2

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

o+ p^ m] q n
oi]r m]
]m] (1a oia ^ 1 1

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

3O{!e
pE
t ]

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

THE MIRACULOUS MACHINE THAT WORKS

FOR AN ENTIRE LIFE TIME : ENZYME

0
+
i ~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z
Z Z Cg n

by

Harun Yahiya
Translated by

Mohammed Nazir Ahmed

18852 N, Woodale Tr
Lake Villa, IL 60046 U.S.A
Year of Edition 2013

ISBN 978-93-5073-087-4

0
+
i ~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z
Z Z Cg n
yzg ;
Zk
,
+
2

Y 2013
6X k6,

[x **

:
:
:
:
:

'
W
)

Published by

EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING HOUSE

3108,Vakil Street, Kucha Pandit, Lal Kuan, Delhi-6(INDIA)
Ph : 23216162, 23214465, Fax : 0091-11-23211540
E-mail: info@ephbooks.com,ephdelhi@yahoo.com
website: www.ephbooks.com

yzg ;
qj

Zk
,
+
2

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Digestive Enzymes

84

20

Digestive Enzymes and Their Perfect Organization

88

21

Enzymes That Work for DNA

92

22

Are Enzymes the Source of DNA, or the Other

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Way Around?

99

23

The Enzymes That Control RNA

105

24

Some Special Enzymes

110

25

Enzymes That Transmit Messages in the Body

110

26

The Perfect Enzyme Chain in Blood Clotting

114

Intoduction

15

27

Lysosomal Enzymes

119

Enzymes and Their Perfect Properties

17

28

Enzyme Inhibitors

122

the Structure of Enzymes

19

29

Enzyme Technology

126

Flawless Harmony Between Enzymes and

30

Enzymes Are All Miracles Creation

130

31

Conclusion

131

32

Theory of Evolution, Nothing But Deception

141

//

Contents

the Human Body

5

21

The Genes that Encode Enzymes

How Does and Enzyme Determine the Reaction
It Will Affect?

29

The Enzyme's Perfect Components

39

Enzymes' Control Mechanism

46

Enzyme's Extraordinary Speed

49

An Important Discovery Regarding Enzyme Speed

56

10

Enzymes Are Different From Hormones, Despite

Having Similar Structures

59

11

Enzymes Are Constantly at Work in Our Bodies

61

12

Enzymes' Working Conditions

65

13

Types of Enzymes

69

14

Metabolic Enzymes

69

15

Food Enzymes

72

16

Digestive Enzymes

75

17

Special Enzymes in the Stomach

77

18

Special Enzymes in the Intestine

82

19

The Pancrease: The Factory That Produces

8
72
75
77
82
84
88
92

99
105
110
110
114
119
122
126
130
139
141

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
.Z 4,
Z Z
J
'. +tE
Z4,
Z ;
J'
.
Z 4,
ZS~{n
J
'.
Z4,
ZmZm{~VZ
J
'.
5
0E
@*
Za Z 4,
ZN
: {g :(Pancreas) E
J
'
E
^H6,
yZgzZ .Z 4,
ZN
J'
.

Dx nDNA
Z 4,
Z
J'
.
c*

D(Source)DNA Z 4,
ZH
igzZ~s ZZ
J'

DwzN RNA
.Z 4,
Z
J'
.
Z 4,
Zm{q
-ZP
J'

Dv] \ ~
.Z 4,
Z
E
E
A+ZypiZ4,
Cq
-~ )E
Z H6,
J'
.Z4,
Z Lysosomal
J'
.
( g Z'
)
Di Z0
+Z4~6q
-Z
Z 4,
Z
Y )Z 4,
Z
J
'.

D]Z7! Z 4,
Zx
x !Z
q
-ZY g St

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

15
17

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

19
21

29
39
46
49
56

59
61

//

65
69
69

/
J'
E
]:SH6,
yQgzZ .Z4,
Z /
J
'.
# Z4,
|
Z /
J'
.
W"yxg
KZgzZ Z4,
Z /
J
E
'.
8
45 E /
~xg e Z4,
Z
D
(Genes) G
ni Z0
+ZW,
Z
g @*
Z 4,
Zq
-Z b
E
Y Zb
Z H6,
Z4,
Z /
J
'.
2}wzN Z4,
Z /
gg )Z4,
Z /
c*
gZq
-Z0g gZ4,
Z /
J
'.
Z /

D Zg ; Z4,

Dq
-Z~|
# {zkS
z!*
J'

Tg ~x ~x Z}g .Z4,
Z /
J
'.
_ Zx Z4,
Z /
J'
.
x lZ Z4,
Z /
J
'.
(Metabolic Activities)V Zzg Rz ~y Z 4
,
Z /

10

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

q
-ZV1%Ze|7,
@*
eyiZ0
+ZsgzZ ENW,
Ot
GW8
7
yQ
D W,
O
Dg+
M qzg
{z - X~
X
D0*
7PCQV1ySgzZ~V1yS
DYG
~\z
/q
-Z c*
6,g~ ZZ x ~uzgzZ[t yzg ;
yS
T e**
{Z
+ V1
Mg {z X
CY c k
,
igzZ S7,
0 V1 LZ yQ}uz q
-Z {zY
D 0*
Wg t
#I
C#
}
.~(,
xsZq
-Zt,i Z {zX
M
h{ W]!*
gzZ]ZW,
@*
p ~ x z m{ V1 yS gzZ V yz ~
) S v
X
n~pvZtYX N 3
p kS @*

C~yS
' V"7,V1yS Vi4
TJ
-Vzuz<
F
X @*
**
Z
Z,jgzZ **
Zgn
],~y
W V1 ~uzgzZ ' ~g  CY yQ
D 0 }o Z*ugyZ
/
yS
,_m{g
js
#
~ "7,
t X
Dh
+ F,
Y g S t


X d.
p C
gzZ
DWg gzZiW$
' 0*
7?s '
,
V1}uz ~ V1yS
,
k
i
D7F
F6,
Vz~
.#z.
**
zgzZ}iZg

BgzZ @*
Y3gwm{gx Z Zz]0]kl~
Za yD s ZZ~w gzZ]2~r
t
# Iw~gz)
X @*
YHi Z Z
D
//

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

[Mg
zz Z 6,{Y g St(chapter)[!*
m{q
-Z
V | l,
*X @*

C#V
qzgx ttt
yQV ;g W@*

zvZgzZg Z|x2zg ZeyZgz
Z~ Za ]2~ V 0Z
+gzZ X'
, }o
X c*
W@*
)F,
Y g Zttp q
-ZX ;g @*
Z Zg Z
Y g Zt ]gzk
,
/**

gzZ9
Zq
-Z x Zn kS
pVzuzgzZ Og p\WLZ VkS n kS  q
-Z
~g "7,

D 0*
P~Mg}g aX ,Sg

ot
DwnkSX [q
-Zs~V1
}o~ V1 ~g 'X6,Y gZt[!*
-Z ~ q
q
-ZC
,hgg
~ ] VgzZ
D Y ~ zg ]c*
W W
b)0
x X ,g Z
/V
H0
+
i KZ p yQ gzZ p Z vZ 3Y CY
Mg 
D YbkS
D0]c*
WvZ
]
%NXg: !*
mF
R]Z c*
]2z u~ r zw

q
-ZC
/C
@*
wEZ k
,
i[|Z lpgzZ
X Y!lV1ySBW @*
hZzw

12

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

x [ ~y
W v Z wg Zg7
n
pg x #
q
-Z
XB
-Z
n
pg~\WLZx }g yzg ;
nuZzq
vZb)~
C0}oK**
Z
Z Mg W
g Z
yQgzZVz
Cgz$Vc*
gzZ 0
C
+
i+
M Zuzk QgzZ
z
X @*
**
x !*
i Z]c*
}
ZJ
-M%Z c*
+Z *
&
@Y J 7, yzg ; ~ q
-Z F
45_1 C7 J
J
-OZ J
-si Z'
, Z J
-G
0E
- kz&
+Z
G
XJ
-kzggzZtg ,Z

`

Z D :
[
7 ~ V !*
i sf yS
Y
4E
5
4E
5G
&6,
.G
AZ3Z
X1u zg!*
VZe EjG
Z,
- ZzgZE
G
Y
I
47 EG
4E
5_1^z
&- G
.G
X~{)zli
+gzZZeX>z&
+ZF,
G
g=g f +4q
-Z t X Zg~ * ~g V1yZ
LZ ~!*
qgzZ6,vZ yZZ {g !*
z nVq
-Z F

~KBk
,
i~i q
ZgzZ mZgzZ uZg Z 'X ~ {o
{z k7,yS
q
-ZC
X
D" ~ i Z0
+Z W,
Z
Z!*
y W
XD 0*
7G@*
Mg 9gzZQV1yS &B
~!tYX ;# ~ c*
]c*
} c*
e
$C

gQV6&h
+ F,
**
.
gzZ Za }{ Zp{i Z0
+ZW,
Z
G
W-8
C!*
.q
_
-Z {z Y 3g ~g Yg2$
+J 7,
/Z X
B
bg{
Vz
CyQ]c*
!*
tY
D Za g ZZ
C
X
wh 3 Q
g e z l 6,g Cc*
[Z ]k~gZqgz x

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

11

'sg
Y 1956 ~ { Z
x **
Nyzg ; 'Z y**

FgWVrQ~{ Z~ U*
gzZ ZZX Za ~
q ;gE- wZ;#gzZeYyg zwZ
F6,b)0 {ogzZb
(VrZY 1980 X
VzI Y g Z ' yzg ; X
Z 
q
-Z
Y
E
H
h
-4{ (yxgx4,
zx2zg Z egzZxgzZ~%w7V L
X
n
pg]@nx Zux Z6,
g
Z~V !*
iZ63 *F,x yzg ;
X
rg]~k
,
g ZD
40gzZ],g ZD
556,
ox VM
H3g~ c*
Vz9klz x **
NyZ
 #
]!*
kS 6,
Cover V1X=&N9X 4z]
.s
gzZ yW
Ct x 9Q V1 yQ

B CZ '~ g <
L gzZ W
X
]|Z6,
[~y
WvZ wgggzZ ]c*
c*
~
C
Cq
-ZC
,h
+ F,
l{ 6,g]Z Z }g Zz Q s <
 @*
7
g$
qt Z +F,
)ZgzZ $;f ZX9~y
WX Z

14

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

i ZzW~g gs Z~g= VzgzZ $

+
g Y
$N
M
+
KZ~g g!~i Z0
+ZW,
OLZng F
z
X Y]!*

zi Z:gz *
*7t
xvZX
g Z Zg Z Zq
-Z yzg; ~kS
5rzZq
-ZVt
qv~,z21=g fTG
X
HH{z~yW 6pgzZs ZZ
//

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

13

}x Zx +F,
Z~kS yzzg;]vZX
`
{ Zg S 'X s gzZ$;f yW
t" X
g
o ZvZ~l+
M
KZq
-Zg #
}
.
D
X 7 
g ~
)
ZV1yS ,zX n
yQ%V1yZ"7,
DZ
Z,jVzuz
gzZ
vZ} 4p{ c*
i
D~g yQgzZ VgzZV
X ~{ ZgvZ#
}
.{E
q
-Z
D c*

$
{G
-G
ZzJ (,V1 ~uz gzZ
/ZgzZ **
Z gzZ ]zZ t yZgz kS

D Y
D Za(Cofusion)~FZ ~ V~f V
,
pg 76,gZz~ V1 KZ
gzZ s ( $
n
+) w%Z Cc*
Mg
&H{z~,Z]2VVgz]ZW,
ZYgzZo
*
@Ye**
**
iZ0
+Z W,
Z V16,
MggzZX]!*
LZ
M
h
pbgzi6,
! Z ' yQ **
0*
M F,
K
bkS V1
X7F,
pgp{oVkS O @*

{zX ~pg yZZ @*

A
$%W,
Z Z(,
-ZF,
q
t
~ NZ$
+V1 yzg ;
M
hN
D6,
]!*
kS

X ~ NZMg @*
C
t :ZgzZ ! xX W
g ZngzZ **
0*
16,
gzZ V Z'
,n e
$Z Vce D
bg ~ r ]!*
-Z
q
; ]c*
~ NZ$
+zz Z
Z'
,]uZz u +p}uz
X
M
h]c*
~ NZ$
+
VZ'
,
}
t X
gzZg ZZ Z W
gzZ"Z}
.
D Z
#
g Z*0
+
iugzZ6,]xyS v J
-V] CZ
* ]qt

Dg6,
q {
*
/ZX
M
h

16

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
} (,} (,c*
6,9z6,6,.Z4,
Z wzN n
pg: gzZ n
pg 76,
G
(Z
n
pg7? SG
5 Zz
DwzN6,yzg yS
6,]
X
D
{z ~ }g v
Tg D
; ix t
n
pg yZ CZgzZ Dg Z bkS gzZ~ wzNvZ

.c~ Vs?~ x HE
g \ WLZ D NF
6,kS vZ
}g v?
V!z~g F,Zz bhZ ?X]+Z[g
Zg v Czz OZ}g vX D 0*
7x 6,g)wdZ
YgzZ gkZ ? H Za T

'
,
i vZ Dq#z
%Nq
gzZg ZpyjF
-Z YY 76,] Z yZ @*


%N
] Z *
*KZ @*
qz
~DNAq
-Z D#z0
+
iZF
J
'
~ wq
-Z c*
] Z~Wg
D4Z
~ .Z 4,
Z
{zH"gzZm
M
h{gvVYzzX6,g Z )P @*
qz

.

D{z
n
pg~yQ{z
OZyQ @*

ig "t
D,ZzbhZ Z
Z,ZV;Xt%x
; ix $
Y 7~ VjZ ] Z;
 }Yq
-Z
/ZX ,@*
vZ
DgzZsvZ
D
J
'.
YgzZ x Z 4,
Z } @*
x ~k Q
x uZzq
-Z
7+Zq &6,g4{z
Dk
,
+q z

5
k Q
HH
{7q
-Z ;gN {z }Y{zX $
Za C Z
~
73W {
@*
` {zXx Zq
-Zg
G
{zgzZ ,Zz **
]!*
kS {z,z 58
n
pg {0
+
i Q
X n (Z
Gx Z
/
z6,
~Vs

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

15

]i YZ ?~ }g v

D ; i{ c*
i q
-Z
}g v; itX zi !*
uZzq
-Zs~
w

~]q
-Z Ps{D
DqzBVh
X @*
~V1g Z~ Zg ZZ q
-ZB @*
qztg
G
-ZC
~ }g v Enzymes g "
-Z 58 X
x Ziq
q
q z ; i ZWzq
-Z T e bx Z ?
n
w
G
;g ZD
t58X ~3C
]}g vq
-Zq
-Z Ck
,
+
5
zk QT e?
e

wuZzk Q.

Dk
,
+q zg
5
ypgzZ Lgg P ,zw Zg vgzZwdZ LZ
rg ~g Yr Zg v
4Z ~ }g vX Lg @*
l
/~ }g vBg g ~g7
x ZwdZ LZ ]}g v
Sg C._wN Z Zz
X
n
pg ~g Yx CZ6,g{!*
gzZ" Y
IZ}g vgzZ
Tg
gzZTg,Zz**
yS ?X C0*
7LVZzg ~]}g v
B+
MN @*
{z M
h ?
x X LgwzN6,yQ Zgv:
Xj{g {0
+
i ? @*

x Z{z
VyQ J
; iyS wzN ? 6 p Qwqt C

18

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

G
nq
+
i ~ q
-Z
-Z [kS $
7n}g 580
G
X n (ZnVZ iZuZzq
-Z58:gzZ
X "
D7x ~g gNgkS x K}g

M
h a
M
h hzgzZ
M
h ^
T e LZ
#
M
hZ

M
h qz6,g~g gzZ
M
h W~q
-ZuIuzg %

x q
-Z H vZg Y (ZX
Dy
x C

x x Z6,ggkZ HvZT x Z}g

"NwdZ LZ
5G
x kZBV )KZEnzymes XB E
{7kS
Dq
-Z ~Zz Z Zz Z~ g
E
G
458|gpZ
-Z G
q
+Zi q
-Z @*
x x **
Enzymes
~
sr
KZq
-Z]~}g !*
X
CB !*
~ ^qg&
*
*F,
!g g; ix ~wdZyQX @*
0*

hB; }g =
,
D in }g Enzymes X @*

/ZX g ~g Y V

H0
+
i ~g  @*
CZ n{)z
?
g x Z wdZ LZ ~ }gvZ
# Enzymes
}g vEnzymes g
CY Y
V1g Z X
D Y
G

D qz{z p Z yZ _7,?58
Sg sz^~x ~
g "xZng{0
+
i}gv
D~gz
wdZg"
qzEnzymes
~ T}g vJ
-Z
# X6,k Q ; i
gTyS c*

8n }g v; iSyQ
D7
Z b hgssw}uzswq
-Z b
wV\WKZ c*
7,
: x Enzymes
/Z *
@Y e**
**

t X nKp yQ
X X X X ,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

17

~ iLZ
3 f
e Z} z }Y {z

D sz^ p o Zq
-Z ~ x Z gzZ x
D o Z
vZ {z &{zX
n
pg ZzgiCZV!*
} zCZ
gzZ ~ql wdZ LZpg ~gY
C:
L n V>yY"

$ z vZ
n
GG3G
@*
x q
-{
pg~ LZg Z0
+Yx
?C

@*
q
C
Y x Zq
-Z vZ~p'V!*
x yS X
8 {zX yZgz0
+
i ~g KZ6,vZ#z
rg ]!*
kS 9q
-Z
@*
gzZk
,
k Q @*

{0
+
iS
rg
vZ {z
} ~ * kS 0
+
ik Q
{z }Y {z X6,k Q ] Z
{zX e(Z {z
/Z0x Z } gzZ0
+
ik Q
%Nq
C

0
+
iyjF
-Z @*
VZ gN zZX6,
k Q @*
#zsvZ
E
H6, @*
Za vZ VY q
-Z ~ ];
z q
-Z F
X C Zi W
V-vg vZ
Zuv yQt X ~vg !vZ BV
X ~Vs{g
'
,
i}g vZ3YgzZ
: 7g
$u
yZ ? y2%V WzZ T { zvZ
D
+6,gH
z q
-ZC
0
+egzZ `g c*
~x gzZ6,lZ Q
X zY[g LZ ?h
+
V*
K @*
C
x @*

( 2Z>g)

mZpyQgzZ Enzymes /

Za M
hg g Fn }g @*
: [NZ (ZvZ
/Z
3.
@*
7,*
*g OZ V'
,X y 0*
t'
,q
-Z s
 @*
: [NZ bkS vZ
/Z X c ]!*
gzZ
w c*
W

20

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

(
-E
/7E! Zg " Zz~ E
}g vX
D0Z ]~ Vs9

G
@G
X ~
wV 0*
}g v
D qz **
`g { , '
,
V}uz
Cv,t=g f(Spinal Cord)gze
XJ
-V 0*
}g vbkZgzZ
(
-E
Y 0*
~ ~O 8 k Q BJ
-V 0*
E
@G
W C'
,t Z
#
Cb 6, (Contraction)nZ (Muscles)V vgZz
X
Dqz*
*
wV 0*
}g vbkZgzZ
] q
-ZX
D zgBq
-Z ]uZzx t
(
8L
-E
%gzZ ! Lg ( E
@G
}g v
Y
IZ g }uzgzZ V 0*
(
-E
sg ~g Y {z

rg wzN6,] Z E
@G

z k Q X Z

Dk
,
+q z
n]wgzZ
5
wnMuscles }gv
Zz

Dy ]uZz ~ ^ Z ~Z
/Zc !*
X ~ x
Zz x {z wqX xq
-Z  @*
n }g ~ K
M F,

Dk
,
+
5
wz; egze Z ZeX
Enzymes yQt]B
D
@*
:]Z W,
ZgzZZyQ~_EnzymeswF Hs

J'
$
) G
1.G

KZ
6C
X
D e0
+
i

,Z .Z 4,
Z :
%yg ; c*
N*
zynX C h]gzyS n @*
~
gzZ !*
Y
IZ }g x x Z }g X Y7x Enzymes
J'
g p q
-Z {zX
Tg !*
zz .Z 4,
Z !*
]
w

