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Hidden Subgroup
Problem
Omar Shehab
shehab1@umbc.edu
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Outline
Classes of HSP
GI as HSP
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Closure: If A, B G , then A B G .
Associativity: If A, B, C G , (A B) C = A (B C ).
Identity: There is an identity element e such that
A G : e A = A e = A.
Inverse: There must be an inverse of each element.
Therefore, for each element A G , the set contains an
element B = A1 such that A A1 = A1 A = e.
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continued...
Definition
A subgroup H G satisfies the four group requirements.
I
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Classes of HSP
Integer factoring
Simons problem
Lattice problems
Graph isomorphism problems
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Simons Problem
Definition
Suppose2 we are given a function f : {0, 1}n {0, 1}m , with
m n, and we are promised that either f is 1 to 1, or there
exists a non-trivial s, such that
x 6= x 0 (f (x)) = f (x 0 ) x 0 = x s, where denotes bitwise
exclusive-or. We wish to determine which of these conditions holds
for f , and in the second case, to find s.
(1)
(2)
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(3)
f
f
f
f
(000) = 111 = f
(001) = 101 = f
(100) = 010 = f
(101) = 001 = f
(010) X
(011) X
(110) X
(111) X
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Definition
Let 3 V (G ) be the vertex set of a simple graph and E (G ) its edge
set. Then a graph isomorphism from a simple graph G to a simple
graph H is a bijection f : V (G ) V (H) such that
(u, v ) E (G ) (f (u) , f (v )) E (H).
Isomorphic Graphs
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
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1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
Permutations
Such
a permutation
is,
1 2 3 4
1 2 4 3
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1 2 3 4
Pick two permutations, 1 =
and
2 1 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 =
. 1 2 and 2 1 , operating on A,
1 4 3 2
separately, produces two very different graph. So, symmetric groups
are non-abelian i.e. group operations are non-commutative.
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The Question
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A Bigger Space
I
V (C ) = 2 n = 2 4 = 8.
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Symmetry Group of C
I
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Subgroups in P2n
I
Let, H = P4 P4 .
If case 1 is true, K H.
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Verification
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Claim 1:
I
I
I
I
I
K
2
H, K2 H
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Claim 2: K H
Redefine A and B.
I
I
I
I
Let G = H H.
H is a subgroup.
is a coset of H.
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GI as HSP
Definition
Find the symmetric hidden subgroup G on the disjoint union of two
graphs, A and B, each of n vertices, in the permutation group P2n
by querying an oracle, f : P2n P2n .
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Break
Thank you!
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Definition
Let 5 V (G ) be the vertex set of a simple graph and E (G ) its edge
set. Then a graph isomorphism from a simple graph G to a simple
graph H is a bijection f : V (G ) V (H) such that
(u, v ) E (G ) (f (u) , f (v )) E (H).
Isomorphic Graphs
1
6
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
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The group
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Promise 1
K P2n P2n
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Thank you!
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