A Critical Review on the Grid Integration

Issues of DFIG based Wind Farms

H. T. Jadhav, Research Scholar

Ranjit Roy, Associate Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

S. V. National Institute of Technology,
Surat, India
htj.rit@rediffmail.com

Department of Electrical Engineering

S. V. National Institute of Technology,
Surat, India
rr@eed.svnit.ac.in

AbstractDue to growing power demand and environmental

concerns, electrical power generation from renewable is receiving
more attention. Wind energy generation systems are being
connected in increasing numbers to power systems worldwide.
DFIG has remained as promising research area for many
researchers due to many reasons. This paper presents a critical
survey on grid integration issues of DFIG based wind farms.
Keywordsfrequency regulation, low voltage ride through
capability, maximum power point tracking, network unbalance,
reactive power ancillary service, stability analysis.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The growth of wind power conversion technology has been

going on since 1970s, and the rapid development has been
seen from 1990s [1]. The common type of wind power
generators in use are squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG),
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and synchronous
generator with full scale power electronic converter [2]. For
more secure operation, the wind turbine generation should be
more grid friendly [3]. This study deal with different aspects
of grid integration of DFIG based wind farms. This paper is
organized as follows; Section II presents an overview of
different research areas which have been examined in more
detail in past. Conclusions are drawn in Section III.
II.

RESEARCH AREAS IN WIND POWER INTEGRATION

The study in this paper reveals that the topics, like stability
analysis, maximum power point tracking, low voltage/fault
ride through capability, DFIG operation under network
unbalance, contribution of DFIG for frequency control and
DFIG as reactive power ancillary service etc. have been
extensively studied by researchers. The other areas which are
also in focus are reliability assessment, grid synchronization,
impact of wind power generation on power system operation
and control, planning and operation of offshore wind farm,
wind energy economics, hybrid wind power systems.
A. Power System Stability and Grid Integration of DFIG
With large penetration level, wind power will influence the
stability and dispatch of power system due to its fluctuating
nature. It is necessary to investigate the key issues caused by
large scale wind power integration into power system. The
requirements (Grid codes) for wind farm interconnection are
given in [4]. A model of DFIG based system for transient
stability studies is developed in [5]. The effect of adding a 100
MW DFIG based wind farm on a weak transmission system is
studied in [6]. The rise in steady state power transfer capacity

of a transmission line is 17% due to wind power as reported in

[7]. The use of STATCOM for improving stability of SCIG
and DFIG based wind systems is studied in [8]. A reduced
order DFIG model for stability analysis is proposed in [9]. A
detailed model to study power quality of a grid is proposed in
[10]. A generic model of controller that uses particle swarm
optimization is proposed in [11]. The use of TurbSim, FAST
and Simulink for stability analysis is reported in [12]. In [13]
the influence of various model parameters of DFIG based
wind farm on transient responses is studied. A FACT based
controller to suppress the effect of sub-synchronous resonance
in series compensated power system containing induction
generators is studied in [14]. A linearized model for DFIG
based wind power plant connected to a series compensated
transmission line is proposed in [15]. It is proposed in [16]
that a wind farm can be modeled in a way similar to the
conventional generator for steady state analysis. A control
scheme for rotor side converter of DFIG to damp inter-area
oscillations is proposed in [17]. A method wherein the
adjustment of the magnitude of the rotor voltage vector and its
phase angle employed for the control of terminal voltage and
power is proposed in [18]. The contribution of WFs to short
circuit current at HV substations, due to three phase faults is
discussed in [19]. The effect of increased wind power
penetration on interarea oscillation damping is studied in
[20]. An operational feature of ABB make STATCOM for
DFIG based wind farm is studied in [21]. The effect of stator
resistance on the magnitude and phase angle of the resultant
optimal rotor excitation voltage is examined in [22]. A
simplified model to evaluate the error in the estimated rotor
position and to perform a local stability analysis of a system is
discussed in [23]. An analysis of sub synchronous resonance
in series compensated DFIG based wind farm is reported in
[24].
B. Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for DFIG
The maximum extractable power from a renewable energy
source depends not only on wind but also on the operating
point of the energy conversion system. A general model that
can be used to represent all types of variable speed wind
turbines in power system simulation studies is given in [25]. A
control system to operate DFIG at different power factor and
for maximum point tracking is proposed in [26]. A direct
power control strategy for a DFIG based wind turbine system
is suggested in [27]. A sensor less maximum wind power
tracking controller is proposed in [28]. A sliding mode control
for energy optimization is proposed in [29]. An application of
the predictive direct power control for the DFIG is presented

