6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers: 6 1 / 12

Operational Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

An op amp (operational amplifier) is a

circuit with two inputs and one output.

Y = A (V+ V )

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 2 / 12

Operational Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

An op amp (operational amplifier) is a

circuit with two inputs and one output.

Y = A (V+ V )
The gain, A, is usually very large: e.g. A = 105 at low frequencies.

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 2 / 12

Operational Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

An op amp (operational amplifier) is a

circuit with two inputs and one output.

Y = A (V+ V )
The gain, A, is usually very large: e.g. A = 105 at low frequencies.
The input currents are very small: e.g. 1 nA.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 2 / 12

Operational Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

An op amp (operational amplifier) is a

circuit with two inputs and one output.

Y = A (V+ V )
The gain, A, is usually very large: e.g. A = 105 at low frequencies.
The input currents are very small: e.g. 1 nA.
Internally it is a complicated circuit with
about 40 components, but we can forget
about that and treat it as an almost
perfect dependent voltage source.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 2 / 12

Operational Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

An op amp (operational amplifier) is a

circuit with two inputs and one output.

Y = A (V+ V )
The gain, A, is usually very large: e.g. A = 105 at low frequencies.
The input currents are very small: e.g. 1 nA.
Internally it is a complicated circuit with
about 40 components, but we can forget
about that and treat it as an almost
perfect dependent voltage source.

Integrated circuit pins are

numbered anti-clockwise from
blob or notch (when looking
from above).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 2 / 12

Negative Feedback
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

In a central heating system, if the temperature falls too low the thermostat
turns on the heating, when it rises the thermostat turns it off again.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 3 / 12

Negative Feedback
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

In a central heating system, if the temperature falls too low the thermostat
turns on the heating, when it rises the thermostat turns it off again.
Negative feedback is when the occurence of an event causes something to
happen that counteracts the original event.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 3 / 12

Negative Feedback
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

In a central heating system, if the temperature falls too low the thermostat
turns on the heating, when it rises the thermostat turns it off again.
Negative feedback is when the occurence of an event causes something to
happen that counteracts the original event.
If op-amp output Y falls then V will fall by
the same amount so (V+ V ) will
increase. This causes Y to rise since
Y = A (V+ V ).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 3 / 12

Negative Feedback
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

In a central heating system, if the temperature falls too low the thermostat
turns on the heating, when it rises the thermostat turns it off again.
Negative feedback is when the occurence of an event causes something to
happen that counteracts the original event.
If op-amp output Y falls then V will fall by
the same amount so (V+ V ) will
increase. This causes Y to rise since
Y = A (V+ V ).

Y = A (X Y )

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 3 / 12

Negative Feedback
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

In a central heating system, if the temperature falls too low the thermostat
turns on the heating, when it rises the thermostat turns it off again.
Negative feedback is when the occurence of an event causes something to
happen that counteracts the original event.
If op-amp output Y falls then V will fall by
the same amount so (V+ V ) will
increase. This causes Y to rise since
Y = A (V+ V ).

Y = A (X Y )
Y (1 + A) = AX

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 3 / 12

Negative Feedback
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

In a central heating system, if the temperature falls too low the thermostat
turns on the heating, when it rises the thermostat turns it off again.
Negative feedback is when the occurence of an event causes something to
happen that counteracts the original event.
If op-amp output Y falls then V will fall by
the same amount so (V+ V ) will
increase. This causes Y to rise since
Y = A (V+ V ).

Y = A (X Y )
Y (1 + A) = AX

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Y =

1
1+1/A X

X for large A

Operational Amplifiers: 6 3 / 12

Negative Feedback
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

In a central heating system, if the temperature falls too low the thermostat
turns on the heating, when it rises the thermostat turns it off again.
Negative feedback is when the occurence of an event causes something to
happen that counteracts the original event.
If op-amp output Y falls then V will fall by
the same amount so (V+ V ) will
increase. This causes Y to rise since
Y = A (V+ V ).

