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CAPACITANCE
1.
INTRODUCTION
A capacitor can store energy in the form of potential energy in an electric field. In this chapter we'll
discuss the capacity of conductors to hold charge and energy.
2.
q = charge on conductor
V = potential of conductor
Isolated conductor
qV
q = CV
Definition of capacitance :
Capacitance of conductor is defined as charge required to increase the potential of conductor
by one unit.
2.2
(i)
It is a scalar quantity.
(ii)
(iii)
1 Farad : 1 Farad is the capacitance of a conductor for which 1 coulomb charge increases
potential by 1 volt.
1 Farad =
1 Coulomb
1 Volt
or 1 pF = 1012 F
(v)
3.
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PHYSICS
3.1
W=
2
q
dq = q
C
2C
0
q2
1
qV
= CV2 =
.
2C
2
2
q = Charge on the conductor
W=U=
Self energy is stored in the electric field of the conductor with energy density (Energy per unit
volume)
dU
1
1
=
E2 [The energy density in a medium is 0 r E2 ]
dV
2 0
2
4.
In case of charged conductor energy stored is only out side the conductor but in case of
charged insulating material it is outside as well as inside the insulator.
KQ
R
Hence by formula : Q = CV
Potential V =
CKQ
R
C = 40R
Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
C = 40R
(i)
If the medium around the conductor is vacuum or air.
Q=
CVacuum = 40R
R = Radius of spherical conductor. (may be solid or hollow.)
(ii)
If the medium around the conductor is a dielectric of constant K from surface of sphere
to infinity.
Cmedium = 40KR
(iii)
Cmedium
C air / vaccum = K = dielectric constant.
Example 1.
Find out the capacitance of the earth ? (Radius of the earth = 6400 km)
Solution :
C = 40R =
6400 10 3
9 10 9
= 711 F
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PHYSICS
5.
Finally
Q1
Q'1
Q2
Q'2
C1
C2
C2
C1
(i)
(ii)
If released, charge always have tendency to move from high potential energy to low potential
energy .
(iii)
If released, positive charge moves from high potential to low potential [if only electric force
act on charge].
(iv)
If released, negative charge moves from low potential to high potential [if only electric force
act on charge].
(v)
The movement of charge will continue till there is potential difference between the conductors
(finally potential difference = 0).
(vi)
st
Conductor
II
nd
Conductor
Capacitance
C1
C2
Charge
Q1
Q2
Potential
V1
V2
I s t C o n d u c to r
II n d C o n d u c t o r
C a p a c it a n c e
C1
C2
Charge
Q1'
Q '2
P o te n t i a l
Q1'
Q'
2
C1 C 2
But,
Q1' + Q'2 = Q1 + Q2
Q1 Q 2
C1V1 C 2 V2
V = C C =
C1 C 2
1
2
Q1'
Q '2
C1
C2
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PHYSICS
C1
(Q1 + Q2)
C1 C 2
Q 1' =
and
C2
Q2' = C C (Q1 +Q2)
1
2
Heat loss during redistribution :
H =
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2)2
2 C1 C 2
Example 2.
Solution :
6.
(ii)
(iii)
Find out common potential after joining the conductors by conducting wires?
(i)
Q A' =
3
(6 + 3) = 3C
36
Q B' =
6
(6 + 3) = 6C
36
(ii)
(iii)
VC =
3C 6C
= 1volt.
3F 6F
3F.6F
1
1
.
. 2
2
2 (3F 6F)
3
1
9
. (2F) . = J
2
4
2
CAPACITOR :
A capacitor or condenser consists of two conductors separated by an insulator or dielectric.
(i)
When uncharged conductor is brought near to a charged conductor, the charge on conductors
remains same but its potential decreases resulting in the increase of capacitance.
(ii)
(iii)
The conductors are called the plates of the capacitor. The name of the capacitor depends on
the shape of the capacitor.
