Chapter I: The Philippines and its People

1. Geography
The Philippines is an archipelago that consist 7,107 islands with a total land area of
300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi). The islands are divided into three
groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The largest of these islands is Luzon at about
105,000 square kilometers (40,541 sq mi). The next largest island is Mindanao at about
95,000 square kilometers (36,680 sq mi). The archipelago is around 800 kilometers
(500 mi) from the Asian mainland and is located between Taiwan and Borneo.
2. Economy
The Economy of the Philippines is the 40th largest in the world, according to
2012 International Monetary Fund statistics, and is also one of the emerging markets in
the world. The Philippines is considered as a newly industrialized country, which has
been transitioning from being one based on agriculture to one based more on services
and manufacturing. According to the World Bank ICP 2011, the estimated 2011 GDP
(purchasing power parity) was $543.7 billion.
The Philippines has been named as one of the Tiger Cub Economies together
with Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. It is currently one of Asia's fastest growing
economies. However, major problems remain, mainly having to do with alleviating the
wide income and growth disparities between the country's different regions and
socioeconomic classes, reducing corruption, and investing in the infrastructure necessary
to ensure future growth.
3. Population
The Philippines has a population growth rate of 2.04%, one of the highest in Asia.
According to the 2010 Census, the population of the Philippines was 92,337,852 and
2014 population is 99,828,700. it still rank as the 12th most populated country in the
world.
4. Philippine Government
The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government, which has three
coequal branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. The Executive branch consists of
the President and the Vice-President, who are elected by direct popular votes and serve
for a term of six years. The President appoints his Cabinet to help him administer the
functions of the government. The Cabinet is made up of various departments with
specific functions and headed by secretaries. The Legislative branch, which has the
primary responsibility for enacting laws, consists of the Upper House (the Senate) and
the Lower House (the House of Representatives). The Senate President is the head of
the Upper House; while the Lower House is led by the Speaker. The Judiciary branch
consists of the systems of courts, with the Supreme Court as the highest and headed by
the Chief Justice.
5. Filipino Traits
Filipinos has one of the best traits in the world one of you must know. Although they
have been colonized by several countries, core values from their ancestors remained
intact and is still applied up to this time.

A Filipino holds positive traits that most other nationalities admire but there are also
negative traits that makes him a laughing stock of its foreign neighbors.
Positve Traits/Strengths: Close Kinship, Respect for Elders, Hospitality, Strong Faith
in God, Flexibility / Adaptability / Resiliency, Ingenuity and Creativity, Patience and Selfsacrifice, Hard work and Industry, Fairness and Justice, and Readiness to Share and
Help.
Negative Traits/Weaknesses: Bahala Na Habit, Ningas Kugon, Colonial Mentality,
Mamaya Na or Bukas Na Lang Habit, Crab Mentality, Patigasan, Kanya kanya
Passivity (submission to others or to outside influences): Indebtedness Utang Na
Loob, Interpersonal Relationships Pakikisama, and Lack of Self-confidence
Hiya

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines
http://park.org/Philippines/government/philgov.html
http://pilosopotamad.wordpress.com/2013/05/20/what-makes-a-filipino-values-and-beliefs/

Chapter II: The Philippines in Ancient Times (200,000 BC - 1300AD)

1. The Early Settlers
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Philippines may have beeninhabited
many
thousands of years before then, but that can't be stated with certainty. The oldest
human fossil found so far is 22,000 years old.) Little is known of the early human
settlement of the Philippines. Scientific evidence remains inconclusive. There is much
written on the Austronesian peoples of the Southeast Asia area and their descendants.
These peoples were the seafaring people who traveled to distant parts of the world
during this period of history.
Cagayan Man
Cagayan Man refers to a group of humans that inhabited the Cagayan Valley area during
the Ice Age and which are generally held to be the earliest human inhabitants in
the Philippines. This species is also held to be Homo erectus Philippinensis.
It can thus be said that the Cagayan Man was a cave dweller who used tools made from
pebbles and rocks. The sides of the stones were chipped off to create a sharp edge that
could be used for cutting. There has also been evidence that these tools have been
worked on and refined to give it a better shape. Larger tools were made from rock cores
hammered to form a sharp point.
These fossilized tools were similar to those found with Java Man and Peking Man and
were dated to the same time period; however, scientists failed to find fossilized proof of
Cagayan Man's bones.
Tabon Man

The Tabon Man refers to a particular set of human remains, specifically of the
species Homo sapiens sapiens - the intelligent or modern man believed to be the
first man in the Philippines.
Negritos (Aeta)
After the disappearance of the "Cagayan Man", the Negritos came from the Asian
mainland peopled the Philippines. They came about 25,000 years ago walking dry-shod
through Malay Peninsula. Borneo, and the land bridges. Centuries after their arrival, the
huge glaciers of ice melted and the increased volume of water raised the level of the
seas and submerged the land bridges. The Philippines was thus cut off from the Asian
mainland. The Negritos lived permanently in the archipelago and became the first
inhabitants.
The Negritos were a primitive people with a culture belonging to the Old Stone Age
(Paleolithic). They wandered in the forests and lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering
wild fruits and roots. Their homes were temporary sheds made of jungle leaves and
branches of trees. They wore little clothing. They had no community in life, hence they
developed no government, writing, literature, arts, and sciences. They possessed the
crudest kind of religion which was a belief in fetishes. They made fire by rubbing two dry
sticks together to give them warmth. They had no pottery and never cooked their food.
However, they were among they were among the world's best archers, being skilled in
the use of the bow and arrow.
Austronesian
Australo-Melanesian people have a dark-complexioned who lived as hunter-gatherers in
small bands. They arrived around 30,000 years ago. Gradually, they became small in
stature to adapt to a life in the Philippine jungles. These people still survive in isolated
mountainous areas of the islands. However, these hunter-gatherers were overwhelmed
during a period known as the Austronesian expansion (around 2500 BC), when groups of
Asian natives spread out from Taiwan and began island-hopping, forming colonies
wherever they landed. These people were a horticultural people, who survived via a
combination of light agriculture and fishing, and they out-competed the hunter
gatherers.
2. Economic Life
Early Filipinos primarily engaged in the following economic activities: farming, fishing,
poultry and swine raising, gold mining and trade. Agricultural activities among early
Filipinos had an early beginning. The people first used the slash-and-burn method of
planting rice. Later, they adopted wet agriculture. The slash-and-burn method was
common in the interior and high coastal areas while wet agriculture was practiced in the
lowlands. During the planting season, the early Filipinos performed certain rituals to
ensure a bountiful harvest. Work in the fields also followed the changes in season. The
methods used in wet agriculture are similar to what is being done in the rural
areas today. Other crops being raised aside from rice were millet, bananas, sweet potato
or camote, areca nuts, oil, cotton, wine and vinegar and coconuts. Abaca was raised and
its fibers were gathered and made into ropes or fabrics.
3. Social Life