Y = A (X Y )
Y (1 + A) = AX

Y =

1
1+1/A X

X for large A

5
which,
since
A

10
, is
If Y = A(V+ V ) then V+ V = Y
A
normally very very small.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 3 / 12

Negative Feedback
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

In a central heating system, if the temperature falls too low the thermostat
turns on the heating, when it rises the thermostat turns it off again.
Negative feedback is when the occurence of an event causes something to
happen that counteracts the original event.
If op-amp output Y falls then V will fall by
the same amount so (V+ V ) will
increase. This causes Y to rise since
Y = A (V+ V ).

Y = A (X Y )
Y (1 + A) = AX

Y =

1
1+1/A X

X for large A

5
which,
since
A

10
, is
If Y = A(V+ V ) then V+ V = Y
A
normally very very small.

Golden Rule: Negative feedback adjusts the output to make V+ V .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 3 / 12

Analysing op-amp circuits

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Nodal analysis is simplified by making some assumptions.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 4 / 12

Analysing op-amp circuits

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Nodal analysis is simplified by making some assumptions.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

1.

Check for negative feedback: to ensure that an increase in Y makes

(V+ V ) decrease, Y must be connected (usually via other
components) to V .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 4 / 12

Analysing op-amp circuits

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Nodal analysis is simplified by making some assumptions.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

1.

2.

Check for negative feedback: to ensure that an increase in Y makes

(V+ V ) decrease, Y must be connected (usually via other
components) to V .
Assume V+ = V : Since (V+ V ) = Y
A , this is the same as
assuming that A = . Requires negative feedback.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 4 / 12

Analysing op-amp circuits

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Nodal analysis is simplified by making some assumptions.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

1.

2.
3.

Check for negative feedback: to ensure that an increase in Y makes

(V+ V ) decrease, Y must be connected (usually via other
components) to V .
Assume V+ = V : Since (V+ V ) = Y
A , this is the same as
assuming that A = . Requires negative feedback.
Assume zero input current: in most circuits, the current at the op-amp
input terminals is much smaller than the other currents in the circuit, so
we assume it is zero.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 4 / 12

Analysing op-amp circuits

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Nodal analysis is simplified by making some assumptions.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

1.

2.
3.

4.

Check for negative feedback: to ensure that an increase in Y makes

(V+ V ) decrease, Y must be connected (usually via other
components) to V .
Assume V+ = V : Since (V+ V ) = Y
A , this is the same as
assuming that A = . Requires negative feedback.
Assume zero input current: in most circuits, the current at the op-amp
input terminals is much smaller than the other currents in the circuit, so
we assume it is zero.
Apply KCL at each op-amp input node separately (input currents = 0).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 4 / 12

Analysing op-amp circuits

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Nodal analysis is simplified by making some assumptions.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Check for negative feedback: to ensure that an increase in Y makes

(V+ V ) decrease, Y must be connected (usually via other
components) to V .
Assume V+ = V : Since (V+ V ) = Y
A , this is the same as
assuming that A = . Requires negative feedback.
Assume zero input current: in most circuits, the current at the op-amp
input terminals is much smaller than the other currents in the circuit, so
we assume it is zero.
Apply KCL at each op-amp input node separately (input currents = 0).
Do not apply KCL at output node (output current is unknown).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 4 / 12

Analysing op-amp circuits

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Nodal analysis is simplified by making some assumptions.

Note: The op-amp needs two power supply
connections; usually +15 V and 15 V.
These are almost always omitted from the
circuit diagram. The currents only sum to
zero (KCL) if all five connections are
included.
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Check for negative feedback: to ensure that an increase in Y makes

(V+ V ) decrease, Y must be connected (usually via other
components) to V .
Assume V+ = V : Since (V+ V ) = Y
A , this is the same as
assuming that A = . Requires negative feedback.
Assume zero input current: in most circuits, the current at the op-amp
input terminals is much smaller than the other currents in the circuit, so
we assume it is zero.
Apply KCL at each op-amp input node separately (input currents = 0).
Do not apply KCL at output node (output current is unknown).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 4 / 12

Analysing op-amp circuits

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Nodal analysis is simplified by making some assumptions.

