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Supported Beam
P. Suresh Nair
Student, M. Tech (CAD), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
SRM University, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
surkan.nair@gmail.com
Abstract In this study, the effect of an
edge crack on the free bending vibration
characteristics of a simply supported beam
are investigated. The equations of motion
are derived using Euler-Bernoulli beam
theory and the crack is subjected to Mode I
loading. The crack is considered as open.
The crack is modelled as a massless spring
which divides the beam into two sub
beams. The spring represents the local
flexibility induced by the crack. The crack
depth is first varied at a location and the
variation of frequency is observed. The
crack position is varied along the length of
the beam for a given crack depth and the
variation
in
natural
frequencies
are
observed.
The finite element analysis of the
vibration of a cracked simply supported
beam would be done using the software
ANSYS. The finite element analysis would
be then compared with the results obtained
theoretically to note the variation between
them.
Keywordscrackt; Mode I; natural requencies
1.INTRODUCTION
Beams are load carrying members and are vital
components of machineries and structures. The
study of dynamic behaviour of these components
are critical to the safety and reliability of
machines and structures. Beams may contain
imperfections like cracks which arise due to flaw
in manufacturing process, cyclic loads etc. Cracks
significantly influence the dynamic behaviour of
the structure including the natural frequencies
and mode shapes. Accordingly vibrational analysis
of these components is an inevitable process in
the design of structures.
Vibrational analysis of cracked beams has
received considerable attention over the years.
ui
Pi Pi
GdA
Ac
(1)
where U is strain energy, Ac is crack section , ui is
additional displacement along forces Pi . The strain
energy is given as where G is the strain energy
release rate.
The local flexibility coefficient by definition is
given as
cij
ui
2
Pj Pi Pj
GdA
(2)
Ac
E '
K In K IIn
n 1
n 1
6
K
n 1
IIIn
(3)
1
2
KI 4
E'
2h
FI
tan
2h
0.923 0.199
cos
1 sin
2h
2h
(7)
The local compliance is obtained using Eq. (2) and
Eq. (4) as
c44
P4 2
b/2 a
b / 2 0
1
2
K I 4 d d
E'
(8)
The bending stiffness due to the crack is obtained
as
1
Kt
c44
(9)
4 w x, t
x 4
2 w x, t
t 2
(10)
(11)
into
c 2 d 4W
1 d 2T
a 2
W dx 4
T dt 2
(6)
6P
FI , 4 42
bh
Eq.
(2.8)
and
(12)
2
where a 2 is a positive constant and c
EI
,
A
(13)
d 2T
2T 0
dt 2
(14)
where
2 A 2
4 2
c
EI
(15)
The solution of Eq. (14) can be written as
T (t ) A cos t B sin t
(16)
C1 , C2 , C3 and C4
are
different
(17)
constants
dW2
dx
xS
dW1
dx
xS
EI d 2W2
K t dx 2
(24)
xS
d 2W1
dx 2
EI
xS
d 2W2
dx 2
(25)
xS
d 3W1
dx 3
EI
xS
d 3W2
dx3
(26)
xS
(a)
x l
0, EI
d 2W2
dx 2
(22)
DISCUSSION
x l
slope of the
The values of
the crack are
by
(b)
Fig. 4. Cracked simply supported beam
1
1
cos i S
sin i S
cos i S
sin i S
0
0
0
0
sin i S
cos i S
sin i S
cos i S
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
cosh i S sinh i S
cos i S
sin i S
cosh i S
sinh i S
sinh i S cosh i S cos i S sin i S sin i S cos i S sinh i S cosh i S cosh i S sinh i S
0
cosh i S
sin i S
cos i S
sin i S
cosh i S
sin i S
sinh i S cosh i S
sin i S
cos i S
sinh i S
cosh i S
0
0
cos i l
sin i l
cosh i l
sinh i l
0
0
cos i l
sin i l
cosh i l
sinh i l
Fig. 5. Determinant of coefficients C1 to C8
Fig. 6. Frequency variation for different crack depths at various location along the length of the beam
0.1
461.35
72
460.18
63
460.18
63
458.12
58
454.70
48
448.87
04
438.20
57
416.45
05
365.22
02
0.2
460.27
87
456.10
01
456.10
01
448.91
437.42
08
419.06
25
389.14
2
339.67
13
259.83
11
0.3
458.95
69
451.20
87
451.20
87
438.31
48
418.77
92
389.96
71
348.15
84
289.06
84
209.59
54
0.4
457.89
79
447.39
33
447.39
33
430.39
99
405.69
87
371.23
18
324.53
41
263.40
99
187.06
48
0.5
0.6
457.49 457.89
61
79
445.97 447.39
02
33
445.97 447.39
02
33
427.52 430.39
51
99
401.11 405.69
48
87
364.95 371.23
13
18
317.00 324.53
37
41
255.63 263.40
38
99
180.52 187.06
05
48
Frequencies (Hz)
0.7
458.95
69
451.20
87
451.20
87
438.31
48
418.77
92
389.96
71
348.15
84
289.06
84
209.59
54
0.8
460.27
87
456.10
01
456.10
01
448.91
437.42
08
419.06
25
389.14
2
339.67
13
259.83
11
0.9
461.35
72
460.18
63
460.18
63
458.12
58
454.70
48
448.87
04
438.20
57
416.45
05
365.22
02
1.0
461.77
07
461.77
07
461.77
07
461.77
07
461.77
07
461.77
07
461.77
07
461.77
07
461.77
07