There were three social classes in ancient Filipino society: the nobles(made up of the
datu and their families), the freemen (belong to the timawa or maharlika group), and
the Dependents (or the alipin). there were two kinds of dependents: aliping namamahay
and aliping saguiguilid. The aliping namamahay enjoyed certain privileges such as the
right to own property, and the right to work for any master. The aliping saguiguilid did
not enjoy any right and freedom at all. Women occupied a high position in early society.
They were regarded as equals of men and were given the same respect conferred upon
the men.
Womens Position in Society
The Philippines is described to be a nation of strong women, who directly and indirectly
run the family unit, businesses, government agencies and haciendas. Although they
generally define themselves in the milieu of a masculine dominated post-colonial Asian
Catholic society, Filipino women live in a culture that is focused on the community, with
the family as the main unit of society. It is in this framework of Philippine hierarchical
structure, class differences, religious justifications, and living in a globally developing
nation wherein Filipino women struggle for respect.
Marriage Custom
Traditional marriage customs in the Philippines and Filipino wedding practices pertain to
the characteristics of marriage and wedding traditions established and where Filipino
communities exist. A typical ancient traditional Filipino wedding, during pre-colonial
times, is held for three days and was officiated by a babaylan, a tribal priest or
priestess.
Mixed Marriages
Mixed marriages or marriages between a man and a woman from different social classes
such as a freeman with a slave-were rare. If it happened, the children of the couple were
equally divided among the parents in terms of social status. If there was only one child,
he became half free and half slave. Among the ancient Filipinos, the legitimate children
automatically inherited the property of their parents even without a written agreement
to that effect. When there were no legitimate children, the natural children or children by
the second or third marriage inherited the entire fathers property. When there were no
heirs, the property was given to the couples nearest relatives. As for succession, the
first son of the king or of the village chieftain succeeded hus father. If the first son
died without leaving an heir, the second son succeeded as chieftain. If there was no
male heir, the eldest daughter became the chieftain.
4. The Government
The unit of government was the barangay. The barangay varied in population from 30100 families. The early barangays were independent of each other. The head was called
datu and was the chief executive, legislator, judge and military commander. He made
laws, enforced them and judged all cases and trials brought by the villagers. However,
he had a council of elders who assisted him in his administration. Alliances among
barangays were common and these were formalized in a ritual called sanduguan. The
barangay had both oral and written laws. Oral laws were the customs and traditions
which were handed down through generations.
How a Law was Made by Datu?

The early Filipino named Lubluban, the great granddaughter of the first Filipino man and
woman, was the legendary law-giver. The written laws were promulgated by the datu
and council of elders. A town crier called umalohokan announced the laws to the people.
A law was made by Datu and it will examine by the Elders. The Elders are the group
of people who are the senior of the datu which are also his advisers; they examine the
law presented by datu and evaluate the law if it is considerable, possible or fair enough
to become an official law.
Deciding Cases
The contents of ancient laws involved family relations, property rights, domestic affairs,
inheritance, marriage conflicts, murder and business problems. Punishment for serious
crimes was death, slavery or heavy fines. Minor crimes were punished through with
exposure to ants, long hours of swimming, whipping or fines.
The Trial by Ordeal
To determine the innocence of an accused, he is made to go through a number of
ordeals which he must pass. Examples include dipping ones hand in boiling water,
holding a lighted candle that must not be extinguished, plunging into a river and staying
underwater for as long as possible, chewing uncooked rice and spitting, etc.
5. Culture
Cultures in the ancient times were different than ours today. Because, nowadays there
are so much innovations in terms of clothing, houses, burial customs, education, music,
dance and arts because of the influence of western and southern cultures and during the
times of colonization as of today.
a. Clothing
Filipinos, even in ancient times were very particular about their manner of dressing.
Their clothes were made of cotton, silk and plant fibers. The men's clothing consisted of
a collarless, short-sleeved jacket called cangan and a strip of cloth wrapped around the
waist and between the legs called bahag. Women's clothing consisted of a blouse with
big sleeves called baro and a loose skirt called saya or patadyong. A tapis or a piece of
colored cloth was wrapped around the waist. The men also wore a headdress called
putong or turban while the women knotted their hair at the back of their heads. They
usually wore a salakot or a wide-brimmed hat when walking under the sun or rain. To
further enhance their personal appearance, women adorned themselves with various
types of jewelry such as rings, earrings, bracelets, armlets and necklaces made of gold,
silver, agates, pearls, beads and other precious stones. Tattooing the body was popular
among the Filipino men. To them, it was a symbol of beauty and bravery. A tattoo is a
painting on the human body. A man who killed an enemy tattooed his body to show his
bravery. The more men he killed in battle, the more tattoos he had on his body. The
tattoos were different shapes and colors. They could be geometric or circular or be of
various objects such as birds, flowers, trees, animals or fruits.
b. Ornaments
Flake Stone (Taliptip na Bato)-The flake stone was a tool used by ancient Filipinos
from the Stone Age up to the Early Metal Age. It was used for cutting, slicing and
grating.