978-1-4244-8782-0/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

in [30]. An adaptive nonlinear control strategy for DFIG based

system is reported in [31]. A dynamic programming power
control for active and reactive power control is proposed in
[32]. A rotor position phase lock loop for maximum power
extraction is designed in [33]. A predictive current control
strategy is given in [34]. An algorithm utilizing direct
feedbacks of torque and reactive power for the control of a
DFIG is suggested in [35]. A direct active and reactive power
control for the three phase grid connected converters using
sliding mode control is suggested in [36]. Operation of DFIG
based wind farm in the power regulation and maximum power
tracking mode is proposed in [37]. A variable structure control
method for a DFIG based system is proposed in [38].
C. Low Voltage/Fault Ride through Capability of DFIG
As per Irelands grid code, the wind turbine system should
remain connected during the fault while voltage at the point of
connection drops to 15% of the nominal value for a period of
625 ms [4]. During fault, a grid connected DFIG experiences
serious rotor over currents which could damage the rotor side
converter [39]. Usually crowbar scheme is used to short circuit
the rotor when a fault occurs [40]. However, the real and
reactive power output of the DFIG cannot be controlled under
this condition. An expression for calculating the DFIG peak
rotor fault current and required rotor voltage for achieving
fault ride through are derived in [41]. A control strategy for
limiting the dc link voltage fluctuation is proposed in [42]. A
scheme in which rotor side converter is disconnected and
paralleled with grid side converter for feeding reactive power
to grid is suggested in [43]. The use of STATCOM to reduce
the level of voltage sags is studied in [44] [45]. A GAbased
optimal controller is proposed in [46]. The philosophy used in
[47] is to feedback the stator currents as the set point for the
current controller of the RSC when a voltage dip occurs. The
current control system produces rotor currents that generate
currents in the stator windings opposite to fault current. A
series converter connected to the stator terminal to mitigate the
effect of the fault on the wind turbine is developed in [48]. A
dynamic resistor to be put in series with the rotor to limits the
rotor over current is proposed in [49]. A superconducting fault
current limiter to limit fault current is studied in [50]. A
simplified classical fifth order model is used to study behavior
of DFIG during fault in [51]. A minimum threshold rotor
crowbar method for improving FRT capability of 7.5 kW
DFIG is given in [52]. A scheme in which rotor is
disconnected from RSC and crowbar circuit is closed to
extract optimum power from wind is reported in [53]. A Feed
forward transient current control is proposed in [54].
D. DFIG Operation under Network Unbalance
Wind farms are installed in rural area with weak and
unbalanced grid. The unbalanced currents create unequal
heating on the stator winding as well as torque and power
pulsation in the generator. Therefore, a controller that can
compensate the problems caused by an unbalanced grid is
required. A DFIG system is modeled in the positive and
negative synchronous reference frames in [55]. A rotor current
control strategy based on positive and negative reference

frames is proposed to provide control of the rotor currents.

