Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT-1
(INTRODUCTION TO
SUGUMAR.D,
Assistant Professor,
ECE Department,
Karunya University.
8/20/2013
Karunya University
Karunya University
Over View
History and evolution mobile radio systems
Types of mobile wireless services/systems
Paging
Cordless
Cellular
Satellite systems
WLL
2G networks
3G networks
Future trends in personal wireless systems
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Mobile communication
stationary computer
notebook in a hotel
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Applications I
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB/DVB-T
personal communication using GSM/UMTS
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance
system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...
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UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...
Karunya University
GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s
Bluetooth 500 kbit/s
UMTS, GSM
115 kbit/s
LAN
100 Mbit/s,
WLAN
54 Mbit/s
UMTS
2 Mbit/s
GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,
DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s
GSM 115 kbit/s,
WLAN 11 Mbit/s
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UMTS, GSM
384 kbit/s
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Applications II
Traveling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
ad-hoc networks for
multi user games
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Mobile devices
Pager
receive only
tiny displays
simple text
messages
PDA
graphical displays
character recognition
simplified WWW
Laptop/Notebook
fully functional
standard applications
Sensors,
embedded
controllers
www.scatterweb.net
Mobile phones
voice, data
simple graphical displays
Smartphone
tiny keyboard
simple versions
of standard applications
performance
No clear separation between device types possible
(e.g. smart phones, embedded PCs, )
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Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited
battery capacity
CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally
Loss of data
higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects,
theft)
Limited user interfaces
compromise between size of fingers and portability
integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory
limited usage of mass memories with moving parts
flash-memory or ? as alternative
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2002
WLAN hot-spots start to spread
2003
UMTS starts in Germany
Start of DVB-T in Germany replacing analog TV
2005
WiMax starts as DSL alternative (not mobile)
first ZigBee products
2006
HSDPA starts in Germany as fast UMTS download version offering > 3 Mbit/s
WLAN draft for 250 Mbit/s (802.11n) using MIMO
WPA2 mandatory for Wi-Fi WLAN devices
2007
over 3.3 billion subscribers for mobile phones (NOT 3 bn people!)
2008
real Internet widely available on mobile phones (standard browsers, decent data rates)
7.2 Mbit/s HSDPA, 1.4 Mbit/s HSUPA available in Germany, more than 100 operators
support HSPA worldwide
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YEAR
OF
INTRODUCTION
MULTIPLE
ACCESS
FREQUENCY
BAND
MODULATION
CHANNEL
BANDWIDTH
AMPS
CELLULAR
1983
FDMA
824-894 MHZ
FM
30 KHZ
NAMPS
CELLULAR
1992
FDMA
824-894 MHZ
FM
10 KHZ
USDC
CELLULAR
1991
TDMA
824-894 MHZ
/4-DQPSK
30 KHZ
CDPD
CELLULAR
1993
FH/PACKET
824-894 MHZ
GMSK
30 KHZ
IS-95
CELLULAR/
PCS
1993
CDMA
824-894 MHZ/
1.8-2.0 GHZ
GPSK/BPSK
1.25 KHZ
GSC
PAGING
1970S
SIMPLEX
SEVERAL
FSK
12.5 KHZ
POCSAG
PAGING
1970S
SIMPLEX
SEVERAL
FSK
12.5 KHZ
FLEX
PAGING
1993
SIMPLEX
SEVERAL
4-FSK
15 KHZ
PCS
1994
TDMA
1.85-1.99 GHZ
GMSK
200 KHZ
PACS
CORDLESS/
PCS
1994
TDMA/FDMA
1.85-1.99 GHZ
/4-DQPSK
300 KHZ
MIRS
SMR/PCS
1994
TDMA
SEVERAL
16-QAM
25 KHZ
iDen
SMR/PCS
1995
TDMA
SEVERAL
16-QAM
25KHZ
STANDARD
DCS1900(GSM)
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Standard
Type
Year of
Introduction
Multiple
Access
Frequency Band
Modulation
Channel
Bandwidth
JTACS
Cellular
1988
FDMA
860-925 MHz
FM
25 KHz
PDC
Cellular
1993
TDMA
810-1501 MHz
/4 - DQPSK
25 KHz
NTT
Cellular
1979
FDMA
400/800 MHz
FM
25 KHz
NTACS
Cellular
1993
FDMA
843-925 MHz
FM
12.5 KHz
NTT
Paging
1979
FDMA
280 MHz
FSK
12.5 KHz
NEC
Paging
1979
FDMA
Several
FSK
10 KHz
PHS
Cordless
1993
TDMA
1895-1907 MHz
/4 - DQPSK
300 KHz
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1984:
CT1
1988:
Inmarsat-C
1992:
GSM
1991:
CDMA
1994:
DCS 1800
1991:
D-AMPS
1993:
PDC
1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M