Daras na Bato-It is small, grounded and smoothened.-It is also made out of

a smooth stone type. The cross section is shaped like a rectangle or a trapezoid. It is
believed to be used for carving wood.
Pamukpok sa telang balat ng kahoy-It is a tool made of stone and is used to make
cloth out of wood. It was made by the ancient Filipinos in Palawan from a stone and
was used to stroke the wood until it became almost like thread.
Body ornamentation is an ancient tradition in the society of the early Filipinos. The
ornaments are made of stone, metal, crystal, or conch. Four types of ornaments made
of stone and crystal with were found together with the bones of the early Filipinos. Some
other areas where such ornaments were found are Kwebang Bato ng Sorsogon and
Kwebang Manunggul, Leta-Leta and Ngipet Duldug in the island of Palawan. These
ornaments are made out of jade, onyx, agate and jasper. The old ornaments are
evidence of the network of the ancient Filipinos to the other neighboring countries in
Asia.
Shells (Kabibe)-The most commonly used shells are: Cypraea, Nassarius, Abalones,
Cowries, Strombus, Melo, Diadem, and Nautilus. They were used by the Filipino
ancestors as earrings, bracelet, and chain. Some were even used as spoons and
limestone holders.
Lingling-o-The Lingling-or is a type of ear pendant created from jade.
Baybayin or Alibata is the written language of the ancient Filipino.
The pre-Spanish ancestors of the Filipino wrote on leaves, and bamboo. There, they
wrote incantations and placed the bamboo in the entrances of their homes to keep out
evil spirits.
Sining sa Batong Angono
One hundred twenty-seven drawings of people are scattered in the wall. They were
engraved in the walls using a piece of stone. The etching depth is 10 cm up to the
blurred lines. The petroglyphis composed of round shape heads w/ and w/o a neck
drawn above a rectangle or a V-shaped body. The line drawing of the arms and legs are
usually flexed and crooked.
Manuggul Jar (Prehistoric Ceramic Burial Jar)
It was found in Tabon Cave in Palawan and it portrays the journey of a soul after death.
This was used as container for the burial of the bones of dead people. This is the first
evidence of the artistry of ancient Filipinos. The most amazing part of the jar is the cap
with shaped up passenger boat with two figures. It describes their belief that the dead
continue to travel to find other life.
Bul-ol (Anito)
The Bul-ol is a type of a sculpture in the form of human worship to the anitos. According
to the beliefs of the natives, the anitos use the bul-ol as their physical body
c. Houses
The word balay is a Visayan word for house. There were three types of houses during
the early period. Houses built of permanent wooden materials were called town houses.
They were occupied by the datu. This was the largest house in the community. It was
30m long. This was not only the datu's abode, but also his workplace, storehouse and

community center for civic and religious affairs. This center had a public lounging
platform below or in the front. There were separate chambers for the datu, his wife,
family, daughters, concubines and house slaves. Wooden partition carved with foliage in
high relief separated these chambers. The second type of houses were called cottages.
These cottages were occupied by ordinary people (non datus) in the community. They
were made of light materials. This enabled the cottage dwellers to beal ways ready to
move every few years to be near shifting swiddens. These cottages were built near the
fields. The third type was called the tree houses. These houses were used only in times
of war. There were also a variety of huts called balay-balay. They were used by hunters,
farmers and travelers. The houses were elevated off the ground onposts and had steep
roofs. This type was appropriate for a tropical environment characterized by heavy
rainfall. Temporary shelters were also built near the fields where the people raised their
crops. These were made of light materials and were often abandoned after harvest time.
Education and System of Writing
The education of the ancient Filipino is only on their own homes. The parents of the child
are the one who is responsible for the education of their children, they teach them how
to read and write. Alibata is the written language of the Filipino in the ancient times; this
is the type of their communication.
d. Music and Dance
The early Filipinos were music lovers. They had their own musical instruments. These
were the kudyapi or Tagalog guitar, the kalaleng or Tingguan nose flute, the gangsa or
Igorot gong, the silbay or Ilocano reed flute, the tultogan or Visayan bamboo drum and
the kulintang or Muslim xylophone. The Visayans of Panay had a pasiyak which looked
like a pipe and sounds were produced when air was blown inside the pipe. The tambuli
was another popular instrument in ancient Philippines. It was made out of carabao
horns. A hole was made on the smaller end of the horn. Sounds were heard when
air was blown into the small hole. The early Filipinos had songs for various occasions.
They had love songs, songs for planting, sailing and lullabies. An example of a love song
is the kundiman among the Tagalogs. Folk songs were also popular among the early
Filipinos. The sentiments of the early Filipinos were expressed in their dances. Dances
like tinikling, maglalatik, iitik-itik, singkil or sagayan, kumintang, dandansoy or binaly
and epicted various household and occupational activities.
e. Arts
The early Filipinos were artistic people. Nipa hut is an example of Filipino architecture.
Filipinos also showed artistry in the building of various types of boats. Tattooing was
a form of painting. Sculpture was a favorite art form. Clay, wood and gold statues have
been unearthed by Archaeologists. Handles of weapons and tools showed beautiful
carvings.
f. Religious Beliefs
Religion played an important part in the daily life of early Filipinos. They believed in a
Supreme Being which was called Bathala by the Tagalogs; Abba by the Cebuanos;
Kabunyian by theIfugaos; and Laon by the Visayans. The tagalogs believed Bathala was
the creater of heaven, Earth and man. They also worshipped lesser gods such as
Idianale, goddess of agriculture;Sidapa, Visayan god of death; Apolaki, war god to the
Pangasinense; Dallang, Ilocano goddess of beauty; Malyari, Zambal god of strength;
Sisiburannen, god of evil among the Visayans; Hayo, god of the sea; and Dian

Masalanta, god of love of the Tagalogs. The early Filipinos were believers of spirits called
anitos by the Tagalogs and diwatas by the Visayans. They worshiped objects of nature
such as rivers, mountains, the sun, moon and animals because they believed that the
spirits of their dead ancestors might be in them. Part of the elderly Filipinos' religious life
was the mag-anito. This was a ceremony or act of sacrifice which they held in honor of
theirgods. This ritual was led by priests and priestesses called katalonan among the
Tagalogs and babaylan among Visayans. They did not have a definite place of worship.
Ceremonies were usually done inside the house and activities involved dancing and
singing. Fattened pigs were usually the main animals being offered.
g. Burial Custom
The early Filipinos observed certain customs connected with burial and mourning. The
dead man's body was first cleaned thoroughly, sprayed with perfume and
dressed properly. The dead body was preserved inside the house, in a cave or in a
place facing the sea. Among the Visayans, they used hardwood in making coffins for
their dead. They called these caskets "longon". William Henry Scott, in his book
Barangay described these long on as "...hewn from a single tree trunk with a lid cute
from the same piece, fitted, pegged and caulked airtight with resins." The long on of a
datu or a prominent person usually bore intricate decorations which were done by the
future occupant himself. Jars were also used as the resting place of early Filipinos.
During the burial, clothes, food, jewelry, household articles, weapons and even slaves
were buried with the dead man to accompany him on his journey to the other world.
Among the Visayans, this was very important in order to gain acceptance by the
relatives who had already preceded the min the land of the dead. The Visayans believed
that these relatives await the kalag (soul) on the other side of the land of the dead,
which they call Sulad or Saad. During the mourning period, relatives of the dead wore
white clothing. The datu was accorded special mourning rites. It was called larao. The
barangays went into a period of mourning upon the death of a datu. All wars and
activities stopped temporarily. Singing was prohibited especially on boats returning from
the sea. All spears were carried with their heads pointed downward.