Supplementary feedback controllers are proposed in [56] to
allow the controllers to compensate for the torque and reactive
power pulsations due to stator voltage unbalance. A voltage
unbalance detector and auxiliary controllers are proposed in
[57]. Direct power control strategy is suggested in [58]. A
proportional-integral-resonant current controller in the positive
synchronous rotating reference frame is proposed in [59]. A
controller that enables either the grid side or the rotor side
converters to inject negative sequence current into the AC
system to compensate grid voltage unbalance is reported in
[60]. A dual sequence positive and negative sequences
controllers in real time are proposed in [61] to limit the torque
pulsation and dc voltage ripple due to unbalance. A series grid
side converter is proposed in [62]. The generation of the active
and reactive power references for RSC and GSC controlled by
means of direct power control techniques is suggested in [63].
A resonant controller tuned at the fundamental and double grid
frequency for direct power controller is proposed in [64]. A
proportional-resonant current controller in the stator stationary
reference frame is proposed in [65]. DFIG control and
operation during network unbalance, to enhance the operation
of cage based generators is proposed in [66]. An integral
sliding mode sliding mode scheme is proposed in [67].
E. Contribution of DFIG to Frequency Regulation of Grid
A reduction of the synchronous machines and increase in
wind energy penetration corresponds to reducing the system
inertia which significantly affects frequency regulation. A
common control scheme for DFIG to participate in system
frequency regulation is to operate DFIG according to deloaded optimum power extraction curve [68][70]. The
capability of commercial large DFIG based farm for providing
a short term excess active power support in a hydro dominated
system is reported in [71]. Wind reserve allocation according
to available wind speed for DFIG based wind farm for
frequency control is studied in [72]. In [73] the fast response
capability of DFIG based system for frequency support is
presented. A power system stabilizer is proposed in [74] to
provide additional damping to the electromechanical modes of
oscillation. A moving average method is proposed in [75].
F. DFIG for Reactive Power Support to Grid
With increasing portion of wind power, wind turbines have to
contribute to reactive power generation during steady state and
transient conditions [76]. The voltage control by injecting
reactive power through stator and rotor is studied in [77].
Different cost components and reactive power cost model for
wind farms are developed in [78]. The capability of DFIG for
economic and reliable operation is proposed in [79]. A
dynamic reactive power regulator for DFIG based WF for
voltage regulation of distribution system is proposed in [80].
An optimal operation of an offshore wind farm with HVDC
link is studied in [81]. The impact of DG penetration on
transmission system is presented in [82].

III.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper has critically reviewed the different aspects

of grid integration of DFIG based systems. Even though
there are many ways to deal with grid integration, more
research is needed to determine the most effective
approach for specific situation. Due to state of art power
electronics technology, wind power systems have the
capability to support and contribute on grid stability. The