(iv)
Q = CV
QA
QB
Q
C = V V V V V
A
B
B
A
+QA
QB
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PHYSICS
A
Initially charge = 0
Intermediate
q
C
+
+Q
Finally,
W=
dW =
C dq =
0
Q2
C
Q2
1
1
= CV2 = QV..
2C
2
2
This energy is stored inside the capacitor in its electric field with energy density
Energy stored in the capacitor = U =
dU
1
= E2
dV
2
(v)
;k
1
E2 .
2 r
(vi)
Based on shape and arrangement of capacitor plates there are various types of capacitors.
(a)
(vii)
(viii)
(b)
Spherical capacitor.
(c)
Cylindrical capacitor.
Area of plates.
(b)
(c)
(ix)
Example 3.
Solution :
Find out the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and plate separation d.
+Q
Plate Area = A
d
d << size of the plate
Q
E = A
0
Qd
Q
VA VB = E.d. = A =
C
0
where A = area of the plates.
C=
0 A
d
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PHYSICS
7.
Note : (i)
Charge on the capacitor does not change instantaneously or suddenly if there is a resistance in the
path (series) of the capacitor.
(ii)
When an uncharged capacitor is connected with battery then its charge is zero initially hence
potential difference across it is zero initially. At this time the capacitor can be treated as a conducting wire
(iii)
The current will become zero finally (that means in steady state) in the branch which contains
capacitor.
Example 4.
Solution :
i=
10
= 5A
2
dQ
of
dt
x
x
1 E 2 D
R
3
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A
0
B
0
C
0
PHYSICS
potential at E is x so at D also x. Apply Kirchhoffs st law at point E :
x
x 0
x 0
+
+
=0
R
R
R
x=
1 =
2
/ 3
=
3R
R
3x
=
R
R
2 =
i2 = i3 =
; Qc = 0
dQ
=
dt
3R
and
3 =
3R
Alternatively
i1 = R
=
eq
2
=
R
3R
R
2
dQ
i1
=
and
= i2 =
3R
dt
3R
2
(b) at t = (finally)
capacitor completely charged so their will be no current through it.
2 = 0,
1 = 3 =
2R
VE VB = VD VC = (/2R)R = /2
QC =
Example 6.
C
,
2
dQ
= 2 = 0
dt
Time
t=0
1
2
3R
3R
Finally
t=
2R
3R
2R
Q
0
C
2
dQ /dt
3R
0
At t = 0 switch S1 is closed and remains closed for a long time and S2 remains open. Now S1 is
opened and S2 is closed. Find out
(i) The current through the capacitor immediately after that moment
(ii) Charge on the capacitor long after that moment.
(iii) Total charge flown through the cell of emf 2 after S2 is closed.
Solution :
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PHYSICS
( 2)
3
=
(B to D)
R
R
Q = C (2) = 2C
(iii) The charge on the lower plate (which is connected to the battery)
changes from C to 2C.
Example 7.
A capacitor of capacitance C which is initially uncharged is connected with a battery. Find out heat
dissipated in the circuit during the process of charging.
Solution :
Final status
Let potential at point A is 0, so at B also 0 and at C and D it is . finally, charge on the capacitor
QC = C
Ui = 0
Uf =
1
1
CV2 =
C2
2
2
idt
= idt = . Q = . C = 2C
(Now onwards remember that w.d. by battery = Q if Q has flown out of the cell from high potential
and w.d. on battery is Q if Q has flown into the cell through high potential)
Heat produced = W (Uf Ui ) = 2C
Example 8.
1 2
C 2
C=
.
2
2
A capacitor of capacitance C which is initially charged upto a potential difference is connected with
a battery of emf such that the positive terminal of battery is connected with positive plate of
capacitor. Find out heat loss in the circuit during the process of charging.
Solution :
Since the initial and final charge on the capacitor is same before and after connection.
Here no charge will flow in the circuit so heat loss = 0
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PHYSICS
Example 9.
Solution :
A capacitor of capacitance C which is initially charged upto a potential difference is connected with
a battery of emf such that the positive terminal of battery is connected with positive plate of
capacitor. After a long time
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Find out heat dissipated in the circuit during the process of charging.
