate this
commitment throughout their academic programs,
assessment processes, research agendas, and
outreach activities.
The task force recommends that management
education should support and encourage a
renaissance in business ethics and social
responsibility exercise its leadership role to ensure
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the commitment of business schools. We must

strengthen ethics components of our curricula in all
disciplines to emphasize the importance of
individual integrity and corporate responsibility to
business success. We must offer courses that
introduce frameworks that may help in resolving
ethical business and managerial problems; courses
that lay out the larger societal context in which
business operates; and seminars and workshops that
bring executives to campus to focus on the link
between leadership and values. We must work to
build a community of scholars and students in
which ethical principles are not platitudes, but
reality.

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