Professional Documents
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Exercises
E3.1
E3.2
q (t ) i (x )dx 0
0
10 3 dx 10 3t for 0 t 2 ms
0
2E 3
10
dx
10
dx 4 10 -6 10 3t for 2 ms t 4 ms
2E 3
v (t ) q (t ) / C
10 4t for 0 t 2 ms
40 10 4t for 2 ms t 4 ms
p (t ) i (t )v (t )
10t for 0 t 2 ms
40 10 3 10t for 2 ms t 4 ms
w (t ) Cv 2 (t ) / 2
5t 2 for 0 t 2 ms
0.5 10 7 (40 10 4t ) 2 for 2 ms t 4 ms
in which the units of charge, electrical potential, power, and energy are
coulombs, volts, watts and joules, respectively. Plots of these quantities
are shown in Figure 3.8 in the book.
E3.3
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v (t )
C1
i (t )dt
v 1 (0)
C2
i (t )dt
v 2 (0)
C3
i (t )dt
v 3 (0)
C1 C2 C3 0
Now if we define
1
1
1
1
and v (0) v 1 (0) v 2 (0) v 3 (0)
C eq C 1 C 2 C 3
we can write Equation (1) as
t
1
v (t )
i (t )dt v (0)
C eq
(1)
E3.4
2 / 3 F
1 / C1 1 / C2 1 / 2 1 / 1
(b) For parallel capacitances:
C eq C1 C 2 1 2 3 F
E3.5
From Table 3.1 we find that the relative dielectric constant of polyester
is 3.4. We solve Equation 3.26 for the area of each sheet:
Cd
Cd
10 6 15 10 6
A
0.4985 m2
r 0 3.4 8.85 10 12
Then the length of the strip is
L A /W 0.4985 /(2 10 2 ) 24.93 m
E3.6
v (t ) L
di (t )
d
(10 10 3 )
0.1 cos 10 4t 10 sin10 4t V
dt
dt
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E3.7
1
1
i (t ) v (x )dx i (0)
v (x )dx
L0
150 10 6 0
t
6667
2E-6
7.5 10
2E-6
E3.8
dt
dt
dt
Then if we define Leq L1 L2 L3 , Equation (1) becomes:
v (t ) Leq
di (t )
dt
which shows that the series combination of the three inductances has
the same terminal equation as the equivalent inductance.
E3.9
L1
L2
L3
(1)
i (t )
Leq
v (t )dt
i (0)
E3.11
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Problems
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5*
i t C
dv
dt
10 5
d
100 sin1000t cos1000t
dt
w (t )
1
C v t 2 0.05 sin2 1000t
2
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P3.6*
dv
dt
dv
i
100 10 6
0.05 V/s
dt C 2000 10 6
i C
v t
P3.7*
i t dt v 0
0
dv dt
100
2000 s
0.05
v t 2 10 4 3 10 3dt 20
v t 60t 20 V
p t i t v t 3 10 3 60t 20 W
2 13.4 10 6
51.8 kV
C
0.01
It turns out that a 0.01-F capacitor rated for this voltage would be much
too large and massive for powering an automobile. Besides, to have
reasonable performance, an automobile would need much more than 5 hp
for an hour.
P3.9
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P3.10
v t
i t dt
v 0
Im cos(t )dt
Im
sin(t ) sin(0)
C
C 0
C 0
I
m sin(t )
C
Clearly for , the voltage becomes zero, so the capacitance
becomes the equivalent of a short circuit.
P3.11
i t C
dv
dt
d
100e 100t
dt
0.01e 100t A
10 6
p t v t i t
e 200t W
1
2
5 10 3 e 200t J
w t C v t 2
P3.12
Q Cv 5 10 6 200 1 mC
W
P
1
1
Cv 2 5 10 6 200 2 0.1 J
2
2
W
0.1
6 100 kW
t
10
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P3.13
P3.14
v t
i t dt
0
v 0
t
v t 2 10 6 i t dt
p t v t i t
1
w t Cv 2 t 0.25 10 6 v 2 t
2
The sketches should be similar to the following plots. The units for the
quantities in these plots are A, V, W, J and s.