Reference: http://www.oocities.org/collegepark/pool/1644/precolonial.html
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Cagayan_Man
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Tabon_Man
http://allanrepalda88s.wordpress.com/history101/pre-colonial-period/
http://www.academia.edu/4023298/II._PHILIPPINES_IN_ANCIENT_TIMES
http://prezi.com/qjh6vlvfsa3f/untitled-prezi/

Chapter III: Early Contacts w/Neighboring Countries (900-1400AD)

1. Early Trade and Contacts
Scholars suggest that trading between early Filipinos and neighboring Asian countries
started as early as third century.
a. Arab Trade Routes in South East Asia
Orang Dampuan
A group from Southern Annam (Vietnam today) that established trading posts in Sulu
between 900 and 1200 AD.
Buranun
Trade between Champa (Annamese Kingdom) and the people of Sulu
Banjar
Trader from Borneo
Arab traders
Dominated Southeast Asian trading. They carried Asian goods to the Western world.
b. Economic and Cultural Exchanges
By 13th century, the Chinese overtook the Arabs in trading. Trade was conducted though
barter system. The currency used was gold coins or pilonsitos.

10

c. Indian Influence on Filipino Culture

It is clearly seen in some of the words in the different languages in the Philippines.
Some tagalog words are derived from Sanskrit
Some myths of Ancient Filipinos also show traces of Indian influence: Indra Batara,
Idiyanale, Agni etc.
2. Economic and Cultural Exchange
a. Thirteenth Century
-Chinese had overtaken the Arabs in the region.
Chinese mentioned the following:
-Ma-I (Mindoro)
-Min-to-lang (Mindanao)
-Ma-li-lu (Manila)
-Su-lu (Sulu)
-Pi-sho-ye (Visayas)
Philippine trade goods included bulak (raw cotton), abaca, cloth of various patterns,
hardwood, gums, resins, etc.
b. Eighth century
-Barter rings
c. Twelfth century
-Gold coins (piloncitos)
Cultural Exchanges
-Filipino is also influence by the Indians of India.
-Sanskrit, the ancient language of India
Ex. Agama (religion), pandita (priest or scholar), tumbaga (copper), bagida (emperor),
sutra (silk), and many more.
-Laguna Copperplate
3. The Coming of Islam
632 A.D - After Mohammad's death, Islam spread outside of Arabia.
Makhdum Karim/Karim ul' Makhdum
-14th-century Arab trader who brought Islam to the Philippines, in 1380.
-Established a mosque in Sulu, known as Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque which is the
oldest mosque in the country.
Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque
-located in Tubig Indangan, Simunul, Tawi-Tawi
-oldest mosque in the Philippines
-National Cultural Treasure

11

Madrasahs (Schools)
-any type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion
Tarsila or Silsila (Arabic)
-means chain
-often used in various senses of lineage. In particular, it may be translated as
"(religious) order" or "genealogy".
The Teaching of Islam
Quran (Koran)
- The holy book of the Muslims. It is considered as the word of supreme creator, Allah as
directly communicated by the angel to the prophet Mohammad.
Among the teachings of the Koran are the following:
-There is only one Supreme Being, Allah, the Creator of the Universe and all of
humankind.
-Life in this world is only temporary.
-The Koran forbids any human or animal representation in their art. Only geometric
patterns are allowed.
-Eating pork, drinking wine, gambling, and other vuces are forbidden in orthodox Islam.
-Islam forbids loans and usury.
-Muslims are duty-bound to help the poor, the orphans, and widows.
-Telling lies, stealing, adultery and murder are all grave sins that deserve serious
punishment.
- A follower of Allah has to observe the following rituals or obligations: a declaration of
faith in the oneness of God (shahada); prayer facing the east (Mecca) five times a
day(salah);fasting (sawm);giving of alms (zakat), and a one-time pilgrmageto Mecca
(hadji).

12

Reference: http://prezi.com/qjh6vlvfsa3f/untitled-prezi/
http://www.scribd.com/doc/190609179/HISTORYMARREN

Chapter IV: Encounter with the West (1400 - 1600)

1. The Coming of the Spaniards
'Tierra Incognita' (unknown islands), a term used by the west to describe the
undiscovered world behind their region. They started to explore the rest of the unknown
world for the sole purpose of trades, Christianization and civilizing the uncivilized.
In the 16th Century, a dramatic change in Europe took place. There was a growth of
industry and commerce, science advancement including inventions in machines and
marine instruments and improvements in science navigation. These changes took place
because of their desire to know more of the orient countries.
A rivalry between the Spain and Portugal existed for the possession of rich colonies in
America, Asia and Africa. Spain, through their "sword and cross" won over the rivals and
set out colonial powers.
The Trade Routes
There were 3 trade routes: The Northern, Southern and Central routes. Together, they
connect Europe and Asia. In 1453, the Turks captured the City of Constantinople and
closed the Northern and Central routes but they let the Venetians used the Southern
route with the condition of paying money. Due to that, they established a monopoly and
compelled Portugal and Spain to search for other trade routes.
a. Northern Route

13

This route passed through Asia by land, then to the cities of Samarkand and Bokhara,
then around the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, and finally to the Constantinople in the
Mediterranean.
b. Central Route
It started from Malacca in the Malay Peninsula, then to the Indian Ocean and Indian
Ports, then to the Persian Gulf to Baghdad and Constantinople and finally to Cairo.
c. Southern Route
It started from Malacca, then to the Indian Ocean and to the ports of India, then to the
Red Sea and finally to Cairo in the Mediterranean.
Early Voyages to Asia
Portugal was the first country in Europe to send out expeditions to the East. The
expedition of Prince Henry, the Navigator, discovered the Islands of Azores (1421) and
Madeira in Africa. He used the instruments for navigation: the windrose compass,
caravel and astrolabe.
Another expedition was led by Bartholomew Diaz and discovered a path in the
southernmost tip of Africa and named it "Cape of Storms" because of the inconveniences
they had in passing through it. Later it was John II of Portugal who renamed it as "Cape
of Good Hope". This was the first expedition in the East that a European country had
done through sailing in the southernmost tip of Africa.
Upon learning these navigation, Spain sent out an expedition led by Christopher
Colombus. He thought that the land he discovered was Asia but it was actually North
America that later, Amerigo Vespucci explored. Other discoveries was made by Spain
soon after. Vicente Pinzon discovered Brazil and Nuez de Balboa discovered Panama
and Pacific Ocean.
The Division of the World
Due to the discoveries carried out by Spain and Portugal, there began a power rivalry
between the two great nations for their sole ownership of islands. Portugal was the first
to established colonies in the East and Spain in the Americas.
Sea Rivalry
Before there wasn't international organizations which will determine official ownership on
a certain place. Portugal and Spain began claiming ownership over the other in some
areas. The claiming of discoveries made by Portugal and Spain started a possible great
dispute between these countries
To avoid this, Pope Alexander VI issued a bull in May 3, 1493 dividing the world into two.
It says that all lands south and west of Azores and Cape Verde belong to Spain and
Portugal for the continent of Africa.
To make everything clear, the Pope issued a bull on the same day that an imaginary line
must be drawn to separate their possessions. The King of Portugal protested because
the Pope nullified the bull (1493) and taking away the rights of Portugal as stated in the
second bull.
To avoid further disputes, together they created the Treaty of Tordesillas to provide equal
rights of possessions.

