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ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE
WEST ASIA
BABYLONEAN AND ASSYRIAN
Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur
Material: brick
System: arch and vault
Comparative analysis:
Plan
- palaces are elevated on platforms w/
room covered by vaults
Walls
- are built with sun died bricks,
battlement cresting
ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab
Openings - doors are semicircular headed w/
sculptured monstrers
Roof
- externally appeared flat but covered by
brick vaults internally
Columns - no columns
Mouldings- no mouldings
Ornaments- chiseled alabaster slab
Principal buildings:
Ziggurat: holy mountains
Archaic ziggurats- rectangular w/ upper temple
Multi level ziggurats- 2 to 5 tiers
Assyrian ziggurats- square in plan w/ continous
ramp w/ fire altar
Palace: usually built by Assyrian
elements: seraglio- palace proper
harem- private family apartments
khan- service chamber
Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat
PERSIAN
(architect of light and airy magnificence, open type plan)
Material: stone for columns, brick for wall surface, timber for
roof
System: royal palace are built on platforms to achieve
monumentality
: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
Plan
- open widely spaced columns
Wall
- made of bricks covered w/ polychrome
brickwork
Openings - windows and doors are square headed
Roof
- flatroof made of timber
Columns - tall & slender w/ flutted shafts, 15d &
scroll, twin horse capital
Mouldings- Greek & Egyptian
Ornament- polychrome brickwork
Palace Platform, Persopolis
Propylaea, Xerxes
Palace of Darius
Palace of Cerces
Hypostyle Hall of Cerces
Hall of Hundred Columns
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Simplicity & harmony
Purity of line
Perfection of proportions
Refinement of details
Material: marble
System: columnar and trabaeted
Early Period/ Minoan or Mycenaean
Principal buildings:
Megaron: domestic unit
elements: enclosed porch
megaron
proper
thalamussleeping room
Walls:
1. cyclopean
2. polygonal
3. rectangular
4. inclined blocks
Tombs:
Rock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut
deep into the mountainside
Tholos- is a subterranean vault, circular
in shape
- dromos- passageway
Palaces:
Palace King Minos, Knossos
Helenic Period- religious structures
Comparative Analysis: (Greek Temples)
Simple & balance, symmetrical
Rectangular
Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: front portico
crepidomastylobate, steriobate
pronaos
naos
epinaos/
posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomos
peroma- space
bet the naos wall and columns
Number of columns:
Henostyle
Dinostyle
Tristyle
Tetrastyle
Pentastyle
Hexastyle
Hectastyle
Octostyle
Ennastyle
Decastyle
Dodestyle
Arrangement of Columns:
Antis, Amphi-antis
Prostyle, Amphi-prostyle
Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral
Edipteral, Pseudo-dipteral
Comparative analysis:
Wall- solidly constructed of blocks or stones, use of
dowels or clamps
Openings- doors, windows & colonnade are square
headed
Roof- w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marble slab
to permit light
- lacunaria (coffer)
Column- principal external feature
Orders Introduced by Greeks:
Doric Order
Ionic order
Corinthian Order
Parts:
Entablature- cornice
frieze
architrade
Column- capital
shaft
base
Proportion of Greek Orders
Doric Order- favored by Greeks
Column- 4-6 D
Tablature- height of order
Ionic Order
Column- 9D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Corinthian Order
Column- 10D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Doric Order:
Abachus
Echinus
Trachelion
Hypotrachelion
Entasis
Ionic Order:
Abachus
Echinus- volute
Attic base if 2 torus
Torus
Plinth
Corinthian Order:
Abachus
Cauli-coli
Acanthus leaves
Intercolumnation Spaces:
Hypnostyle- 1 d
Systyle- space bet col 2d
Eustyle- space 2 1/4d
Diastyle- 3d
Areostyle- 3 d
Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: acroterion
pediment
tympanum
entablature
metope
triglyph
raking cornice
crepidoma
- Doric
temple
naos- made of gold and
ivory
- holds
the statue of Athena
-
Theater of Dionysius
Temple of Nike
Apteros- archt
Callicrates
- Ionic temple
Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum- 2nd largest
Entablature spacing:
Monotriglyph
Ditriglyph
Polytriglyph
- archt Theron
- 3 naos
- Atlantes figure
Mouldingsparabola
hyperbola
elipse
Basis of Shape of MouldingsCyma riversa/ olgee- Waterleaf & tongue
Cyma recta- Antheneon or honey suckle
skene- proscenia
(oration)
- paracenia- width
of orchestra
- epiceniumbackground
preserved
- archt
Propelea- gateway
Polycletos
Pinacothecapaintings
Glyptothecasculptures
Statue of Athena
Promochos
Erechtheon- unusual
because of carriage
porch
Old Temple of
Athena
Parthenon- largest
geatest example of greek
architecture
archt. Ictinus
master sculptorCallicrates
-
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Vastness & magnificence
Olstentation & ornateness
Material: pozzolana & lime
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis:
Plan- assymetrical due to complexity of needs of
romans
Walls- made of stone & concrete
Types:Opus quadratum
Opus incertum
Opus reticulatum
Opus testaceum
Opus mixtum
- introduction of buttresses
Types:Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall,
detached
Spur buttress- attached to wall
Pinnacle- similar to spur but
more pronounced
Column- 9D
Tablature- 21/4d
Corinthian Order
Column- 10D
Tablature- 2 1/2D
Mouldings- heavily decorated
Ornament- mosaic- floor, wall ceiling (Tesserrae)
types: opusteselatum- square for ceilings
opusectile- tesserae cut into
shapes for wall
opuspilatum- inchevron for
floor
- mural paintings
- accantus scroll- most popular
Principal buildings:
Forum- a central open shape used as a meeting
place, market or rendevous for
political demonstration.