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P3.15
Because the switch is closed prior to t 0 , the initial voltage is zero, and
we have
t
t
1
v t i t dt v 0 2 10 5 (3 10 3 )dt 0 600t
v (10 10 ) 6 V
p vi 1.8t W
p (10 10 3 ) 18 mW
3
1
Cv 2 t 0.9t 2 J
2
w (10 10 3 ) 90 J
w t
P3.16
v t
6
i t dt v 0 0.333 10 i t dt 10
p t v t i t
w t
1 2
Cv t 1.5 10 6 v 2 t
2
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The sketches should be similar to the following plots. The units for the
quantities in these plots are A, V, W, J and s.
P3.17
We can write
1
w Cv 2 5 10 6v 2 200
2
Solving, we find v 6325 V. Then, because the stored energy is
decreasing, the power is negative. Thus, we have
p 500
i
- 79.06 mA
v
6325
The minus sign shows that the current actually flows opposite to the
passive convention. Thus, current flows out of the positive terminal of
the capacitor.
P3.18
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P3.20
dq t d
C (t )v (t ) d 200 10 6 100 10 6 sin(200t )
dt
dt
dt
i t 20 cos(200t ) mA
i t
We can write v t0 Vf
t0 t
i t dt
t0
the current pulse, which has units of ampere seconds or coulombs and
must equal Vf C . The pulse area represents the net charge transferred by
the current pulse. Because a constant-amplitude pulse has the largest
area for a given peak amplitude, we can say that the peak amplitude of
the current pulse must be at least as large as Vf C / t .
We conclude that the area of the pulse remains constant and that
the peak amplitude approaches infinity as t approaches zero. In the
limit, this type of pulse is called an impulse.
P3.21
For the voltage to be zero for all values of current and time, the
capacitance must be infinite. Thus, an infinite initially uncharged
capacitance is equivalent to a short circuit.
For an open circuit, the current must be zero. This requires infinite
resistance. However for a capacitance, we have
i t C
dv t
dt
i t C
dv t
dt
20 10 6
d
3 cos10 5t 2 sin10 5t
dt
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6 sin10 5t 4 cos10 5t
p t v t i t
P3.24*
(a) Ceq 1
1
2 F
1 21 2
As shown below, the two capacitors are placed in series with the heart to
produce the output pulse.
While the capacitors are connected, the average voltage supplied to the
heart is 4.95 V. Thus, the average current is I pulse 4.95 500 9.9 mA .
The charge removed from each capacitor during the pulse is
Q 9.9 mA 1 ms 9.9 C . This results in a 0.l V change in voltage, so
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Q 9.9 10 6
we have C eq
The battery must supply 9.9 C to each battery. Thus, the average
2 9.9 C
current supplied by the battery is I battery
19.8 A . The
1s
ampere-hour rating of the battery is
19.8 10 6 5 365 24 0.867 Ampere hours .
P3.26
(b) C eq
P3.27
1
1
4.667 F
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
1
2 F
1 2 1 1 4 2
(a) C eq 3
P3.28
C eq
1
6 F
1 C1 1 C2
Q
20 V
C1
Q
v2
30 V
C2
v1
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Thus, the total energy stored in the two capacitors is w total 1.25 J.
C eq 2
P3.30
P3.31*
P3.32
r 0 A
r 0A
d
d
1
4 F
1/6 1/3
15 8.85 10 12 10 10 2 30 10 2
0.398 F
0.01 10 3
r 0WL
W1 1 2C1 V1 2 500 J
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Q
10 6
Using C
r 0A
r 0WL
1
1 r 0WL 2 2 1
2
, we have Wmax
CVmax
K d r 0K 2WLd .
2
2 d
2
However, the volume of the dielectric is Vol = WLd, so we have
1
Wmax r 0K 2 (Vol)
2
Thus, we conclude that the maximum energy stored is independent of W,
L, and d if the volume is constant and if both W and L are much larger
than d. To achieve large energy storage per unit volume, we should look
for a dielectric having a large value for the product r K 2 . The dielectric
Wmax
53.1 10 9 sin(1000t )
dt
P3.36
dt
C above 200
100 x
100
pF
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in which x is the height of the liquid in cm. For the portion of the plates
below the surface of the liquid:
100
Then the total capacitance is:
C C above C below
C 200 28x
P3.37
pF
25000 V
C empty 100 10 12
2
w empty 21 C emptyVempty
21 100 10 12 25000 2 31.25 mJ
dv c t
d
10 cos100t 10 4 sin100t
10 7
dt
dt
3
v r t Ric t 10 sin100t
v t v c t v r t
ic t C
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ic t 0.1 sin10 7t
v r t sin10 7
2.9 10 6 m3
2
2
12
5
0 r K
8.85 10 32 10
Clearly an air dielectric capacitor is not a practical energy storage device
for an electric car!
The thickness of the dielectric is
V
10 3
d min max
0.3125 mm
K
32 10 5
P3.40
W2 1 2C 2 V2 2 50 mJ
Thus, the total stored energy is 100 mJ. The charge on the top plate of
C 1 is Q1 C 1V1 1000 C . The charge on the top plate of C 2
is Q2 C 2V2 1000 C . Thus, the total charge on the top plates is
zero. When the switch closes, the charges cancel, the voltage becomes
zero, and the stored energy becomes zero.
Where did the energy go? Usually, the resistance of the wires absorbs
it. If the superconductors are used so that the resistance is zero, the
energy can be accounted for by considering the inductance of the circuit.
(It is not possible to have a real circuit that is precisely modeled by
Figure P3.40; there is always resistance and inductance associated with
the wires that connect the capacitances.)
P3.41
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P3.43*
L 2H
v L t L
di L t
dt
p t v L t iL t
w t
P3.44* v L L
1
LiL t 2
2
di
4
0.5
10 V
dt
0.2
P3.45*
iL t
L0
3
5
v L t dt iL 0 20 10 10dt 0.1 2 10 t 0.1 A
Solving for the time that the current reaches 100 mA , we have
P3.46
t1
iL t1
L 0
iL (6)
1
3
v L t dt iL 0
10dt
0 20 A
p 6 v L 6iL 6 200 W
1 2
Li , the energy stored
2
in the inductor decreases when the current magnitude decreases.
Therefore, energy is flowing out of the inductor.
di (t )
Because we have v L (t ) L L
, the voltage is zero when the current is
dt
constant. Thus the power, which is the product of current and voltage, is
zero if the current is constant.
P3.48
Because we have v L (t ) L
di L (t )
, the voltage is zero when the current is
dt
constant. Thus, we say that inductors act as short circuits for steady dc
currents.
P3.49
L 0.1 H
v L t L
iL t 0.5 sin1000t A
di L t
50 cos 1000t V
dt
1
LiL t 2 0.0125 sin2 1000t J
2
The sketches should be similar to the following plots. The units for the
quantities in these plots are A, V, W, J and s.
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P3.50
L 0.3 H
iL t 5e 200t
v L t L
di L t
300e 200t V
dt
w t
1
LiL t 2 3.75e 400t J
2
The sketches should be similar to the following plots. The units for the
quantities in these plots are A, V, W, J and s.
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is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
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P3.51
L 2H
iL t
v L t dt iL 0
0
1
v L t dt
2 0
p t v L t iL t
w t
1
LiL t 2 iL t 2
2
The sketches should be similar to the following plots. The units for the
quantities in these plots are A, V, W, J and s
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P3.52
L 10 H
iL t
v L t 5 sin10 6t
v t dt
L L
0
iL 0 10
5 sin10 t dt
6
w t
1
LiL t 2 1.25 cos 2 10 6t J
2
The sketches should be similar to the following plots. The units for the
quantities in these plots are A, V, W, J and s
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P3.53
Lt
v L (4) 20 V. Finally, because the current and voltage have the same
algebraic signs, the current flows into the positive polarity.
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P3.55
Lt
dt
P3.56
P3.57
i t
v t dt
L
0
i 0
Vm cos(t )dt
L
0
Vm
sin(t ) sin(0)
L
V
m sin(t )
L
Clearly for , the current becomes zero, so the inductance becomes
the equivalent of an open circuit.
P3.58
We can write iL t0 t If
t0 t
area of the voltage pulse, which has units of volt seconds and must equal
If L . Because a constant-amplitude pulse has the largest area for a given
peak amplitude, we can say that the peak amplitude of the voltage pulse
must be at least as large as If L / t .
We conclude that the area of the pulse remains constant and that
the peak amplitude approaches infinity as t approaches zero. In the
limit, this type of pulse is called an impulse.
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P3.59
P3.60*
(a) Leq 1
1
3H
1 6 1 1 2
(a) The 2 H inductors and 0.5 H inductor have no effect because they
are in parallel with a short circuit. Thus, Leq 1 H .
(b) The two 2-H inductances in parallel are equivalent to 1 H. Also, the 1
H in parallel with the 3 H inductance is equivalent to 0.75 H. Thus,
1
Leq 1
2.158 H .
1 1 1 1 2 0.75
P3.62
P3.63*
i t
i1 t
Leq
1
L1
v t dt
0
L1 L2 t
v t dt
L1L2 0
v t dt
0
L2
2
i t .
L1 L2
3
L1
1
Similarly, we have i2 t
i t i t .
L1 L2
3
i t
P3.64
P3.65
P3.66
P3.67
di t
100 sin10 5
dt
v t vR t v L t
v L t L
v L t 0.01 sin10t
v t 0.1 cos 10t 0.01 sin10t
Because v L L
di L (t )
0 for currents that are constant in time, we
dt
P3.69
di L (t )
10 10 3 10 4 [cos(10 4t )] 100 cos(10 4t ) V
dt
dv (t )
iC (t ) C
sin(10 4t ) A
dt
i (t ) iC (t ) iL (t ) 0
v (t ) L
w (t ) wC (t ) w L (t ) 5 mJ
The values in this circuit have been carefully selected so the source
current is zero. Because the source current is zero and there are no
resistances, there is no source or sink for energy in the circuit. Thus, we
would expect the total energy to be constant, as the equations show. The
total energy surges back and forth between the capacitance and the
inductance. In a real circuit, the parasitic resistances would eventually
absorb the energy. The circuit is analogous to a swinging pendulum or a
ringing bell.
P3.70
dv C (t )
250 10 6 40 1000[ sin(1000t )] 10 sin(1000t ) A
dt
di (t )
v L (t ) L
40 cos(1000t ) V
dt
v (t ) vC (t ) v L (t ) 0
i (t ) C
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w (t ) wC (t ) w L (t ) 200 mJ
The values in this circuit have been carefully selected so the source
voltage is zero. Because the source voltage is zero and there are no
resistances, there is no source or sink for energy in the circuit. Thus, we
would expect the total energy to be constant, as the equations show. The
total energy surges back and forth between the capacitance and the
inductance. In a real circuit, the parasitic resistances would eventually
absorb the energy. The circuit is analogous to a swinging pendulum or a
ringing bell.
P3.71
P3.72*
(a)
di 1 t
di t
M 2
dt
dt
di t
di t
v 2 t M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
However, for the circuit at hand, we have i t i1 t i2 t .
v 1 t L1
Thus,
di t
dt
di t
v 2 t L2 M
dt
Also, we have v t v 1 t v 2 t .
v 1 t L1 M
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Substituting, we obtain v t L1 2M L2
Thus, we can write v t Leq
Leq L1 2M L2 .
di t
.
dt
di t
, in which
dt
(a) Refer to Figures 3.23 and P3.73. For the dots as shown in Figure
P3.73, we have
di 1 t
di t
M 2
40 cos20t 15 sin(30t ) V
dt
dt
di t
di t
v 2 t M 1
L2 2
20 cos20t 45 sin(30t ) V
dt
dt
v 1 t L1
di 1 t
di t
M 2
40 cos20t 15 sin(30t ) V
dt
dt
di t
di t
v 2 t M 1
L2 2
20 cos20t 45 sin(30t )
dt
dt
v 1 t L1
P3.74
In general, we have
di 1
di
M 2
dt
dt
di
di
v 2 (t ) M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
v 1 (t ) L1
With a short circuit across the terminals of the second coil, we have
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di 1 t
di t
M 2
dt
dt
di t
di t
v 2 t 0 M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
Solving the second equation for di 2 (t ) / dt and substituting into the first
v 1 t L1
equation, we have
v 1 t L1
di 1 t M 2 di 1 t L1L2 M 2 di 1 t
dt
L2 dt
L2
dt
L2
P3.76
di 1 t
di t
M 2
dt
dt
di t
di t
v t M 1
L2 2
dt
dt
v t L1
di 1 t v (t ) L2
L M
2
v (t )
L1 M L1 L2 M 2
dt
M L2
di 2 t M v (t )
L M
1
v (t )
L1 M L1 L2 M 2
dt
M L2
Then, we have
i (t ) i1 (t ) i2 (t )
di t di 1 t di 1 t L1 L2 2M
v (t )
dt
dt
dt
L1 L2 M 2
di L
d
exp( 2t ) sin(4t )
0.2
dt
dt
v L 0.8 exp( 2t ) cos(4t ) 0.4 exp( 2t ) sin(4t )
vL L
iL = exp(-2*t)*sin(4*pi*t);
vL = 0.2*diff(iL,t);
ezplot(iL, [0 2])
hold on
ezplot(vL, [0 2])
The result is:
P3.78
iL t
v L t dt iL 0
0
t exp( t )dt
L
0
iL (t ) 1 t exp( t ) exp( t )
A sequence of MATLAB commands to verify our result for iL(t) and obtain
the desired plots is
syms iL vL t
vL = t*exp(-t);
iL = int(vL,t,0,t)
ezplot(vL, [0 10])
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is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, 31
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hold on
ezplot(iL, [0 10])
The result is:
Practice Test
T3.1
v ab t
5
iab t dt vC 0 10 0.3 exp( 2000t )dt
0
v ab t 15 15 exp( 2000t ) V
wC
T3.2
1 2
1
Cv C 10 5 (15)2 1.125 mJ
2
2
The 6-F and 3-F capacitances are in series and have an equivalent
capacitance of
1
C eq1
2 F
1 / 6 1 /3
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is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,32
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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Ceq1 is in parallel with the 4-F capacitance, and the combination has an
equivalent capacitance of
Ceq 2 Ceq 1 4 6 F
Ceq2 is in series with the 12-F and the combination, has an equivalent
capacitance of
1
4 F
1 / 12 1 / 6
Finally, Ceq3 is in parallel with the 1-F capacitance, and the equivalent
capacitance is
Ceq Ceq 3 1 5 F
C eq3
r 0A 80 8.85 10 12 2 10 2 3 10 2
4248 pF
d
0.1 10 3
T3.3
T3.4
v ab (t ) L
di ab
2 10 3 0.3 2000 cos(2000t ) 1.2 cos(2000t ) V
dt
The maximum value of sin(2000t) is unity. Thus the peak current is 0.3 A,
The 2-H and 4-H inductances are in parallel and the combination has an
equivalent inductance of
1
Leq 1
1.333 H
1 /2 1 / 4
Also, the 3-H and 5-H inductances are in parallel, and the combination
has an equivalent inductance of
1
Leq 2
1.875 H
1 /3 1 / 5
Finally, Leq1 and Leq2 are in series. The equivalent inductance between
terminals a and b is
Leq Leq 1 Leq 2 3.208 H
T3.6
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is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,33
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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di 1 t
di t
M 2
dt
dt
di t
di t
v 2 t M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
v 1 t L1
in which the currents are referenced into the positive polarities. Thus
the currents are
i1 (t ) 2 cos(500t ) and i2 (t ) 2 exp( 400t )
Substituting the inductance values and the current expressions we have
T3.7
2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,34
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,35
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.