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The Magellan Expedition

Ferdinand Magellan was actually a Portuguese but he offered his services for the King of
Spain after being ignored by the King of Portugal for his expeditions made.
His journey had the goal of traveling to the Spice Islands with the 5 ships (the flagship
Trinidad, Concepcion, Victoria, Santiago and San Antonio). On September 1519 he sailed
southward across the Atlantic. February 1520, he reached Rio de Plata and March in Port
St. Julian in southern tip of South America. March 1521 he reached Ladrones Islands to
rest and get some food. Some of the natives stole one of his boats and to his anger; he
called the island, Islands of Thieves.
March 17, 1521, marked the first coming of Spaniards in the Philippines in Samar. He
proceeded to Limasawa which was ruled by Rajah Kulambu and be friend him and his
brother Si Agu and sealed their friendship with blood compact. It was the first blood
compact between Filipinos and Spaniards.
On Easter Sunday, the first mass in the Philippines was held in the seashore of Limasawa
and led by Father Pedro de Valderrama. He then named the islands Archipelago of St.
Lazarus (because it was St. Lazarus day) in honor of King Charles of Spain.
The First Baptism
The first baptism was held in Cebu on April 15, 1521 through a mass. Rajah Humabon,
Cebu chieftain welcomed the Spaniards. Gifts were exchanged between the parties of
the blood compact. A cross was erected by Magellan to persuade Cebuanos to become
Christians. More or less, 800 natives were baptized including the Rajah. To
commemorate this event, Magellan gave Rajah's Jumabon wife an image of the infant
Jesus which is now a Patron of Cebu.
2. The Battle of Mactan
There existed a quarrel between Rajah Sula and Rajah Si Lapulapu due to the reason
that the latter did not recognized the sovereign of the King of Spain. To defeat Lapulapu, Sula asked the help of Magellan and he accepted the offer.
Magellan and his 60 men sailed to Mactan in the morning of April 28. The fight happened
and Magellan was wounded in the Leg and with this, the people of Mactan rushed and
end him to death but some Spaniards fled to Cebu. In a party thrown by Rajah
Humabon, many Spaniards who attended the said party were massacred due to the
reason that some Spaniards robbed some natives and raped some women.
Importance of the Expedition
Two of the ships of Magellan were left and they decided to leave Cebu. Both ships have
to sail in Europe by different routes: Victoria will pass through seas of Africa while
Trinidad by way of Pacific. The Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese, while Victoria,
headed by Sebastian del Cano succeeded.
Magellan's expedition proved that the Earth was round. Also, this expedition led to the
other Spanish expeditions to the Philippines.
The Villalobos Expedition
The viceroy of Mexico chose Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to command the expedition. They
arrived in the Philippines due Mindanao but no one welcomed them. Faced with
starvation, Villalobos ordered De la Torre to go to Samar to get some food. Makandala

15

met Dela Torre and gave him food. Villalobos, in his pleasure, named the islands Samar
and Leyte, Felipinas. They then sailed to Moluccas but were captured by the Portuguese
but later they were set free. He died in 1546 in Amboina as he headed back to Mexico.
The Legazpi Expedition
In order to realize the goal of reaching the Spice Islands, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was
chosen to head an expedition. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi upon entering the Philippines
performed a blood compact and sealed friendship with Bankaw and Datu si Katuna. He
was in Bohol where scarcity of food occured which then forced him to sail for Cebu.
Discovery of new route
Having settled in Cebu, Legazpi ordered one of his ships to return to Mexico. It was
piloted by Father Urdaneta. Fatther Urdaneta steered the ship northeastward from the
Philippines in a wide arc through the Pacific and ended in Santa Catalina in California.
Then the ship sailed down the California coast to Mexico, arriving at the port of Navidad.
from Navidad, the ship sailed Acapulco. With this trip, Father Urdaneta discovered a new
route.
3. First Settlement in Cebu
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi made an agreement in Cebu and made a policy of attraction
with the help of Tupas' Brothers, Si Makayo at Si Katapan It states:
Filipinos promised to be loyal to the King of Spain and to the Spaniards.
Filipinos promised to help the Spaniards in any battle against an enemy, and in return,
the Spaniards promised to protect Filipinos from all enemies.
A Filipino who had committed a crime against a Spaniard should be turned over to the
Spanish authorities, while a Spaniard who had committed a crime against a Filipino
should be turned over to the Filipino chieftain.
Goods to be sold, to either the Spaniards or the Filipinos should be moderately priced.
An armed Filipino would not be allowed to enter the Spanish settlement.
4. Settlement in Panay
Legazpi had many problems in Cebu, some of these are : he had the bad feeling of some
of his men who refused to work, some robbed the graves of the Filipinos and a
conspiracy among Spanish soldier to seize the ship San Pablo. Gonzalo de Pareira, a
Portuguese captain, harrased Legazpi through blockading Cebu so that Spaniards will
starve. He did this because he learned that the Philippines lay in the side of the
demarcation line owned by Portugal. But through the help of Cebuanos, Pareira was
ousted in Cebu.
With the problems mentioned above and upon knowing that there are plenty of food in
Panay, he sailed going there. Legazpi caught the sympathy of the people through
peaceful intentions and they were encouraged to convert into Christianity.
First Spanish Voyage to Manila
Legazpi made Panay as his home base. He sent small expeditions to the other islands of
Visayas and the southern Luzon.Meanwhile, Legazpi's younger grandson, Juan de
Salcedo led a small expedition to the north. He arrived there and surveyed the place, he
turned back to his grandfather to report his observations. He reported that Manila was a