1
2C
= C
2 2
2
1 2
3 2C
1 2
C
C =
8
2
8
2
C
= C
2
2
4
8.
3 2 C
2C
8
4
2C
8
I s t Capacitor
II n d Capacitor
Capacitance
C1
C2
Charge
Q1
Q2
Potential
V1
V2
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PHYSICS
After connecting the capacitors
(a)
Parameter
I s t Capacitor
II n d Capacitor
Capacitance
C1
C2
Charge
Q 1
Q 2
Potential
Common potential :
By charge conservation of plates A and C before and after connection.
Q1 + Q2 = C1V + C2V
Q1 Q 2
C1V1 C 2 V2
Total ch arg e
V = C C =
=
C1 C 2
Total capaci tan ce
1
2
(b)
Q 1' = C 1V =
(c)
C1
(Q1 + Q2)
C1 C 2
H = Ui Uf =
C2
Q2' = C2 V = C C (Q1 +Q2)
1
2
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2)2
2 C1 C 2
When plates of similar charges are connected with each other (+ with + and with ) then put
all values (Q 1, Q2, V1, V2) with positive sign.
(ii)
When plates of opposite polarity are connected with each other (+ with ) then take charge and
potential of one of the plate to be negative.
Let potential of B and D is zero and common potential on capacitors is V, then at A and C it will be V
C1V + C2V = C1V1 + C2V2
V=
C1V1 C 2 V2
C1 C 2
H=
1
1
1
C V 2 + C2V22
(C1 + C2)V2
2 1 1
2
2
2
1
1
1 (C1V1 C2 V2 )
C1V12 +
C2V22
(C1 C2 )
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 C1 V1 C1C2 V1 C2 C1V2 C2 V2 C1 V1 C 2 V2 2C1C 2 V1V2
C1 C 2
2
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PHYSICS
=
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2)2
2 C1 C 2
H =
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2)2
2 C1 C 2
and
Example 10
C1V1 C 2 V2
C1 C 2
H=
1 C1C 2
(V1 + V2)2
2 C1 C 2
B
+
Q 1 = 2V
Solution : (i)
V
0
+
D
Q2 = 3V
Let potential of B and D is zero and common potential on capacitors is V, then at A and C it will be V.
By charge conservation,
3V + 2V = 40 + 30
5V = 70
V = 14 volt
Charge flow
28C 28C
+12C
+12C
= 40 28
+
= 12 C
Heat produced =
D
42C 42C
1
1
1
2 (20)2 +
3 (10)2 5 (14)2
2
2
2
(i)
When capacitor plates are joined then the charge remains conserved.
(ii)
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PHYSICS
Example 11.
0
D Q2 = 3V C
Solution :
Let potential of B and C is zero and common potential on capacitors is V, then at A and D it will be V
2V + 3V = 10
4C 4C
V = 2 volt
A
36C
1
54
2
B
36C
D
C
6C 6C
= 550 10
= 540 J
Note : Here heat produced is more. Think why?
Example 12.
Three capacitors as shown of capacitance 1F, 2F and 2F are charged upto potential difference
30 V, 10 V and 15 V respectively. If terminal A is connected with D, C is connected with E and F is
connected with B. Then find out charge flow in the circuit and find the final charges on capacitors.
Solution :
30q q30
+
A 1F B
(q 20 )
(30 q)
30 q
+
=0
2
2
1
q30 30+q
+
F 2 F E
q
2 F
2q = 25
D 20+q 20q
q = 12.5 C
+17.5C 17.5C
+
+
42.5C +42.5C
12.5 C
7.5C +7.5C
+
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PHYSICS
Example 13.
In the given circuit find out the charge on each capacitor. (Initially they are uncharged)
10 V
F
E
x
30 V
D
+
10 V
25 V
30 V
25 V
A
0
Final charges :
9.
COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS :
9.1
Series Combination :
(i)
(ii)
All capacitors will have same charge but different potential difference across them.