1998:
Iridium
2000:
GPRS
wireless LAN
1980:
CT0
1982:
Inmarsat-A
1983:
AMPS
1986:
NMT 900
analog
cordless
phones
satellites
1987:
CT1+
1989:
CT 2
1991:
DECT
199x:
proprietary
1997:
IEEE 802.11
1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
2000:
IEEE 802.11a
2001:
IMT-2000
digital
200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
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600
500
Americas
Europe
400
Japan
300
others
total
200
100
0
1996
1997
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1998
1999
2000
2001
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www.cellular.co.za/stats/
stats-main.htm
www.gsmworld.com/news/statistics/
index.shtml
The figures vary a lot depending on the statistic, creator of the statistic etc.!
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Application
Application
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Radio
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Network
Network
Medium
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Transport layer
Network layer
Physical layer
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service location
new/adaptive applications multimedia
congestion/flow control,quality of service
addressing, routing device location
hand-over
Authentication,media access/control
Multiplexing
encryption
modulation
interference
attenuation
frequency
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campus-based
horizontal
handover
in-house
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Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...
Mobility
location dependent services
location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
...
Portability
power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...
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Cellular
Local Area Network
Cordless
Satellite Communication
Paging System
Fixed Wireless
Sensor Network
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2.1.Paging System
Paging System: For Transmission of Brief Numeric/Alphanumeric/ Voice
Messages [Pages] to Subscriber
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2.2 Cordless
Cordless Telephone System: To Connect a Fixed Base Station to a Portable Cordless
Handset
Early Systems (1980s) have very limited range of few tens of meters [within a
House Premises]
Modern Systems [PACS, DECT, PHS, PCS] can provide a limited range &
mobility within Urban Centres.
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2.3.Cellular System
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Cellular System
Many Cells Under one MSE
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Applications
Traditionally
weather satellites
radio and TV broadcast satellites
military satellites
satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)
replaced by fiber optics
Telecommunication
global telephone connections
backbone for global networks
connections for communication in remote places or underdeveloped areas
global mobile communication
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Mobile User
Link (MUL)
Gateway Link
(GWL)
MUL
GWL
small cells
(spotbeams)
base station
or gateway
footprint
ISDN
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PSTN
GSM
User data
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Basics
r3
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gR
2
(2 f )
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satellite
period [h]
synchronous distance
35,786 km
10
20
30
40 x106 m
radius
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Basics
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Inclination
plane of satellite orbit
satellite orbit
perigee
d
inclination d
equatorial plane
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Elevation
Elevation:
angle e between center of satellite beam
and surface
minimal elevation:
elevation needed at least
to communicate with the satellite
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c
Problems
varying strength of received signal due to multipath propagation
interruptions due to shadowing of signal (no LOS)
Possible solutions
Link Margin to eliminate variations in signal strength
satellite diversity (usage of several visible satellites at the same time) helps to use
less sending power
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Atmospheric attenuation
Attenuation of
the signal in %
50
40
rain absorption
30
fog absorption
e
20
10
atmospheric
absorption
5 10
20
30
40
50
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Orbits I