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prosperous Muslim Kingdom. Legazpi then sent a expedition to Manila which was divided
in two groups: one led by Martin de Goiti and another by Juan de Salcedo. Manila that
time was ruled by Rajah Sulayman. He refused on the offer of the Spaniards and days
passed, they fought against each other. The natives were defeated against the super fire
power of the Spaniards but Goiti did not stay there. He returned in Panay and reported
to Legazpi what had happened.
5. The Founding of Manila
Legazpi was glad upon hearing from Goiti the defeat of Sulayman and the fall of Manila.
He informed his men that the King of Spain appointed him as a governor and captaingeneral of the islands. At this time, food became scarce in Panay. So they decided to sail
to Manila. Rajah Sulayman, upon knowing the action, prepared for a battle but then was
defeated. Legazpi began laying a foundation of a new city. New houses and churches
were built. On June 24, 1571, Legazpi made Manila as the capital of the Philippines. With
the founding of Manila as the capital, the foundation of the Spanish colonial empire in
Asia had been laid.
Expeditions to other parts of Luzon
With the help of Sulayman's uncle, Lakan Dula, Legazpi sent expeditions to other parts
of Luzon. He sent Goiti in Central Luzon and Salcedo southward. Salcedo conquered
Taytay, Cainta and some towns of Rizal Province. 1572, he went to Northern Luzon and
ruled over Zambales, Pangasinan and Ilocos. Soon after, he sailed the northeast coast of
Luzon including Quezon Province and Polilo Island. As he went home, he was informed
that his grandfather died (on August 20, 1572.)
Reference: http://prezi.com/keqg9v_kydzh/chapter-4-encounter-with-the-west/

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Chapter V: The Philippines under Spanish Rule (1600s - 1800s)

1. Reasons for Spanish Colonization
When King Charles send an expedition to the East, his purpose was for commercial. But
when Legazpi succeeded laying foundation in the Philippines, the Spanish claim the
archipelago in two reasons:
first, since the Philippines was discovered under the patronage of Spain, Philippines
therefore was owned by Spain;
second, since Spain, being in actual possession of the Philippines, it had the right to
colonize it.
As such, the Philippines was in possession of the King of Spain and therefore, a crown
colony.
2. Political Changes
The Central Government
The Laws of the Indies were applied in the Philippines. Spanish then made an organized
central government in the Philippines.By this, the central government was so powerful
that everything has to be done with its knowledge and consent. The central government
was headed by the governor and governor-general who was appointed by the King of
Spain. However, there were only two branches: the executive and the judicial. There
were no legislative because the laws were made by the Spaniards in Spain.
The governor-general was so powerful that he was also the vice royal patron in the
Philippines and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. This power was best shown

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in the right of cumplase. Cumplase was the right of the governor to suspend the
operation of a Royal decree in the Philippines.
The Audiencia
The Audiencia is a court where the judicial powers of the government were exercised.
The lower courts were also one, therefore the Audiencia was the highest court. Here,
civil and criminal cases were concerned.
Local Government
Under the central government was the provincial government. This was headed by the
alcalde mayor. His salary was small but he could collect a part of the tribute to increase
his income. This right was called indulto de comercio.
Under the provincial government was the municipal government which is headed by the
gobernadorcillo. Today, it is equivalent to the mayor. He was aided in the administration
by deputies called tenientes, and subordinate officials called alguaciles.
The City and Its Government
During the first century of Spanish rule, there were only two cities: Cebu and Manila. By
the seventeenth century, the Philippines had six cities as a result of the continuation of
the Spaniards conquest. Because of the increase in the number of cities, the cities had a
different government form than that of the town. It was called ayuntamiento, consisted
of two alcaldes, twelve regidores, a chief police secretary, a city secretary, and other
officials.However, each barangay in a town was headed by a cabeza de barangay who
had no salary.
Propagating the Catholic Faith
In line with the Augustinian Order brought by Legazpi, several missionaries arrived in
the Philippines to spread Catholicism. Some of them are as follows:
Franciscan missionaries (1577)
Jesuits (1581)
Dominican missionaries (1587)
Recollect missionaries (1606)
These missionaries worked hard to propagate the Catholic faith. As a result of their
work, many natives converted to the Catholic religion.
The Union of Church and State
Because the early Kings of Spain contributed a lot in propagating the Catholic faith, they
became closely identified with the Church. There was a union of the church and state.
This union was also introduced in the Philippines. Government officials and church
officials became close with each other. As their bond grew, government officials became
church officials. Likewise, clergy became government officials.
The Church Organization
To administer the parishes efficiently, the Catholic Church was divided into districts.
Districts are then divided into parishes and missions. Districts represented geographic
regions that had different dialects. While, the parishes represented villages and missions
represented areas that were not yet conquered and converted into Catholicism.

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The Inquisition
The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical office, whose duty was to search for heretics and
those guilty of preaching or practicing religious doctrines that were contrary to the
Catholic Church.
The Introduction of Printing
During the early years of Spanish rule, most religious works were handwritten. There
was no printing that time. Since it was very time consuming to coy religious books, the
Dominicans introduced in the Philippines the art of printing. The first printing press was
made and was called xylography or printing by woodblock. As time goes by, they
realized that printing by woodblock was heavy. So, the Dominicans improved printing by
introducing the
The Spanish officials committed a lot of abuses of their power. So, the King of Spain
introduced two institutions to stop the abuses of these Spanish officials. These were the
residencia and the visita. The residencia was the public investigation and trial of
outgoing colonial officials in order to ascertain whether they had committed abuses in
their duty. On the other hand, the visita was a secret investigation of an official's
conduct as a public servant. Its purpose was to ensure that the officials are honest with
their work.
The Plaza Complex
The plaza complex can best illustrate the politico-religious structure of the colonial
government of the country under Spain. Its purpose is to bring natives close to the
church, the convent, the municipio, the marketplace, and the cemetery. This setup
allowed Spaniards to administer and control the natives effectively.
3. Economic Changes
The Encomienda
The Encomienda was a favor from the King, under which the Spaniard receiving the
favor was given the right to collect tributes or taxes from the inhabitants of an area
assigned to him. The man who received this favor was called encomendero.
There were three kinds of encomiendas:
a. Royal encomienda - an encomienda belonged to the King
b. Ecclesiastical encomienda - an encomienda belonged to the church
c. Private encomienda - an encomienda belonged to private individual
Forced Labor
The Spaniards in the Philippines ordered the Filipinos to work in the construction of
churches, roads, bridges, ships, and in the industries of hauling and cutting timber. This
forced labor was called polo y servicio. However, there are conditions to set the labor:
-Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for their work
-Filipino laborers should not be made to work in distant places where there could not
return to their families
-Drafting of laborers should not coincide with the planting and harvest seasons

