ASSIGNMENT_2

TOPIC: Doubly fed

conversion system

induction

generator

for

wind

energy

FILES: 5 CONFERENCE PAPERS

5 JOURNALS PAPERS
CONFERENCE PAPERS

1. Doubly fed induction generator for wind energy conversion

system - A survey
Abstract: This paper surveys the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)
used in wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Most of the present
day WECS is the variable speed type. The variable speed WECS
generators are: synchronous generator (SG), permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG), wound rotor induction generator
(WRIG) and DFIG. Of these, the DFIG is finding increasing attention in
the use of WECS because of its requirement of partial rated converters
and complete control of active and reactive power transferred.
Reference:
Meenakshi, R. Muthu, R.,"Doubly fed induction generator for wind
energy conversion system " , International Conference on Energy
Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), 2013 ,10-12 April
2013.
2.Performance of Wind Energy Conversion System Using a
Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Maximum Power Point
Tracking
Abstract:This paper deals with the analysis, modeling, and control of a
doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by the wind turbine. A
control technique is presented for extracting the maximum power from
the wind turbine. The wind energy conversion system (WECS) is
equipped with a DFIG and two back-to-back connected voltage source
converters (VSCs) in the rotor circuit. The proposed control technique is
based on using the grid-side converter to regulate the dc link voltage
constant. The task of the rotor side converter is to track the maximum

power point for the wind turbine and to maintain unity power factor at
stator terminals. The description for the proposed system is presented
with the detailed dynamic modeling equations. Simulation results for
different operating conditions are demonstrated to reveal the
performance of the proposed technique. Corresponding simulation
results under unity power factor operating conditions are presented to
demonstrate the effectiveness of the control technique. Finally, the
energy captured by two generators, a DFIG and a squirrel cage
induction generator (SCIG) is presented for a place Jakhau (Gujarat) in
India, which is estimated on the basis of the wind speed variation over
a day.
Reference:
Singh, B. Aggarwal, S.K. ; Kandpal, T.C.,"Performance of Wind Energy
Conversion System Using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator for
Maximum Power Point Tracking"Industry Applications Society Annual
Meeting (IAS), 2010 IEEE, 3-7 Oct. 2010.
3. Modeling of wind energy conversion system using doubly
fed induction generator equipped batteries energy storage
system
Abstract: In this work the model of different parts of the wind energy
conversion system using doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is set
up and implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC. The two quadrants DC
converter using battery energy storage system is employed for the DCLink Voltage control in normal and fault operating conditions. To verify
the control strategies and Low Voltage ride through (LVRT) capabilities
a 600 KW DFIG Wind turbine system under 500 ms short circuit fault is
tested. Finally, it is proved that the use of battery energy storage
system (BESS) improves the power quality during the normal operation
and enhances the turbine security level in the grid connected under
fault conditions and quickly brings back the stability of the system.
Reference:

Ibrahima, K. Chengyong Zhao,"Modeling of wind energy conversion

system using doubly fed induction generator equipped batteries
energy storage system",4th International Conference on Electric Utility
Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT),
2011,6-9 July 2011.

4. Modeling and control of autonomous Wind Energy

Conversion System with Doubly Fed Induction Generator
Abstract: This paper deals with the modeling and control of a three
phase four wire autonomous Wind Energy Conversion System (AWECS)
using Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeding local loads. It
presents a procedure for design and selection of the components and a
vector control algorithm for AWECS. The proposed control algorithm for
AWECS is realized using back to back connected Pulse Width
Modulated (PWM) Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) based
voltage source converters (VSCs) with a battery energy storage system
(BESS) at their dc link. The main objectives of the control algorithm are
maximum power tracking (MPT) through rotor speed control, and
voltage and frequency control (VFC) at the stator terminals of the DFIG
under dynamic electrical and mechanical conditions. A zigzag
transformer is used between stator side converter and the stator for
harmonic elimination, optimum selection of the voltage of dc link and
providing the neutral terminal for the three phase four wire system.
The proposed electro-mechanical system is modeled and simulated in
MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power System (SPS) set toolboxes. The
performance of the proposed AWECS is presented to demonstrate its
capability of MPT, VFC at stator terminals, harmonic elimination, load
balancing and load leveling.
Reference:

Goel, P.K. Singh, B. ; Murthy, S.S. ; Kishore, N."Modeling and control of

autonomous Wind Energy Conversion System with Doubly Fed
Induction Generator",Joint International Conference on Power
Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India,
2010 ,20-23 Dec. 2010.
5. A fault tolerant converter topology for wind energy conversion system
with doubly fed induction generator
Abstract:This paper presents a novel fault tolerant converter topology for grid
connected Wind Energy
Conversion System (WECS)
with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This topology allows fault detection
and compensation of one of the semiconductors or drivers by using isolating and
connecting devices. It is based on a unique redundant leg for both back to back
converters. We present a new detection algorithm, robust to false fault detection

due to semiconductor switching. Simulation results are presented for two open
circuit cases on both back to back converters.
Reference:
Karimi, S. ; Poure, P. ; Saadate, S. ; Gholipour, E."A fault tolerant converter
topology for wind energy conversion system with doubly fed induction
generator",European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2007
, 2-5 Sept. 2007.