D !l
gzZ g; 19z6,yV}g

D
X
D V k}g g CZy
g %p Dy? TY Zx { CZyx M
hg ?
G
X 7qz58 M
h7?(Enzymes)

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

19

-8E ypgzZ} **
Y +G
u **
-Z n
q
pg ?
/Z pXg g n h

e ?
qC
CZ J
-VzxW
qVzq x
z!*
: x 6,g{ !*
Enzymes ~}g v
X ~h
eTgx **
?g
J
'.
Zt g dZ
n
Z 4,
pg !*
$ vZ
vZQx
/
u ~yZy
D %vZ
~}g
@*
0*
7(Z
/ZXg }g
D~pg {0
+
ix t !*
$
{g **
CYq
-Z ~V-
/
ChainyQ *
*x nyQ
J
'.
wdZyQgzZV CZ7 Z4,
ZX CYV
H0
+
i ~g <
,
~V~g vvZ[kS ~ 7]0
X @*
**
J (,
c*
W Y 73W {
? z6,q
-Z
vZX ~vg wVvZwVq
-Z YY%c*
Y{g {0
+
iq
-Z
E
G
8
45 |gp 6,V
KZ}g
rg {z
]gk Q @*
C

G
c*
{z X yT ]gvZ
C=g f Enzymes g
g
:~e
$Wq
-ZCkS @*

: 7e
$W
y yc*
}igzZ y W? ~izgyb7L L
D
+ygzZ {0
+
i{% mygzZ {%{0
+
i { mygzZ V\WgzZ
G
Xk Q7VYDgeQ$NvZQw1{zV@*

$W {g)
( 31 G

# Enzymes /
|

D zg~}g v
]uZz T e **
VQxq
-Z?Z
#

22

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

E
CE+x LZ @*
t E
o ]g ZwzZ Z
# 3q
-Z
B
bg h k&
+!*
Xzg;]g Zw {zkS gzZ (Cytoplasm)
3 {g **
V }uz FgzZ 6,U*
DNA W,
Z tq
-Z
X~3=gf]gZwY**
Zg@*
gg@*
e**
tnkSX~
G
$
k
,
+q z n ] )
D ~gzEnzymes n kZ
5
g @*

D{zY ~ Z q
-Z %~ Vzg Z0
+Y
G
$
X C]gz~] ) yS Xg Zl**
Z
**
ZkS @*
0*
x Z
ik Q *
@Y c*

x **
-Z
q
X=gf~
J'
V>yQ #Z g
x Z .Z4,
Z
z~ V>yZpp
DB}uz q
-Z
B
yS k&
+!*
6 gzZ gz$k&
+!*
{
#Z g t f
e7
w Lq
-Z ]i YZ @*
Z
G

W yxg V>
) $
]5Enzymes bkS Xn  @*
wEZ**
Z
,zgR,Z
Zb
q
-Z~
f
ez{z
DZ~g g
uZz q
-Z ~ ]q
-Z X ~ ]5 ) p c*
zO 8

; iX YZ
V>q
-Z ; g ZD
? Z4,
Z

H
G
4
)
G
4& zZ sX
M
iF
Reagents c*
V I
h } x Z 4hG
gzZ Wg kZ
Dk
,
+q z {z 1 ]Wm{gzZ=g f
5
]WmVF,
]gz%Enzymes B!*
4G
&
iF
t%wdZ LZ
x Z {z X V!z s c*
V I
X]g Zwg Zl q
-Z D Za ~z~q
-Z]q
-Z
h 3 l
O
D ~p~|
#
/
! l

Dg 9z6,m{t

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

21

)q
-Z3q
-Z
w$
+

D9z6,
Enzymes
X ~x {{!*
g q
-Z: {g LgCc*
F,
J'
.
g0
+Zy c*
X _|
# Z 4,
Zx lZg ZD
zJ
- `W
A &x m{q

-Z KZq
-ZC

DEnzymesg Vc*
98
J
'.
w Z 4,
Z  Z7.
J
-Z X @*
B
(
-E
X
DwzNc*
E
@G
$
$
G
G
)
)

] yQ
D qz] g " g0
+Z3Enzymes
D Za wDZ]
w$
+ C]gzZ
#
uzg
{z wqX
n
pg
z

D `g{ c*
]Z #Z 6 6

x ZV ~gzX D W7~ ~p c*
~}g Lp]Z&
+
X Vc*
g Z)f 5h
e
Tgg {z6,

J'
.
gwdZ Z 4,
Z/

G
kS X nz~ yS SG
5 Zz% D F,
!]5 6 {z
-Z Z% H gK ]gzK4g
q
}~]qh
+D7
EnzymesV~wj ,Z
I
**
Z g @*
~ VzgZl~(,
gzZ~]q ~c*
0\F,c*
]g Zwc*

/Z
~ X
D ]q ,Z **
g g n q q
-Z ]gz
X @*

z Enzymes
!
6,]q )g ZzZa **
Zg @*
~(Labortory) : { )
X zZ C Z ~T C
G
$
7**
Zg @*
gzZ
D 0*

z Q] ) ;gZD
~3 @*
6,g}g7 C]gzTzZY $
Y
Xg0
+Z3
Dk
,
+q z
5
zk Q

{ nwdZ}uzx

24

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X Zze**
gzZ
gzZV
H
{z Hy])g [zgzZ Ej

77J
-Zs
# zjyEZvIY gS ~}g !*
X%
J
'.
7~ VjZ ] Z s
# z Z 4,
Z Y g Z,z X
n
X 7gzZ Z r WHtnyQY Y}
Za {zgzZ g Z)f x
'
,
i kS 6,g}g7 { s
X ~& 4q
-ZqC
@*

.n7
)kS @*
7] C
gzZIY g Zq
-Z~E
-Z

~ ] k^vI Y g Z n T ~ Enzymes
# { { c*
|
i p]Z&
+
3
Y [Z : bkS
x **
x Z>n
; g ZD
~LZ
rg {zX Hw

J'
ZZz
{z kS {q
C
-Zp]Z&
+ ~ yQ q
-ZC
.Z4,
-g !*
q
-ZDNA @*
q
W~
z ~ ~k
,
+W,
5
Z Gene q
-Z Z 4,
Zq
-Z
Qce **
kS Gene g Zl C X6,gJ
C Z ] t X CwzN{z
Enzymes  ~(,
Genes gzZ

W %vZ

D9z6, Enzymes X

X
Dx '
~g Zl Q ce g p Genes n kS

D ; c*q
-Z g p Z t X
n
pgEnzymes 
X ~LZ
n
pg Genes
p{f C Gene  @*
Y 6,gwV
-Z @*
q
X YwzNS Enzymes  A Wz Qce **
~
z6,{zAmino acids & ~ LZ
rg z6, #
 zZ

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

23

$ ypgzZ
D `g { yz {g **
]c*
6


D J (, w{Z ~ @*
D {z BB
D
0g VzgzZ
DoCqZ'
Immune System

D yg m{Enzymes X
D `g { WZe
Kx
D igzZ {0
+
i q
-Zpg
Tg Dx
X ~g wdZ

~g ~ |gzZ wdZ { n zz kS
nY g Z
Db)} (,Vz Enzymes
E
4G
580
6,
g~ggZz%
CW~
z G
+
ixwkS
rg

4E
7[4Z Z
5E
t vI Y g Z pX=g fq
-Z V=pH
ZZ'zGkS @*
qz
t Z W0
+
i
D
E
4G
58
5 m
KZzyg e : i wqX C{ G
]),i Z {z @*
;gg*
ByC
g o V7
~ "&
+
e i yS vI Y g S NZ y/ y ~
z
X
D W
$U*
"
{g **
Y g Zt ~,z19 c*
g 5[Z
X#|ZXZYgZtt,z
gYD
C I Y gS ;gE- ` Tg ,Zz |kS
t pg sf Enzymes [z y e S gzZ Ej
Y ZZ Enzymes:
D oY gSt
q
-Z~VIzzg ~(,
])
@*
{z6,giY ZZ 0
+
iqZg


M
h z~}g !*
gEnzymes G
X @
*
Zy
E&
L;
Z ~ g @*
]t ~}g !*
g0
+
i 4F

26

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

t Z
M
hW7~
zp
~Genes
D
=g f]
wzNGenek Q
gzZ
D 0*
%vZwdZXgzZ
n Genes n kS X @*
Gene {z n T
D '
x Z Enzymes
wdZat Z c*
gZz%~
z**
W @*
e**

D
n
pg Genes
] gzZ
D

IY g Z
z!*
]C
gzZyZ c*
g ;gE- `b; e
uX { c*
i
/Z :M

hW7~
z] ZEnzymes @*
: |kZ
Cx**
b
} wZ ~
Cq
-Z @*
V ;z
B W
z k Q s ~ F,
.
(,gzZ Za 0
+
i V
) !
-Z wVg Y X ~(Laboratory) : { ce **
q
g S
0
+
i
_ Z ~G @*
gzZ ]% Cx**
w
w7 3
S zX
D ~ F,
(,7QgzZ
D Za wDZ
~k Q c*
6,
k Q GasesX !*
$? ]C)q
-Z

g}g v
6,k Qn gzZ !*
$?zB
g ZD
z yQgdgzZ J
-wq
-Zg tkS X @*

kS gzZ[Z
V~X ~Pool}g v
C

~Enzymes
?X/~~|]YZy
ZgzZ])gzZ
z c*
Xb
Amino
A g Z q
-Z 6,
g Z D 0*7
-
1G.G

X Cx**
} }uzgzZAcids
%NgkS V Y~
gzZ @*
{z
/Z YZ ? ykS OZF
kS ~ * ~g ]r
# gzZ ZggzZ Za :/
X ~g @*
] ZzZ S gzZe**
tn
+ey
0
KS q
-Z
py

k Q~C
T

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

25

uKZNeucleotides gZD
q
-Z 3g
DNA q
-Z @*

DNucleotides nge ~ uDNA uZz q

-Z6,V;za X ~
g ZD
q
-Z4X ~wDZZg ZD
41 YBV-
/
g ZD
q
-Z
XtgZ0
+Y+F,
{~C]gzxt@*
Zeroes
W~
z ~g Z0
+Y |
# C
 VI g Z
2} Z t Z
gzZ V%g g NEq
-Zg
lg yzg ; B 6,qkZ n ,{ c*
i ) X
" zZ e
2G
.E
I Y g S X[NZ ~gzZ $
+
t |p( @*
h
+ F,
xE
G
G
mZp g S M
h7 SG
5z 5Z gS g
D m,
?v
n
gzZ $
+ ZQ

HH7{@xL~g Z0
+Y X
yZX6,g Cq{Z
+ng Z0
+Yq
-Z
^q
-Z D

CC
VF,
~ ] |gpgzZ ] D zDq {z
E
458E
b & Z.
**
~hYh @*
C
sg Z0
+Yq
-Z~ G
c*
z6, $
+
E
7k QgzZ~
54E
X ~! Zy

u xz0
+Z~] H
c*
GenegzZ **
Yw$
+ @*
e**
X nz6,
c*
Genet
]Z|I Y g Z ~ wdZyQ~pq
-Z~B~ z6,
]q c*
_ ZwzN.
**
6,g}g7 t Z z6, 
) !
X ~(Laboratory): { q
-Z7.
L{zp'
gT **
Y c*
n|
# {q
-Z kS @*
e**
6,g Zzt
q gz D w E Z ~ {g !*
z
g x **
V Z b
) !

z W ~(Laboratories) V { } (, Z Y )
E
? Ye =g ft Z[4ZZ SG
5~
G
8E
4
5
G
)
k
! {
D 9z6,}g Enzymes

28

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
G
x lZ g ZD
z Z b kZ c*
-Z C
q
~ .Z4,
Z g ZD
z
) $
6 mq
-Z
D .
~
KS Enzymes
X EnzymesxlZZ
n
pgBwdZZ]X~gZf~
G
J'
$
h } x Z ] )

Dx B .Z4,
M
S yQ s]
J
'.
Z m n kS X

K Z q
-Z
D {z @*
73 Z4,
XwdZgzZ]q3|
#
J
'.
E
7~ sf]!*
0
0Z ] Z4,
Z b; e L
: @*

J
'.
ykZ
W Z4,
S g ZD
z n ' ]gz3q
-Z
G
588
- CZgq
-Z @*
t X @*
'
,
Z'
,
q
-Z~1040,000
) @*
[
7
~
zJ
-3+F,
{ Vz Cx**
{
q@*
Ch]gzkS Zg egkZ ( w
0*
G8E
4
G5 x Vzg Z0
+Y
6,}i} zgXnY JkS @*
~
E
G
s
n
pgg Z0
+Y
x lZM V G347gzZ X
n
pg Lc*
`g Z Z
X
DC
"q
-Z
e.
f
$!*
V~LZp

n
pg g g
z!g Z0
+Y
~g Z6,}uz q
-Z
Tg ~*g }uz q
-Z 6,gx

yQt X
D Zg z'
,&& CZ7~ Vs9gzZ
Dx B
$
G
,z **
4Z~ ] ) 7Q @*
e**
**
Ii ZIn
**
g~3
Y 6,g~gq
-Zx CZ
x Z {z A
$
@*
tp
/Z @*
X **
J (,
g;iy
D
J'
x }g yQY D 0*
7tL .Z 4,
Z e**
~ |
G
G
Za q
- z x 3!~ yQ6,gx vZt X
D O z

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

27

X Zg g nF,
Q6,
G
_ Z,~(,q
-Z { c*
i gzZ Dg vI Y gS
/Z 58
G
!Zj b; X
yQ~
/gzZq
-Z (Z v {z
/Z 58gzZ c*
G
!

~/{z
/Z 58gzZ D T e {z~
~ V { ) Q DG

1.G
gzZ T e {z A DZ GgzZGases Y Z Cx**
x gz LZ
G
g OZ {z A
$gzZ T e {z A DZ 9z6,gzZ Amino Acids {z
/Z 58
~T(Retort)T
c*
(Beaker)}g kk QBJ
-V-
:.
L{z Q B wEZ **
ZD Y g Y Z }g
t
^z9z6,uZzq
-ZIgS gzZ Za Z4,
ZuZzq
-Z D
X D 0*
77]ogZ+F,
7Z
C]gz
D_r q9z6,
g S Lp"
zZ 4,
ZuZzq
-ZVYpg~y]!*
t6,
gx
} (,q
-Z DBB @*
n pggz LZ
J'
.
-ZC
q
~ Z4,
Z X @*
g Z
gzZ ]z vZ ]o
G
$
] ) ~ J (,
Tg q
-~ ]5 6 x g Z0
+Y
~
q Q
DG
Q]5{zQpXi )q
-GZg g
) $
){$ z
q
-~
z!*
{z v

*
!

z
D

4
Z

G
$
)
6 gzZ *
@Y Z
# q
-Zi q
-ZX C7h~p~ yQ
*
@YW6,w-Z LZQ Z4,
S
D Y Z Z 4,
S {g
G
$
4Z ~ ] ) }uz Q } aL6 4Z ~
qg
@*
.
Z 4,
Zq
-Z bkZY C Z St kZX
G
$

D 0*
] ) ;g ZD
bkS Xg gzZ {0
+
ig Z0
+Y pg
X ~3q
-ZC
~4C

30

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

~ Vx yS @*
X ~ VZ10020
M
hY K
M F,
Acids
X Z 4,
ZVziq
-Z q
-Zs
X @*
9 %vZ
@*
q
-ZGene 6,V
J
'.
K
M F,
Genes Z 4,
Z y
K]!*
kS  6

{z c*
V~ |
# 3 c*
W9z6,x X
D Y G wzNgzZ
D Y
e
$Z@
Genes
D Y ~ g Z 4,
Z
DC

J
'.
yQ~ p Z}uz X
g (Z 7Q Z
y Z 4,
Z

G
J'
$

.
**
4Z Z4,
Z ~ ] ) y
D ]c*
Z@ G Code
J
'.
n]mX
_(,
W Z4,
Z~zg] yS Xce
G
$
)

X ~]
D F,
Q{z
J'
E
8
4
.
5
E
S : Wg g c*
]!*
t 6,
V
LZ
G: gzZ Z 4,
E
8
45 E
(Genes) Gt X Vi!*

D
D ,@*
y ~i
J
'.
q]c*
Z@ Genes
Z 4,
Z~ @*
e**
n
*
* Za c*
~}g !*
h
e O %KZpx **

D
X keSLZp
7Vigr
# {z ,i Z {z ! l
gzZz6,
D
C]gzy
KS q
-GZ H n
pg7=g f G
+ YgzZ D
) $
) $
7 @*
Zg7 gzZ @*
**
Z~ q
-Z n
G
$

] ) ; g ZD
: gz Z ? M
h7q p|
# { K Z { z X
Y
X ~t Z
M
hJ (,
[]
58F
x Z~3C
;iCZ7{zg%G
/ZQ
,@*
vZ
D {zX{ LZvZgZ 

D {zY

yS _7,?X
x Z~ zg q
-{<zvZx C
gzZ

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

29

X Lg@*
Za 7Q
ztgzZX @*

Za gzZVz bzggzZq
-Zy
KZq
-ZC
vZtbkS
BwS vZ BkZjgzZ Y
IZ }g kZ Q @*

Z4,
Zzz kS X ~3
Dk
,
+q z
@*
5
Za ]uZz )
X
Dx ~3
bV}uz @*
x 6,gx
sf kS |kS vZgzZ $
7Za 7Z?
vZ

vZ+ Z
D &
+
e +gzZ [Z L L: @*
C
~e
$Wq
-Z kS
QgzZ ~g e c*
p }igzZ yW
~ QgzZ
( 83yZ/wW{g)
X ,zYQ
s

gzZ

J'
.
_" yxg
KS gzZ Z 4,
Z/
J
E
'.
58E

n
pg~^q
-Z Z 4,
Z 4G

J'
|  z6,q
#
-Z {z n kSgzZ
D 9z6,}g .Z 4,
S
zz kS X
D]:S!q&z6,~B
n
pg
G
J
$
:N WB V>}uz .'Z4,
h
ez~ ] ) gzZ YHE
Z
X
n
pg
A&


DV Z ~y9z6, Amiono Acidsp
/Z
K
M F,
]:SmKZ Z4,
Zq
-Z bkS gzZ z6,q
-Z

G
$

] ) X !*
Amino Acids z @*
h

Peptide Bond gzZ ZZ
]:St 6,g g Z4,
ZgzZ
D W,
Zk
,
i Z4,
ZuZz q
-Z
Z 4,
Sq
-ZAmino Acids @*
yp L L
Ci Z0
+ZW,
Z
6,V;zaX
rg Amino Acids 100Z4,
Zq
-ZzwX **
}W
Amino q
-Zt
D Y 0*
~g Z0
+YAmino Acids x lZ Z20