extension of the frequency and reactive power support are
challenges which have been achieved in the majority of the
cases. However, on other hand, it has also been claimed
that variable speed wind turbines with a full scale power
converter may be more effective and less complicated to
deal with grid integration problems, including the
possibility for active grid support and the capability to
operate wind farms as power plants.
REFERENCES
[1]. K.Cheng, J.Lin, Y. Bao, and X.D. Xue, Review of the wind energy
generating system, in Proc. Conf on Advances in Power System
Control, Operation and Management, pp. 17, 2009.
[2]. H. Li, and Z. Chen, Overview of different wind generator systems and
their comparisons, IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 123
138, 2008.
[3]. Y. Xue and N. Tai, Review of contribution to frequency control through
variable speed wind turbine, Renewable Energy, in press.
[4]. M. Tsili, and S. Papathanassiou, A review of grid code technical
requirements for wind farms IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 3, no. 3,
pp. 308332, 2009.
[5]. L. Pablo and J. Usaola," Doubly fed induction generator model for
transient stability analysis", IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, vol.
20, no. 2, pp. 388397, June 2005.
[6]. E. Muljadi, C. Butterfield, B. Parsons, and A. Ellis, Effect of variable
speed wind turbine generator on stability of a weak grid, IEEE Trans
on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 2936, March 2007.
[7]. N. Ullah and T. Thiringer, Variable speed wind turbines for power
system stability enhancement, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol.
22, no.1, pp. 5260, Mar 2007.
[8]. Z. Chen, Y. Hu and F. Blaabjerg, Stability improvement of induction
generatorbase wind turbine systems, IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 1
no.1, pp. 8193, 2007.
[9]. I. Erlich, J. Kretschmann, J. Fortmann, S. Mueller, and H. Wrede,
Modeling of wind turbines based on doublyfed induction generators
for power system stability studies, IEEE Trans on Power Syst, vol. 22,
no. 3, pp 909919, August 2007.
[10]. A. I. Estanqueiro, A dynamic wind generation model for power systems
studies, IEEE Trans on Power Syst, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 920928, 2007.
[11]. F. Wu, X. Zhang, K. Godfrey, and P. Ju, Small signal stability analysis
and optimal control of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction
generator, IET Gener. Trans. Distrib., vol.1, no.5, pp.751760, 2007.
[12]. R. Fadaeinedjad, and G. Moschopoulos, Simulation of a wind turbine
with doubly fed induction generator by FAST and Simulink, IEEE
Trans on Energy Conv., vol. 23, no. 2, pp 690700, June 2008.
[13]. M. Kayiki, and J. Milanovic, Assessing transient response of DFIG
based wind plants - The influence of model simplifications and
parameters, IEEE Trans on Power Syst, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 545554,
May 2008.
[14]. R. Varma, S. Auddy, and Y. Semsedini, Mitigation of subsynchronous
resonance in a seriescompensated wind farm using FACTS
controllers, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 3, pp 1645
1654, July 2008.
[15]. A. Ostadi, A. Yazdani and R. K. Varma, Wind power generator
interfaced with a series compensated line, IEEE Trans on Power
Delivery, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1504 1514, July 2009.
[16]. D. Gautam, V. Vittal and T. Harbour, Impact of increased penetration
of DFIGbased wind turbine generators on transient and small signal