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Orbits II
GEO (Inmarsat)
HEO
MEO (ICO)
LEO
(Globalstar,
Irdium)
earth
1000
10000
Van-Allen-Belts:
ionized particles
2000 - 6000 km and
15000 - 30000 km
above earth surface
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35768
km
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Geostationary satellites
not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data transmission,
typically used for radio and TV transmission
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LEO systems
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MEO systems
Example:
ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit, Inmarsat) start ca. 2000
Bankruptcy, planned joint ventures with Teledesic, Ellipso cancelled again,
start planned for 2003
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Routing
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Iridium
66 + 6
780
Globalstar
48 + 4
1414
ICO
10 + 2
10390
Teledesic
288
ca. 700
global
8
70 latitude
20
global
20
global
40
1.6 MS
29.2
19.5
23.3 ISL
FDMA/TDMA
1.6 MS
2.5 MS
5.1
6.9
CDMA
2 MS
2.2 MS
5.2
7
FDMA/TDMA
19
28.8
62 ISL
yes
2.4 kbit/s
no
9.6 kbit/s
no
4.8 kbit/s
4000
5-8
2700
7.5
4500
12
yes
64 Mbit/s
2/64 Mbit/s
2500
10
4.4 B$
2.9 B$
4.5 B$
9 B$
FDMA/TDMA
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References
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Wireless local loop (WLL), is a term for the use of a wireless communications link
as the "last mile " connection that resides between the Central Office (CO) and the
individual homes and businesses in close proximity of the CO.
LMDS has been allocated a spectrum of 1300 MHz which can support over 200
broadcast quality channels or 65,000 full duplex voice channels.
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Low
Low
Low
Low
Paging
System
High
Cordless
Phone
Low
Low
Cellular
Phone
High
High
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High
Low
Hardware Carrier
Functionality
Cost
Frequency
Low
Infrared
Transmitter
Low
Low
<100 MHz
Transmitter
Low
Low
<1 GHz
Receiver
Low
<100 MHz
Transceiver
Moderate
<1 GHz
Transceiver
Moderate
High
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Coverage
Area
Required
Infrastructure
Complexity
Hardware
Cost
Carrier
Frequency
Functionality
TV Remote
Control
Low
Low
Low
Low
Infra-red
Receiver
Garage Door
Opener
Low
Low
Low
Low
Receiver
Paging
System
High
High
High
High
< 1 GHz
Transmitter
Cordless
Phone
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Transceiver
Cellular
Phone
High
High
High
High
< 1 GHz
Transceiver
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Comparison of Mobile
Communication Systems
SERVICES
FREQUENCY
USED
DUPLEXING
COVERAGE
AREA
STANDARD
CHARACTERISTICS
Cellular
Licenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
9kbps-1Mbps
>2km
GSM,WCDMA,LT
E
Voice centric
supporting high mobility
LAN
Un-lisenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
1-54Mbps
<1km
802.11,.15,.16
Cordless
Licenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
32kbps
<500m
DECT,PHS
Fixed
wireless
Un-lisenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
155Mbps
<1km
WLL,LMDS
Limited mobility
Satellite
Licenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
100Mbps
>10km
GPS
Sensor
Un-lisenced
Half-duplex
Data
100kbps
<50m
802.15.4
Long lasting,
low power consumed system
Pager
Licenced/Unlisensed
Half-duplex
Message
kbps
<1km
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SERVICE
MAX DATA
ORIENTATION
RATE
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1G Cellular
Became commercially available in early 1980s.
Based on analog radio technology
Support circuit-switched voice
Limitation of 1G
Low calling capacity
Limited Spectrum
No room for spectrum growth
Poor data communication
Minimal privacy (low security of user information)
Inadequate fraud protection (subject to cloning)
Lack of ability to support roaming between different network operators
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1G Standards
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3.Second Generation:
Characteristics
EIA/TIA recommends digital technology for 2G, emerged in the early 1990s.
Enhanced voice quality, Digital signal processing and transmission technology.
Increased radio capacity and spectrum utilization.
Reduce power consumption, low terminal and service cost.
Define standards for core networks.
In addition to circuit switched voice, it enabled the first waves of mobile data and
mobile internet services.