(iii)
Q
C1
V1 = potential across C1
Q = charge on positive plate of C1
C1 = capacitance of capacitor similarly
V2 =
(iv)
Q
Q
, V3 =
; ........
C2
C3
1
1
1
V1 : V2 : V3 = C : C : C
1
2
3
We can say that potential difference across capacitor is inversely proportional to its capacitance
in series combination.
V
1
C
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PHYSICS
Note : In series combination the smallest capacitor gets maximum potential.
(v)
1
C1
V1
1
1
1
......
C1 C 2 C3
V2
V3
1
C2
1
1
1
......
C1 C 2 C 3
1
C3
1
1
1
......
C1 C 2 C 3
Where V = V1 + V2 + V3
(vi)
Equivalent Capacitance :
Equivalent capacitance of any combination is that capacitance which when connected
in place of the combination, stores same charge and energy that of the combination.
In series :
1
1
1
1
=
+ C + C + .......
C eq
C1
2
3
Note : In series combination equivalent capacitance is always less the smallest capacitor of combination.
(vii)
Q2
Q2
Q2
+
+
2C1
2C 2
2C3
Ucombination =
Q2
2C eq
Q
Q2
=
C eq
C eq
Ucombinatio n
1
=
Ubattery
2
Note : Half of the energy supplied by the battery is stored in form of electrostatic energy and half of the energy
is converted into heat through resistance. (if capacitors are initially uncharged)
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PHYSICS
Derivation of Formulae :
Ceq =
Q
V
Now,
Initially, the capacitor has no charge.
Applying kirchhoffs voltage law
Q
Q
Q
+
+
+ V = 0.
C3
C2
C1
1
1
1
V = Q
C1 C 2 C 3
1
1
1
V
=
C1 C 2 C 3
Q
in general
Example 14.
1
C eq =
1
1
1
1
=
C eq
C1 C 2 C 3
n 1
Three initially uncharged capacitors are connected in series as shown in circuit with a battery of emf
30V. Find out following:(i) charge flow through the battery,
(ii) potential energy in 3 F capacitor.
(iii) Utotal in capacitors
(iv) heat produced in the circuit
Solution :
1
1
1
1
3 2 1
=
+
+
=
=1
C eq
2
6
3
6
Ceq = 1F.
(i)
Q = Ceq V = 30C.
(ii)
30 30
Q2
=
= 150J
23
2C
30 30
J = 450 J
2
(iii)
Utotal =
(iv)
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PHYSICS
Example 15.
Two capacitors of capacitance 1 F and 2F are charged to potential difference 20V and 15V as
shown in figure. If now terminal B and C are connected together terminal A with positive of battery
and D with negative terminal of battery then find out final charges on both the capacitor
Solution :
( 20 q )
30 q
+ 30 = 0
1
2
40 2q 30 q = 60
3q = 10
Charge flow = 10/3 C.
9.2
50
C
3
80
C
3
Parallel Combination :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Q1 : Q2 : Q3 = C1 : C2 : C3
The charge on the capacitor is proportional to its capacitance
QC
(v)
Q1 =
C1
Q
C1 C 2 C 3
Q3 =
C3
Q
C1 C 2 C 3
Q2 =
C2
Q
C1 C 2 C 3
Where Q = Q 1 + Q2 + Q3 ......
Note : Maximum charge will flow through the capacitor of largest value.
(vi)
Note : Equivalent capacitance is always greater than the largest capacitor of combination.
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PHYSICS
(vii)
1
1
1
1
C V2 + C2V2 + .... =
(C1 + C2 + C3 .....) V2 =
C V2
2 1
2
2
2 eq
Ubattery = QV = CV2
Ucombinatio n
1
=
Ubattery
2
Note : Half of the energy supplied by the battery is stored in form of electrostatic energy and half of the energy
is converted into heat through resistance. (if all capacitors are initially uncharged)
C1
Q1
V
Q
= C1 V + C2 V + C3 V
= V(C1 + C2 + C3)
Q2
C2
C3
Q3
Q
= C1 + C2 + C3
V
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
n
In general
C eq
n1
Example 16.