Forum Romanum- oldest & most
important
Forum of Trajan- largest forum
Rectangular Temples
Temple of Venus, Rome- Appolodorus of
Damascus
Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda)Agripa (corinthian temple)
Vespasian
e
a
l
e
d
Domitian
Circus- for horse & chariot racing
elements: spina
carceres
Circus maximus, Rome- largest
Tombs
Classes:
1. Coemetera w/
Columbaria- a niche
w
/
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Loculi- recess for
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Palaces
Palaces of Emeperors, Rome- by
emeperor Agustus
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato- largest
Roman Houses
Villa- country house
Insula- tenement house for workers
Domus- private house
elements:
1.
prothyrum
2.
atriumentrance court
open to the sky
impluviu
m- water cistern
3.
tablium- open
saloon
4.
peristyle- inner
colonnaded
court (open)
5.
cubiculabedrooms
6.
triclina- dining
room
7.
oecusreception room
8.
alae- reception
for
conversation
9.
kitchen &
pantry
Aqueduct- for water supply of towns & cities
Aquaclaudia- Caligula & Claudius
Pontgard, Nimes- mos manificent 25
miles long
Pons- roman bridges
Fountains
Types: Locus/ Lacus- large basin of
water
Salientes- provide water
Etruscan Period
Introduced radiating arch
Tuscan column/ similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Atrium in domestic planning
Mosaic
Mural paintings
Ornaments: symbolism
Peacock- symbol of eternal life
Endless knot- eternity
Chirho- Jesus Christ
Sta. Soffia of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia- for
emperor Justinian
Arch. Arthemus of Tralles
Isodorus of Miletus
- now a muslim mosque
St. Mark, Venice Italy- most important example
of Byzantine
ROMANESQUE- roman like art
Character: Sober & Dignified
Material: stone & brick for Germany
System: arcuated
principle of equilibrium through vaulting system
made up of rib & panel vaulting
Comparative analysis:
Plan- Latin Cross plan (west oriented)
External feature- towers on nave & transept,
facades
Walls- supported by pilaster strips
quadripartite
2.
sexpartite
Column:
Cloister court
Inner court
Common court
Countries that adapted Romanesque:
ITALY
Central Italy- ornamental faade- rising one from
another
North Italy- rose window
Pizza Cathedral
Pizza Campanile
Cathedral
Baptistery
FRENCH ROMANESQUE
Southern France- Muslim influence due to pointed
arch
Northern Italy- flanking towers
Madeleine Vezelay- earliest form of
cross-pointed vault in France
Abbaye-Aux Homes, Caen Orderprototype of Gothic
GERMAN ROMANESQUE
East & west apse
Worms Cathedral- emperor
Charlemagne
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
France- style ogivale
- lofty & aspiry quality
- structural honesty
- economy in use of material
System: Arcuated w/ Pointed Arches
Material: stone
Principal building: Cathedral- Latin Cross (west oriented)
Plan- asymmetrical
Walls- rubble masonry, buttress to support walls
2.
3.
Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
Notre Dame, Paris- oldest Gothic
Cathedral
By bishop
Maurice De Sully
Finest &
most characteristic French gothic
Chartres Cathedral- 130 stained galss
windows
Profussion
of sculptured figures in west front
Rheims Cathedral- coronation church of
kings of France
500
carved statues on west facades
Ameins Cathedral- archt Robert de
Luzarches
Typical
French cathedral
Carved
woodwork on choir stalls
Beauvais Cathedral- tallest in Europe,
157 to the vault
1 of the
wonders of medieval in France
Fortified Towns
Carcassone- 50 towers, moat & walls
Castles
Chateau de Perrefonds- elongated
location, overlooking town
Arch.
Viollet- le- Duc
ENGLISH GOTHIC
English gothic vaulting: formerets
diagonal ribs
ridge ribs
transverse ribs
tierceron
boss- covering of ribs (pendant)
cable
Ball flower
Tablet flower
Embatled sandwich
Classification of English Gothic Mouldings:
1.
bowtel- of a circle
2.
3.
4.
5.
keel moulding
6.
scroll
7.
casement
8.