32

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

qZn|
# gZ6t ~ |
# U*
-ZX
^ (helix)gZ6
q
V Z ~f ~Q x ~ |
# qg e q
-Z X Cg (Z ^m
J'
.
q&q
-Z (Enzymes) Z 4,
Z C |
# { { c*
iq
-Z Wd
$
!*
0Amino Acids ngzZ h
X
D 9z6, |
#
J
'.
Z { 9z6,yQX
D 0*
~(,


D^m{q
-Z Z4,
~
z wdZZz 0
+
i ~g {zY
DqZ
Vzi Polypeptide|
# U*
q&yQX
D e**
W
J'
.
Z4,
ZgzZ Y f s ZZp c*
Y ~ !*
Y &

C Z 4,
Zq
-Z|
# U*
X sp6,
: e} (,
p

X ]:SgzZ
6 Covalent Bonds *!*
B
bg|
# Z z6,
g !t X .
$!*
yxg yzC

yZ9Z k
!
^q
-Z 8
-&
+!*
qg e q
-Z J
-Z
# ~ V Sg w/zgWBond
X6,
g0*
g: Covalent Bonds6,
V ;z|
#

D Enzymes
Covalent Bonds ~ |
# U*
-Z
q
]!*
t X
DC
~ V {O8 xg ( Vzi ) Chains s
J'
Z s
oB}uz q
-Z
D.
V .Z 4,
G
$
yS X ~ ] ) 4Z 7Q gzZ Og} V> @*
Bond
X B
bgi !*
)7Q
Bonds
yp q
-Z {z c*
W C
^ Enzyme t
J'
pX Kq
-L ; {z c*
.Z4,
Z Zz (Blood Clothing)
]**
kS 3?^Sq
-Z k Q n
pg @*
W Enzymes
J
'.
Z @*
0*
et ~
Y g S
/Z ?wDZ 9
Dg (Z Z4,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

31

X df]!*
kS g],

~3
n
pg9z6,x lZVz~ eLZGenes
-Z @*
q
t y @*

DEnzymes g
{z {z9z6,
~p Z}uz ?}x Z 4,
Zq
-Zg
Dg Genes
z6,
G
$
~ ] ) 6 q
-
A & (Enzymes) Z 4,
Z @*
y
YE
X /N 3
yS @*
J(,
ygzZ
kS ~|
# 6Amino Acids~VjZ 6
X Cs
# z
:N
(-NH2) \z
ZHE
/Amino q
-Z
n
pg~ LZAmino Acids
gzZ (-CooH) Carboxyl Groupq
-Z Xzg C

0guZz q
-Z @*

-Z q
X
D 6,V> Z
(-R) Vzi Y r$

q
+
0*
`ge '
,^#
 k Q {z C}uz Amino Acid
X B
bg~LZ{z
Cg Vzi YgzZgB
J'
}uz q
-Z yQ S .Z 4,
ZAmino Acids

Dq^q&q
-Z {z~T i Z0
+Z W,
Zv^!*
X Yw$
+~CurvegzZgZni

Zz g
D 0*
M F, bTAmino Acids t
K


Dg (Z9z6, p kS X
D mZpZ9z6,
U*
( S e c o n d a r y ) ~ U*
( P r i m a r y ) Z g
D Y B
~|
# ZZ c*
Z X V (quarternary) qg egzZ (Tertiary)
&q
-Z z6,~ |
# ~ U*
X Cg i Flat Polypeptide q
-Z
@*
._^~ Z&mk QwdZkS gzZ^~ Z
-Zz6,gzZ
Dh ~ R|Z ,z ,i Polypeptide X
q

34

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

|q&q
#
-Z
D {z ~zq
-ZZ4,
S
D Y (Chain)
Z 4,
S 6,V x {zt X( yZy) Active Siteg CY YG

$
@*
ZcZ4,
S 6,T {zX *
@Y a
Y Z}uz yZgz ) q
-Z
@*
e**
t nSubstrate kS X CY YSubstrate g
:NActive Site Enzyme gzZ 
E
Active Enzymes X Y H
:Nq
CY YSubstrate g
*
@Y **
T EE
-ZX
n
pgY Z b
Z Zz Site
Active Enzyme gzZ  @
*
e*
*t n Substrate kS X
:Nq
:NSite
EE
-ZXG
n
pgY Z b
ZZz Active SitesEnzymesX YHE
$
:NSubstrate
ZuzgzZSubstrate g @*
) Lg ZHE
Y **

X@*
Z4,
Spt@*
g@*
gZ)fnJ(,
gg
E
G
8
45 z +Z Substrate gzZ Z 4,

C G
Z ~ |g0
+Z
D7N L}uzq
-Z {zp
/ZX
DbZn}uzq
-Z

Y
@*
Z(,E
5N[g Z F
@*
qq
-Z
X yzg0
+Z {zT

V>
~yQ}uzq
-Z
M
hyT{z[ZY Z b
Zz yQ~
:N!*
X
D YHE
}uzq
-ZgzZ ZMq
-Z
:N) Bonding kS
Sq
( Y HE
-Z ~ ]:S Z
gzZ
8h
?X |
# U*
Z4,
S C ]i YZ Za
{ )9z q
-Z
rg ^~ Z q&mCZ p @*
g (Z
gzZ Active
Site X *
@Y Sub strate ~ T ^y
E
N AE
N
-E
-AE
-ZgzZ q
-Z
D Y ,Z~}uzq
-Z !*
X q
Substrate


YY{ i Zzg ~p Z}uz Z 4,
S

)
XCh]gz**
ZzgdZ6,
V;zY@*
e*
*tg0
+Z
KS
m JuZz q
-Z s YY uZzC
p kS

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

33

E
@*
C
SG
56,}i {z @*
Gene c*
Z 4,
Z 
BvI
]{x Z 4,
Zq
-Z s
# z
Dg6{z A
$ t Z
C ]:Sk Q
^~ Zq&~B~}g !*
0*
%
}g !*
V6&m{Gene @*
b [7Q {z kS X
g Z)f n ~ ^Coded nEn Coding kS
~
Trial t Z Z 4
,
Z q
-Z ^m{
/Z X
C
G
t Z (Z SG
5 Zz{z *
*w,z @*
e**
and Error

n ? Z4,
ZuZz q
-Z @*
C
[ Zg q
-Z A
$ Z
I ZF,
Zx @*
g *
rg ~ LZ A m i n o A c i d s 1 0 0
@*
*
N*
Z (,
q
-Z w[g Z 200 (Permutations)
!/]p
A m i n o 
D w
/Z s @*
Q ykZ t gzZ
iTrial and ErrorwEZ
D.
6,g~gAcids
%VCombine nAmino Acids @*
e**
*!*
tQX
Amino ~ LZ
rg
? Enzyme N*
gq
-Z i~g
[
D .
**
6,g}g7 vI Y g S n kS X Acids 100
X n^~ Zq&Sk QgzZ^zZ 4,
Zq
-Z
t Z !*
N WnAmino Acids @*
e**
t c*

X Z4,
Zq
-Z~9q
-Z
g D
+
6,g}g7 wdZk QgzZ
z Enzyme q
-Z n kZ
X
D
G `g{ggS

$
? @*
i Z0
+Z W,
Z6,
g g) Z 4,
Zq
-Z /

,i YZZ4,
S
D
~|
# Amino Acids

36

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X
Tgg c4Z
J
:NSubstrate .'Z4,
Z
c*
W
X {z X
D Y HE
Bonds Xzg; gz$ q
-Z 7c*
g _B yQ {z
L Z y Q Substrate gz Z Z 4,Z |
# Bonds Xzg X=g f
# wqBondsXzg,i Z{zX C SgzZ^wV"
Z
:N !*
Vz gzZ @*
o S u b s t r a t e 9Z4,
6
D Y HE
Z
G
$
]Vander Waab g ] ) kS w/

WBonds
I
mI
g
(
Di Z0
+Z W,
Z6,V> c*
Z
g ZY)
V! gz$}g)
C
yS X
Di Z0
+Z W,
ZHydrophobic BondsgzZ Electrostitic Force
Substrate gzZ Z 4
,
Z yxg ~
/q
-Zg
g Z*]nBonds
X CykZeyQ Co
_ ZA
$: Substrate }uz q
-Z ~ V>x z
/Z
{ c*
i c*
yQ Bond gz$ q
-Z
D z X
D Z}g
X}uzq
-Z !*
YDg{z
/Z 6~VV_

8yYZ 4,
ZTX C:p .
{zC`g { **
Z
~]g+Z
V gz$yS h {z % Substrate /
rg 7J{z
X *
@ Y?
V;z~!gzZ (Bonds)
[) c*
Vzi) 1zg C o Z Z q
-Zt
X ~yxgV> V_)
WBonds
J
'.
o Z
D Y ~}uz q
-Z !*

Substrates gzZ Z4,
Z
BSubstrate Z 4,
Zq
-ZZ
# 
D y
K@ZDqX
D
: * q
-Z *
@Y sp~ ^g {z @*
W~ k
TB; k Q0*
Vzib @*
W ~^KZ
(Glove)

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

35

.J'Z4,
$ _ c*
GG3G
E

Wt X
n
pg _Substrates
m

Z
$
) G
Z4,
Zq
-Z F,
{ c*
igkS 6,g g W,
Oq
-Z Ci Z0
+Z W,
Z
]q
-Z ~m{q
-Z @*
Y Substrates &]zZ
t X *
@Y Z yQ A
$~ V> ZY Z yQ w$
+{z X ~
X Lg ~g YZ%0
+
i ~g ~g vi
J'
.
X C Kg*!*
Z Substrates gzZ Z4,
Zg0
+Z3
J'
.
-Zn _}uzq
q
-ZSubstratesgzZ Z 4,
Z6,(Z
Yt |
# g0
+Z3
/Z ?
D .
` }uz
J'
:N!*
e**
0*
HE
B }uz q
-Z L Substrates gzZ .Z 4,
Z
@*
7h! (Z@*
X ~wj q
-ZVzyQ
z!*
@*
Y
GLq xq
C]wFX
D ~
w
-Z Y Z b
Z3 n kS
x q
-Z g0
+Z3gzZ
Tg Dzz ]g Zw6,wC
V>yS
C
Z
S b!*
X
Tg Dk
,
+
5
wJ
-}uz
} (,{ c*
i
9z6,X
Dk
,
+lg Z ~ ]q yS
D
5
l
/ [ ] g !*
s ZZ yzg"LZp
D
}uzq
-Z6,gxV>x g0
+Z3
w0Z]t X
D
X
~
q B

Dg !*
0*
$
d
~ q
-Z
] yS ~
-Z ]Substrate (Active Site) yZy Z4,
q
Zq
-Z
kS X Z~3yQ
z!*
@*
~i Vzg g
~(B o m b ard m e n t) !*
g g V>Su bs tra te
~g G
tgzZ ~ R Active Site Z 4,
Z @*
Y Substrate
) $
~ q
-Z [WgzZ
f
eg (Z ^? Enzyme-Substrate q
-Z

38

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

$
G
)
?@*
g*d
$
V>{zA
$QggZ~gg
J'
-Z
Dg g
.Z4,
q
Z V_) !q
-Z kS a
/Z
x **
~ x Z Z
LZ ~ yp ni { i @*
G
$
+3] ) X g: .
h
LypA
$
D Y
Q ; i Z L: gzZn Lh
+
gzZ D 7~gzn
k Q
z @*
**
Z4,
Zq
-ZYX {g ~K
M F,
QgzZ b
Substrate~p Z}uz @
*
'TQ CY
X @*
g _6,
g}g7k QgzZ @*
**
x k Q6,
T
b)nkS L6,V;z ak QgzZ %vZ
X D 0*
7~g Z0
+Y~kS
kSBT Substrate @*
0*
yY%Z 4,
ZC

tL @*
x ' q
-{<z vZ {za gzZce **
g
XC]gzx GZT~iQ @*
0*
7
E
N
-E
) $
E
A
t X @*
[x g g C HL~
3q
-Z @*
L0.01 T @*
Zzg0
+Z3q
-Z

gzZV>._}WX @*
yxgyZ` 100gzZ 10~#

L0.01
~Space q
-Z @*
x 
yxg k&
+!*

E
G
E
458 q &
:N }uz q
-Z G
rg #

AX
D } HE
yQ
B wDZ y }uz 6,RC wDZ y S
E
-Z
X
D g0
q
+Z g k Q

D ~ V AX
D,Zz }uz q
-Z6,gA

n
pg _B}uz
' *
LZ

M
h ]c*
gz }uz q
-ZgzZ

BWgzZ
4 7L

n
pg
A &x ~]zZ

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

37

X
87
-J e {z
E
G
458
V~g 3g6,V
y G
4]N z
D
/E
7.
h
e c*
pg*g E

KZB! x x Z
DC
{z
&&X
D
G
XC
@*
yQgzZ @*
wzN

CsvZ SG
5 Zzg0
+Z
Z4,
Zq
-Z\WLZ Y7(Bind) |0
+!*
Substrate

]i YZ
; iD 0*
x Z:gzZ Le 7(ZvZJ
-Z
#
~gz k&
+
e sZ4,
Zq
-Z nW~wdZ Zq
-Z
:N
kQY @*
0*
bFgzZS @*
0*
VzinxkS EE

XvZ]+Z[ge
$Z@
D i~gC
D7
Z(,q
-Z @*
i nkS
DC
yY"
i
O S
?V {7A kS
Dq g **
c*
**
.

X {7
G
58c*
~C
Z
~V>p$;f )q
-Z D~
.ZO Q
wq~|X @*
W~
tzzT C~tZp
6,g}g7 ]6,g}g7vZ
CyZlx
{C
bgzZ @*
Za vZX ] qC
{
'
,
igzZg!
X @*
[NZ {zX~V]zDdZLZk Q @*

:e
$W
G
G

t gzZ ~ }i gzZ~ V W
vZ ! S5 Zz V;

} 7,17t Zz g Vr ZvZ
} 7,
$Z17gzZwLZ
4H
( 66-{g)
X
D Zhz G
E
-N
E
1 @*
6,x 9Z4,
Z
/Z GH ? C: HL~ AE H
$
6,V
HVx ) Z 4,
Z
/Z H ?: VzinSubstrate

40

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

BY Zb
Z
n
pg wEZ]WgpCc*
F,
s
$
Y@
-Z
KN*
q
g LgC
X ]:S0Z ]gzZ { LZp~
~ Z&q
-ZQ @*
gzZ x ]iYZQ
@*
Z4,
Z
-Zc*
q
b Uq
-Z~VyZn0
+
iZ4,
ZZ @*
|
#
XY7xh
+'
[ZZ4,
Z b ~xc*
^kQ~p
J'
J'
.
.
D *
@Y c*
Z 4,
Z { g!Zj X Z4,
Z
J
'.
6,V{ez wq Z4,
Z }uz X z6,6,g}g7

Apo XCo Enzyme gz Z Apo Enzyme g
D Y Y
D
:NEnzyme
(Section)lZF,
-Z kS gzZV> z6,} (,
q
@*
EE
Z x }uz Z4,
Z kS |
# z6,X CC
: Z 4,
S
Amino Acids K
M F,
gzZ 9~ p Z }uz yT
X ~zkZ
D
S Enzymes
@*
z{zCo Enzymes
:Nc*
(Catalyst) q
-Zgx Enzyme @*
.

EE
zt
S X D7g S]:SApo Enzymes pX
g k QZ4,
Z
D Co Enzymes p
/Z p
Vz M
h76,D1 .
LZ p iCo Enzymes B
Xgg gzZx
/
uZ4,
Z @*
@*
~gzxgBq
-Z ( Y Zb
Z )V
gzZ Z 4,
Z~ yxg Bonding ]i YZ Co Enzyme
:Nq
Co g N*
z x X @*
x EE
-Z Z4,
Z 6,g~
CXSubstrate
:NEnzyme
A N*
z }X
Dx ~3q
-ZEnzyme EE
G
$
:N Z4,
Zg7A N*
z X ~Vision
Tg q
-
] )
D ` EE
Z
gzZCo Enzyme g Dx Enzyme protein ~

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

39

wj k Qx
D.
+
D o{z T?
wj ]!*
kS
n
pg c*
gzZX
x Z ! lx }g g0
+Z
~ T
rg yZ` 100

f
e 3q
-Z s{z Z%

66,q
-Z @*
Za x q
-Z~3X
D~
wZ9Z
+
h
'
,
Z'
,T{zq
-Z *
@Y ' DgzZ $;f V6&
KZx
!*
6,
g}g7 @*
7tc*
@*
0*
:L
YLy
KZ
: gzZ X C 7! 3p Z c*
gt 7~ kS @*
x
}uz q
-Z ~3
@*
C
Z
C ! V>
J'
]yS
D YgzZ
D W
.Z 4,
S " :gzZ D 7,Zz
gzZ
rg~ LZx yS
CY!
KS Zt:gzZX ~
(
-E
gzZz l vZ ( ) ~
. g c*
: Z kS X
rggE
@G

KS :
Za {zT~qC
$;fgzZ
zKZ @*
{C
b{zgzZ g
J
'.
+z
aBq
-Z
~ Z4,
ZBB~]zgDZ {z @*

+z C V;z @*
7,7t
N*
g c*
Z(,X
n
pg #

XDzLZ @*
Za 7ZvZY~x yS ~vg gzZwS
D : #~e
$WkS vZ
7NN7H
yW Y{z}igzZyWvZT F
V S " @*
Y ; g 7"
zq
-ZW Zz yQ HgHgzZ
( 99Y ZuZwZ {g)
XG~]**
"

E
Y Zb
Z H6,
Z 4,
S/

3~zLg Lg gzZ ,
J'
Z
~Y Z b
Zx
CqZ6,g~z) CY@
.Z 4,
J' G
.
6,gs
Z4,
Z 58 C F
F6,]
~ * |gpX
n
pg

42

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

{z X }uz
rg
~ wj ,Z q
-Z xg
k QB
,qx t Xng_ _ Ziwj 0
+
i k QgzZn
D 0*
iZ%Z A
$n |
# { q
-Z Z4,
Z
E
Cg i
J
'.
H
$
X
Tgx **
~pg[n Z4,
Z,Z 4hzgZ egzZX

G
E
**
0*
% x H6,kS n b
uZz q
-Z 58 @*
e**
t
gzZ W~
z Vzuz g OZ }6, Vzuz6,g: Z Zi W
t Z
}Q
nY Zb
Zx
Xt Z{g !*
z 3IF,
J'
.
]:SZ*!*
~Vzg Z0
+YZ Z4,
Z {zkS
yY"gzZ @*
xz Z Z 4,
Zq
-ZwdZ x Z
D.
B
@*
gzZ~63
KZ Y @*
C
Z

t X
rgwdZgzZ|
# Z*!*
-Z
~g Z0
q
+Y}uz~i
nZ 4,
Zq
-Z @*
7et']qg **
Y {7q
-Z
LZ g ~g Y i~gzZ
8CZVzuzgzZ _ Z x g **
LZ **
Y Z
J'
.
x LZ
D7.

D~{ny
KS Z 4,
S
 X x
X ~Vz
/c*
( ~V]vg~Musclesg gzZ%$
+wj
J'
.
m{ Z 4,
Zbq
-Z~wDZ0
+
iZ Ceqt
@*
Za
] x vZ ~ V * yS
D Y G Za 6,g
J'
Z yS
*
*x 7Q~
Y {z & ,Z .Z 4,
z +z Y  7Q
z!*
wdZ Z7Q @*
vZgzZ
gzZce **
x ~
KS Q }Y Z 4,
Zq
-Z
& X s

D { svZ n k Q
wdZ z @*
g (Z
0Z ]vZ g
t c*
~FZ %~ t~uz
J
'.
Z wt X
D q
-Z ~ V
Z
M
h } x Z Z 4,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

41

W
KS
; ipg ` @*
~
wZ
n
pg
G
]i YZ
2}x
/Z 58q)A N*
z
/ZX @*
.