Solution :
9.3
Three initially uncharged capacitors are connected to a battery of 10 V is parallel combination find
out following
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(i)
Q = (30 + 20 + 10)C = 60 C
(ii)
Utotal =
(iii)
(iv)
U3F =
1
6 10 10 = 300 J
2
1
3 10 10 = 150 J
2
Mixed Combination :
The combination which contains mixing of series parallel combinations or other complex
combinations fall in mixed category.
There are two types of mixed combinations
(i)
Simple
(ii)
Complex.
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PHYSICS
Example 17.
Solution :
It can be simplified as
Ceq =
18
= 2F
9
Charging of a condenser :
(i)
If t = RC = then
1
q = q0 [1 e(RC/RC)] = q0 1
e
or
(iii)
(iv)
The potential difference across the condenser plates at any instant of time is given by
V = V0[1 e(t/RC)] volt
(v)
The potential curve is also similar to that of charge. During charging process an electric current flows
in the circuit for a small interval of time which is known as the transient current. The value of this
current at any instant of time is given by
= 0[e(t/RC)] ampere
According to this equation the current falls in the circuit exponentially (Fig.).
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PHYSICS
(vi)
If t = RC = = Time constant
= 0e(RC/RC) =
0
= 0.37 0
e
= 37% of 0
i.e. time constant is that time during which current in
the circuit falls to 37% of its maximum value.
Derivation of formulae for charging of capacitor
i=
C q
CR
dq
=
dt
q
ln
q
=0
C
C q
CR
dq
C q =
dt
RC
C q
C
iR =
dq
C q
=
dt
CR
CR
. dq = dt.
C q
ln (C q) + ln C =
C
t
=
C q
RC
C q = C . et/RC
t
RC
q = C(1 et/RC)
RC = time constant of the RC series circuit.
After one time constant
0.63 C
t=RC
q = C 1
e
C (1 0.37) = 0.63 C.
dq
= C
dt
t / RC 1
e
RC
t / RC
e
R
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PHYSICS
Voltage across capacitor after one time constant V = 0.63
Q = CV
VC
VC = (1 et/RC)
Voltage across the resistor
0.63
VR = iR
= et/RC
t=RC
By energy conservation,
Heat dissipated = work done by battery Ucapacitor
1
C2 0)
2
= C() (
1 2
C
2
Alternatively :
Heat = H =
i Rdt
2
2
R
2t
RC
R dt
2 t / RC
dt
2t
e RC
=
R 2 / RC
0
2
2t
2RC RC
=
e
2R
2C
2
Note:VC
0.63
2
t
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PHYSICS
Example 18
Without using the formula of equivalent. Find out charge on capacitor and current in all the branches
as a function of time.
Solution :
i=
q
2C
R 2CR
2C q
2CR
dq
dt
=
2C q
2CR
dq
dt
=
2C q
2CR
q
dq
(2C q) =
0
t
2CR
2C q
= et/2RC
2C
q = 2C (1 et/2RC)
q1
q
C (1 et/2RC)
2
i1 =
et/2RC
2R
q2 =
q
C (1 et/2RC)
2
i2 =
et/2RC
2R
Alternate solution
by equivalent
Time constant of circuit = 2C R = 2RC
maximum charge on capacitor = 2C = 2C
Hence equations of charge and current are as given below
q = 2C (1 et/2RC)
q1
q
C (1 et/2RC)
2
i1 =
et/2RC
2R
q2 =
q
C (1 et/2RC)
2
i2 =
et/2RC
2R
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PHYSICS
Example 19
A capacitor is connected to a 36 V battery through a resistance of 20. It is found that the potential
difference across the capacitor rises to 12.0 V in 2s. Find the capacitance of the capacitor.
Solution :
Q = Q0(1 et/RC).