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-Men who are physically incapable should not be overworked

-Forced labor should be resorted to only in cases of absolute necessity
-Number of laborers drafted should be diminished if laborers from other country had
volunteered to work.
Sadly, the conditions were exploited by the Spanish officials. In fact, the Spaniards
exempts Filipino laborers in condition of paying a pay fee called falla.
The Tribute
In order to raise money for the administration, Filipinos were compelled to pay tributes
to the Spanish colonial government. It was first introduced to be low, but it raised its
quantity and was called sanctorum. Because of the increase, many had opposed. The
King abolished it and replaced the cedula personal.
Taxes
Aside from tribute, Filipinos also paid taxes. These taxes included:
a.. diezmos prediales - a tax consisted of one-tenth of produce of the land
b. donativo de Zamboanga - a tax specifically used for the conquest of Jolo
c. vinta - a tax paid for the defense of the coast from the Muslim pirates
The Galleon Trade
Early before the colonizers, Philippines already had trades with neighboring countries.
When Spaniards settled in the country, trade between Manila and countries of the East
increased because of the encouraging of the Spaniards. Ships from China, Siam
(Thailand), India, Cambodia, Malacca, and what is now Indonesia stopped in Manila to
unload their valuable cargoes. Spanish officials shipped these materials to Acapulco,
Mexico to trade. This trade was called the galleon trade.
The Mexican Subsidy
Because of the poor economic condition of the country, the Philippines became a burden
to Spain. In order to avoid bankruptcy, the Mexican government sent to the Philippines
an annual subsidy called situado. However, the money received was not used for good
purposes. Spanish officials corrupted the money and kept it as their own.
The Economic Society
In 1871, the Economic Society of Friends of the Country was founded. Its aim is to
implement an economic policy in the colony. The Society was divided into sections:
a. factories and manufactures
b. industry and popular education,
c. natural history,
d. domestic and foreign commerce, and
e. agriculture and rural economy
Under the Society, economic concerns were discussed by government officials. By this
system, importation was developed and the most focus is agriculture.

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The Government Monopolies

Monopolies in the country were established to improve the economy, and the most
popular of it was the tobacco monopoly. Consequently, the King issued a decree ordering
the establishment of the monopoly. The following are the provisions:
a. the cultivation of the tobacco was prohibited except for the provinces selected to grow
it;
b. contraband sale of tobacco was forbidden;
c. the government had the exclusive right to purchase all tobacco products, to inspect
and classify the tobacco plant, and to prepare and manufacture cigar and cigarettes;
d. the government had the right to prohibit the exportation or importation of tobacco by
any agency not connected with the government.
Other than the tobacco monopoly, there were also a lot of monopoly. These monopolies
gave a big income in the government but gave burden to the Filipinos. As a result,
farmers left their work rejecting agriculture.
The Royal Company
In 1785, the Royal Company of the Philippines was established. The aims of the
company were to promote progress of the Philippines by improving the foreign trade of
the colony with Spain and to develop the natural resources of the Philippines by
encouraging industry, manufacturing, and agriculture. But, the Company failed. The
causes are as follows:
a. the Spanish merchants in the Philippines did not cooperate wholeheartedly with the
Company;
b. the Company was not able to establish direct contact with commercialized countries,
so it had to buy commodities from these countries, resulting in paying higher prices;
c. the Company was not well-managed; and
d. foreign vessels, instead of Company's vessels, were used.
Economic Development: An Overview
As an overview, the economy didn't developed either. Population decreased and revolts
became problems to the colonial government. Several factors accounted for this:
First, most Spanish officials were lazy, incompetent, and inefficient.
Second, there were frequent quarrels among the Spaniards themselves, especially the
clergy and the governor-general, on one hand, and the high ranking ecclesiastical
officials and the friar-curates, on the other.
Under these circumstances, the people became unproductive and indolent resulting in a
decrease in the economy.

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Reference:http://prezi.com/kyk2h9d-d1hm/copy-of-chapter-5-the-philippines-under-spanish-rule-1600s1800s/

Chapter VI: Challenges to Spanish Authority

The Spanish colonial government was greatly challenged by its rivals. The Portuguese
and the Dutch, as well as the numerous uprising and revolts in Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao. Which leads to ruin of old Spanish forts, a Moro watch over along the coast,
statues of Spanish conquistadores and missionaries, and images of Filipino heroes like
Lapulapu, Raja Sulayman, Sultan Kudarat, mark many Philippine towns.
Portuguese and Dutch Threats (1566-1570)
Portuguese Vs. Spanish
Under to treaty of Zaragoza, the Island of Cebu was belonged to them,and Portuguese at
that time was lead by General Gonzalo Pereira. But the owning of Cebu was refused by
Legaspi.
Dutch Vs. Spanish
Dutch are freedom-loving people. During 1579,Holland send an expedition under Admiral
oliver Van Noort. Spain finally recognized the freedom of Holland in the conclusion of the
Westphalia on 1648.
Early Resistances in LUZVIMINDA
Lakan Dula is friendly to Legaspi,he to rebuild Manila.he also help martin de Gioti,
Legaspi's second master of camp, in conquest of what are now Manila.
They repaid Lakan Dula by exempting him and his descendants from payment of tributes
and forced labor.

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Governor Guido de Lavezares successor of Legaspi lifted those benefits or the exemption
of Lakan Dula, that's why he raised revolts.
Leagspi's grandson, Juan de Salcedo, and Father Geronimo Martin persuaded Lakan Dula
to lay down his. In return, they promised to exemp him amd his descendants from the
payment of tribute and forced labor. Lakan Dula believed them and return home in
peace. The governor pardoned him and gives him gifts of silk amd gold.
The Tondo Conspiracy