Xz6,
CN*
zkS s '
,
X @*
V
$**
Vq

(Minerals) ynX
rg 0
+!*
V:!*
~g @*
Wx ~
J'
iZn, K, Mg, Ca, X
Dx Co Enzyme g .Z4,
Z
J'
.
Xnx Co Enzyme g Z4,
Zq
-ZP
D
XTYB,{ c*
i~
z
o
Z 4
,
Z C h a i n Y q
-Z g @*
~gz( N i )
J
$
g-
nurease
ZZyS X @*
Wx ~ mzg; c*
J'
X ~
V>F}uz~BL
M
h .Z 4,
Z{z
p IY g S q
-Z L
g 0*
~g ZeC
C ;gE- Illunois
J
'.
Y Z b
Zk
,
* **
Z 4,
Z Zg KZt ~
z|` W

: @*
7~}g !*
9z6,]c*
Z@ DNA v @*
W q
-Z Z
#
J
'.
X
D Z 4,
ZZz Za
/
u"Heroes" ~ ekS n
J'
} gzZ [NZB(Slots) s mG
{
D 9z6,.Z4,
Z
) $
X n g g!]}uzg
E+G
!*
YZb
Zx T @*
?{k
,
+G3B)q
5
-Z Z4,
Zq
-Z
?Z
# X @*
xg
Bq
-Z6,
z q
-ZyQgzZ
Dx
:NuZz
**
x g ez}g 6,g s: x D ZEE
{0
+
iBVx Zz Y 0*
g0
+ZkS Z 4,
Zq
-ZX u
Vm3}uz x gzZ Ribosome, Amino Acid ? @*
xg
Y Z b
Zk Qx g {0
+
i nk Q t:gzZX @*
xgB

44

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
*gb!*
6,g}g7 .Z4,
Z {z
yS
Dw
}uzg" gzZ @*
qzx q
-Z Z4,
Zq
-ZX
Dx ~ x
J'
Metabolic g
yZgz iZ%y S X
D Y q
-yZ i Z .Z4,
Z
J
'.
E
Z4,
Zx wzNgzZb!*
o ng S H6,
-ZV;z
D YYPathway
q
Z]!*
t {g6,g}g7 x kS pX @*
yxg
J'
.
Z C
LZce 'Y n
pgg Z
'
,~
w}uz q
-Z Z4,
X]zZyQgzZV
@*
wEZg0
+ZMetabolic Pathway mq
-Z Z 4,
Sq
-Z
6 k Q g
Z4,
Z }uz C g
g ZzZa
$
) G

} q
-Z *
@Y V- p }uzqkS XSubstrate
qznZ4,
Z}uz ~gz
DZ4,
Zq
-ZG
$


e Z6,~y
W C _ Chain ~g Z
# X ) L Z k Q
J'
Y ZZ Chain
@*
q
-Z~ .Z4,
ZyQ Inhibitor @*
{z @*
Q
X
D
}ggZzZa bkZXgKZ zg {z~pZ}uz
~Maltose3
K m$
+amylaseZ 4,
Z }X Cyi Z~Chain
J
'.
~ kS Zuz q
-Z Z4,
Z L LX ~ i m$
+A
$Maltaze Z 4,
Z;
G
X ~Lactic Acid *
@YspGlucose SG
5 ZzgzZ
Dq
-
E
+A
Y @ Chain 0Z ] iS ~uz
~ )EZ yp $
yQ
g Z
/]X ,g6,
z
o]T~i


CW7~Metabolic PathwaykS
n]:S
J'
E
x gzZ
z H6,
-Z @*
q
x x ~
w}uzq
-Zpg .Z4,
Z
+AE
Ig S Xi96,(ni @*
Zzyp )EZXB

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

43

J'
x .Z 4,
S Z m$
+7|kS ~Vzg Z0
+YZwdZ
s 0Z
Fi
q
-Z Wg g *
c t X
Tg ~x ~g Z0
+Y
yS X
`(Extinct) xzn[R
gzZ
10
D V;z {z
J'
s 0Zg Z0
+YC
6,gm{ .Z4,
Zx lZ n
pg~ f ZZ
G
X ]!*
0Ze
$w SG
5 Zz
GZa n
E
3{!+4 ~,z20 Zz 6,bxj%Z uZ^
4E
EG
,Z
:
n
pg~LZg Z0
+Y
9z6,q Z Z ~(,
t @*
yq
-Z~
G
$

-Z @*
q
q
-ZC
~ ] ) ;g ZD
Zz Zz ~ [Z
Z4,
ZC
gzZ'~Case q
-ZC
Z 4,
Z Zq
-Z' Z 4,
Z m
J
'.
Z 4,
Z Z ;g ZD
~ LZpg @*
7 Z
KS @*
z6,q
-Z
G

$
Zz ~ ]
KS
] ) q
-Z FX t s 0Z}uzC
bS
X
DZz~]]}uz
D
G
$

)
{z ~ ]g+Z
Dx ~ | ~ ] yS
G
)$

-Zt kS X
D
q

,
k
+
5
q

z
~
]

$
G
)
b Y~ mq
-Z @*
.

Z 4,
S
}g BBgzZ ~ Z`
~ ~Octopus V
~ ]
J'
ZyS @*
gzZX ~]LG
Z
m{L{z,z
rgqZq
-ZC
~ .Z 4,
) $
CSq
-Z s 0Z LZ k Q
@*
n
tC
C
 Zt kS X
DZ}uz q
-Zx {zX
J
J
'.
'.
Z }uz q
-Z Z 4,
Z }g {zt gzZ Z 4,
Z ;g ZD

n
pg s 0Z
et 6,}i
C s 0Z Z{ c*
i
q
-Z6,V;za X
M
h
J'
.
39z6,Z6,V;z 6,iY p Z 4,
Z s Y
X
n
pg
z~ Z

46

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

: 7e
$W

V Wk0*
kS
8)f qC
{zgzZ qC
Zz vZ


z

v{z V!*
vZ
D
G
gzZ
V}igzZ
( 62,63%Z >g)
X
} 7,
~L I

J'
.
2}wzN Z 4,
Z/

J'
SubstratesGB }uz q
-Z .Z 4,
Z ;gZD
~3 q
-Z
$

:Nq
@*
EE
-Z ) Chain q
-ZC
Z 4,
Zq
-ZC
X
n
pg ) n
J
'.
q
-Z Z 4,
Z ZgzZ ~Metabolic Pathway @*
~
/q
-Z c*

t @*
{
gkZX
n
pg )~ :Wn0*
Substrate
) G
$
z C

@*
i**
^s q
-Z nkSx
X @*
Zc{z6,
Tg ggzZ
G
$

o Z Timings ] ) gzZ Z6, ];
z yS

J'
.Z4,
Z~K
M F,
4bkS X
D Yg~ wzN'i
G
$

)
Zg7 ]c*
gz~g 3{z
DQ ] yQ }

J'
@*
gzZ@*
*
*x!*
.Z4,
Z
/ZX
Dn
Xce**
~xK
M F,
x6,
V;z6,
ggzZ;i/
g ZzZa q
-ZZ
# X
D 0*
'wzNJ%x bkS
$
G
Z
# gzZ
Dk
,
+q z] ) 0
5
F,~3 Ch]gz
@*
Y6,
gxX
DW~
z{ngzZ @*
[*
* `g{V>
J
GibN
D Za .Z'4,
C7h]gzm{ 36,Vj
Z
J
'.
Xgg~(,
-Z
DZa Z4,
q
Z6wqCyS
/ZX
J
'.
S
Z4,
ZX
n
pg _B yi Z{ yQ Z 4,
@*
w E Z n ~
q f.
! l
6,gwV Lipase

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

45

wq*!*
gzZ n
zZ4,
ZuZzq
-Z oD7.


Chain{k
,
+f)}g kS s
5
# z3 Zg n
pg7
J'
.
:N T Z4,
yQX YY7c*
U EE
S ng S Mq
-Z Z
yQx D ; i )}g t ` t Z
X ~zgw{k Qo
7
Cxc*
(Scenarios)ot wq~ |
3IY gZX
n
pg
@*
7|kS 6,gAb;e
]C
gzZC
CG
5E
N 0*
6,
g]C
kSI:H }Y7~:
~Bioplymers ;g ZD
q
-Z s:K
M F, B6,g3W
V ; i~
M
h VJ
- @*
g Z 0
+
i6,T
{zY~K]!*
kS Kgq
-Z Og ]C
X6,}i
+C
C 7 (Z +C
C N Y
\z
/q
-Z Zuz {zX 7(Z Vzuz ~ ~g !*
yQ N Y
&

D
z{zX ~]Z7c*
g6,
gAG
0E
rg
mZ
3g**
-Z @*
q
V;z C
!*
ig C G
5E
~ ]g
D
NZ
0
+
i ( V~$Z ]]Z7) @*
7]Z7
y
I Y g S X
DJ 6,d
$
gzZ} I Y g S x 0 %
gzZMg wEZ V yQgzZ
TgV
z& kS
4]N
/E
] Zt{z T e7'IY g S
Cq
-Z @*
X
D6,V Zz E
c*
gq
-Z r q
-Z
D7] ZX M
h Za 7} 7
, Za wdZgzZ]gC
b @*
e**
t n] ZX $;f q
-Z
CZ7gzZ0Z]x {vZtX ~i!*

Dg

X6,
}izg VZgzp

48

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

$
G
] ) Z
#  @*
{gkS Zg vX @*
**
q Y Zg g
Vgz~0*
]zZ nyQ Lg @*
Z%q
-Z
)]!*
t p ]zZ yS X @*
**
~g ~ ]4Q
gZ
'
,!*
~ yQ
C Za ,g
 C q Z
ZX @*
Y3gp m{]!*
kSg :gzZ { c*
ix Z
/Bq
-Z : g
Z
# @*
**
g ZzZa { c*
i6,
V;z bkS @*
~gz**
] ZZ
C 7]gzg ZzZa h
+'
Z
# t @*
C h ]gzkS
XnYc*
uzgg ZzZa
@*
gkStXce**
]gz"

tX @*
0*
x Z~: 1000
g ~g gzZ }YLZ 4,
Zq
-Z
D}g v%B !*
t%
Tg ~g Y ]uZz x
X ;g HW~
qC
V @*

gx CZ7q
-Z6,V;z~
KS q
-Z
:NC
wdZ x }uz
EE
X CB !*
gzZ y 6,g
X
rg ~g Yx LZx ChainbkS gzZ Cin

DC
6,hC
" T @*
q
-Z
KS
{z Czz
nkS ~3~VmLgLg
vZ
n
pgxkS
xX
DgZ
vZYZb
Zxt
svZ
V xZ
Dg q
-z
X
D{]+Z[g

Dk
,
+qz6,
5
(kQgzZ
D{
C]gzZ4,
Zx g @*

vZg t

Dck
,
i
2}wzNx Xce **
Za g ZzZa gzZ

n
pg~ e9z6,x gzZ
Dg ]i YZ vZ*!*

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

47

$
G
)
X x Z x 5 !*
Fatty Acid gzZ +e @*
@*
**
ay
**
ZY @*
q Z~(,
wGZ **
k
,
+q z
5
) $
$
G
X}uzCY **
Z{zG
~0*
xZ q
-Z~] ) G

$
$
zQnW~) Ch]gz**

Zgg)
J'
Z
X @*
**
{fbk QgzZc*
**
Z
DZa .Z4,
-Z !* ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
q
%
X**
Zp @*
*
*x ~R,
( x ZgZ D
+) InhibitorsmZm{ @*
wzNZ4,
Z
z

o5Wck
,
i,TXFactor q
-Zg
D 4Z

~3Inhibitors t X Z4,
ZInhibitor CZ p~$
+
rg Z 4,
ZC
6,
?g ZzZa ]gzi ZZ
+ZiZ 4,
Z
zg

n
pgyi Z Zq
-Z
J
'.
Z
X C7kC]gzyQJ
-Z
# D7g Z4,
X ~^z V> Pyrimidines gzZ Purine $
Y @ wVq
-Z kS
~z) Y Z Vz yS
D V>Purine, Pyrimidines
Za RNAgzZDNA @*
@*
~gzxg
~36,V;zVzg Zl
Purine, CY wDZ Purine g Zl{ Zp{q
-ZZ
# Xne
J
'.
Z k Q Za h
+'
Inhibitors
Za kS

uzg Z4,
J
'.
qzZa Pyrimidine

D g Z 4,
ZyQgzZ @*

) !*
@*
]!*
kS g Za bkS yxgY Zz yS X
D
Xg6,
gV7 Level q
-ZC
~3
x wzNg0
+Z3q
-Z Zz !*
? 6X
n
pg C]gzLZ
# ] OZg ggzZ
n
pg
G
J
'
$
Zt M
hN
n ]c*
gzgzZ *
*Z ~ ] ) n .Z4,

50

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

`N  6? @*
HZ4,
Zpgg gkS p
J'
$
G
)
X
~g Zl**
Z g g n~k
,
+q z q
5
-Z .Z4,
Z
kS ? C H **
Z Zz Za
/
ut 6,gp
# z
Vzi ' _ Zg **
~ VjZ **
Z :
Ds
tZ
# X W ZeG0g @*
n 3IF,n 0g?
) $
-ZgzZ
D }uzq
q
-Z {z
D
~ wj q
-ZVz
G
X
DZa W,
Z Z Z
g Z0
+Yq
-Z
D
Y Zzt,z58 @*
58F
B
bg } ?[
G
/ZX D 0*
7t Z Z L{z ~

z!*
Sg~ kB WZe 0g t gzZ0g ~ LZ
E
6,0g tzz kS X r$
+7~V# SG
5 L{zkS
E
4G
58 L
n
**
Z5 Zz W C
!*
gzZ G
pg ~ V1 gzZ Vzg Z0
+Y
,
k
+t Z ZgzZ M
5
h 7h Bonds LZ {z
) ( {)z ]g Zw)
Bonds oyS h CWC
!*

**
Z5X D 0*
7
( A t i v a t i o n **
Z x
/
u **
Z t
Z c k
,
i
|
#
C gg n h |
# o**
Zx
/
ut X CB Energy)
s c*
Qq
-Z n W [ kS X ~ p Z }uz X
**
ZCg ZwnV>
~w0*
g0
+Z3X C]gz
X C q ~ Z3W V>Zz Y 0*
~ s ZZ
J'
` Zy
Z **
Z p .
y Zgz Z V> y S .Z 4,Z
X
Dg Z) f
J'
Z4,
Zq
-Z Biochemists n Ge g g
/
u .Z4,
Z
) $
-~ q
q
-Z yZgz

D Z Substrates
Zt gzZ *
C
@Y 16,g Turn Over Z 4,
Z ZkS X
D

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

49

J'
" X ~ wzN vZ
D .Z4,
Z
D !*
gzZ
]C

; i}g `~p
n
pg76,gs
'

,
i vZX C!vZ s
t X
Dk
,
+q z~3
5
sT(C
qt YN q
-ZX C#~Y Zx ~vg
#
C~g tX @*
{@x {z X~3C
@*
Zhz
X ~}igzZV W}g
:~e
$W~uzq
-Z @*
C
qkS vZ
zq
gsSgzZ}igzZVW]!*
k0*
vZgzZLL
X D?x
7"[gZgzZg#z6,
ZgzZSx

( 123{g)

J'
.
g g ) Z 4,
S/

J'
6uZzq
-Z 0
+
i ~g q
-Z @*
0*
7(Z n .Z4,
Z
/Z
G
$
G
$
q zwFD 0*
:gz] ) gzZX C7nx Z )
G
J'
$

)
~Vc*
V[
R **
0*
Z~g g] =g f .Z 4,
ZX n~k
,
+
5
X @*
0*
e~~O 8,zg ZD
G]q
-Z 7
J
'

$
Y
1,1014
M
hZ E
5N 1014~g g ) .Z4,
Z
X @*
q#14
$
) G
 6 @*
0*
7~5 i g g kS H
J'
J'
=g f .Z 4,
Z HX J
-w15@*
;g ~g Y .Z 4,
Z%]q
-Z7,
X wVzg ZD
@*

8{z,z ~ k] @*
Y e**
0*
; i
Xp kS CYe**
0
+
i :"It~]gZA
$
G
J
'
$
Z
Z~g g ] ) g " CZ
+~g Z)f6,.Z4,
X @*
in]]g Z0
+Y

52

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X Dg gwg ZD
15
J
'.
Y g S y wg xj% mgg u **
] kS Z4,
Z
y{gzZ,g Z0
+
q
-Z @*
3g Z0
+Yq
-Z :z,t I
-ZX @*
q
g Z
/
u[s ~36,_|gpq
-ZXB
g Y D Za g g b q
-Z  @*
x (Z6,u Z
] }uz Z
+Zi 100 Z4,
Z X

Metabolizing  ~(
,q
-Z ~ 4 k X @*
Za [
X CZa p ]3Bacterial

@*
'
,
Z'
, Bits 1012 { i Z0
+Z Z C 3{ q
-Z
"'
5E
{ c*
i ], C hz 10 G
,c*
b e
KS p
X
rg]
~
rg] { c*
i~LZ3uZzq
-Z ? 6
J
"'
5E
XG
,
c*
b $
KS
X
DZa~410ZgzZ%vZ

$
G
)

Z (,
-Z~ZzX @*
q
Z~] 6,
Vzg gZ Z 4,
Zq
-ZC

q
-ZP X ~g Z]q
-Z
Tgh
~ ] @*
{7
G
$
~ k
,
+q zB~g g!{ c*
5
i C]gz] )
$
$
G
G
)
)

n q
-Z s]
X ] }uz
G
J'
$
c*
~k108c*
W)t~
) .Z 4,
ZqX
D
G
$
] ) wq ~
Z 4,
Z X @*
0*
~ w 3
J
'.
Z ~ * Z 4,
Z X
f
eq(Equilibriun)Gyi Z~ 410
$ G bN
i p

)Z 4,
Z q
-Z @*
@*
Zz ) g g
G
$
)
Y c*
Y e~ 4109 **
q yi Z q
-Z ~

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

51

J'
Z Turn Over LZ .Z4,
Z FX C Z Z n Z4,
Z ~ ZZ
G
~ y
$
d
X m,
g[
+.Z7
-1g wVq
-ZX
n
pg~Vz%58c*
~
q wq
-Z C Za ~ V:!*

WZe 0g S Wd
$

~ i kS X C Y Y ~ Vz =g f yp
zz T @*
zZ}g~ wj wC w WZ e0g
k
H q
-Z J (,g g
*
* qz m,
g[
+.Z 7
-1g

V> WZ e0g Z~z)q

-ZgzZ G0*
b
$
) G
) $
q
-Z Z4,
Z ~ p Z }uz X
D 4Z ~ [
Z4,
Z~ Vs9
@*
4Z [ ~ z` zC
~
? @*
**
( ! Zg et).
{ c*
i S
/Z X Cg g 0Z ]
@*

rgz` q
-Z J
-
Zw}g7 q
-Zq
-Zz
X @*

rg6,
Vz
CCg 7
-g eq
-Z A
z Q
@*
**
`g {{ {g **
-Zc*
q
**
Zq
-Z**
Y^I ?q
-Z
J'
? 6X %vZ%
Dx C


z$
+ .Z4,
Z
J
'.
VWgzZ~ {n
x Z4,
Z Nm{
g Z TyxgV[
Rb @*
& @*
0*
iL ;y
KS X ~
J
'.
uZzq
-Z? @*
0*
: en Z 4,
Z*
* (Z
/ZX @*
6,
Z ZzY
X Dg gwZ
+Ziw30nZ
ePepsinx Z
f
/30 ns
# z]!*
{S kS
H 2 Y
@
*
q
-Z ~ Zg g n L ;