Note: The op-amp needs two power supply
connections; usually +15 V and 15 V.
These are almost always omitted from the
circuit diagram. The currents only sum to
zero (KCL) if all five connections are
included.
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Check for negative feedback: to ensure that an increase in Y makes

(V+ V ) decrease, Y must be connected (usually via other
components) to V .
Assume V+ = V : Since (V+ V ) = Y
A , this is the same as
assuming that A = . Requires negative feedback.
Assume zero input current: in most circuits, the current at the op-amp
input terminals is much smaller than the other currents in the circuit, so
we assume it is zero.
Apply KCL at each op-amp input node separately (input currents = 0).
Do not apply KCL at output node (output current is unknown).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 4 / 12

Non-inverting amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Circuit has input voltage X and output voltage Y .

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 5 / 12

Non-inverting amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Circuit has input voltage X and output voltage Y .

Applying our three steps:
1. Negative feedback OK.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 5 / 12

Non-inverting amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Circuit has input voltage X and output voltage Y .

Applying our three steps:
1. Negative feedback OK.
2. V = V+ = X

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 5 / 12

Non-inverting amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Circuit has input voltage X and output voltage Y .

Applying our three steps:
1. Negative feedback OK.
2. V = V+ = X
3. Zero input current at V means R2 and R1 are in series ( same
1
current) and form a voltage divider. So X = R R+R
Y.
1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 5 / 12

Non-inverting amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Circuit has input voltage X and output voltage Y .

Applying our three steps:
1. Negative feedback OK.
2. V = V+ = X
3. Zero input current at V means R2 and R1 are in series ( same
1
current) and form a voltage divider. So X = R R+R
Y.
1

So Y = R1R+R2 X =
1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

1+

R2
R1

X = +4X .

Operational Amplifiers: 6 5 / 12

Non-inverting amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Circuit has input voltage X and output voltage Y .

Applying our three steps:
1. Negative feedback OK.
2. V = V+ = X
3. Zero input current at V means R2 and R1 are in series ( same
1
current) and form a voltage divider. So X = R R+R
Y.
1

So Y = R1R+R2 X =
1

1+

R2
R1

X = +4X .

Non-inverting amplifier because the gain Y /X is positive. Consequence of

X connecting to V+ input. Can have any gain 1 by choosing the ratio
R2/R1 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 5 / 12

Non-inverting amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Circuit has input voltage X and output voltage Y .

Applying our three steps:
1. Negative feedback OK.
2. V = V+ = X
3. Zero input current at V means R2 and R1 are in series ( same
1
current) and form a voltage divider. So X = R R+R
Y.
1

So Y = R1R+R2 X =
1

1+

R2
R1

X = +4X .

Non-inverting amplifier because the gain Y /X is positive. Consequence of

X connecting to V+ input. Can have any gain 1 by choosing the ratio
R2/R1 .
Cause/effect reversal: Potential divider causes V = 14 Y . Feedback
inverts this so that Y = 4V+ .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 5 / 12

Voltage Follower
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

A special case of the non-inverting amplifier

with R1 = and/or R2 = 0.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 6 / 12

Voltage Follower
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

A special case of the non-inverting amplifier

with R1 = and/or R2 = 0.
2
Gain is 1 + R
R = 1.
1

Output Y follows input X .

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 6 / 12

Voltage Follower
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A special case of the non-inverting amplifier

with R1 = and/or R2 = 0.
2
Gain is 1 + R
R = 1.
1

Output Y follows input X .

Advantage: Can supply a large current at Y while drawing almost no
current from X . Useful if the source supplying X has a high resistance.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 6 / 12

Voltage Follower
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A special case of the non-inverting amplifier

with R1 = and/or R2 = 0.
2
Gain is 1 + R
R = 1.
1

Output Y follows input X .

Advantage: Can supply a large current at Y while drawing almost no
current from X . Useful if the source supplying X has a high resistance.
Without voltage follower: Y = 0.01U .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 6 / 12

Voltage Follower
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A special case of the non-inverting amplifier

with R1 = and/or R2 = 0.
2
Gain is 1 + R
R = 1.
1

Output Y follows input X .