Here, at t = 2 s, the potential difference is 12V whereas the steady potential difference is
Q0/C = 36V. So,
Example 20.
1
3
or,
1 et/RC =
or,
t
3
n = 0.405
RC
2
or,
C=
or,
et/RC =
or,
RC =
2
3
t
2 s
=
= 4.936 s
0.405
0.45
4.936s
= 0.25 F..
20
Solution :
C i1
...(i)
ii1
q
iR i1R
=0
C
q
2 i1R 2i1R
=
C
2
C 2q
t
1
ln
=
C
3
RC
2
C 3i1RC = 2q
q
dq
C 2q = 3
. RC
dt
E
q +
q/C
q
by eq (i)
dq
C 2q =
q=
dt
3RC
0
C
1 e 2t / 3RC
2
q = Qst 1 e t / ; Qst = steady state charge on capacitor (has been found in article 6 in this sheet)
= Reff. C
Reffective is the resistance between the capacitor when battery is replaced by its internal resistance.
10.2
Discharging of a condenser :
(i)
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22
PHYSICS
(ii)
(iii)
q0
= 0.37q0 = 37% of q0
e
i.e. the time constant is that time during which the charge on condenser plates in discharge process, falls to 37%
(iv)
The dimensions of RC are those of time i.e. MLT1 and the dimensions of
1
are those of freRC
The potential difference across the condenser plates at any instant of time t is given by
V = V0e(t/RC) Volt.
(vi)
Applying K.V.L.
q
iR 0
C
i=
q
q
CR
dq
q =
ln
dt
CR
0
q
t
=+
Q
RC
q = Q . e t / RC
i=
dq
Q t / RC
e
dt RC
= i0 et/RC
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PHYSICS
Example 21
Solution :
(a)
(b)
(c)
Also plot the graphs for the relations derived in part (a).
q
q 2C
iR
=0
C
C
q
q
+ 2 iR = 0
C
C
3 =
2q
+ iR
C
3C iRC = 2q
dq
=
3C 2q
t
0
2q
C
3 iR =
dq
RC = 3C 2q
dt
dt
RC
1 3C 2q
t
n
2 3C RC
3C 2q
2t
ln
=
RC
3C
3C 2q = 3C e 2t / RC
3C (1 e2t/RC) = 2q
q=
dq
3 2t/RC
=
e
dt
R
3
C (1 e2t/RC)
2
Ans.
Ans.
3
3
C + C e2t/RC
2
2
C
3
+
Ce2t/RC
2
2
C
1 3e 2t / RC
2
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PHYSICS
Example 22
Solution :
Capacitance = C
3Q
Electric field = 2A
0
3Qd
V = 2A
0
V=
3Q
2C
In absence of dielectric
E=
0
(ii)
When a dielectric fills the space between the plates then molecules having dipole moment align
themselves in the direction of electric field.
b = induced charge density (called bound charge because it is not due to free electrons).
For polar molecules dipole moment 0
For non-polar molecules dipole moment 0
(iii)
A
=
V
AK 0
AK 0
A
=
=
d
d
.d
K 0
C=
(iv)
When nonpolar substance is placed in electric field then dipole moment is induced in the molecule.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
25
PHYSICS
This induction of dipole moment is called polarisation of material. The induced charge also produce
electric field.
b
E
Eind
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + b
b
=
0
0
Ein = E Eind
It is seen the ratio of electric field between the plates in absence of dielectric and in presence of
dielectric is constant for a material of dielectric. This ratio is called 'Dielectric constant' of that
material. It is represented by r or k.
Ein = K
0
(v)
b = 1
K
If the medium does not filled between the plates completely then electric field will be as shown in
figure
Case : (1)
The total electric field produced by bound induced charge on the dielectric outside the slab is zero because
they cancel each other.
Case : (2)
Comparison of E (electric field), (surface charges density), Q (charge ), C (capacitance) and before
and after inserting a dielectric slab between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor.