.J'Z4,
D
g

Z @*
: e(Z
/ZX~C} &
+Z
G
$
) G
5 6,gg **
-ZgzZ n} &
q
+ZuZz q
-Z 58
q
-Z n "7,kS ?6,g wVX w1585 Y

54

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

@*
eDC
ZZ4,
Z Duane T. Gish
6,V;z~wj yY" q
-Z : ] Z Y7ex t
Vg Z0
+Y W6,Xzg 6,gwVX Y7[NZ n
Metabolic q
-Z
/
u C @*
{ yv6,g ) n


n
pg Z4,
Z
A & )q
-Zn kS X @*
Product
Turn gzZ @
*
Z 4,
ZtX W6,
Xzg=g f
W6,XzgYX
rg [4[g Z Fb Over
C h ]gz]}g zz ygg{ c*
iu
Xn=gfkQ
Z4,
Zq
A &
$
4GG
X M
h{g7{0
+
i%Z 4,
ZkS SE
5G
G
J
'
$
7GZB ~g g ! k Q ~ ] ) .Z 4,
Z
/Z @*
H
) $
@*
nyQ H ? C]gzD 0*

{zH ?~wg ZD
k@*
@*
0*
~~q)yS
J
-w
/Z}

)yQO~w10x LZ x Z {z
/Z D Wx }g

M
h{g {0
+
i Hsq
-Z]gzZwn
pg ?~w100
~
$
) G
Z q
-Z ~ |?~ 410 @*
0*
~
yQ q
-Z
/Z
yZgz410q
-Zs @*

/Z~z,zg ZD
q
-Z
/Z 6,gwVX ~x ck

,
i^zg Za @*
~ ]g rN
x qt @*
g6,g g Z 4,
Z DNA Polymerase Z4,
Z Catalase
CZ
~V
~s ZZV> W6,Xzg
J'
gzZ
) .Z4,
S X

W
) !*
]]{z bkS
J'
.
Z4,
Zt @*

]!*
kS **
t

z yxg

J
'.
Z !
x Zx Z ( 9z6,
)
@*
0Z] )1t Z 4,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

53

X:w2000
G
J'
$
C {z
/Z C ]gzgg T] ) ~ * .Z 4,
S
G
$

]gzV;zn] ) C{ yv{z
/ZB~!gkS
x B~!
D DNA
Z 4,
SX J
-
z{ c*
i~g gN
J
'.
S
M
h7
6,gyQ
DY Z LhN*
~ Z 4,
J'
.
6,g g ZzZa :q
-Z Z4,
Z {z kS Xce **
7g g N
6,Xzg
Y  6a gzZ
D Za W6,Xzg
]c*
Kx  Cg !S
gzZ k
,
+t Z Z W
5
G
**
C
!*
wS n kZ C u **
{ W!*
t n kS XZe{ n
-Z n kS Xn yvV:!*
q
K{z kS I *
@Y ~gz
J'
.
D Za W6,Xzg
Z 4,
Zt {z CY g Zzg ~ o Z
D B Peroxisomes

D Yg ~ Vm{
~3

G8E
J'
.
4
W6,Xzg

D Z4,
Z wC zZq
-Z G5 tX

50Z4,
ZtX N YV~V:!*

KS {zkS I
D
y S BgzZ ~ 4q
-Z V> W6,Xzg
}g Zwg ZD
18 ? n kS X w$
+~ xWgzZ 0*
g"
y],
Z
/ZgzZ Y} 7x ZkS Z4,
Zt
/Zwn
/X
Dg g
-Z W6,XzguZzq
q
-Z @*
x Zx kS C


X
Dg gw&?
**
Zx
/
uq
-Z nV>50 W6,Xzg
CwEZ
Zx X
Dg g}g Zw[g Z90 g ZD
18 X50
wC kS C0*
: Vzg Z0
+Y
6,}i C Za
**
Zx gzZ
X n**
Z

56

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

~
/
u n pg {0
+
i V
KS gzZB V> Z}

n
pg
; i
x ZB! x t gsz^
J'
6,}i
]c*
svZ
D}g }g .Z4,
ZXg
X
n
pgl!*
z1{z~T ]gzZ V
KS { Vx

X {qC
CZ
X@*
Z,Zz]c*
WLZgzZ]xLZZz6,
}ivZ
-Z~]c*
WvZ}g
D : 7q
ZQyZ?y2%yWzZT {zvZ
@*
D
+
6,
gH
z6,
gZLZ q
-ZC
0
+egzZ`gc*
~xgzZ6,
l
( 2Z {g) XzY[gLZ?h
+
V*
K@*
C
x

c*
g Z0g gZ 4,
Z/

J'
0 g g .Z 4,
Zq
-Z ~ Vzg 0*>X\I Z ]
4zPBg **
Y 6gzZo
~d;gE- E
0G
~x Zc*
g
E
5zZ el
LZkZ gq
-Z bs WaO ZD
y HE
gWz6,
g n}g
~,~g
HH~g Y~ 1998
~ yq
-Z
J
'.
Z 4{ c*
iq
-Z q "
$U*
0 g g ) Z 4,
E
H
5zZX ~ y ]
c*
` ~]ZZ KZ y E
J'
%~ p Z}uz
rg 7.Z 4,
Z
z k Q~ LZ 0*

8
- RNA gzZ DNA
i C 0*

G
g k QpXw
78 Zz~^z ~
gzZ58c*
C
kg g k Q c*
0*
[Z ~ p Zk QX "
$U*
yZ{ c*
i

8{z

z
zk
HJ Wk QX X Xg g~N k
Hg ZD

z 0
+
i ] w[7q
-Z n } W

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

55

WZ t Z n W~
zit @*
,
s
# z q kS

G
~] **
**
i Z0
+Z
gkS ny
KZ!*
-Z58~|X @*
q
6,]q
-Z F6,VX @*
e**
**
~gzZ *
*Zi e x {
X Ch]gzg
J
'.

D 0*
yY Z 4,
Z ?
rg 'ZuZ ZZ4,
ZC
 G
$
)C
?

Z
q
Z

yQ
J
'.
$
) G
q
-Z H @*
e**
**
0*
yY p LZ Z4,
Z
x Zt yQB~!g @*
7,**
]!*
kS gzZ @*
bx Z
}uz @*
en yQt 6,g: c*
z)gzZ C ]gz
J'
q @*
e**
nyQ6,g}g7 tX , igg LZ .Z4,
Z
~"
@*
Y16,
gZzq
-Z
t ZXt Z]:Sx yS **

-Z t:Z t Z gzZ @*
q
k
,
+q z ']ZW,
5
Z[4Z ZgzZ6,g
x S {z @*
i Z0
+Z W,
Z 3 A @*
{ S
6,|
# Z
n kS X @*

) !*
]] bkS gzZ uzg
{z @* x Z4,
Z!*

D Y G wzNg0
+Z3 x
X
D Y 0*
~3
~ V S: gzZ @*
7~3pwzN
`
n ; i!*
C s
C
# z q
-Z s6,V;z
p x t
/ZX @*
C
Z
"
~x |gpkZ
D Y

n
pg gzZ D7tL~x LZ {z *
* H7Q
Y
w"gzZ $;f {z A
$J
-~uz q
-Z~ V
KZx wS Q
!vZ6,gA wS gzZ $;ft X @*
g DZ ~ yS

Dg Z
J'
.
~
KZ Z4,
Z LevZa X V }g {
@*

x q
-ZC
LegzZ 'q
-ZbkS gzZx CZ Og ~g Y

58

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

E
5zQ c*
0Z ] VzI Y g S pI Y g Z q
-Z p y HE

 6X
z:ENyZq
-Z @*
q
g Zlt XS
E
5zQ
:]!*
kS s
# zy HE
~g gNW ]x6,3 Zg,ZG
rgyZt
) $
g g !{ c*
ig Zls Wkg eg W 21 @*
Z4,
Z ~ VjZ
~}g !*
Y :+F,
sgzZX ~Case ~
:J
-XJ
-V eyQ` VX18g Zl@*
~Case
XkS K YVZuzgzZ
hJ (,IF,
M
-Z Amino Acidsq
q
-Z F z6,q
-Z
/Z G
$
,zg ZD
P J
-V [7 1@*

g g ) q
-Z

7~ * C

/ZX CY )~|Z k QA
$~V

B6,g}g7 @*
0*
z6,uZzq
-Z
Yq
rgvZsX e '7QTwq

-ZV @*
V ; z A
$ @*
0*
t
X wtZa

-ZY Z x H Za k Q H vZ ~ e
q
$Wq
-Z
D :~K
M F,
kQ
rg 7gzZ~ }igzZ yW T{z : 7e
$W
Xw\ k Q HQqC
gzZ~ 7gzZg
C
( 2y
wZ >g)
~ wzN k QY Zx  @*
i{z~ e
$W~uz q
-Z
X
C
Zg vgzZ Z [g
6,vZ H#z ~ : 7e
$W
k Q ~B;vZ1ZzOV 0*
6,
}i7

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

57

J'
]q
-Z @*
{z nk
,
+q zkS n .Z 4,
5
ZX k
H100
Xk
Hkz,z1000
H5EzZ
H kgzZ Chetan Lad ;gE- Z y E
-
c*
g kS 6,V
$ [z b s WaO Z DB .Gz
X Z 
~Y 1998s6,
Z29
E
5z
Z4,

\kS X \{z5zy HE
Z
E
1.q
4& g @*
G
.nG
( P h o s p h a t e H
Y
*
*
Y

\
z
/

-Z
$
) G
X CJ (,J
- )q
-Zg g ~ 0*
Monoesters)
J'
~ ]yzg0
+Z gzZ
D 6,M o n o e s t e r s yZ .Z 4,
Z \
~ {g 
Z Pathways
3gzZ
D !*
~u N*
kZ
X
D !*

E
5zQ
: @*
ZzbkS ~seZ Estersy HE
x lZx ~] ~s ZZEsters
n
pg
E
@*
~zcUC
30
+
KXBwdZ
Z 4,
Z EinC
4E
&

.nG
yQ
D W~_\}uzX
DkH
Zg1g ~
wgzZ Y p

E
]

X ~ 5 9g;
T mgZq
-ZgzZ3
K
E
5zQ
6,
oc*
g kS
rg ~g Yg Z]LZy HE
J'
D {zYH D_k
,
i~ekS {z .Z4,
Z

J
'.
gyZ~
yQ Z4,
Z1 Y}uz x W
G
58c*
W~yQ :gzZ
yQ7Q76,
:
K

G
) $
6 *
@Yc*
J(,gg KG qzG
Z
gzZ

J
'.
) $
~
) Z 4,
Z w[7q
-Z
8
XB

60

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Vzi

D hg6,] yQ s]Z W,

Z LZ {z X n ~ F,
(,
X
Gn
pg 6,VLZ Docking Stations
c*

n
pg Receptors
J'
) $
.
6
D { z
D Z 4,Z kS s '
,
Wg q
-Z (Metabolism)VZzg RCz~y @*
g g yQJ(,n
Xn6,
b
J'
.
Z,z
D,z!*
g ;
: {zs '
,
Z 4,
$
G
)

{z kS X
D `g { yQ: gzZ
D 4Z ~ ] 6
=g fVzgJyp{zJ
-X
n
pg6,Y
IZ]Z W,
Z ~ Zsg ;
t_7,[tD Y\ c*
?
/Z6,gwVX

Vmg ;
z kZX
D9g ; *!*
~Z]Z
(
E
-
{z
D Y} hg
c*
uq
-Z **
Za
D qzA
$~E
@G
] -)g n>
e 3 ?
D kZk\
( } 7yg ;yzg ; n
KZ
C Za i q
Z }uz q
-Z~9z6,Vz yS q H
~ _ Z x gzZ
Dx }uz q
-Z~ |
#
9z6,

n
pg wDZ ygzZ]:Sq
-Z {zp
/Z ?
Dx
J
'.
E
c*
Z4,
Z c*
W g
D qz **
x SG
5
D Y ~

*
*x q
-Z ]!*
kS !W~g
rg 7X g ;
]c*
}uzx Xce **
v] \ Zuzq
-Zgce
pg @*
e**
nyQX D7ZFats gzZ z6,~
Y Zb
Z**
|
# ~c
W!*
~:Wx gzZ~/V.
$;f
@*
vZg tX p kS ~6**
sz^gzZ~Metabolism
}uz q
-ZgzZ **
u| H **
H9z6,Zz Za

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

59

( 56{g) X 6,
{ ZgS [gZ" Ka
7Q
Vx H Za T {zvZ
0Z ] 7Q H vZ X ~ wzN LZ 7Q
rg gzZ ^
n
pg 7
Di Z0
+Z|kS
{zX wDZ wV"gzZ ]:S
t Z q
-Z ,q x t *
* t X wq 7 s
# z w gzZ
Z]Z7gY g ZyQ7Q
D c*

Cq
s
D} nkS
{zX '
,
Z'
,uCkS $
+7't
Za t ZX C o yQ
wq]g )
D,Zzg
Z4,
ZuZz q
-Z 3uZz q
-Z Y ZaG{z:gzZ g Z0
+Y q
-Z Y7
) $
@*
Za vZX Z4,
Z k Q @*
Y c*
`
Chaink Q:gzZ~3k Q
k QgzZ~ Z(,vZ
D{C
b{z
q
-ZC
x gzZ x
t
X ~Za]k Q~w

J'
.

DZ Z 4,
Zp g ;/
Vz
z!*

J'
DNA Vz
D z6,Vz g; gzZ .Z4,
Z
Jq
-Z
DFit6,
g}g7~V
KLZVzX
Ds~
~ b Z wdZyQwDZyQgzZ CFit~ q
-Z
b

D C g ; wqdX
D q Z
{zV {O8}uz
D Y gzZ
D g ~ VZ
Z
{z bkZ X ~ }g J yp
D Y } hg
X ~ V K
6,
,
+q z
n ]uZz
5
Y V+
Dk
E
]

~A gzZC5 ~gz
6,g wVg ; ~ F,

(,
Code

62

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X
D~s ZZ}gv
nY Zg Z0
+Y}uzgzZ~x Z
Windowsill ( i) ZC
q
-ZD hgg ?
/Z
Vq
-ZP6,
T it ~ ~gi gzZ ~ k *
@Y w$
+{z n
J
'.
X @*
54g Z 4,
Z {z @*
W~
z
Dg(Maturation)

{g !*
z mk Q {z Z
# X~A q
-Z @*
+ G
5Nq
-Z
3q
.
-Z Cg (ZgzZ x3,
}g CYJ C
J
'.
Di~
i I Q! ?
/ZX Z4,
Z54g @*
0*

tX |
#
D Y{z: '`g7Q
D hgg6,yLZ

J'
gzZ zg `g
D W~
w
.Z 4,
Z54g
Dc aN

X]g Zw
J'
.
X M
h V7VX M
h 3Q7~
) Z 4,
Z
@
J
'.
Z CZX M
hW7~
zpgzZ M
h w$
+78
-g CZ
];
zx yQ Z4,
X
Dq 0
+
ig Z0
+Y [NZvZ VY
Dq
-Z ~
n ; i6 x Zz ~ Vx x Z}g
J'
.
Y Zb
Z ZImmune System t kS {z
Dg Z)f Z4,
Z
X
D
J
'.
Z
gzZ 3Z @*
.

D6, Z4,
wgzZh

e G
g kC  @*

D 6
J'
.
yp Z4,
ZX @*
0*
e (Z~0
+
i{%izg KZ~
}
/
~xypyZgzgzZ~wdZw~(Blood Coagulation)
(
-E
~}g~wdZE
@G
~` Zy
ZY ZYC
i~wdZgzZ
G
n.
[Zp58gzZ~W}g vgzZ~g ;
J'
.
Lg D 3 ?
Z ~g v Z4,
Z X
D Z Z g ZZ

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

61

@ **
*
*gB}uz q
-Z @*
*
*"
$z B
k Q H Za k QT }Y6,g}g7
@*
vZt X
{zX }Y {z
V ];
z Hg !*
zg k QgzZ @*
Zz H~
]!*
kZ {z
DVzit VgzZgzZ @*
]c*
gz
E
q
-ZC
gzZ@*
Zaq
-0*
x!LZ~q
-ZC
{zX@*
,Zz
_ pS |
# C
~XOg iLZ e
$Z@
J
'.
X Zg; Z4,
Z C
Ce
$Z@OkQtX C~
kS Zg X $Zq % @*
Za Le {z
vZ
: @*
C
~e
$Wq
-ZkS|
y TgzZ6,g}igzZ V  W H Za T zgzZ
YyT  QgzZ E]!*
QY{zY
9
NF
X Zz+ YZz zgzZV!*
NgzZ -FZz+ Yg rNY
( 73x Z {g)

J'
.