Advantage: Can supply a large current at Y while drawing almost no
current from X . Useful if the source supplying X has a high resistance.
Without voltage follower: Y = 0.01U .
With voltage follower: Y = U .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 6 / 12

Voltage Follower
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A special case of the non-inverting amplifier

with R1 = and/or R2 = 0.
2
Gain is 1 + R
R = 1.
1

Output Y follows input X .

Advantage: Can supply a large current at Y while drawing almost no
current from X . Useful if the source supplying X has a high resistance.
Without voltage follower: Y = 0.01U .
With voltage follower: Y = U .

Although the voltage gain is only 1, the power gain is much larger.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 6 / 12

Inverting Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Negative feedback OK.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 7 / 12

Inverting Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Negative feedback OK.

Since V+ = 0, we must have V = 0.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 7 / 12

Inverting Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Negative feedback OK.

Since V+ = 0, we must have V = 0.

0Y
KCL at V node: 0X
R1 + R2 = 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

2
Y = R
R1 X = 3X .

Operational Amplifiers: 6 7 / 12

Inverting Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Negative feedback OK.

Since V+ = 0, we must have V = 0.

0Y
KCL at V node: 0X
R1 + R2 = 0

2
Y = R
R1 X = 3X .

Y
Inverting Amplifier because gain X
is negative. Consequence of X
connecting to the V input (via R1 ).
2
Can have any gain 0 by choosing the ratio R
R .
1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 7 / 12

Inverting Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Negative feedback OK.

Since V+ = 0, we must have V = 0.

0Y
KCL at V node: 0X
R1 + R2 = 0

2
Y = R
R1 X = 3X .

Y
Inverting Amplifier because gain X
is negative. Consequence of X
connecting to the V input (via R1 ).
2
Can have any gain 0 by choosing the ratio R
R .
1

Negative feedback holds V very close to V+ .

If V+ = 0 V, then V is called a virtual earth or virtual ground.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

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Inverting Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Negative feedback OK.

Since V+ = 0, we must have V = 0.

0Y
KCL at V node: 0X
R1 + R2 = 0

2
Y = R
R1 X = 3X .

Y
Inverting Amplifier because gain X
is negative. Consequence of X
connecting to the V input (via R1 ).
2
Can have any gain 0 by choosing the ratio R
R .
1

Negative feedback holds V very close to V+ .

If V+ = 0 V, then V is called a virtual earth or virtual ground.
Nodal Analysis: Do KCL at V+ and/or V to solve circuit. When analysing
a circuit, you never do KCL at the output node of an opamp because its
output current is unknown.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

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Inverting Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Negative feedback OK.

Since V+ = 0, we must have V = 0.

0Y
KCL at V node: 0X
R1 + R2 = 0

2
Y = R
R1 X = 3X .

Y
Inverting Amplifier because gain X
is negative. Consequence of X
connecting to the V input (via R1 ).
2
Can have any gain 0 by choosing the ratio R
R .
1

Negative feedback holds V very close to V+ .

If V+ = 0 V, then V is called a virtual earth or virtual ground.
Nodal Analysis: Do KCL at V+ and/or V to solve circuit. When analysing
a circuit, you never do KCL at the output node of an opamp because its
output current is unknown. The only exception is if you have already solved
the circuit and you want to find out what the op amp output current is (e.g.
to check it is not too high).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

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Inverting Summing Amplifier

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

We can connect several input signals to the

inverting amplifier.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 8 / 12

Inverting Summing Amplifier

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

We can connect several input signals to the

inverting amplifier.
As before, V = 0 is a virtual earth due to
negative feedback and V+ = 0.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 8 / 12

Inverting Summing Amplifier

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

We can connect several input signals to the

inverting amplifier.
As before, V = 0 is a virtual earth due to
negative feedback and V+ = 0.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

0X2
0X3
0Y
1
KCL at V node: 0X
+
+
+
R1
R2
R3
RF = 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