stability of power systems, IEEE Trans. on Power Syst, vol. 24, no. 3,
pp. 1426 1434, August 2009.
[17]. Z. Miao, L. Fan, D. Osborn and S. Yuvarajan, Control of DFIGbased
wind generation to improve interarea oscillation damping, IEEE Trans
on Energy Conversion, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 415422, June 2009.
[18]. Y. Mishra, S. Mishra, M. Tripathy, N. Senroy and Z. Dong, Improving
stability of a DFIG based wind power system with tuned damping
controller, IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 650
660, Sept 2009,
[19]. F. D. Kanellos and J. Kabouris, Wind farms modeling for shortcircuit
level calculations in large power systems, IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, vol. 24, no. 3, , pp. 16871695, July 2009.
[20]. G. Tsourakis, B. M. Nomikos, and C. D. Vournas, Contribution of
doubly fed wind generators to oscillation damping, IEEE Trans on
Energy Conversion, vol. 24, no. 3, pp 783 791, September 2009.
[21]. B. Ronner, P. Maibach and T. Thurnher, Operational experiences of
STATCOMs for wind parks, IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 3, no. 3,
pp. 349357, 2009.
[22]. C. Liu and Y. Hsu, Effect of rotor excitation voltage on steadystate
stability and maximum output power of a doublyfed induction
generator IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics 2010, in press.
[23]. M. Carmeli, F. Castelli, and R. Perini, Effects of mismatched parameters
in MRAS sensorless doubly fed induction machine drives, IEEE Trans
on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 28422851, 2011.
[24]. L. Fan, R. Kavasseri, Z. Lee and C. Zhu,, Modeling of DFIG based
wind farms for ssr analysis, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, vol. 25,
no. 4, pp. 20732082, October 2010.
[25]. J. Slootweg, S. Haan, H. Polinder and W. Kling, General model for
representing variable speed wind turbines in power system dynamics
simulations, IEEE Trans on Power Syst, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 14415,
February 2003.
[26]. A. Tapia, G. Tapia, J. X. Ostolaza, and J. R. Senz, Modeling and
control of a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator doubly
fed induction generator, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 18,
no.2, pp. 194204, June 2003.
[27]. D. Zhi and L. Xu," Direct power control of DFIG with constant
switching frequency and improved transient performance", IEEE Trans
on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 110118, March 2007.
[28]. W. Qiao, W. Zhou, and R. G. Harley Wind speed estimation based
sensorless output maximization control for a wind turbine driving a
DFIG IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp May 2008.
[29]. I. Munteanu, S. Bacha, and D. Roye, Energy reliability optimization of
wind energy conversion systems by sliding mode control, IEEE Trans.
on Energy Conversion., vol. 23, no. 3, pp 997985, Sept. 2008.
[30]. G. Abad, M. Rodrguez and J. Poza Three level NPC converter based
predictive direct power control of the doubly fed induction machine at
low constant switching frequency, IEEE Trans on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 44174429, December 2008.
[31]. J. Mauricio, E. Andres, and J. A. Solsona, An adaptive nonlinear
controller for dfimbased wind energy conversion systems", IEEE
Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 4, pp 10251035, Dec. 2008.
[32]. D. SantosMartin, J. Rodriguez Amenedo, and S. Arnalte, Dynamic
programming power control for doubly fed induction generators, IEEE
Trans on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 23372345, Sept 2008,
[33]. B. Shen, B. Mwinyiwiwa, Y. Zhang, and B. Ooi, Sensorless maximum
power point tracking of wind by DFIG using rotor position phase lock
loop (PLL), IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 942
951, April 2009.
[34]. L. Xu, D. Zhi and B. W. Williams, Predictive current control of doubly
fed induction generators, IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56,
no. 10, pp 41434153, Oct 2009.
[35]. K.C. Wong, S.L. Ho, and K.W.E. Cheng," Direct control algorithm for
doubly fed induction generators in weak grids", IET Electr. Power Appl.,
vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 371380, 2009.
[36]. J. Hu, L. Shang, Y. He and Z. Zhu, Direct active and reactive power
regulation of grid connected DC/AC converters using sliding mode
control approach", IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics, vol. 26. No. 1
pp. 210221, Jan 2011.
[37]. C. Yik Tang, Y. Guo, and J. N. Jiang, Nonlinear dual mode control of
variablespeed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators,
IEEE Trans on Control Systems Technology, in press.