Tg ~x ~x Z}g Z 4,
Z/

J'
x lZ .Z 4,
ZZ
+Zig ZD
z ~ LZ @*
Y **
Y
KS q
-Z
e
D 3 bTX
M
f
h {g {0
+
it]yQX
rg
E
G
g "Z @*
;g s ZZ}g


/4]NVzi ZzW

J'
Z4,
Zq
-Z ?Z
# X
Dx .Z 4,
Zx ~}g ~
gzZ X
D Y`g { x Z {z
wdZ
U x q
-Z
S
D 0*
9z6,yS
V yQ Y} 7x Z
X ,: 3W {
DLg
J
'.
Zt H bkZ!*
n kS

X
D Z4,
LZ}g v
Tg Dk
,
+q z
nwdZyQ CigkS
5

64

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'

/

n
pg ~g Y ; i6,Z .Z4,
Z}uz i~
G
Vz%
x Z ~ Vz~ 0*
gzZ WZ e 0g
58 c*
G
4

-Z X ~ yZgz 0
q
+
i ~g ~g <X+ G%
Tg x Zg !*
;g ZD

G
J
'.
$
X
Tg D=g f Z 4,
Zx C
~3C
] ) : Z]
.40 S^zZ
G
$
7N } x Z Z
LZgzZg g ] )
D J (,{zi q
-Zp
D F
J'
.
qzgzZVp~ LZ %
D Y?
V;z Z 4,
Z

G
$
-Z
n
q
pg bkS gzZ ~ ] ) }uz Z Z^g 0*
CZ
D
6,V;zY @*
x ZZ Z q
-ZtX sz^
qx
J
'.

n
pg{z6,
gxZa h
+'
n Z 4,
Z C7h]gz
X
n
pg ~g Yx ZZ
LZgzZ~}fZLZ
J'
{zX
D ` nZ%Z ~gzZ
DqVi .Z4,
Z
Immune System s yN`



DV{%
CY k
BZ
# iq
-ZX
DA>k
B Zz Y ~ s
G `g { x } YC
igzZ ]%N`
X ~ e !*
Z N`
{ { n
J'
.
7`g {} {g *
*t
/ZX ~Vo Z Z 4,
Z
D Y
E
G
ypVZ (Congestion) x E
547Z ~ VW{z
D Y G
J
'
ZX
D Y0:
L yp~VC**
! l]qyQ.Z 4,
@*
7,**
g (ZZ D
+ZgzZ *
@Y ~gz **
o Z~ T
D ,Zz
yZ6,gwVX Y Hx b~]q u
YgzZ
Zg7 ]c*
gz **
Z KZ
D 2~(Hibernate) ! Zp u

J
'.
Z4,
ZVyZnkS
M
h7wEZ ZKZn
b w$
+~ g1g ! l
{{f ~ {z X
Dg Z tzg o Z
V!z}uz {z(Z
C
) !*
Za **
Z t
D qz

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

63

{t X f~ ]}g v @*

w$
+~ ] Lg
J
'.
kS Z4,
Z X
D Y ~ }g 4Z ~ yp}
z ~i Z
Z [ZV-A V] vgY Z b
Z Zt
D Z Zt]6,]!*
nwEZ~wDW7~wEZ~g
} X
DYv~
J'
Z]
DYn{f
X
Dx!*
~ekS
gzZ .Z4,
J'
J'
.
.
Z*!*
g Z z~Y Z Z
Z 4,
Z
/Z @*
6, Z 4,
E
4Cq ?D:x Z !lV LZ
3G
Dg ez y }G
(
-EZg vY D qz **
E
@G
kC^zgzZ6,g9~ WD.
**
IB+E
rg
g**
Y @*
Za : LXq
-Z (Z wqX ]c*
yEZ)
J
'.
D7{ Zz6,
LD7i Z0
+ZZ
LZ L Z4,
Z']q
,Zz Z ZC
X C 4Z ~ }g v
Z~ { i Z0
+Z
:N%gzZwEZEE
:NC
XGg "EE

D
J
'.
gzZ Za
Tgg g0
+Z] Z4,
Z
G
G
0Z ] S5 Zzx ~ LZX
Tg sz^
z! ~ !*
@*
.
Zuz @*
wEZ kg`~ ^z ~A Z 4,
Zq
-Z X C
8
V .GEcuy],
W @*
h
gzZuz n (Clot)yp
J'
& .Z4,
5G
Z X
xW!*
Y Z}uz D h

D G
J
'.
W Z e 0g
D `g { Z 4,
Z }uz yZgz kS XB
Dg Z)f nsp~! l
z6,}uzi~ Vz
x4ZX
Dg Z)f nv~! l
g1g c*
/

c*


J
J
'.
'.
Z4,
ZX ]iYZ4Z~} &
+ZXX
rg Z4,
Zm{3
ypgzZ yz {g **
~ s ] ZZ i6,gx~ Immune
X
T g f
eY Z~C
i
~V:!*
gzZ~

66

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
gzZ
D W~ wEZ .Z 4,
Z
/ZX Lgq6,gzZ
rg n
m
J
'.
Xn(yQ

D7 Z4,
Z 6,V;z
D 0*
7h
+
G
$

O @*
g Z6,}uz q
-Z ] ) XGZf  6
$
$zz Z4,
A
Zq
-Z k
,
+q z @*
5
x **
) q
-Z
/Z X i Ze
G
Z4,
ZuZzq
-Z586,gwVX CYu ~g7Chain~g7 x
g Z @*
wN
z D Chain 5 DNA

)
J'
.
x ZwdZ LZp Z 4,
ZX
C
) !*
Za
X
DZa ~DNA{g **
g ZbkZD7.

J
'.

Dg 'gzZwCPhmq
-Zs Z4,
Z
+4 g

D x yxg i
+
/T~
/e 7 0 gzZ 3 0
fgmJ
-u~gzq
-ZtXg(Optimum Temperature)

KZ
C36.5C zZ zg0
+Z
KS Y C
J'
_ ZkYX CwC ~g q
-Znx .Z4,
Z
J'
.
X
Dx ~ fgui **
q
-Z {z
Dx Z4,
Z'
J
'.
X
Di Z0
+Z W,
Z6,wdZ Z4,
ZyZVp~~n kS
J'
E
.
A+ZZ
#
CYbx Z4,
Z @*
kCg g zZ c*
~u~ )E
X Tg7% W,
O
M
h}x Z {z
; ix ~B
G J'
X ( {7yS [ yzg ;G )
D Y %58 .Z4,
Z
) $
$
/Z kS X CY t g g CY| (,

10 C d
Z
#
G
) $
X @*

ZZ!*
Z~g gG Y p }uz
E
$
XCY6,
`q
-Z SG
5gg) wqZpG.
kS
E
$

G
gs t Z ZZ S5 q
-Z
Ce ,g g )
J'
.
Z C7
) !*
g ZzZa
p
/ZX ~VjZ_ Zx Z 4,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

65

V Z
D
z k Q wEZ t Z kS {z X D 0*
7~
@*
g DZD6,yQ @*
g Zq
-z~yS vZgzZ
M
h7wEZ
J'
.
bkS ~
KZ Z4,
ZX (Z C]gz7Q

wVX ,gg (ZZD
+
Z Zz6,
7,
]gz
G Za
J
'.
Z
87Z J
-:sq
-Z
/Z 6,g
!l
g0
+Z Z 4,
it Xn ~g7 ]gz **
Z @*

w$
+~ g1g
J
'.
& yS L?gzZ
f
enpgp Z4,
Z
Zq
-Z
npg#
sgzZ 9V}g {z
D 0*
7,Zz;
X
DwEZ
J
'.
D HZ D
+ZgzZ }g" ( Z 4,
Z) } CZ7t
6f
KS

g n
pgV6&yQ~LZgzZng {0
+
i ? @*


Xng~ F,
,
'
zvZX
rgg BV6&x yS yQ
vZg t
%: X
D{@x{z Xwg Z6,yS V @*

VzC
bCZ7yQ,g XaBZgzZ @*
7QvZ
]c*

X
DP~V-g Z)f Z
KZ

{z
~}g !*

: @*
e~e
$Wq
-Z~}g!*
kS
vZ
E
xk Q ~ }igzZ ~ V W
vZ G/4]N

yQ C sk QN Y}y TgzZ ?6,wqT
( 64gyZ >g)
X }Yqq
-ZC
vZgzZ HVrQ

J'
.
_ Zx Z 4,
Z/

J'
G
$
)
C
B 6 nC

D Y | .Z4,
Z m
J'
-Z Z4,
q
Z mq
-Z
7x Z x }uz q
-Z .Z4,
Za X ~

68

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
-Z .Z4,
Zx X Csg Ph
 @*
C]gzwCPhzZq
LZyQ
g0
+ZwCPhmq
-Z
Dg gzZ x {z
X @*
Vzip _ Zx
-Z
@*
q
~ {n9z6,
Pepsin 6
,g wV
I
X Yx 6,
g4s~wj 0\F,
g Ph2
5
Trypsin
z6,tgzZ @*
i Z
Z kg (Pancreas) E
0E
6,g4{ c*
i~ wj Ph8.5 ,z @*
Z Zg Z Zq
-Z~L ;
I
\
*
@Y 0 :
L n kS wj ~c*
0 F,
q
q
-Z @*
x
X { n|
# Z 4,
Zwj tF,
{ c*
i,z
J
'.
pg { Zp{ _ Z0 x k{ c*
n
i Z4,
Zp
/Z
nVV>yZB]:S~g x Z {0
+
i

J
'.
~ x lZZ
C
+Zig ZD
z Z4,
Z C |q
-Zt X
D
]!*
kS

Dx p 9
L o wj x Z {0
+
iq
-Z
J'
.
G Za nx kS 6,gm{Vz Z 4,
ZgzZx Z C

_ ZZ p yQgzZ @*
Za x Z
KZ
vZt X

gzZ
n
pg _B VZ C
 bkS {z @*

J
'.
Z p Q
H ZaB] zLZvZX @*
Za Z 4,
FyS p kS X
D ~gzn y
KS q
-Z
_ Z}g
J'
}W6
,g !*
N Yc*
~s ZZM W @*
e**
n .Z 4,
Z
X ~t Zq
-Z
:~]c*
WyS @*
g Z ~vg
'
,
ik Q
~ g 8 H6,yW]
~
z{ N*
Q | h Zg CW}; H Zhz { {g !*
zQ t

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

67

J'
{z
Tg W,
O)6,(Optimum Temperature)Z q
-Z .Z4,
Z
zZ {z
/ZpX CY}gyQZ
#
DYW,
O{g!*
z
J'
.
Y

WW,
Z LZx Z4,
Z CY}gh
+'
c*
Sg
G
-#FKZ{z6,
4& dZgzZB
iF
CG
X
|
# q&gZF
V I
bg|
# U*
-Z{z
q
CY { nK
M F,
yQ CY |
# Z4,
Z c*

X
*
*x {z~&gzZ
J'
G
I
.
4
&
i
F
yQ ~up
D Y W,
Z " 6,V }g Z4,
Z
LZ i q
-Z CY wb {g !*
z yQ|@*
X C7{ n|
#
+AE
6,gp .
|kS ~ )EZ ZX
gg (ZC
# gzZ @*
Z
Y H (Freeze)nVstX CwEZ
E
A+Z
qJ
-u g c*
KZ {g !*
zQ Z{z @*
Y H )E
J'
Z
Dg Z*] C
ZX
D Yg {g !*
z
n .Z4,
J'
@*
W~wEZ PhX wCPh @*
Z n .Z 4,
Z {z
q
-Z c*
wt X n(Potential Hydrogen) Xzg { Z !*
L L
yxg141 ,g ~i g S X @*
C
i g ZIons Xzg ~
X
$

@*
y wj W,
Z " gzZ @*
C

0*
wC 7 q
-Z
gzZ wj : c*
q
-Z C y
K{z
CzZ7
/Z ,gX
G
I
J
$
d

yS C 7
n] ) ~i q
ZtX
Ce F,
Z
# Y~ wj q
-Zt Ck
,
+q z
Cq Z
5
F,
sgzZ
Tg W,
O) kS }uz
Di~ 0*
P
X
M
hi~
J
'.
Optimum g

Dg ~ fg Ph mq
-Z Z4,
Z

70

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X
D 6 6,g}g7 }g v ]x ~ V 12
yp~x ypyZgz}g vtbS X L
7{zZgv
}g7Y
IZ}g vXD Zw10

D7{z]
"tXBV>gzZ]66,
g}g7
6w$
+
6,
g
Epidermis }u6 V pg g ! )X @
*
/0Z]q
-Z
CY (Skin)5q
-ZsvZ~{ &C
X
CZz~
}g v~ V X
D p S A
$Y
IZ }gv!*
X
G
~g v58
D Y w$
+Y
IZ}uz}g vx gzZ {n}
/}
X_7,
gTyZ?[Z
@W
"
G
5GH
-E
g}g7 nyZX
C~ g gzZ V-A Vp+F,
W
X
CY5ly
Z t @*

Dg g w 10 n sp6
,
gzZX Sg h]gzq
-Z n^z ~V;z nzz kS
!*
S Z { c*
i ~ yQ
Tg sz^~ ^z }g v
EgN
J'
V] yQ gzZ
f
e ~g Z )f ]c*
~gz45 {z X
D .Z4,
Z
{z6,wC~
CX
Dv~Y
IZgzZypV-A[Z (Muscles)
G

$

~] ) x
D4Z {zX
n
pg {0
+
i]

DFuel
wdZyQgzZn Zg7 {zwdZ LZk Q @*

D ~gzn3
Xn ~
zq
-Z
~g wDNA 
Tgg ~ ]5 Z x {z
Vz {g **
gzZw{Y Z~]t~ ~iz0
+Z {f **
Z ATP ~
E
]

~ g 5 C'
,J
-[Z Y
IZ k}g vgzZ ~ ` Zy
Z
X
Tgsz^
J
'.
Z !*
S
g gz6,}g
e
$ ~(,q
-Z
C Z 4,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

( 3-4<Z{g)

69

X { ~k0*
}W^g!*
z

J'
.
x lZ Z 4,
Z/

J'
yQq
-ZC
p
D
(C
~ }g v.Z 4,
Z6,V;z
J'
.
Z ZX @*
b x ZVn
Dx ~ wDZ Z Z 4,
Z yQ

Dx BSubstrates ZgzZ Vzg g Z

X
D W~g p x lZ
J'
yQ._
x Z {z
wdZ ~
CyQ .Z4,
Z
J
'.
(Metabolism) RCz ~y}g
Z 4
,
ZX CY~zg6,
g
Metabolic EnzymesJ
-x!Zx[
n
pggZ
'
,
VZzg

D 3
Z
D[_
. !*

{zgzZX
Dx x **

J
'.
Z ZX
D B F o o d E n z y m e s :z
g \z
/ Z4,
/,Z
X @*
sg Enzymes Disgestive

Metabolic Enzymes

~ekS CY gzZ
CY ~
q f.
N Z
@*
Y c*
x **
Metabolism X
Dk
,
+q z; i !*
5
Sg "
J'
.
Z { zgzZ
Dk
,
+q z~]gZ0
5
+Y
C
bg Z0
+
yQ
Z4,
J
'.

]c*
Z@ i !*
SC
~ Z4,
Zt
D wzNk
,
i
Xg ZzZa Y ZgzZ**
ZD
G
$

] ) !*
S} (,z
DZa z6,gzZgZzZa ATP
J'
X
DgZ)fnxZgzZZ;ixyS .Z4,
Z !*
S
G
yiz 0.1% s
B Y E
5kI4]S ]~6
yQX @*
Z*!*
w12 Zg v
D

72

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

H Za vZX
rg {0
+
iV
KS
vZtK ]gzX
y Qq
-z @*
Za

D0 y
KS q
-Z
x
LZ 7Q
rggzZC
7Q @*
ZaC
wdZ yQ x Z ~
X~wzN
8 M

h ?
x @*
Y unk
,
Zg vx q
-Z
/Z
g k QgzZDq
gvZ~BZ D
+
Z ~gz @*

kS @*
C
vZX @*
~g v
;
rg {0
+
i
vZtXD
:~e
$Wq
-Zq
gzZ @*
g gzZ @*
~ }igzZ~ V W vZ L L
( 116/>g)
Xg gzZ ZvZ7Zgv

J'
.
Z 4,
Z Z /

GN
}g v
8
- ~ LZ
rg {z D 3 ?
*C

Z { c*
i C 4Z D 3 ?
ZX
D W~ wEZ~ ^z
J'
X
D .Z4,
ZLZp:Cg~Zp
BK
J'
o6,}i(C
X
D q
-~ ZC
.Z 4,
Z Z
x ? D Z?Z
# X D 0*
7Z'
]g Zw{z @*

D
J'
.
ZZz Y 0*
~ Z
D 3Z q
-Z ?
/Z ! TX Z 4,
J
'.
p ZX
f
ez75% Z Z 4,
ZZzY 0*
~Zk Q
J
'.
Y @*
"
$U*
ZZ Z q
-Z n **
Z 4,
Z LZ
J'
.
gzZ C 7h ]gz^z~ g Z4,
Z 0S x }gv
J'

C7,7]gz b~g ZzZa .Z 4,
Z !*
Sk Q
J
'.
Z N @*

DigkS n]
Za Z 4,
J'
.
ZZzgg~ V ZX^z g
+4 Z 4,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

71

ZyZ
DgzZa ~g  c*
CY s
~g  Z
#
Dg sz^n }g Q {z X V Z O

}g wdZg " n x Zh #
C qzV

H0
+
i
J
'.
@*
X 7 Lg!*
g!*
~ z
D ZC

D Z4,
Z z ~
J
'.
ZX
n
pg]gz LZp{z

D YD~ Z Z 4,
J'
.
Z Z4,
Z~ Cb Z Zq
-Z 0*
J (,
X
D YDh1
7qZ Q x {zBB
z {z n kS gzZ n ~
g @*
7{g 
Zq
-Z~ |0*
J (,X n
pg{zn
pg
yZX
gx 6,g}g7 ~
KZ!*
t c*
W ;g {0
+
iq
-Z
J
'.
3C

@*
6,wC Z4,
Z yQ g Z ( T i s s u e s ) V:!*
gzZ { c*
i ~ p Z }uz X
D 0 Metabolism
J'
X gyZ
Metabolismq
-Z { c*
iQ
g .Z 4,
Zg
g eg W !*
SkS gzZ g Vx yS 7 ~ kS
G
!*
wzN}g v*!*
b
yi ZgzZ
DyZ
v
/Z58X CC
LZjg ?~g (Z}g vC 7q 6,V;z
DwEZ Z
J'
E
]XwdZ ~gz!
7x Z .Z4,
ZyQ
/Z {0
+
iV
wdZ LZB
zY
IZgzZ D 0*
76 @*

qz**
%
J
'.

C Vi+Z Z4,
ZX
D Y Dh
+'
&& ~gz~ x Z
J'
.
9z6,x x Z 4,
Z: LwqX
B
bg {0
+
i

 6
!Zj T X g c*
$;f %
D
X
wdZ9z6,
yS kS Z7gzZtX "Metabolism"
{0
+
i ?pg6,VyS #z C7]!*
m{ 6,V;z
t Z pg {0
+
iV n
pg]Vit O Zz)*!*
tgzZ

74

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

|?yY" q
-Z" X
DZcB$;fp
J
'.
$;f ~
x Z Z 4,
Z
~wdZ
$;f
Y7C
G
G
Vzg Z0
+YgzZ @*
Za 7Z
C!vZg S5 Zz

X @*
hggn#
}
.
J
'.
EC` Z 4,
Zx LZ

D 3 Z 5 q
-Z ?Z
#
J'
t
+
.
Z yQ x L ; Zg
; X
Dg ~
@*
W6, Z4,
5]c*
i Z0
+ZZa 6,
g ) @*
6,
gS(Pancreas) E
0E
Z
D7~ {n @*
[ 4Z
L ; Z +
M 8~
J
'
5t gzZ X ,g Zl .Z4,
!*
i Z
w
S t k Q g ZzZa E
0E
Z { Zp{
J'
yEZ)t kS X @*
Y0:
L ]gZzZa b .Z4,
Z
h
+p nx e 9Y
IZ $
g ZzZa j
V Z **
Z @*
ay
bkS X n nZ%ZgzZ
X6,
VZgzZ6,
6&!*
LZp ce**
wEZQT6,
L;
G
J
G
'
B

3
.
4G6,Z Z 4,
egze S Ze q
-Z~ EG
Z~V Z
KZ
gzZ
n
pg
X U*
Z{z: It !*
vZ 4,
S Dw ;
J'

D6,g}g7
/Z Xce Ih
+Wlp ZZ .Z4,
Z z
J'
Z
B~Xgz N YW~ wEZ {z
A ~Xgz
6,.Z4,
XWg C:Zh
+'


z
J'
.
Z q
-Z H vZ B Z 4,
ZV Z
J
'.
{zce **
7Q H
Y Z4,
Zt
iX
x Z
6,
g*!*
nyQ

f
eCZx2}q
-Z
D4ZBZ~
]gz7ZT Zi
D qz6,g~g gzZ @*
z
J
'.
ZtX CZ76,g @*
C
qzWg6,
g Z4,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

73

J'
+
/wVq
-Z k QX
D
~ V]

.Z4,
Z { z BV
*
@YZhggnk
,
6,(x
/S Z
#
rg~LZ3
K20%

Q w$
+~
/
20% 3
K20% kS Z 4,
Z Amylase kS
 C7]gz[WT @*
iza q
-Zd
$

/

J
'.
ZyQ
g Z
/
]X}Q
@*
Zg7V
rg~LZ
Z4,
X @*
W~wEZZ{zkSI~@*
0*

x} (,
-Z
q
3
~g F,c*
VC

HH~wV!*
{E
+T!
% Z
+Z c*
x lZ
D Y %
D Y
J'
g .Z 4,
Zp k Q D 3 ?Z
# X yv
~B7Q n]}g v
D7]c*
{
~ x
~ Y Z b
Z LgLg @*
qz~
N
J'
Z !*
S}g v
M
hY
w$
+
D zb
7QA
$
.Z 4,
x Z Cx**
!mZ m{gzZ n]X~ Vz !7Q
X Ch]gz~]n
J'
.
ck
,
im{s
D.
Z4,
Z {7 ~V Z
@*