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Inverting Summing Amplifier

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

We can connect several input signals to the

inverting amplifier.
As before, V = 0 is a virtual earth due to
negative feedback and V+ = 0.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

0X2
0X3
0Y
1
KCL at V node: 0X
+
+
+
=0
R2
R3
RF
 R1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Y =

RF
R1

X1 +

RF
R2

X2 +

RF
R3

X3

Operational Amplifiers: 6 8 / 12

Inverting Summing Amplifier

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

We can connect several input signals to the

inverting amplifier.
As before, V = 0 is a virtual earth due to
negative feedback and V+ = 0.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

0X2
0X3
0Y
1
KCL at V node: 0X
+
+
+
=0
R2
R3
RF
 R1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

RF
RF
F
Y = R
R1 X 1 + R2 X 2 + R3 X 3
Y = (8X1 + 4X2 + 4X3 ).

Operational Amplifiers: 6 8 / 12

Inverting Summing Amplifier

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

We can connect several input signals to the

inverting amplifier.
As before, V = 0 is a virtual earth due to
negative feedback and V+ = 0.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

0X2
0X3
0Y
1
KCL at V node: 0X
+
+
+
=0
R2
R3
RF
 R1

RF
RF
F
Y = R
R1 X 1 + R2 X 2 + R3 X 3
Y = (8X1 + 4X2 + 4X3 ).

Y is a weighted sum of the input voltages with the weight of Xi equal to

RF
Ri = Gi RF .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

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Inverting Summing Amplifier

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

We can connect several input signals to the

inverting amplifier.
As before, V = 0 is a virtual earth due to
negative feedback and V+ = 0.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

0X2
0X3
0Y
1
KCL at V node: 0X
+
+
+
=0
R2
R3
RF
 R1

RF
RF
F
Y = R
R1 X 1 + R2 X 2 + R3 X 3
Y = (8X1 + 4X2 + 4X3 ).

Y is a weighted sum of the input voltages with the weight of Xi equal to

RF
Ri = Gi RF .
1 0
which is not affected
Input Isolation: The current through R1 equals XR
1
by X2 or X3 . Because V is held at a fixed voltage, the inputs are isolated
from each other.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 8 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .

Amplifier

Use superposition to find a and b.

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Find a: Set Y = 0.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .

Amplifier

Use superposition to find a and b.

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.
Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0. We now have an
2
inverting amplifier, so Z = R
R X = 3X a = 3.
1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.
Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0. We now have an
2
inverting amplifier, so Z = R
R X = 3X a = 3.
1

Find b: Set X = 0.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.
Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0. We now have an
2
inverting amplifier, so Z = R
R X = 3X a = 3.
1

Find b: Set X = 0. We can redraw circuit to make it look more familiar:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.
Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0. We now have an
2
inverting amplifier, so Z = R
R X = 3X a = 3.
1

Find b: Set X = 0. We can redraw circuit to make it look more familiar: a

potential divider followed by a non-inverting amplifier.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.
Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0. We now have an
2
inverting amplifier, so Z = R
R X = 3X a = 3.
1

Find b: Set X = 0. We can redraw circuit to make it look more familiar: a

potential divider followed by a non-inverting amplifier.
R3 and R4 are a potential divider (since current into V+ equals zero), so
4
Y = 34 Y .
V+ = R R+R
3

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.
Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0. We now have an
2
inverting amplifier, so Z = R
R X = 3X a = 3.
1

Find b: Set X = 0. We can redraw circuit to make it look more familiar: a

potential divider followed by a non-inverting amplifier.
R3 and R4 are a potential divider (since current into V+ equals zero), so
4
Y = 34 Y .
V+ = R R+R
3

The non-inverting amplifier has a gain of R1R+R2 = 4.

1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.
Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0. We now have an
2
inverting amplifier, so Z = R
R X = 3X a = 3.
1

Find b: Set X = 0. We can redraw circuit to make it look more familiar: a

potential divider followed by a non-inverting amplifier.
R3 and R4 are a potential divider (since current into V+ equals zero), so
4
Y = 34 Y .
V+ = R R+R
3

The non-inverting amplifier has a gain of R1R+R2 = 4.