[38]. D. Chwa and K. Lee, Variable structure control of the active and
reactive powers for a dfig in wind turbines, IEEE Trans on Industry
Application, vol. 46, no., pp. 25452555, November/December 2010.
[39]. J. Ekanayake , L. Holdsworth, X. Wu., N. Jenkins, Dynamic modeling
of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 803809, 2003.
[40]. J. Moren, and S. Haan, Ride through of wind turbines with doubly fed
induction generator during a voltage dip, IEEE Trans on Energy
Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 43544, June 2005.
[41]. S. Chondrogiannis and M. Barnes, Specification of rotor side voltage
source inverter of a doublyfed induction generator for achieving ride
through capability, IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 139
150, 2008.
[42]. J. Yao, H. Li, Y. Liao, and Z. Chen, An improved control strategy of
limiting the dclink voltage fluctuation for a doubly fed induction wind
generator, IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1205
1213, May 2008.
[43]. A. Kasem, E. El-Saadany, H. El-Tamaly and M. Wahab, An improved
fault ride through strategy for doubly fed induction generator based wind
turbines IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 201214, 2008.
[44]. Wei Qiao, R. G. Harley and G. Venayagamoorthy, Coordinated
Reactive power control of a large wind farm and a STATCOM using
heuristic dynamic programming, IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,
vol. 24, no. 2, pp 493503, June 2009.
[45]. W. Qiao, V. Ganesh, and R. Harley, Real time implementation of a
STATCOM on a wind farm equipped with doubly fed induction
generators IEEE Trans on Ind Appl, vol. 45, no. 1, pp 98 107, 2009.
[46]. J. Vieira, M. Nunes, U. Bezerra and A. Nascimento, Designing optimal
controllers for doubly fed induction generators using a genetic
algorithm IET Gene. Transm Distrib, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 472484, 2009.
[47]. F. Lima, P. Rodriguez, E.Watanabe and F. Blaabjerg, Rotor voltage
dynamics in the doubly fed induction generator during grid faults IEEE
Trans. on Power Ele, vol. 25, no. 1, pp 118130, Jan 2010.
[48]. O. AbdelBaqi and A. Nasiri, A dynamic LVRT solution for doubly
fed induction generators IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 25,
no. 1, pp. 193196 Jan 2010.
[49]. J. Yang, J. E. Fletcher, and J. OReilly, A seriesdynamic resistor based
converter protection scheme for doublyfed induction generator during
various fault conditions, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 25,
no. 2, pp. 422 232, June 2010.
[50]. L. Ye and L. Z. Lin, Study of superconducting fault current limiters for
system integration of wind farms, IEEE Trans on Applied
Superconductivity, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 12331237 June 2010.
[51]. A. Luna, K. Lima, D. Santos, R. Paul and S. Arnaltes, Simplified
modeling of a DFIG for transient studies in wind power applications
IEEE Trans on Ind Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 0919, Jan 2011.
[52]. G. Pannell, and B. Zahawi, Minimumthreshold crowbar for a fault
ride through grid code compliant DFIG wind turbine, IEEE Trans on
Ene Convers, vol. 25, no. 3, pp 750 759, Sept 2010.
[53]. L. Gunaruwan, Meegahapola, T. Littler, and D. Flynn, Decoupled
DFIG fault ride through strategy for enhanced stability performance
during grid faults, IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp
152 162, October 2010.
[54]. J. Liang, W. Qiao and R. Harley, Feed forward transient current control
for low voltage ride through enhancement of DFIG wind turbines,
IEEE Trans on Energy Convers, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 836843 Sept 2010.
[55]. L. Xu and Y. Wang, Dynamic modeling and control of dfig based wind
turbines under unbalanced network conditions, IEEE Trans on Power
Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, pp 314323, February 2007.
[56]. K. Ted, A. Brekken and N. Mohan, Control of a doubly fed induction
wind generator under unbalanced grid voltage conditions, IEEE Trans
on Energy Conv, vol. 22, no. 1, pp 129135, March 2007.
[57]. L. Xu, Coordinated control of DFIGs rotor and grid side converters
during network unbalance, IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, vol. 23,
no. 3, pp 10411049, May 2008.
[58]. D. Santos, J. Rodriguez and S. Arnalte, Direct power control applied to
doubly fed induction generator under unbalanced grid voltage
conditions, IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp 2328
2336, Sept 2008.
[59]. J. Hu, Y. He, L. Xu and B. W. Williams, Improved control of DFIG
systems during network unbalance Using PIR current regulators, IEEE
Trans on Indust Elect, vol. 56, no. 2, pp 439451, Feb 2009.