Q
Q
E - d
(vi)
CaseI
C=
0 A
d
Q = CV
C' =
A 0 K
d
Q' = C'V
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PHYSICS
CV
E = = A
0
0
=
CV
E' = K = A
0
0
V
d
E =
Ed = V
E=
V
d
Ed = V
V
d
E =
V
=
d
0
V
d
'
V
= K
d
0
Equating both
'
0 K 0
' = K
In the presence of dielectric, i.e. in case II capacitance of capacitor is more.
(vii)
Example 23.
1
0r E2
2
If a dielectric slab of thickness t and area A is inserted in between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor of plate area A and distance between the plates d (d > t) then find out capacitance of
system. What do you predict about the dependence of capacitance on location of slab?
Solution :
C=
Q
A
=
v
v
t1
t 2
t
V = + K +
0
0
0
t
= t 1 t 2
k
Note
( t1 + t2 = d t)
V=
Q
A
t
=
dt =
C
C
0
k
C=
0 A
d t t /K
(i)
Capacitance does not depend upon the position of dielectric (it can be shifted up or down still
capacitance does not change).
(ii)
A 0
(for metal k
dt
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PHYSICS
Example 24
Solution :
C=
d1
d2
A
; V = E1 d1 + E2 d2 = K + K =
V
1 0
2 0
0
d1 d2
k1 k 2
d1
d2
1
A0
C = d
C AK AK
d
1
1 0
2 0
2
K1 K 2
This formula suggests that the system between A and B can be considered as series combination
of two capacitors.
Example 25.
Find out capacitance between A and B if two dielectric slabs of dielectric constant K1 and K2 of area
A1 and A2 and each of thickness d are inserted between the plates of parallel plate capacitor of plate
area A as shown in figure. (A1 + A2 = A)
Solution :
C1 =
A1K1 0
AK
, C2 = 2 2 0
d
d
E1 =
1
2
V
V
= K , E2 =
= K
d
d
1 0
2 0
1 =
K1 0 V
d
C=
K1 0 A1 K2 0 A2
Q1 Q 2
1A 1 2 A 2
=
=
d
d
V
V
2 =
K2 0 V
d
Example 26.
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28
PHYSICS
Solution :
It is equivalent to
C 2C 3
C = C1 + C C
2
3
A 2K 2 0 A 2K 3 0
.
A1K 2 0
d1
d1
C = d d +
A 2K 2 0 A 2K 3 0
1
2
d1
d2
A1K1 0
A1K 2 0
A22K2K3 0
A 22K 2K 3 0
= = d d +
= d d +
A2K2 0 d2 A2K3 0 d1
K 2 d2 K 3 d1
1
2
1
2
Example 27.
C
2
(A)
Solution :
(B)
C
2K
(C)
C
[1 + K]
2
(D)
This system is equivalent to two capacitors in parallel with area of each plate
2[1 K ]
C
A
.
2
C = C1 + C2
=
0 A / 2 0 ( A / 2)K
d
d
0 A
C
[1 + K] =
[1 + K]
2d
2
(viii)
Force on a dielectric due to charged capacitor :(a) If dielectric is completely inside the capacitor
then force is equal to zero.
(b) If dielectric is not completely inside the capacitor.
Case I -
1
CV2
2
2
dU
= V
F =
dx
2
dC
dx
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29
PHYSICS
xb0 K 0 ( x)b
+
d
d
where C =
C=
0 b
[Kx + x]
d
0 b
dC
=
(K 1)
dx
d
F=
Case II :
0 b(K 1)V 2
= constant (does not depend on x)
2d
C=
xb0 K
0 ( x)b
+
,
d
d
U=
dU
Q2
dC
=
F=
.
2
dx
dx
2C
Example 28.
Q2
2C
[where,
Q 2 dC
.
2C 2 dx
0 b
dC
=
(K 1)]
dx
d
Solution :
r2
KQ
r2
E (a r < b) =
1
q = Q 1
r
V (r b) =
KQ
KQ
r
Kq
KQ
r r 2
Ans.