Ability to support roaming between different network operators and international
roaming.
Ability to support handheld terminals.
Support for new services and facilities with ISDN compatibility.
Improved security and authentication.
Support SMS, Group 3 facsimiles, paging service.
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2G :GSM,IS-136,IS-95(CDMA one)
1st Generation cellular systems relied on FDMA / FDD and Analog FM.
Global System Mobile (GSM) supports 8 time slotted users for each 200
kHz each, radio channel.
Interim Standard 136 (IS-136) supports three time slotted users each of 30
kHz each. Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC) is similar to IS-136.
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2G Standards
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Frequencies
Downlink
Frequencies
Duplexing
Multiple Access
Technology
Modulation
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GSM. DCS-1900.
ANSI J-STD-007
FDD
CDMA
BPSK with Quadrature
Spreading
FDD
TDMA
NADC. 1S-54/1S-136.
ANSI J-STD-011. PDC
800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)
1850-19 l0 MHz (US PCS)
869-894 MHz (US Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
800MHz , 1500 MHz (Japan)
FDD
TDMA
/ 4 DQPSK
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GSM. DCS-1900.
ANSI J-STD-007
Carrier
Separation
Channel Data Rate
1.25 MHz
1.2288 Mchips/sec
NADC. 1S-54/1S-136.
ANSI J-STD-011. PDC
30 kHz (1S-136)
(25 kHz for PDC)
200 MHz
48.6 kbps(IS-136)
270.833 kbps
Voice channels
per carrier
Speech
Coding
64
Code Excited linear
Prediction (CELP)
@ 13 kbps. Enhanced
Variable Rate Codec
(EVRC) @ 8 kbps
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2.5 Generation
Provides higher capabilities and per user data rate over 2G systems.
Use 2G infrastructure with little change in 2G software.
Categories: Use Licensed Spectrum
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Data rates of the order of 10kbps supported which is slow for rapid e-mail
and internet browsing.
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When all eight time slots of a GSM radio channel are dedicated to a GPRS,
an individual user is able to achieve as much as 171.2 kbps data
throughput.
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Provides practical data rate of about 384 kbps for a single dedicated user
on a single GSM channel.
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Interim Standard 95 B
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4.Third Generation
It is a always on technology.
3G system promise megabit internet access.
It supports communication using voice over IP (VoIP).
It supports simultaneous voice and data access with multiple parties at the same time using
single handset.
ITU allocate a frequency band in the 2000 MHz range by a plan known as International
Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000).
Using 3G, user can receive live music, conduct interactive web session.
3G is Based on CDMA.
Forward link
Channelization within a sector via orthogonal sequence within a sector via
orthogonal sequence
Sectors are identified by pseudo Sectors are identified by pseudo-random sequences
random sequences
Reverse link
Each users signal is spread by a pseudo s signal is spread by a pseudo-random
sequence
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Upgrade to 3G Technologies
IP based services
384 Kbps still/walking
128 Kbps in a car
2 Mbps indoor environment
Organizations:
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2).
Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF).
Categories:
Cdma2000: Fundamental bases are IS-95 and IS-95B.
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA): Fundamental bases are GSM, PDC, IS-136.
Time Division -Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA):
3G Cellular first deploy in Japan by NTT DoCoMo in 2001 as WCDMA.
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3G W-CDMA (UMTS)
3 G W-CDMA (UMTS)
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or Wide-band CDMA (WCDMA) assures backward compatibility with 2.5G TDMA standards.
W-CDMA supports data rates upto 2.408 Mbps per user to allow high quality data,
multimedia and streaming video broadcasting services.
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3G CDMA2000
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Cdma2000
The first CDMA interface cdma2000 1xRTT means that a single 1.25 MHz
radio channel is used.
cdma2000 1xEV-DO: CDMA carriers with the option of Data Only radio
channels
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Technical
Summary
of
WCDMA
Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz 2170 MHz (Frequency
Division Duplex) UL and DL
Minimum frequency band required: 2x5MHz.
Frequency re-use: 1; Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz.
Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: 196.
Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8
kHz).
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data.
Duplexer needed (190MHz separation), Asymmetric connection supported.
Data type: Packet and circuit switch.
Modulation: QPSK; Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps.
Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22
Maximum user data rate: 2.3Mbps .
Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( 2 Mbps) in the
near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO
systems)
Channel bit rate: 5.76Mbps
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TD-SCDMA
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The multiplex technique is still CDMA, but time division duplexing is used
to share a channel between uplink and downlink.
It is developed by China Academy of Telecommunication Technology
(CATT) and Siemens Corporation, as an IMT-2000 3G standard in 1998.
It is adopted by ITU as one of the 3G option in 1999.
It combines TDMA and TDD techniques to provide data only overlay in an
existing GSM network.
Its proponents claims that the TDD feature allows this 3G standard to be
very easily and inexpensively added to existing GSM system.
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Frequency band: 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz in China (WLL 1900 MHz - 1920
MHz).
Minimum frequency band required: 1.6 MHz.
Frequency re-use: 1 (or 3).
Chip rate: 1.28 Mcps.
Frame length: 10ms.
Number of slots: 7.
Modulation: QPSK or 8-PSK.
Voice data rate: 8 kbps.
Data rate: upto 384 kbps.
Uplink synchronisation.
Physical layer spreading factors: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
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Duplex Infrastructure
change
HSCSD
200KHz
FDD
GPRS
200KHz
FDD
EDGE
200KHz
FDD
Requires software
upgrade at base
station
Requires new
packet overlay
including Routers
and gatewayss
Requires new
transceiver at base
station.Also,
software upgrades to
the base station
controller and base
station.
Requires
new
spectrum
no
no
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FDD
Requires completely
new base stations
no
yes
Yes.
New W-CDMa handsets will work on W-cdma at
2Mbps,Edge networks at 384 Kbps,GPRs networks at
144 kbps,GSM networks at 9.6 Kbps.Older handsets
will not work in W-CDMA.
W-CDMA
5MHz
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IS-95B
Cdma2000
1xRTT
Cdma2000
1xEV (DO and
DV)
Cdma2000
3xRTT
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1.25MHz
1.25MHz
1.25MHz
3.75Mhz
Infrastructure
Duplex
change
FDD
FDD
Requires
new
spectrum
no
no
FDD
no
FDD
Requires backbone
modification and new
channel cards at base
station
maybe
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E EVOLUTION FOR 3G
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3.5 Generation
Provides higher capabilities and per user data rate over 3G systems .
Use 3G infrastructure with little change in 3G software.
Categories : Use Licensed Spectrum
High Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA) .
Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (EGPRS ).
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2.5G,3G Vs 4G Systems
Details
4G
Predominantly voice
driven,
data was always add on
Dependent on country or
continent (1.8 to 2.4 GHz)
5 to 20 MHz
Access technologies
WCDMA, cdma2000
Component design
200 km/h
200 km/h
Bandwidth
Switching design basis
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PCS/PCN: PCS calls for more personalized services whereas PCN refers to
Wireless Networking Concept-any person, anywhere, anytime can make a call
using PC. PCS and PCN terms are sometime used interchangeably
IEEE 802.11: A standard for computer communications using wireless
links[inside building].
ETSIs 20 Mbps HIPER LAN: Standard for indoor Wireless Networks
IMT-2000 [International Mobile Telephone-2000 Standard]: A 3G universal,
multi-function, globally compatible Digital Mobile Radio Standard is in making
Satellite-based Cellular Phone Systems
A very good Chance for Developing Nations to Improve their Communication
Networks
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Technology Trends
Beyond 3G?
Main Candidates
-WOFDM
--WCDMA
-Multi-Carrier CDM
-Other???
How will these systems access the Internet and coexist with wireless LANs?
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Beyond 3G?
In Short
Wireless data and multimedia are the main drivers for future generations of
cellular systems
Several competing standards (as in 2G)
Evolutionary path unclear
Killer application unknown
Will wireless LANs or cellular systems dominate the future wireless data
landscape?
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