[60]. Y. Wang, L. Xu and B.W. Williams, Compensation of network voltage

unbalance using doubly fed induction generatorbased wind farms, IET
Renew. Power Gener., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1222, 2009.
[61]. Y. Zhou, P. Bauer, J. A. Ferreira and J. Pierik, Operation of grid
connected DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage condition, IEEE Trans
on Energy Convers, vol. 24, no. 1, pp 240246, March 2009.
[62]. P. Flannery and V. Ganesh, Unbalanced voltage sag ridethrough of a
doubly fed induction generator wind turbine with series gridside
converter, IEEE Trans on Ind App, vol. 45, no. 5, pp 1879 1887, 2009.
[63]. G. Abad, M. Rodrguez, and J. Poza, Direct power control of doubly
fed induction generator based wind turbines under unbalanced grid
voltage, IEEE Trans on Power Ele, vol. 25, no. 2, pp 442452, 2010.
[64]. P. Zhou, Y. He and D. Sun, Improved direct power control of a DFIG
based wind turbine during network unbalance, IEEE Trans on Power
Electronics, vol. 24, no. 11, pp 24642474, Nov 2009.
[65]. J. Hu and Y. He, Reinforced control and operation of DFIG based wind
power generation system under unbalanced grid voltage conditions,
IEEE Trans on Energy Convers, vol. 24, no. 4, pp 905 915, Dec 2009.
[66]. Y. Wang and L. Xu, Coordinated control of DFIG and FSIG based
wind farms under unbalanced grid conditions, IEEE Trans on Power
Delivery, vol. 25, no. 1, pp 367 377, January 2010.
[67]. S. Chen, N. C. Cheung, K. Wong, and J. Wu, Integral sliding mode
direct torque control of doubly fed induction generators under
unbalanced grid voltage, IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, vol. 25,
no. 2, pp. 356 368, June 2010.
[68]. G. Rogrio, d. Almeida and J. A. P. Lopes, Participation of doubly fed
induction wind generators in system frequency regulation IEEE Trans
on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp 944950, August 2007.
[69]. H.T. Ma and B.H. Chowdhury," Working towards frequency regulation
with wind plants: combined control approaches", IET Renew. Power
Gener., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 308316, 2010.
[70]. Z. Lubosn, and J. W. Bialek Supervisory control of a wind farm, IEEE
Trans On Power Sys, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 985994, August 2007.
[71]. N. Ullah, T. Thiringer, and D. Karlsson, Temporary primary
frequency control support by variable speed wind turbines potential and
applications, IEEE Trans on Power Syst, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 601 612,
May 2008.
[72]. L. Chien, C. Hung, and Y. Yin, Dynamic reserve allocation for system
contingency by DFIG wind farms, IEEE Trans on Power Systems, vol.
23, no. 2, pp. 729 736, May 2008.
[73]. J. Mauricio, A. Marano, A. Gmez, J. Luis and M. Ramos, Frequency
regulation contribution through variable speed wind energy conversion
systems, IEEE Trans on Power Syst, vol.24, no.1, pp.173180, 2009.
[74]. M. Pec and Lopes, Robust tuning of power system stabilizers to install
in wind energy conversion systems, IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 3,
no. 4, pp. 465475, 2009,
[75]. L. ChangChien, W. Lin, and Y. Yin, Enhancing frequency response
control by DFIGs in the high wind penetrated power systems, IEEE
Trans on Power Systems, in press.
[76]. D. SantosMartin, S. Arnaltes and J.L. Rodriguez Amenedo, Reactive
power capability of doubly fed asynchronous generators, Elect Pow Sys
Res, pp 18371840, June 2008.
[77]. M. Kaykc and J. Milanovic, Reactive power control strategies for
DFIGbased plants, IEEE Trans. on Ene. Conv, vol. 22, no. 2, pp 389
396, June 2007.
[78]. N. Ullah, K. Bhattacharya, and T. Thiringer, Wind farms as reactive
power ancillary service providers - technical and economic issues IEEE
Trans on Energy Conv, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 661672, Sept 2009.
[79]. R. J. Konopinski, P. Vijayan, and V. Ajjarapu, Extended reactive
capability of DFIG wind parks for enhanced system performance, IEEE
Trans on Power Sys, vol. 24, no. 3, pp 13461355, Aug 2009.
[80]. B. Rabelo, J. Hofmann, J. Lucas, D. Silva, R. Gaiba, D. Oliveira and
S. Silva, Reactive power control design in doubly fed induction
generators for wind turbines, IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 41544162, October 2009.
[81]. M. D Jesus, D. Santos, and E. Castronuovo, Optimal operation of
offshore wind farms with linecommutated HVDC link connection,
IEEE Trans. on Ene Conv., vol. 25, no. 2, pp 504513, June 2010.
[82]. A. Keane, L. Ochoa, E. Vittal, C. J. Dent and G. P. Harrison, Enhanced
utilization of voltage control resources with distributed generation
IEEE Trans on Power Systems, in press.