(dr) =
kQ kQ 1 1
b
r r b
KQ
r
r
(a r b) VA = VP +
KQ
r
r
V (r a)VB = VC +
KQ
r
a
kQ 1 1
1 1
( dr ) = kQ +
r a b + kQ r a
b
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PHYSICS
Example 29.
Solution :
VA = VB +
WB A
q
Q
V = 4 R +
0
Voutiside =
r
Q
(R 2 r 2 )
(dr) =
3 0r
4 0 R + 3 0r
R
KQ
r
Find out equivalent capacitance between A and B. (take each plate Area = A and distance between
two conjugative plates is d)
Solution :
Let numbers on the plates The charges will be as shown in the figure.
3 A 0
d
Find out equivalent capacitance between A and B. (take each plate Area = A )
Solution :
2A 0
d
"manishkumarphysics.in"
31
PHYSICS
Example 32.
Find out equivalent capacitance between A and B. (take each plate Area = A )
Solution :
Ceq =
2C 2A 0
=
3
3d
Q 2 xA
=
V
V
xd
2xd
3 xd
= + =
0
0
0
Example 33.
Ceq =
2Ax 0
2A 0
2C
=
=
.
3xd
3d
3
+
+
d
d
Solution :
Let C =
A 0
d
Equivalent circuit : -
1
1
2
5
C eq C 3C 3C
Ceq =
3C
3A 0
=
5
5d
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PHYSICS
Alternative Method : Let charge distribustion on plates as shown :
C=
xy
Q
= V
V
AB
y
2x
=
A 0
A 0
y = 2x
2y x
V = A d
0
Example 34.
Solution :
C=
(x 2x)A 0
3A 0
=
.
(5x)d
5d
(A)
0 A 2 0 A
,
d
d
(B)
0 AV 2 0 AV
,
d
d
(C)
0 AV 3 0 AV
,
d
d
(D)
0 AV 4 0 AV
,
d
d
0 AV
d
Q =
0 AV
d
2 0 AV
d
V1 V2 =
b
b
a
b
C=
KQ
KQ
a
b
Q
Q
=
KQ KQ
V1 V2
a
b
=
ac
4 0 ab
=
K(b a)
ba
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33
PHYSICS
C=
4 0 ab
ba
If b >> a then
C = 40a (Like isolated spherical capacitor)
If dielectric mediums are filled as shown then :
C=
4 0r2 ab
ba
Cylindrical capacitor
There are two co-axial conducting cylindrical surfaces
where >> a and >> b
where a and b is radius of cylinders.
Capacitance per unit length
C=
b
2Kn
a
Problem 1.
4 0
2 0
=
b
b
2n
n
a
a
2 0
b
n
a
F/m
When two isolated conductors A and B are connected by a conducting wire positive charge will flow
from.
(A) A to B
Solution :
(B) B to A
Charge always flows from higher potential body to lower potential body
Hence, VA =
30
20
= 3V VB =
=4V
10
5
Answer :
(i) V = 4V
(ii) H = 225 J.
Solution :
C1 = 10F
C2 = 40F
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PHYSICS
Q1 = 100 C
Q 2 = 100C
V1 = Q1/C1 = 10 V
V2 = Q2/C2 = 2.5
200 C
C1V1 C 2 V2
Q1 Q 2
=
=
= 4V
(C1 C 2 )
C1 C 2
50 F
Problem 3.
1
1
C1V12 C 2 V22 V 2 (C1 C 2 )
2
2
1
Q1V1 Q 2 V2 1 V2(C1 + C2)
2
2
1
1
100 [12.5]
16 (50) = 225 J
2
2
A capacitor of capacitance C is charged from battery of e.m.f. and then disconnected. Now the
positive terminal of the battery is connected with negative plate of capacitor. Find out heat loss in the
circuit during the process of charging.
Initially
C
B
finally
From figure
Net charge flow through
battery = Qfinal Qinitial = C (C) = 2C
workdone by battery (W) = Q V = 2C = 22C
or Heat produced = 22C
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