~ (Bananas) Z 4,
Z **
Amylase 6
,g wVX Z
Zz Y 0*
~ ZZ4,
Z Amylase t @*
0*
L ; 6,3
Ks
J
'.
Z
~!3q
-Z ?X M
h73
K Z
-Z Z4,
q
J'
J'
.
.
Z4,
ZgzZ Z4,
Zt:gzZX
M
h7} q
-Z
6
BZck
,
ix yQX
M
h~}g vZ
TZk Q }T @*
4Z~ZB
Z4,
Zq
-ZX *
@Y
pq
W ~ ]Zg f Lg~Zk Q
z!*
@*
**
Q
Z4,
Z 6,Y mZpyZX nk Q @*
g

76

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X
zg^z
J
'. +tE
!*
S x Z}g
D
Z4,
Z ; J
-Z
#
J'
C7h]gz7QgzZV LZp
n
pg ~gY! Z .Z4,
Z
X ~L ;~i-gzZ{q
-ZkS h
ez
# X @*
Z
g ~
KS x2}gZ0
+
q
-Zzz kS
G
q3c*
?L
!~}g !*
k Q ?
/Z58c*
J
'.
Cq Z ~(,]kt X @*
qzg ZzZa Z 4,
Z NZgv
G
-Z f
q
e 58?kS IBZ Z}g v
Dg

-!
X ~>XE
X Y Z ~g~ @*
qzL ;
J'
.
Z m{~ LZ
rg ( [) Saliva
k Z {zgzZ Z 4,
Vzg Z- zV ZX
qz **
hYh Z{z
D W~
J
'.
~ yS
Z 4,
Z Cx { Z
/Z X
h yZgz
~g1g jN qz
D Y hg
D

~ 3
K Z 4,
SAmylase Saliva Z
#
D qz **

zzX 
V>0*
~Saliva gzZ h Bonds C
} Kzgq
-Z ?Z
# HZ f{_(,
-ZDkC?VY
q
J'
Z @*
{z D
Dg w$
+
D~ }g v
.Z4,
X ~
/
3
K
~Kzg

4$N
~ yxg Cg Ph ~gzn~ E
0E
fg c*
gPh kS **
x 6,g4Amylase Z 4,
ZgzZ7.4 gzZ6.0
J-I
d
gPh q
-Z~B
rgwj F,
Zq
-Zs~uz {nX ~
J-I
d
uzgg Amylase _ Z F,
t 3.5 gzZ 1.0 ~ yxg

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

75

~ yZyce **
YyQ
YgzZ~ & ~gq
-Z
D
X CYj
!Z6,
Q

D Zc:gzZ : Zc~
qx { D7{ nL{z
6,
z 9
D qzx CZ {z:V[
R4Z~kS
E
VC
V>yS X6,g g ~(,q
-Zx !}g
D gzZ
X Yh
+pBX~8
- @*
Yw$
+D 3?

}g v B
bg ~gY 9 @W ~g v @*
et bkS
X
x ]c*
}g vgzZ
D
wV 0*
tLgzZ H Za vZXVi
C g"tg c*
$;fzvZ {z
Dx ']c*
Z@vZ {zY D7
]!*
kS vZX
Tg qVzuLZWk QgzZ
Dx '
Z
16,vZ ~L L: HV- ~ e
$W~uz q
-Z
kS Ka

Zz6,}i zg Zg vgzZ
$ : g
4GG
( 56 4NX{g)
X 6,
o Z[g Z SE
5G
E

J' +t
.
Z 4,
Z ; /

J'
.
**
Lipase X
} i Z ]L ; ~ Z 4
,
Z
-g !*
q
9z6,Z4,
Z **
Protease @
*
~
q k
,
+f!l
5
Z4,
Z
@*
~ ]Zg f q
-g !* F i b e r 9| @*
~ ]Zg f
Y ZDairy, Lactase .
$!*
~]Zgfq
-g !*
3
KAmylase
Maltase gzZ @*
v~]Zg fq
-g !*

/
Sucrase hYh
X ~Y Z b
Zq
-g !*
V Z W
J
J
'. +tE
'.
Z ;
qZ n Z4,
Z !*
S
Z 4,
Metabolism
@*
Y 1 \z
/Z4,
Z m{q
-Zx N C

78

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Z @*
#
X @*
0*
7~{n {i Z
Z PepsinogenX @*
hYh
*
@Y w$
+~ Z4,
Z Pepsin,Pepsinogen C 4Z ~ {n Z
7N
6,  66,g Activator Proteinq
-ZgzZ
X h ~]Zg fq
-g !*
Z
L ;Pepsin bT & k Q
M
h =
6,! l
gzZ9z6,
} q
-Z
q
-Z T @*
qz
p
/Z p
@*
0*
7yvnVzg Z- {n @*
@*

& k Q b {g !*
z ? @*
6,g~
C6,!l
gzZ z6,
Z4,
Zg :gzZ @*
0*
7i~LZ{np Hcl
Ds
# z
nF,
-ZgzZ @*
q
e**
t '_ Zg**
nZ4,
Zq
-Z ?
G
F,
**
0*
yTn{np58c*
ng ;ygx \ nV>
6,gZz @*

8gzZ C]gzT Zc*

]Z
vZt ?6,V!z m{yC
6,
Cu 0*
tC
gzZxq
-ZZ D
+
Z
q zZ%; it @*
@*
eq kS


gzZ
Dg Z*0
+
i6,}i
V
KS x ~yzg0
+Z
Dk
,
+
5
gzZ 7Q
x Z ]c*
Z@ LZ LZ
Dq ] @*

XB}uzq
-Z~_
D
~}g !*
?}uz xg,Zz n?q
-Z @*
e**
t
**
,Zz ]Z t Z **
g n k QgzZ ] Z
q|
# {yS X t Z **
g (ZZD
+Z
ogzZ t Z
Q 7
D~*g }uz q
-Z p q
-ZC
~ V>
)g fChain q
-Z
G : gzZ t Z q %
M
h

C
X t Z {g !*
z wdZ LZ
D qz:gzZ ]uZzg

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

77

X @*
0*
7Ng1g ~{nzzkSX

VW"
$gzZ~{n~gY LgA
A
$ @*
qzL ;
}uz q
-Z p _ Zx LZ~q
-ZC
~ yQ~
J
'.
X
D#z6, Z4,
ZZ6,
g
o{znkSX
DZ}g

J'
.
Z 4,
ZS~{n /

{n: 1Z (, kZ~ @*
qz
B3 Zg N
J'
.
m{

rg Z 4,
Z~ LZ {n]c*
Zx ~B 6X @*

J
'.
m{ g Z 4,
Z ~ wj J}g {n X
x Z wdZ
CY^Y^IgzZ CYi C4Z
qC
~wj

J
'.
Zg tQX @*
x 0Z]
t"
]gC
Z4,
{7xkS
DgzZ
Tggnx ~{n6,gm{~
X ~
KZzZuz
I
F,
Vzg Z- kS
rg~ LZ wj 0\F,
)q
-Z {n
J
'.
E
Ch]gz Z 4,
ZNX C]gzpgp]Z W,
Z!N
I
o ]qVz{nX ng {0
+
i~wj 0\F,
kS .

(Mucous ]6
,q
-Z ~g,Z g Z- zg0
+Z ~znO X @*
*
*
]6,t Sg~ kZ Zz 4Z~ {n
CLayer)
(Hcl) F,
ugzg q
-Z ~ yS X B
bg ] n&~ LZ
J-I
d
g !F,
tX
D (Secretion)i Z
g !S @*
w F,
Z
G
Zq
-Z~ iNg !t Xi~ LZ 58
~{n

gm{ @*
hYh 9z6,
x t @*
Z Zg Z
{zS Z ~uz F,
kS X mZeg yN`
yggx gzZ @*
W
9z6,tgzZ @*

~{n
@*
g Pepsinogen

80

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
ypgzZ
DqzngZ-{n .Z 4,
ZgzZF,
X :
Lq
-Z:q
-Z

N q
-Z B
bg [WgZ- {nX @*
qz g ypn VC**

{n]Zi Z
Z LZp{n C0*
7b & ZkSJ
-Z
# X ! Zy

~ {nX CW7~ ZgzZ
n

pg ~g Y g ]
~z6,
zZ{nnL ; Z~ Y]6,
J'
CW~zkS {nZx {X @*
7i Z
Z .Z 4,
Z 6,
V X B
J
'.
WB Z4,
ZpZySLg~gYL;
3ZX
J'
.
-q
-Z
X
f
e(yS Z4,
Z ~zn PepsinkS X J
-Z W~z~6,
q
zZ kS {n C 5 Z
/Z
J
'.
q
W ~ ]Zg f Lg=g f Z 4,
Z % Sg~g OS J
-
J'
.
@*
7,**
g OZ! l
gzZ z6,p
Dg1g Z 4,
Z ! N
V Z~
Dg* iZq
-Z~ {nN Zt X
J
'.
}g7 Metabolism Y
n
pg Z 4,
Z~ LZ

J'
.
XV:!*
gzZ ]c*
 Z4,
Z !*
S ce **
i%zKZ6,g
{n6,
pgbkSXg0
+Z*
@Yc*
g!*
Zuz~p Z}uz
J'
.
X Z 4,
Zuv
H RI CqzZ n
z~zkS
X =g f
Z @*
~ {n i Z
ZF,
i
Di Z
Z
D Yg ]m~
Z~ {n
*
@Y
~ Vp
Gastring *
@Y**
Y
yg ;q
-Z
Cq
-bkS gzZ
Di Z
Z Hcl
zWq
-Z @*
g Q {zA
$X
X i Z
ZGastric Juice
D Z Z g Z Z q
-Z x !Z ~ i Z
ZGastric Juice
' wzN x !Z i Z
Z kS
DgZ f)f
zY

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

79

@*
g
/
B~g Z yZZ ]ZW,
@*
LZ @*
g S
@*
q ;9gzZ
X LZu6,
g~g|?kS }YgzZ 8 {z

g Z TJ
-VzLZ @*
vZB]gzx Z
H}Za :

k Q'
,
Z'
,
}Za
>L L: @*
~e
$Wsf
ZzvZ" yS j Zg7:VzvZzg
/ZgzZ7!?
( 17-18-{g)
X y!*
$
G

~ ; iN {n]q Z { c*
i 58
E
B H6,q
-Z ~g ,Z Vzg Z- zg0
+Z {nX
D
E
Di Z
Z ]6, H6,kS ] ^ kX C
G
hY h gzZF,
kS I58
x Z x ]6,


J'
]6, t
z !*
X
D Q x .Z 4,Z Zz
~ y q
-Z] {gG i~ {n
)
J'
XW,
O]Z W,
Z .Z 4,
ZgzZF,
kS ~y&C
A
$p CY{ n~g ,Z zg0
+Zx {n
X CYh
+
]}%6,g8yS ~g ,Z zg0
+Z{n
*!*
? @*
~ wzNBgkS x t X $
7h
+$
+

D Za ]6 X
Tg,Zz**
Z Zz yQ6,g
%NX
D%
]yQ(h
Za ]6 gzZ n]ZF
e
%N(
f
X%vZ
Dk
,
+qzVz]{{nZF
5
e
**

x q
-Z kS } g ; c*
-Z
DU l c e r s
q
X ~
)
~ **
~ Z
Z]6, Cq
-"

82

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

t X @'
, kS V- : gzZ M
h CZ 7wj uv
H
Dx ~
D Y G Za ~ mZpZ
C
!*
C
C
 Ce ]!*
J'
pg9
n
L o_ ZyQ

Tg3 Zg W]:SyQ.Z4,
S gzZ

X
Dg g~Vj {eyS

J'
.
Z 4,
ZmZm{~VW /

Za n~
q f.
~LZV Z6,gm{$W
gzZ
Dk
,5
+q z ~ Vzg Z- V W
]uZz 6 X
G
ypyZgzyQyZi ZgzZ @*
~
q f.
V Z
x "
$WX @*
0Z]~ Vs9x t @*
~ V:!*
Z=g f
J
'.
Zg "
aB,%q
-ZC
g Z-
Z9z6,
{e
@*
Za Z4,
~A m i n o A c i d s 7Q gzZ
w$
+~P e p t i d e s
.gzZ Fatty Acids! l
tX
w$
+~wZ G
gzZ~ig1g
J'
Vzg g ZgzZ wdZ Z
D x lZ Z .Z4,
Z
@*
h i
c*

/
V
Z4,
Zq
-ZX
D x B
h Lactasec*
h
/
~g ZzZa xg ~k
,
e
Zk Q
NkS  6YX h 3
KZ4,
Z ZgzZq
-Z@*

J'
.
7N
6,VPh gzZ
n
pg _ Z x k Z4,
Z
F
J'
x Z wdZ Z Z LZ

D Yg6,C~g n .Z4,
Z
;iegzZ|
# $WgzZ {naX
D YGg B
J'
J-I
d
.
x ~ wj F,
-Z
Z 4,
q
Z
D Z }uz q
-Z6,g*!*
{zgzZX @*
cexgq~{n6,
z7Q
D.

X @*
ce **
.
x ~ $WKg~ wj ~q
-Z}uz
I
J
Y
d
N ]q J F,
]q x3,
~$W Kg
Cg E
{n
N Z

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

81

! ZgzZ @*
~wzNg ;Vzi Z
Z kgNnkS X
D
Ulcers b6, zZgzZ k(, zz T @*
'x

 @*
tn kZ~|X @*
Y0
) !*
^z
G
(
-E
z ~i Z
Z ] \ n E
@G
~ }g !*
Z
!58 c*


Pepsin X ~
iNZ{C
b
A &x ! Z ~}n
]Vzg Z-{nX @*
9z6,~{n
@*
Z4,
Zx
/
u
Pepsinogeng
Lg~^x
/
u)q
-ZZ 4,
S kS
DZa
Pepsin Pepsinogen, Hcl [Wf  6X *
@Y **
Y x **
z Q i Z

Z Pepsinogen z ~i Z
Z uv
HX @*
sp~
~
Z ~ {n X @*
' V
/
uGastrin yg ;
Pepsinogen gzZ g ZzZa Hcl F,ugzg i Z
Z Gastrin
kS X
D } a
b!*
B }uz q
-Z x $
+~Pepsin
X @*
i WiZ%{dZ^z Chainq
-ZZ~{n Z n
Polypeptides Lg LgV> z6
,} (,} (,
Pepsin
*gb!*
ZMq
-Z
rg?PolypeptidesC
p Csp~
X~ $W Kg Sg ~g Y c*
hY h yS X Amino Acids
Z ~(,
T~$W {n6,V,q
-Z @*
V ; z
ykZ @*
i k Q $W @*
: {e{n
/ZY Cq
{nW,
Z { nq
-Z @*

rg
~ {nQ :Zz ~ $W Z

J
'.
I
~gzZg ZY){ c*
iq
-Z
Dg~ $Z Z 4,
ZX6,wj 0\F,
LZ
J
'
I
gzZ 0\F, {n
D Y 7,gz$ .Z 4,
Z mt gzZ ~ wj
X
DZa }u **

E
G
J
'
458 V7 .Z4,
VW
Q
n
pg wdZgzZ G
ZN

84

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
#1
$ X
rg 7.Z 4,
Z NgzZ Lg ~Bladder)
]Z Lg ! l
@*
Y c*
0*~( B i l e J u i c e ) 1
$
S a l t )
X @*
.
Z4,
Z LipazegzZ .
$!*
~(Globules)
@*
@*
g
/z $W Kg {z @*
Y [_
.#1
$90%
X nL ;{g!*
zQW~wEZ :Zz{zA
$gzZ
!l

8 x CZ (Bile Juice) 1
$i q
-Z Z
#
J'
.
(Pancreatic kg X
Tgg n ~g !*
KZQ A
$ Z4,
ZZz
J'
.
Fatty ! l
gzZ
D 6,! l
Z 4,
Z Lipase
~ Juice)
FyZgz i}g kS X
sp~ wZegzZAcids
u 0*
]!*
F,
{z CW{n
ZX
D YG] ZZZ
J'
.
Z m{X @*
ce **
4Z~ $WKg~
q
.
**
i~ Z 4,
pg !*
wj gzZ @*
~gzxg
nZ
._kS ygx \ 6XneNx  @*
C]gz
]gzgqg2$
+6,x V>g gzZ C]gz
5X C
nK VyS
@*
m{ q
-Z (Pancreas) E
0E
X @*
B (Pancreatic Juice)kg
@*
i Z
Z kgm{q
-Z
(Bile

J'
.
5 /
@*
ZaE Z 4,
ZN
: {g q
-Z : E
0E

B+S (6) #
5
 T N*
gq
-Z E
0E
@ zZ &yiz gzZ F
*
t X Lg {nx kSY @*
{7 q
-Z t X
Door Way q
-Zo !*


rg (Tubes)V1**
+4*g b!*
$W
@*
g*kg V
T~(Duodenum) " ~ ^
A6XzkS
z!*
X @*
Z Zg Zq
-Z 0
+
i n
#
 K F
J'
.
5 @*
x N
x Zx Z q
-Z~ Z 4,
Z N~i Z
ZE
0E

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

83

JI
d
:NX C o
wj - F,
{nkg uvgzZ Z {6,g~zEE
ce 7**
{ yvn$W{z6,V @*
W~ $W Dg*
X @*
Zc6,
kS (Pancreatic, Juice)kg 6,
VX @*

mZm{kQgzZkg
,q
-ZP6,
g? 6
J'
Ph gzZ
D 4Z=g f **
~(Duodenum) " .Z4,
Z
J'
.
X
! l
Z4,
Z ~ [k X
~}gwC
5
Dg
Zz i!l
~ gg L ; V Z~ E
0E

6,
gm{q
-Z
rg Trypsin~LZkg XV
DZ

^
/
u % @*
4Z ~ "
@*
Z 4,
Z g!
6,
g}g7gzZ @*
x
/
uZ 4,
Z$Wq
-ZX @*
B Trpsinogen

*
@Y w$
+~ T r y p s i n gzZ ~
Z @*
W~
w
Lg}ggzZ h Peptide Bonds Polypepsitides
h V>} (, z6,
Trypsin .
$!*
~ VzPeptide
X7W,
OPepsin~{nZj
J
'.
Z 4,
Z }uz gzZ z ~i Z
Z
~ Vzg Z- "
D
Bonds X
D{e Peptide Bonds

D hg

DQ~L ;z6,
g ZzZa ly
ZgzZ
D Y)^I

X
D 8
- ~
C 9z6,x
Amino Acids
D
X CY~ $WKg{ z C0*
7B Z
! l

Z4,
Z X
D YW ~ ^ ]Z Lg Lg ! l
{z wq
{z Z
# Y 7Zc6,!l
kS Lgq
-~ ! l
Lipase

~kS (Bile Juice)kg1
$6,
VtX ~^Vz
Tg
(Gall
@
*
=g f ( L i v e r ) i Z
Z (Bile) 1
$ X @*
Y

86

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

@*
:~'wzN~g}g it
/ZX npg {0
+
ig2$
+
J
'
E
Za 58E.Z 4,
ZMgzZ
D 0*
ay

# p !
Z
zx Zg H
wq ?D 0*
W~}g !*
wEZyQgzZ C h]gz
E
G
G
458 ~uzX @*
G
C
!*
DgzZwzN}g SG
5 ZzWggzZg ZzZa yQ
J'

{g !*
z
Zp .