JOURNALS PAPERS
1. Analysis of the control limit for rotor-side converter of
doubly fed induction generator-based wind energy conversion
system under various voltage dips
Abstract: For the grid-connected doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)based wind energy conversion system (WECS), many improved control
algorithms have been developed for the rotor-side converter (RSC) to
suppress the over currents in the rotor-side under voltage dips.
However, such objective can hardly be achieved under severe grid
fault conditions because of the limitation of RSCs output voltage. An
analysis tool is proposed to estimate the the theoretical control limit of
the RSC in suppressing the short-circuit rotor currents during grid faults
in this study. The tool is based on the optimisation theory and takes the
practical constraints of the RSC into account. To execute the analysis, a
simplified DFIG model with decoupled stator and rotor fluxes is
presented, and the low-voltage ride through (LVRT) problem can be
formulated as an optimisation problem, which intends to suppress the
rotor winding currents with voltage constraints. The Pontryagin's
minimum principle is employed to solve the optimisation problem and
the results can identify the control limit of the RSC. A case study based
on a typical 1.5 MW DFIG-based WECS under various grid voltage dips
is carried out to validate the analytical method. The proposed method

is also further verified by experimental tests on a scaled 3 KW DFIG

system. The results are expected to help the manufacturers to assess
and improve their RSC controllers or LVRT measures.
Reference:
Shuai Xiao Tsinghua Univ., Hua Geng ; Honglin Zhou ; Geng
Yang,"Analysis of the control limit for rotor-side converter of doubly fed
induction generator-based wind energy conversion system under
various voltage dips",Renewable Power Generation, IET (Volume:7 ,
Issue: 1 ),February 2013
2. Stability Analysis of a Wind Energy Conversion System
Based on a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Fed by a Matrix
Converter
Abstract: In this paper, the performance of a grid-connected wind
energy conversion system (WECS), based on a doubly fed induction
generator (DFIG) fed by a matrix converter (MC), is presented. The MC
replaces the back-to-back converters conventionally used to control a
DFIG. The MC is operated with close-to-unity power factor at the grid
side. Stability issues related to the operation of the MC in the proposed
WECS are discussed. A small signal model is used to investigate the
dynamic performance of the two control arrangements discussed in
this paper. Experimental results, obtained with a 4-kW prototype, are
presented and fully discussed in this paper. The performance of the
system for variable speed generation is verified using the emulation of
a variable speed wind turbine implemented with a digitally controlled
dc machine.
Reference:
Cardenas, R. Pena, R. ; Tobar, G. ; Clare, J. ; Wheeler, P. ; Asher,
G."Stability Analysis of a Wind Energy Conversion System Based on a
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Fed by a Matrix Converter",Industrial
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:56 , Issue: 10 ),Oct. 2009.
3. Control of a grid connected doubly-fed induction generators for wind
energy conversion
Abstract: With improved generator and turbine designs, better control techniques
and low environmental impact,wind energy has emerged as a potential source of

bulk power across the globe. In this paper, the authors report on the development
of a variable speed controller for a doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)
based wind energy conversion system (WECS).
DFIG
is
preferred
as
the generator because of several advantages such as high energy efficiency,
robustness and easy controllability. Firstly, a mathematical model of the DFIG is
developed in an appropriate d-q reference frame for simulation purpose.
Secondly, the controller is designed to control the power exchange between the
stator of the DFIG and the utility grid network. Two types of control strategies are
considered - PI control and pitch angle (Pitch-to-feather) control. The respective
performances of the two types of controllers are compared in terms of power
reference tracking, response to sudden speed variations, sensitivity to
perturbations and robustness against machine parameters variations.
Reference:
Das, M.K. Chowdhury, S. ; Chowdhury, S.P. ; Gaunt, C.T"Control of a grid
connected
doubly-fed
induction
generators
for
wind
energy
conversion",Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2009
Proceedings of the 44th International,1-4 Sept. 2009.
4. Modeling and Control of Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generators in
Wind Energy Applications
Abstract:The
development
of
the
brushless doublyfed induction generator (BDFIG)
system
and
flexible
power
flow
controller for the wind energy conversion is proposed in this paper. The system
employs two cascaded induction machines to eliminate the brushes and copper
rings in the traditional DFIG. The dynamic model of BDFIG with two machines'
rotor electromechanically interconnected is presented and the control
strategy for flexible power flow control is developed. The independent control of
the active and reactive power flows is achieved by means of a four quadrant
power converter under the closed-loop stator flux oriented control scheme. The
experimental results obtained verify the proposed controller scheme, which
allows wide operational range and reactive power control.
Reference:
Dewei Xu"Modeling and Control of Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction
Generators in Wind Energy Applications" Power Electronics, IEEE
Transactions on (Volume:23 , Issue: 3 ).May 2008.