1
R4
R1 +R2
The combined gain is b = R +R R
= 34 4 = +3.
3

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Differential Amplifier
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

A 2-input circuit combining inverting

and non-inverting amplifiers.
Linearity Z = aX + bY .
Use superposition to find a and b.
Find a: Set Y = 0. KCL at V+ node V+ = 0. We now have an
2
inverting amplifier, so Z = R
R X = 3X a = 3.
1

Find b: Set X = 0. We can redraw circuit to make it look more familiar: a

potential divider followed by a non-inverting amplifier.
R3 and R4 are a potential divider (since current into V+ equals zero), so
4
Y = 34 Y .
V+ = R R+R
3

The non-inverting amplifier has a gain of R1R+R2 = 4.

1
R4
R1 +R2
The combined gain is b = R +R R
= 34 4 = +3.
3

Combining the two gives Z = 3 (Y X). The output of a differential

amplifier is proportional to the diffference between its two inputs.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 9 / 12

Schmitt Trigger
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Positive feedback: If op-amp output Y rises then

(V+ V ) will increase. This causes Y to rise
even more up to its maximum value (e.g. +14 V).

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 10 / 12

Schmitt Trigger
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Positive feedback: If op-amp output Y rises then

(V+ V ) will increase. This causes Y to rise
even more up to its maximum value (e.g. +14 V).
If Y = +14 V, then V+ = 4.

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 10 / 12

Schmitt Trigger
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Positive feedback: If op-amp output Y rises then

(V+ V ) will increase. This causes Y to rise
even more up to its maximum value (e.g. +14 V).
If Y = +14 V, then V+ = 4. For any X < 4,
(V+ V ) > 0 so the output stays at +14 V.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 10 / 12

Schmitt Trigger
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Positive feedback: If op-amp output Y rises then

(V+ V ) will increase. This causes Y to rise
even more up to its maximum value (e.g. +14 V).
If Y = +14 V, then V+ = 4. For any X < 4,
(V+ V ) > 0 so the output stays at +14 V.
If X > 4, then (V+ V ) < 0, Y will rapidly
switch to its minimum value (e.g. 14 V).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 10 / 12

Schmitt Trigger
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Positive feedback: If op-amp output Y rises then

(V+ V ) will increase. This causes Y to rise
even more up to its maximum value (e.g. +14 V).
If Y = +14 V, then V+ = 4. For any X < 4,
(V+ V ) > 0 so the output stays at +14 V.
If X > 4, then (V+ V ) < 0, Y will rapidly
switch to its minimum value (e.g. 14 V).
Now V+ = 4 and Y will only switch back to
+14 when X falls below 4.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 10 / 12

Schmitt Trigger
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Positive feedback: If op-amp output Y rises then

(V+ V ) will increase. This causes Y to rise
even more up to its maximum value (e.g. +14 V).
If Y = +14 V, then V+ = 4. For any X < 4,
(V+ V ) > 0 so the output stays at +14 V.
If X > 4, then (V+ V ) < 0, Y will rapidly
switch to its minimum value (e.g. 14 V).
Now V+ = 4 and Y will only switch back to
+14 when X falls below 4.
Negative feedback stabilizes the output to make
V+ V .
Positive feedback adjusts the output to maximize
|V+ V |.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 10 / 12

Schmitt Trigger
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Positive feedback: If op-amp output Y rises then

(V+ V ) will increase. This causes Y to rise
even more up to its maximum value (e.g. +14 V).
If Y = +14 V, then V+ = 4. For any X < 4,
(V+ V ) > 0 so the output stays at +14 V.
If X > 4, then (V+ V ) < 0, Y will rapidly
switch to its minimum value (e.g. 14 V).
Now V+ = 4 and Y will only switch back to
+14 when X falls below 4.
Negative feedback stabilizes the output to make
V+ V .
Positive feedback adjusts the output to maximize
|V+ V |. Output will switch between its
maximum and minimum values, e.g. 14 V
(slightly less than the 15 V power supplies).
Switching will happen when V+ = V .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

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Choosing Resistor Values

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

The behaviour of an op-amp circuit depends on the ratio of resistor values:

gain = R2/R1 . How do you choose between 3 /1 , 3 k/1 k , 3 M/1 M
and 3 G/1 G?