Members: Wenceslao E. Retana, Magat Salamat, Agustin de Leagaspi , Juan Banal

and Pedro Belingit
The plan of the society was to have a Christian Japanese ally bring Japanese weapons
and soldier to the Philippines. With these weapons would be able to drive away the
Spaniards. The plan seemed good, but it was aborted due to spies who reported to
spanish authorities. Immediately, the leaders were executed while those implicated were
banishing to Mexico.
Revolt of Magalat(1596)
In Cagayan, some natives led by magalat rose in revolts against spanish rule in 1596
and although it was quelled, the filipino rebels continued their position to the
spniards.The spanish hired a filipino to assassin to murder magalat.the plan succeeded
and magalat was killed.According to a spanish contemporary historian.Antonio de Morga,
with the death of magalat, Cagayan became quite and peace reigned once more.
Ladia's Conspiracy (1643)
He is Pedro Ladia claiming that he is the descendants of Lakan Dula, he would called
himself as "King of Tagalog" if he success. Sadly he failed, his plan reach to friar-curate
of Malolos who dissuaded the town people from believing Ladia. Because of that Ladia
was arrested, sent to Manila, and then executed.
The Revolt of Sumuroy
In 1660, the Kapampangans, under the leadership of Francisco Maniago, declared war
against the Spaniards. This revolt, like the conspiracy of Agustin de Legaspi and that of
Ladia sought to destroy Spanish power and declare that the people of Luzon were free
and independent. But aside from this purpose, the revolt was also caused by the abuses
of the Spanish officials who refused to pay for the food they had taken from the Filipino.
The governor General himself, fearing that people might follow Maniago's example, he
conferred with the chief of Arayat, Juan Macapagal, who promised to help the
Spaniards to help quell the revolt. Maniago weakend with Macapagal's announced
intention, consequently, Maniago sent emissary to the governor-general in order to
make peace and make the following demands:

1.) For the governor-general to pardon all those who participated in the revolts.
2.) The Kapampangan to recieved a sum of P200,000, 14,00 was paid for the down
payment.

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3.) To the Kapampangan to continue to cut tomber, as required gor the forced labor, but
they would give such time to performed their work at home.
The Revolt of Malong
Like those past revolts, Malong also struggle for freedom and dissapponted to spaniards,
bacause of maltreated and polo y servicio(forced labor). The revolt spread to the whoke
provinces and it coursed becaused of the disturbance and many spaniards are killed,
including the provincial gobernador. So successful that revolt of malong and was called
as " King of Pangasinan."
In 1762, after malong was executed, the people of Binaatongan, Dagupan, Calasioa,
Santa Barbara etc. raised arms as tribute to Malong lead by Juan Dela Cruz Palaris.
Revolt of Bancao
Reason of Bancao was same with the past revolts, which is "Disappointments" to
Spanish.

-Legaspi befriend to Bancao who gave him food and supplies.

-He is loyal to spanish king.
-The native stopped going to church because of bancao, He hated with the friar-curate
and friar ask help to governor general of Cebu, Bancao defeated and executed.
The Revolt of Sumuroy
In 1649 the goverdanor general order the provincial governors of the Visayan provinces
to send workers to the Cavite shipyard. Agustin Sumuroy gathered to show their deep
resentment, the people of Palapag, Samar and revolts against Spaniards. In 1650, the
government sent a strong army contingent and engages Sumuroy in a battle in the
mountains. He was defeats, captured, and executed.
The Chinese Presence
Chinese came to manila annually bringing fruits, ceramics, bowls, plates, silk and etc.
and exchange to the filipino with silver and gold.
Sangley- to Spaniards meant traders who came and went with no intension.
In 1603 uprising erupted in Tondo and Quiapo, which were easily quelled by the
combined Spanish-Filipino force. Thus from 150 Chinese living around Manila upon
arrival of Legazpi in 1571 the Chinese reached 100,000 during the revolution of 1896.
The Moro Wars in the South
The longest and bloodiest attempt by the Spaniards was the colonization and
Christianization of the Muslim in the southern island of Mindanao.

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Reference: http://prezi.com/slum5_3h9ruy/chapter-6-challenges-to-spanish-authority/

Chapter VII: Cultural Changes and Identity (1600s - 1800s)

Spanish Influences
The coming of the Spaniards brought the Filipinos into contact with Western culture. In
particular, the Spanish way of life was introduced: their clothing, cooking, eating habits,
forms of amusement, Spanish words, and Christianity-all these resulted in the mixing of
Spanish and Filipino cultural elements. The combination of two, so to speak, which was
neither native nor Spanish, in the course of time, became the dominant culture. This
new cuture, which was Spanish and Filipino in origin, has now become recognizably
Filipino yet colonial in impact and function.
Change in Filipino Names
Before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos had no surnames. Because no Filipinos had
no surnames, confusion arose. To put an end to this confusion, Governor-General
Narciso Claveria issued a decree in 1849 allowing the Filipinos to change their names. A
very long list of Spanish names was prepared so that Filipinos could choose the names
they wanted to use.
Intermarriage
The child of the marriage of a Filipino and a Spaniard was called Spanish mestizo.
Toward the end of the Spanish period, the qualifying word,"mestizo", was also used to
refer to children of a male Chinese and a native woman, as in mestiza de Sangley. Those
who belonged to the pure indigenous stock were called "Indios" or "Indias."
Social Life

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The social life in any Christian community during the Spanish times revolved around the
church because the friar-curate was the all-powerful person in the whole community.
Beside the church was the municipal building called tribunal, where the gobernadorcillo
or capitan held office. The pista or fiesta gave the Filipinos a dar or so of relaxation from
their toils in the farms. It was during fiesta time that even the poorest Filipino family
prepared plenty of good foods for their guests.
Amusement
Cockfighting was the principal form of entertainment of the Filipino men. Cockfighting
was a regular event during fiestas and even to this day. Lottery, horse race, and
bullfighting were all of Spanish origin.
Changes in Clothing
The barong, or what is popularly called today as barong Tagalog, began to be worn at
this time by the ordinary menfolk. In the care of the capitan or gobenadorcillo, he wore
a salakot with a silver top. The woman, on the other hand, still wore their skirt or saya,
the tapis, and the patadying.
The Antillean Houses
The houses of rich Fiipinos during those days were of Antillean architecture. On the other
hand, the houses of poor Filipinos remained almost the same as in pre-Spanish times.
Impact of Cultural Changes
The overall impact or effects of the cultural changes brought by Spain in the Philippines
may be described as both positive and enriching, as well as negative and divisive.
Clothes, shoes, houses, among others, may have advanced in style and comfort, and
may have been a delight in sight, especially as the Spanish and the Filipino styles
produce a beautiful mix. Intermarriages between a male Spaniard and a native woman
produced the mestisaje among the population whose looks, languages, values, and ways
of colonizers, further widened the gap between the Indios and the non-Indios.

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Reference: http://prezi.com/v0n-jpmnsc43/cultural-changes-and-identity-1600-1800/

Chapter IV: The Beginnigs of Filipino Nationalism ( 1,700 - 1900s )

Reference:http://prezi.com/nkzew6l1jga7/the-beginnings-of-filipino-nationalism/

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