Types of Trusses:
1.
tie beam
2.
trusted rafter
3.
hammer beam
4.
collar beam
5.
aisle roof
Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
1st div- Cathedral of the Old Foundationserved by secular clergy
York Cathedral- largest
cathedral among English cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral- English
gothic caharcteristic
2nd div- Cathedral of the Monastic
Cantherbury Cathedral- 1st
Winchester Cathedral- longest
3rd div- Cathedrals of the New
Foundation- served by bishops
presence of 2 chapels- lady
chapel- Virgin Mary
- chantry chapel- patrons are burried
Monastery
2.
pediment
segmented
scrolled
open
swan neck
broken
Rococo
Comparative analysis:
Plans- symmetrical
Walls- often constructed w/ ashlar masonry, bricks
for Germany
Exterior wall- rustification- dado height
1.20m
Doors & windows- semi circula head w/ greek
entablature
Roof- semi- circular vaults
- dome or drum w/ semi circular windows
Columns- classic orders
Mouldings- roman mouldings
Ornaments- fresco paintings
Exterior color effect- sgrafitto (colored
plaster)
Countries that adapted Rennaisance:
ITALY- birth place of renaissance
Florence- birthplace, typical form
Rome- typical
Venice- receded frontage, contextualization w/
environment
Brunelleschi- most famous architect in Italy
Dome of Florence Cathedralgothic & renaissance
Palazzo Pitti- largest except
for Vatican
Alberti- author of first architecture book after
invention of printing
De re Aedificatoria
Church of Santa Andrea, Mantuaprototype of later renaissance
Bramante- first Roman architect of renaissance
time
Pazzo Della Cancellaria
Vatican Palace, Rome
Raphael- cousin, pupil of baramnte & one of the
greatest painters
Vatical Loggie
VignolaVilla of Pope Julius, Rome
Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola- most
maginificent of Roman palaces
Gesu Church, Rome- prototype of
Jesuit Church in baroque style
FRENCH RENAISSANCE
Chateau de Bury (typical French chateau)
Chateau de Blois (spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo
da Vinci
Principal Buildings:
Palaces
Palais de Louvre (historical artifacts)Pierre Lescot
Palais de Tuilleries- Philbert de Larme
(residence of French rulers till
1879)
Palais de Versailles (for Louis xiv)- Le
Vau
Churches
Church of the Sorbonne- Le Mercier
CENTRAL EUROPE
1830-1848 JULY
MONARCHY
Neo Renaissance
Ex. Vignon, Madeleine
Paris
Chalgrin- Arc de
Triomphe
Brandenburg Gate
ENGLAND
Queen Anne Style- popularized by Norman Shaw
applied on domestic
houses
EARLY 20TH CENTURY
BRITAIN
Art Nouveau- Charles Rennie Mckintosh
Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced
concrete & glass after war
- Mewes & Davies
Schools- Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural
Design
Ecole de polytechnique- Engineering
Art Nouveau
France- Le Modern Style
Germany- Jugensdstil, Bandwurmstil, Tapeworm
Austria- Sezessione
Italy- Stile Liberty, Stile Inglese, English Style
Spain- Modernismo
Architects of Modern Period:
Britain: Wells Coates
A.D. Connel
C.A. Lucas
Edwin Maxwell Fry
B.R. Ward
C. Europe:
F.R.S. Yorke
B. Lubetsrin
W. Gropius
Serge Chermayeff
E. Mendelsohn
Marcel Breuer
lancet
Ornaments- Mnemonic inscription (text)
Superimposed
ornaments- in layers
Stalactite- found in
pendentives (muqarna)
3d
corbels
Examples of Muslim Architecture:
Arabian SaracenicGreat Mosque Mecca
Assyrian SaracenicDome of the Rock, Jerusalemholiest place
Spanish Saracenic
Great Mosque Cordovacapital of Islam religion in West
Giralda, Seville- most beautiful
towers
Alhambra Granada- part of
royal palace, most famous
Turkish Saracenic
Taj Mahal, Agra- most
important, made of marble
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
Characterized by Buddhist, Jain, Hindu
BuddhistStambha/ Lath- monumental pillars
Stupa/ Tope- domical sacred mound
Chaitya- Indian Buddhist temple
Vihara- Indian Buddhist monastery
Hindu temple elements:
Mandapa- hall for religious dancing &
music
Garbhagriha- unlighted shrine
Vimana- sanctuary
Great Stupa Sanchi- characteristic of Indian
architecture
Golden Temple of Sikhs- holiest temple
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
Roof characteristics
1.
2.
3.
Principal buildings:
Pai- Lou- Chinese gateway (3 openings)
Pagoda/ Tais- houses relic of Buddha
Temples- contains statue of Buddha
Elements:
Temple proper
Dagoba
Bell tower
Pagoda
Library
Monks dwelling
House- generally one storey
Emperor- 9 bays
Prince- 7 bays
Mandarin- 5 bays
Ordinary citizens- 3 bays
Great Wall of China- built by emperor- Si- HuangTi
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
The Gussho System- based on rigidity of the
triangle
Features:
Roof construction:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mondop- library
Sala- pavilion for resting
Kuti- monastery
Phra Pathom Chedi- most important architectural
landmark in Thailand
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE