Ghost-cell immersed boundary method for inviscid

compressible flows
B. Sanderse, B. Koren
CWI, TU Delft

June 17, 2009

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Overview

Overview

Introduction and background

Potential flows
Euler flows
Conclusions

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Introduction

Outline

Introduction

Potential flow

Euler flow

Conclusions

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

3 / 22

Introduction

Motivation
Vision 2020: studying and minimizing the aviation industrys impact on
the global climate. Reductions in:
Fuel consumption
Noise
Emissions

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Introduction

Motivation
Vision 2020: studying and minimizing the aviation industrys impact on
the global climate. Reductions in:
Fuel consumption
Noise
Emissions
Development of unconventional aircraft configurations

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

4 / 22

Introduction

Goal

A computational method for preliminary aerodynamic design and

optimization of unconventional aircraft configurations.
Requirements:
Fast (solving and mesh generation)
Accuracy similar/better than codes currently used in optimization
Handle complex geometries

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Introduction

Immersed boundary method

Ghost-cell method for full-potential equation and Euler equations:
No mesh generation
Straightforward implementation
Fast solution
Able to describe shock waves

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Potential flow

Outline

Introduction

Potential flow

Euler flow

Conclusions

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Potential flow

Full potential equation

Governing equation (conservative):

(x )x + (y )y = 0,
or (non-conservative):
(a2 u2 )xx 2uvxy + (a2 v 2 )yy = 0.
Simple test equation for ghost-cell method on compressible flows.
Error in shock jumps small until M 1.3.
Fast solution with Approximate Factorization algorithm.

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Potential flow

Ghost-cell method
Identification ghost cells and fluid cells.
Boundary condition:
~u ~n = 0

= 0.
n

Set value in ghost cell:

i = m .

2
1

m
b

n
n
i
i

(d)

(c)
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Potential flow

Bilinear interpolation - case I

Assume (x, y) = a + bx + cy + dxy. With four surrounding points:

1 x1 y1 x1 y1
a
1
1 x2 y2 x2 y2 b 2

1 x3 y3 x3 y3 c = 3 .
1 x4 y4 x4 y4
d
4
value of m follows from:
m = a + bxm + cym + dxm ym .
2

m
1

i
Case I
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Potential flow

Bilinear interpolation - case II

Use

= 0 in point b1 by differentiating the bilinear form:




x
y
x
y
=b
+c
+ d xb
+ yb
= 0,
n
n
n
n
n

b1

m
i

Case II
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Potential flow

Bilinear interpolation - case II

1
1

1
0

x1
x2
x3


x

n b1

y1
y2
y3
y

xb1

n b1

b1

x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
y

n b + yb1
1

a
1
b 2
= .
c 3


x
d
0
n b1

m
i

Case II
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Potential flow

Bilinear interpolation - case III

1
1

x1
x2


x
n
b1
x
n b2

y1
y2
y

n
b1
y

xb1
xb2

n b2

b1
b2

x1 y1
x2 y2
y

n
b1 + yb1
y
n b + yb2
2

a
1

b 2

= 0 .
c

n
b1
x
d
0
n b
2

m
i

Case III
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

12 / 22

Potential flow

Results
NACA 0012; 400 points to describe surface.
M = 0.8, = 0 .
Domain 11 5, stretched grid.
1

1.2
1

0.6

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.2

0.4

0.8

0
4.5

5.5
x

6.5

Figure: Mach contour lines, x = y = 1/200.

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

13 / 22

Potential flow

Results
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

IBM 0.005
IBM 0.01
IBM 0.02

0.8

IBM 0.04

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible0 flows 0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 17, 2009

1
June

13 / 22

Euler flow

Outline

Introduction

Potential flow

Euler flow

Conclusions

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

14 / 22

Euler flow

Governing equations
Unsteady, 2D inviscid flow:
q f (q) g(q)
+
+
=0
t
x
y

(1)

Finite-volume discretization:
ij

dq
= F i1/2,j F i+1/2,j yj + Gi,j1/2 Gi,j+1/2 xi .
dt

MUSCL with minmod limiter to reconstruct q li+1/2,j and q ri+1/2,j .

Fluxes with HLL or exact Riemann solver.
RK3 time discretization (TVD).

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Euler flow

Ghost-cell method
Four boundary conditions are needed (Dadone & Grossman, 2004):
1

un = 0

un,i = un,m ,

m
1

i
Case I
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

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Euler flow

Ghost-cell method
Four boundary conditions are needed (Dadone & Grossman, 2004):
1

un = 0 un,i = un,m ,
 2
 2
ut
ut
p
=
pi = pm + 2n
,
n
R b
R b

m
1

i
Case I
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

16 / 22

Euler flow

Ghost-cell method
Four boundary conditions are needed (Dadone & Grossman, 2004):
1

un = 0 un,i = un,m ,
 2
 2
ut
ut
p
=
pi = pm + 2n
,
n
R b
R b
 1/
pi
s
= 0 i = m
,
n
pm

m
1

i
Case I
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

16 / 22

Euler flow

Ghost-cell method
Four boundary conditions are needed (Dadone & Grossman, 2004):
1

un = 0 un,i = un,m ,
 2
 2
ut
ut
p
=
pi = pm + 2n
,
n
R b
R b
 1/
pi
s
= 0 i = m
,
n
pm


2
pi
pm
H
= 0 u2t,i = u2t,m +

.
n
1 m i
2

m
1

i
Case I
B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

16 / 22

Euler flow

Results
NACA 0012; 800 points to describe surface.
M = 0.8, = 1.25 .
Domain 21 20, stretched grid.
1
1.3
0.8

1.2

0.6

1.1

0.4

0.2

0.9

0.8

0.2

0.7

0.4

0.6
0.5

0.6

0.4

0.8

0.3
1
0.5

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

0.5

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

1.5

June 17, 2009

17 / 22

Euler flow

Results

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6
IBM 0.04
IBM 0.02

0.8

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

IBM 0.01

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

June 17, 2009

18 / 22

Euler flow

Unsteady supersonic flow over a cylinder at M=2

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

19 / 22

Conclusions

Outline

Introduction

Potential flow

Euler flow

Conclusions

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

20 / 22

Conclusions

Conclusions

Ghost-cell immersed boundary method for inviscid flows:

Useful method for design and optimization.
General method for compressible flows in complex geometries.
Accuracy similar to body-fitted grids.

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

21 / 22

Conclusions

Improvements and suggestions

For steady flows: speed-up with multigrid.

Thin body (e.g. trailing edge) treatment.
Local grid refinement.
Comparison with the same discretization on a body-fitted grid.
Research into numerical entropy generation and conservation
properties.
Assess sensitivity needed for optimization.

B. Sanderse, B. Koren (CWI, TU Delft)

Ghost-cell IBM for compressible flows

June 17, 2009

22 / 22