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 11 / 12

Choosing Resistor Values

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

The behaviour of an op-amp circuit depends on the ratio of resistor values:

gain = R2/R1 . How do you choose between 3 /1 , 3 k/1 k , 3 M/1 M
and 3 G/1 G?
Small resistors cause large currents.
If X = 1 V, then Y = 3 V, and
I = 1 A. However typical op-amps can
only supply 5 mA, so the circuit will not
work.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 11 / 12

Choosing Resistor Values

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

The behaviour of an op-amp circuit depends on the ratio of resistor values:

gain = R2/R1 . How do you choose between 3 /1 , 3 k/1 k , 3 M/1 M
and 3 G/1 G?
Small resistors cause large currents.
If X = 1 V, then Y = 3 V, and
I = 1 A. However typical op-amps can
only supply 5 mA, so the circuit will not
work.
Large resistors increase sensitivity to
interference and to op-amp input currents.
If the current into V is 1 nA, then KCL at
V gives Y = 3X + 3 instead of
Y = 3X .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 11 / 12

Choosing Resistor Values

6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

The behaviour of an op-amp circuit depends on the ratio of resistor values:

gain = R2/R1 . How do you choose between 3 /1 , 3 k/1 k , 3 M/1 M
and 3 G/1 G?
Small resistors cause large currents.
If X = 1 V, then Y = 3 V, and
I = 1 A. However typical op-amps can
only supply 5 mA, so the circuit will not
work.
Large resistors increase sensitivity to
interference and to op-amp input currents.
If the current into V is 1 nA, then KCL at
V gives Y = 3X + 3 instead of
Y = 3X .
Within wide limits, the absolute resistor values have little effect. However
you should avoid extremes.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 11 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Ideal properties:

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Ideal properties:
Zero input current

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).

Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current
Standard amplifier circuits:
Non-inverting gain = 1 + R2/R1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current
Standard amplifier circuits:
Non-inverting gain = 1 + R2/R1
Inverting gain = R2/R1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current
Standard amplifier circuits:
Non-inverting gain = 1 + R2/R1
Inverting gain = R2/R1
Summing amplifier

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current
Standard amplifier circuits:
Non-inverting gain = 1 + R2/R1
Inverting gain = R2/R1
Summing amplifier
Differential Amplifier

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current
Standard amplifier circuits:
Non-inverting gain = 1 + R2/R1
Inverting gain = R2/R1
Summing amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Positive feedback circuits:
VOUT = Vmax (no good for an amplifier)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current
Standard amplifier circuits:
Non-inverting gain = 1 + R2/R1
Inverting gain = R2/R1
Summing amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Positive feedback circuits:
VOUT = Vmax (no good for an amplifier)
Schmitt Trigger: switches when V+ = V .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current
Standard amplifier circuits:
Non-inverting gain = 1 + R2/R1
Inverting gain = R2/R1
Summing amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Positive feedback circuits:
VOUT = Vmax (no good for an amplifier)
Schmitt Trigger: switches when V+ = V .
Choosing resistors: not too low or too high.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Operational Amplifiers: 6 12 / 12

Summary
6: Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier
Negative Feedback
Analysing op-amp circuits
Non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Summing
Amplifier

Differential Amplifier
Schmitt Trigger
Choosing Resistor Values
Summary

Ideal properties:
Zero input current
Infinite gain
Do not use KCL at output (except to determine output current).
Negative Feedback circuits:
Assume V+ = V and zero input current
Standard amplifier circuits:
Non-inverting gain = 1 + R2/R1
Inverting gain = R2/R1
Summing amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Positive feedback circuits:
VOUT = Vmax (no good for an amplifier)
Schmitt Trigger: switches when V+ = V .
Choosing resistors: not too low or too high.
See Irwin & Nelms Chapter 4

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

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