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displacement
vavg
time interval
73.2 73.2
vavg
1.71(m/s )
73.2 73.2
1.22 2.85
1.22(m / s) 60 s 3.05(m / s) 60 s
vavg
2.14(m / s)
2 60 s
(b)
(c)
x v0t
displacement
vavg
time interval
x 40 40 80(km)
The total time:
40 40
t
2(h)
30 60
So:
x 80
vavg
40(km/ h)
t 2
displacement is:
total distance
savg
time interval
d 40 40 80(km)
40 40
t
2(h)
30 60
d 80
savg
40 (km / h)
t 2
x v0t
Dup Ddown
s
Dup Ddown
tup t down
Dup Ddown
Dup
Ddown
sup
sdown
s 44.2(km / h)
sup sdown
sup sdown
30. The brakes on your car can slow you at a rate of 5.2 m/s2.
(a) If you are going 146 km/h and suddenly see a state trooper,
what is the minimum time in which you can get your car under the
90 km/h speed limit? (The answer reveals the futility of braking to
keep your high speed from being detected with a radar or laser gun).
(b) Graph x versus t and v versus t for such a slowing.
a=-5.2 m/s2; v0=146 km/h or v0=40.6 m/s; v1=90 km/h or v1=25 m/s
(a) The minimum time tmin must match:
v v 0 at v1
(a < 0) v1 v 0
t
v1 v 0 (25 40 .6)
t min
3.0(s)
a
5.2
1 2
x v 0 t at 40.6t 2.6t 2 ; v v 0 at 40.6 - 5.2t
2
Visit Online Function Graphers, e.g.:
http://www.function-grapher.com/index.php
1 2
y y 0 v 0 t at
2
v0
1
30 0 15t 9.8t 2
2
t 1.38(s)
(discard t < 0)
(b)
ground
1 2
y y 0 gt
2
1
0 y 0 9.8 2 2 y 0 19.6 (m)
2
Apple 2 is thrown down at t=1 s and hits the roadway at
t=2.25 s:
1 2
1 2
y y 0 v 0 t gt 0 y 0 v 0 t 2 gt 2
2
2
t 2 1.25 (s) v 0 9.6 (m/s)
Projectile Motion
1.2.3. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
1.2.4. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
r xi yj
Displacement:
r r2 r1
r (x 2 i y 2 j) (x1i y1j)
r (x 2 - x1 )i (y 2 - y1 )j xi yj
i yj zk
Three dimensions: r x
x i and y j
r (x 2 - x1 )i (y2 - y1 )j (z 2 - z1 )k xi yj zk
displaceme nt
average velocity
time interval
v avg
t
r dr
v lim
t 0 t
dt
The direction of the instantaneous velocity of a
particle is always tangent to the particles path
at the particle position.
d dx dy
v (xi yj) i j
dt
dt
dt
v v x i v y j
The scalar components of
dx
dy
vx , vy
dt
dt
Three dimensions:
v v x i v y j v z k
dz
vz
dt
change in velocity
average acceleration
time interval
a avg
t
Instantaneous Acceleration,
t0:
v dv
a lim
t 0 t
dt
a a x i a y j
The scalar components of a
dvy
dvx
ax
, ay
,
dt
dt
Three dimensions:
a a x i a y j a z k ;
dv z
az
dt
Sample Problem:
v x v 0x a x t; v y v 0y a y t
At t= 5 s:
The magnitude
v 11.7i 15.5j
2
2
and angle of v: v v x v y 19.4 (m/s)
tan( )
vy
vx
1.33 127 0
a a constant
v x v 0x a x t; v y v 0y a y t
v v x i v y j
v (v0x i v oy j) (a x i a y j)t
v v 0 at
We can also obtain:
1 2
r r0 v 0 t at
2
Projectile motion
x x 0 v0x t
x x 0 v 0 cos 0 t
Vertical motion (free fall):
1 2
y y 0 v 0 sin 0 t - gt
2
v y v 0sin 0 - gt
2
2
v y v 0sin 0 - 2g(y - y 0 )
The equation of the path:
gx 2
y tan 0 x 2
2v 0 cos 0
Horizontal range:
2
0
v
R sin2 0
g
v y v 0sin 0 - gt 0
v 0sin 0
t
g
1 2
y y 0 v 0 sin 0 t - gt
2
2
v 0 sin 0
y
H max
2g
y
Hmax
Hmax
v v 2ay
2
y
2
0y
a 9.8 (m/s )
y yP y0 115 (m)
2
v y 60.36 (m/s)
v y v 0 sin at t
t 9.96 (s)
v 0 sin - v y
g
1 2
y y 0 v 0 sin 0 t - gt
2
1 2
gt v 0sin 0 t y P 0
2
quadratic equation:
t 9.96 (s)
v y v 0 sin at v 0 sin gt
v y 60.33 (m/s)
then for (c), use t = 9.96 (s)
v 02
R sin2 0
g
(a)
gR
2 sin
2
v0
1
27 or 63
0
(b)
R max
2
0
v
82
sin2 0
sin( 2 45) 686 (m)
g
9.8
Vo
1
Vo
2 R1
R2
x x 0 v 0 cos 0 t
R1
R2
t1
; t2
v 0 cos1
v 0 cos 2
It is likely answer 4
However
v y v 0 sin 0 gt
2v 0 sin 1
2v 0 sin 2
t1
; t2
g
g
1>2
v 0 sin 0
t2 < t1:
the answer is B
2r
T
v
(T: period)
ar
ar
at
at
a ar at
Radial (centripetal) acceleration
Tangential acceleration