5.Comparative Study of Control Strategies for the Doubly Fed Induction

Generator in Wind Energy Conversion Systems: A DSP-Based
Implementation Approach
Abstract:This paper presents the comparison of three different strategies for the
control

of

a doubly fed inductiongenerator (DFIG) in wind energy conversion systems

(WECS). Three of the most widespread and well-performing control approaches
are implemented in an experimental setup based on a digital signal processor
(DSP), namely, vector control, direct torque control, and direct power control.
Said control methods are reviewed and their performances analyzed and
compared on the basis of simulations and experimental results. The qualitative
and quantitative comparison results thus obtained are likely to be of great interest
to engineers and researches involved in the field of DFIG-based WECS.
Reference:
Tremblay, E. Atayde, S. ; Chandra, A."Comparative

Study of Control

Strategies for the Doubly Fed Induction Generator in Wind Energy

Conversion Systems: A DSP-Based Implementation Approach",Sustainable
Energy, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:2 , Issue: 3 ), July 2011.

Dynamic Model and Control of DFIG Wind Energy Systems Based on Power
Transfer Matrix
Abstract:This paper presents a power transfer matrix model and multivariable
control method for a doubly-fedinduction generator (DFIG) wind energy system.
The power transfer matrix model uses instantaneous real/reactive power
components as the system state variables. It is shown that using the power
transfer matrix model improves the robustness of controllers as the power
waveforms are independent of a dqframe of reference. The sequential loop
closing technique is used to design the controllers based on the linearized model
of
the wind energy system.
The
designed
controller
includes
six
compensators forcapturing the maximum wind power and supplying the required
reactive power to the DFIG. A power/current limiting scheme is also presented to
protect power converters during a fault. The validity and performance of the
proposed modeling and control approaches are investigated using a study
system consisting of a grid-connected DFIG wind energy conversion system.
This investigation uses the time-domain simulation of the study system to: 1)

validate the presented model and its assumptions, 2) show the tracking and
disturbance rejection capabilities of the designed control system, and 3) test the
robustness of the designed controller to the uncertainties of the model
parameters.
Reference:
Tabesh, A. ; Ebrahimi, M."Dynamic Model and Control of DFIG Wind Energy
Systems Based on Power Transfer Matrix", Power Delivery, IEEE
Transactions on (Volume:27 , Issue: 3 ),July 2012.

Modeling and Ride-Through Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators

During Symmetrical Voltage Sags
Abstract:Modern grid codes determine that wind generation plants must not be
disconnected from the grid during some levels of voltage sags and contribute to
network
stabilization. Wind energy conversion systems
equipped
with
the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are one of the most frequently used
topologies, but they are sensitive to grid disturbances due to the stator direct
connection to the grid. Therefore, many efforts have been done in the last few
years in order to improve their low-voltage ride-through capability. This paper
analyzes the behavior of the DFIG during symmetrical voltage sags using
modelsin the frequency domain. A new strategy, the machine magnetizing current
control, is proposed in order to enhance the system response during balanced
dips. The method is derived on a theoretical basis and numerically investigated
by means of simulation. Experimental results are presented and validate the
proposed strategy. Finally, the practical aspects of the use of this strategy are
discussed.
Reference:
de Sousa, C.V. ; Silva, S.R. ; Cezar Rabelo, B. ; Hofmann, W."Modeling and
Ride-Through Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators During
Symmetrical Voltage Sags",Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions
on (Volume:26 , Issue: 4 ), Dec. 2011

Parallel Operation of DFIGs in Three-Phase Four-Wire Autonomous Wind

Energy Conversion System
Abstract:This paper deals with a control algorithm for two paralleloperated doubly fed induction generators(DFIGs) driven by wind turbines in a
three-phase four-wire autonomous system feeding local loads. The proposed
autonomous wind energy conversion system (AWECS) is using back-to-backconnected pulsewidth-modulated insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor-based voltage
source converters with a batteryenergy storage system at their dc link. The

system utilizes separate rotor-side converters for each DFIG for maximum power
tracking (MPT) through its rotor speed control. However, a common dc bus and a
battery bank and stator-side converter are used for voltage and frequency control
at the stator terminals of the DFIGs. A delta-star transformer is connected
between the stator-side converter and the stator terminals of
DFIGs for optimizing the voltage of dc bus, and the load-side neutral is
connected to the neutral of the star side of the transformer. The proposed
electromechanical system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink
and Sim Power Systems set toolboxes. The performance of the proposed
AWECS is presented to demonstrate its capability of MPT, stator voltage and
frequency control, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and load leveling.
Reference:
Goel, P.K. Singh, B. ; Murthy, S.S. ; Kishore, N."Parallel Operation of DFIGs in
Three-Phase
Four-Wire
Autonomous
Wind
Energy
Conversion
System",Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:47 , Issue:
4 ),July-Aug. 2011.