C6,9z6,gzZ! l
Bg ZzZa .Z 4,
gzZ Secretin
D g ~ g Z- $W6,gm{ g ; X
D
Secretin X
D Y n 6
,x g ZzZa Z4,
Z OPancreozymin
5yg ;
,
M1g !*
*e ni Z
Zkg @*
Za q
-~ E
0E
yg ; Pancreozymin X C W,
Z " ,
F

rg ~ LZgZl
Zz
J
'
5
gZzZa .Z4,
X CE
0E
Z @*
u
Pancreozymin gzZ Secretin CW~" {nZZ
#
ng ; yS
g Z
/
]X
D Y} hg~ ypg ;
=gY f yp X Sg p ]Z W,
Z { n Hcl "
E
]
L

5g ;Pancreozymin gzZ Secretin

5 { z A
$gzZ C g J
-E
0E
!** e 0*~ L Z
Fluid g Zl Za
J'
n D "

rg ,g Zl
Zz .Z 4,
Z NgzZ ,
M1g
5 [Wf 6]Zi Z
**
E
0E
Zt X
CY ~hg~Utube
@*
{n{z @*
~
wg;

X
D 0*
V~" =g f
@*
qzNyS X @*
6,9z6,gzZ ! l
Zuz
 }Y {z 6 &" ~}g !*
kS x \ q
-Z {n
6,: 1~g @*
;g| (,~^ Zy n6,g> Z!*
@*
hggzZ @*
qz **
i Z
Zg ; ~gzck
,
i6,g~g
X ~ "
%N ]Zt ~ X ~Blood Stream 7Q
3g !*
zg F

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

85

6 V;zX g(Pancreatic Juice)kg g
gzZ
D Y

,
5g ZlT
D~FluidkS ZZ}uz
{5~yC
E
0E

n Lgq
-Z Cg ZzZa wC { c*
i @*
Za
(Gastric o (Duodenum) " Z
# X @*
zZ &~ yiz
hg{nX @*
Z ~!~g ZzZa kg @*
Juice)
B~ " {zgzZ Cg (Z 6 Jh }q
-Z}gZ
J-I
d
g ! {n (
tX
-g !*
q
~ i @*
Z F,

@*
~kg Y @*
0*
7g F,
t @*
X ~ yzg0
+Z"
Y ~ .
$WLg Z bkS X W,
Z " F,
ck
,
i
'}% CY
3 ?Z
# X i !*
-Z Za kg
q
E
5]c*
x ! Z ~ E
0E
AX$ ;g ZD

6,
5wqX
D qz *
}g7 E
0E
* Za kg gzZ
Cq]k
G
G
" S5 Zz Z ~g v J
-Z
# @*
7qz *
*x [@*
z [W
,z,z CY BZ { c*
i V
V
X C Cg*7Doorway
X
Di Z
Z
Z 4,
Z { c*
i
I
$
gBG
5
k QgzZ Y yxgyQ
f
eN ZZ
E
0E
J'
Bread c*
Paste ?Z
# 6,g wVX @*
i Z
Z .Z4,
Z Z p
5
D m,
-Z 6,g m{ E
q
0E
_ g1g
D 3 N Z
X @*
i Z
Z
D B Amylase
Z 4,
ZZzg1g
J
'.
@*
ce7**
Z4,
Z @*
k6,g )x2}t
X@*
ce**
b:VzgZ- LZp C Z$W6,
zkQgzZ

J
'.
~ {0
Z ,g Zl
o*
* Za @*
cex
t
+
iq
-Z Z 4,

88

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

i{!*
~kS X @*
~gz._yS ~g ZzZa xggzZ
5

&=g f yp" ~ w Z4,
Z LZE
0E
J
'.
L i p a s e , : @
*
6, Z4,
Z x lZ q Z Z g e
gzZ Trypsin z X
DAmylase gzZChymotrypsin, Trypsin
yZi Z

w$
+~Amino Acids h 9z6,Chymotrypsin
~^z V:!*
gzZ
D^ }g =g fBlood Stream
X m$
+~
/
} 3
K Z Amylase X
D W~ wEZ
wZegzZ Fatty Acids 7Z h ]Z Lg Lg !l
Lipase
J
'.

z q
-Z
t t] ~gg ! Z4,
ZX w$
+~
c*
g eg W T Zz D DwEZ ?c*
WX @*
0*
~: Lg
} Kzg { q
-Zc*
Four Star Restaurant q
-Z @*
Z
Z
6,
! g ~g vX ~" g S bq
-Z @*
g (Zx {z
Xq
- k~"
CY{z CZ*!*
q

J'
.
w~#
Vz
]kS
h Z4,
Z
X{pg {0
+
i}g v
Z!*
gzZVz {g **

J'
E
.
H

^ 6,
yQgzZ Z 4,
ZN /

qZ p c*
CY K
M F,
{!*
-Z Z
q
# ~ ]
J'
x
/
u
D YtX D 0*
W7~
qx
/
uq
-Zi~ .Z 4,
Z~]uz
G f Trypsin 6 X g* 3 Zg $Ws
J'
Xn]}>Z!*
-Z@*
q
q
-Z~ .Z4,
Z

@*
YH i Z
Z ~ ^ i" q
-Z t n zz kZ
G $W T r y p s i n o g e n T X @*
B Trypsinogen

@*
i Z
Z Enterokinase Z 4,
Z @*
W~ k(Mucosa)

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

87

C h ]gzg ; yS n kS @*
hz ~ }g ypY
D Y{z~|{zQXWk Q **
Y7QV0*
yY
5x \ yQ

] gX6,V}uz % J
-E
0E
Cg ;yS H Za vZ~~vg !KZB-z
G]B]Receptorsi Z0
+Z W,
Z
/
^!*
V
,Zz**
6,
g*!*

z}uzq
-Z
~
KS LgzX6,
H7Q Y
D Za *gB}uzq
-Z
D
X
HZ
gzZ
HmZpyQ
Hwi oyQ *
*Zg7
H n
pg 7g{zgzZ
D 0*
7N}uz q
-Z L{z
X
M
h{z} (,
c*

3Y
IZ =
KZ
p kS @*
ggzZ$;f pg C]gz7Z nZ
C 7zz 6,V;z " Xx q
-Z q {gg Z
(
-Ec*
7E
@G
y W
~ ]~ }g !*
ggzZ $;f w
yS
D Y x Z
~ V CZ7yS g DZ
ggzZ $;fX n
pg
t X @*
Za
KZq %

D !vZ
Vz
LZgzZKnV Cq
-Z~];
z,CZ7
HH7~ VsyS ~ yW!Zj T6,|~(,kS g Z W,

@*
vZ~
yS gzZ }i b4ZgzZG Za yW]vZL L:
C
vZgzZ g 6,qC
vZYx ?gzZ
Tg Dwi **
xZ
( 12t Z {g)
X n~dqZLZ
J'
5
Z Zz W
A & Za .Z 4,
Z (Pancreas) E
0E
5X @*
E
0E
nq
-Zx ~\WLZ {7Zuz **
._g ZlgzZ:
J
'.
Zy *
* 'YV6

Dn Zy Z 4,

90

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

^yxg Vz
}uz x {z yg x \ @*
J'
x 6,g}g7
Tgq
-~]gC
byS
.Z 4,
ZgzZ9z6,
}g7 B #Z !*

M
hx c*
6,
z q
-Z~(q
-Z M
h7
t ZN 0*
0nuZzq
-Z~yS @*
e**
tXt Z6,
g
q~g Z 

6,
gx
Dx {zgzZx yS @*
Za vZX
**
?@*
: Trypsin Inhibitor6,V;z
/Z @*
HX nvZ~
# 6,
Z
gwVX @*
C
~^]~x x2}kS
5
g Zlp .
q
-Z CY uzg { g*q
-ZZ
# c*
@*
0*
i6,gh
+E
0E
X CY~Kg{{ nkg
J
'.
4&R,
G
Z4,
ZpgD: g Z'
EjLF
Z
# Y (Z
5}g ~ TB ~g g !{ c*
P E
0E
i~ x sz^ !*
c*
@*
6,
]{z @*
h)
zzkS gzZf
e~V[
R
5
X @*

) !*
~]gzE
0E
5
: ; L ; gzZ Y7i Z
Z (Fluid) { Zp{E
0E
/Z
kS ~ ]g+Z wq X @*
7g h! Z(,q
-Z " Y
OX @*
5
 @*
@*
@*
: Zzg] \ (C
~E
0E
VQxZq
-Zs
C0*
Z V {O8ZZ
# :n Metabolic Enzymes
J'
J'
5x tpXM
nE
0E
hY$
+~ .Z4,
Z N .Z4,
Z !*
St
T;@*
7,
bx ZB{ c*
ix kSagzZ @*
{ c*
igzZZ
5ztgzZX @*
5~
{z,z CyggnE
0E
Y Z(,E
0E
J'
n N .Z 4,
Z !*
S gzZ C
) !*
g n
q kS X @*

) !*
~ wdZ ]c*
Z }uz wEZ
5 : @*
x \ VZx E
0E
bkZ wz; egze S Ze s
# z

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

89

V;zTrypsinogen ,zX @*
sp~
qx
/
ukS Trypsinogen
X Lgx
/
uW,
ZTrypsin

J'
.
Z 4,
S Zz Y 0*
~ kg  C Z ]!*
t
gzZ Trypsin :gz @*
7**
x
/
uL "(,s$W
J
J
'.
'
5p .Z4,
Z}uz
Z 4,
Z ck
,
i
]n kZX
M
hE
0E
4
&
GR,
g Z'
EjLF


D Za { q
-Z ~B {z
D i Z
Z
x
/
u~ ]yS Trypsin @*
B (Trypsin Inhibitor)
a gzZ zg (Z Trypsin ~ **
{zkS zg
J'
4&R,
G
n kZ @*
x
/
u .Z 4,
Z}uz Trypsin
}uzg Z'
EjLF
J
J'
'.
k Q gzZTrypsin Z 4,
Z z t X zg x
/
u .Z4,
Z
XM
h7Za W,
Z
D YG i Z
ZBq
-Z !*
tZ
# g Z'


D Y Z}uzq
-Z{z
D 0*
V~" {ziq
-Zp
Z t ~iNX V n (Z {z
@*
z6,
Zk Q @*
YZhg6,
g~g Trypsina C
D Z}uzq
-Z} zt(gzZ (
z)X B~"

D Z]
. }uz q
-Z {z
/Z X V7

5p Trypsin
4Z~
ZA
$D 0*
7 Z L{z
/ZX @*
c*
{ nE
0E
X
D 7>%tkS L{z @*
C
X C0*
7 C g

D 0*
yYt Z
# ]Vzt~ CD 3Z
C Vzi6,g~g Yt X **
Z }uz q
-Z S

J
'.
**
.
@*
e**
n Z4,
Z"t X6,
z9gzZ( 96,g
-Z '{ Zg Z LZp c*
q
=g f] Z g
zpg
5k Q zg
z6,Zuz Z4,
yS
g ; Vz yZ @*
Za
E
0E
Z

92

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

-Z n@*
q
@*
Za 6,gkZ {z *
@Yx
/
u6,g Z Z4,
Z
X @*
:[zZxg Zzgq
-ZtX ~
)x2}{!*
TgzZ C LZ
+
t~ Tx CZ7q
-Z (Z
J'
gkS
D {z
D {z
]c*
gzZ .Z4,
Z LZ wdZ
c*
t X
zvZ g @*
c*
6,gx
x Z q
-Z
D
iq
-ZtgzZzz% 7~
zy
KS
CCV*;
=
n
pgv
/ZX 0
+
i
D o6,gk
,
/**

{z
D%{z
G8E
J
'
.
4
yQ G5 ~uzgzZ Z4,
Zx A
$ }~
.Z x yZ ~gzy

gzZ
]+Z[gvZ~d
$
xq
-Z f
e{zXZgf D Y~V
Vx LZ H Za vZX ,'
,0 bkZgzZ !*
$
T @*
=g f q
-Z {7C
gzZ w2 !Z kS Y
W{Wk Q *
@Y
3 Zg C @*
qS &
y
KS
X sVZgzp~0
+
i Zz

kS @*
yvZ .Zg  6
D Y i W bkS v

g 0
+
1 (gz q
-Zy
KS c*
L L:~ yW
q
c*
gzZ } hc*
{ Zgk Q X Zz ZzG
gk Q c*
Qk Q
( 2-3OZ>g)
X @*
~]**

J'
.

Dx nDNA
Z 4,
Z/

.J'Z4,
**
%

D 9z6, x lZ m
{

Z
$
) G
gzZ C ]gzx ? VgzZ~ y
D|
#
]gz Z ~ g g yQg YB +
Mzi
J
'.
DNA
n
pg p { c*
i
{z~ Z 4,
Zx Z
+
@*
X Cg g
wq ]gg Z **
} (,q
-Z
D
gzZ ~ x n

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

91

J'
J'
X ~ .Z 4,
Z N }u6 7Q%$
+n .Z4,
Z ce '
G
*
c g c*
iZ/X [6,x ZV<e Yt 58
J'
.Z 4,
Z !*
S%$
+*
*x @*
{ z
f
e0*
yQ {zZ
# X 7Q~ga
J'
5@*
!*
x A
$X x Z nE
0E
kS ~ .Z4,
Z N
5
k(,
Muscle q
-Z 6~ #
 Z J (, *
@Y Z(,E
0E
J
'.
Z !*
S
80*
{zZ
# X ligz { c*
i
xzZw }g {z Z4,
yQ C ]gzT x2}3C
gzZC
D
X npg ~g YwdZyQgzZi
Wz6, ~d ~Lehigh University
Michael Behe
@*
yB,~ !*
yg Ze L[KZX
/Z Y (Z ] g CW7yZgzClotting yp

J'
4&R,
G
Z D: g Z'
EjLF
g @*
yZ {z T o .Z4,
~uzq
-ZX @*
yBehe~kS sfX~k
,
+f)
5
J'
.
x N
Z Z4,
Z : ~k
,
+f)
5
KZwV
J
'
 z6, x lZ Wz q
Z : q
-ZEj8E .Z 4,
-Z ~ Zb
Z
[ZX mZ m{:gzZ
D-: Z~yQ @*
*
*VZ
-Z { c*
q
i n x**
u **
q
-Z , Pose {z
Z4,
Z N
/Z 6,g wV XC l o t t i n g C a s c a d e {"
nn> Z!*
**
Z@*
@*
s:
K~ yp Trypsinogen
5X C | (,
Trypsin
/
u6,g Trypsinogen ~ E
0E
~(Scenario) )**
Miller X CY ~ uzg
Inhibitor
Trypsin q
-Z @*
V;z Y 7n
B q
q :
K
/Z~ PlasmaD Circulate 6,g ZInhibitor

94

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

:NDNA
D
w

D V;z zz T ~ V4# EE
J
'.
i q
-ZX ~3

Dg Z6 DNA nVz X Z4,
Z ZL L
J'
.
DkS
Z 4,
Z}uz @*
Y10*
DNAVziZ
#
n kS X [3X3 Nucleotides 7,
D qzX

DNA ) X ~ yzgze Nucleotides &
D W ~ g ]  t zz
5E Nucleotides
yS
D Y Y gzZ
D Y Zb
Z ~
C Z G
Amino
Cytonine gzZ Guanine, Thymine, Adenine V**
:N}uz q
-Z
Nucleotides 3(
D Acids
Tg} HE
J'
q
-Z ix t gzZX
D~ .Z 4,
Z6,gx

X @*
0*
~9z
J'
.
~DNA x lZge
DgzZ
_7,
Z 4,
Z wq

D
Cytosine gzZ Guanine, Thymine, Adenine
w],
3ZDNA
rg*g Z4,
Zq
-Zn kS XAmino Acids
@*
}uz q
-Z
BAmino Acids gzZ Nucleotides gzZ
XVZ*!*
z
DgNY )6,
g
nJgzZq
-Z6,V C7+
M 7 C 6,V;z
b!*
nyQ n kS ~VjZ CX C7]i YZ _
]!*
kS g0
+Z wqX 3 *
* *g q
-Z
J'
.
Wn"7,
Codons 6
,
DNA Z 4
,
ZX ]g rNiq
-Z
-Z )X
DC
q
]!*
Codons
BgzZ
D.
B
DNA
Code @*
q
-Z Nucleotides& q
-Z Codon
0*
~?mRNA, Codons X @*
` J
-ygx \ RNAc*
mRNA
( X
D Y

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

93

J'

.Z4,
ZyS n kS X
D Za m,
zY g St

S  6XV0] Zt
D 6,
g}g7
X ~
z
o

J
'.
t {z @*
q
-Z ~ VU N Z 4,
Z DNA
L Q
DqDNA DZz z )Y ix yQ
 6X
D #
%gzZ CY 0*
~DNA Q
t
g t @*
@*
.
g LZp DNA
Y
J'
.
- Z4,
q
Z~x kS kS X 7x Z6,gLZi
J'
X CW~
z=g f .Z 4,
Z~qggzZvZX
Tg
Data q
-Z szwL L[g Z &
@*
?
'
,
iq
-Z DNA
X @*
bVvzz%g Z6 q
-Z?t X @*
6,
Bank
g Z6 DNA g *
@Y **
Y
Z4,
Z C qz **
g Z
#
g ZD
q
-Z] @*
Z]
.}uzq
-Ze z DNAZipperq
-Z
Xbh
NucleotidesJ
*
@Yu6,o yQhg Z6 DNA m Zipper{z
X
Dzu] g g

@*
zz{zs @*
**
`~3q
-Ziq
-ZZ
#)
J
'.
ZX ( @*
0e DNA

] 
Y Z 4,
ggzZ n Z]
.}uz q
-Z PairX @*
b zJ
-u
@*
Yc*
e g Z6 DNAp QX C]gz6 DNA
J'
~B @*
hzq
-ZX
Dx !*

.Z 4,
Z6DNAz
:Nq
Y {g~B @*
hz}GuzEE
-Zwe Zz ]

-4E
5
:Nwe Zz
(Spirals)g Z6t mZp G #
n
pgVzaXEE

96

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

{z n
& Z7Z DNAZ p ._DatayQ
Data @*
+
V>6 yQgzZ {eV>gZ qt X @*
@*

[gZ &{z  Y 3g V- 6,i}uz q

-Zq kS X
w$
+B
kS X @*
q6,i" 6,g}g7 q
-Z ] sw{e
` L @*
n
i z V%Z x tDNA Polymerase ?{z
Y
7g !*
5F
~uzkS I*
@ Y7
X *
@Yc*
0*
7i E
}uz DNA Z4,
S Polymerase Zuz
z k Q B B
#
PS Helix Lg @*
Zg t 6X
8 Zg7 W
J'
-Z k&
q
+Z7Z z Helix DNA  @*

Tg 6,VzaL .Z4,
Z Zz
6 {g!*
z Z 4,
S Zuz QXnY zg Yf
{g !*
z s ZZ}uz
{ 6,g 6 9 n +
M 8 @*
i Z0
+Z 4 ~ z G
X 7c*

c*
W6,
(KZBase
4Z ~ qz V% x yS ~ kS
Editase Z4,
Z

@*
n
Vz S yQ BgzZ @*
n
z{e{g !*
z @*

Z zq
-Z @*
[Y c*
x Zt Z
# i q
-Z X
` Y G
X Cg DNA
V;z Dw ?X wq @*
76,Vi o
%UIt X ~ x Z o6,V ~ &
#
+Z7ZDNA RIq
-Z @*

C q Z6,g )#
%t X CLegase DNA Z4,
Z
yZgz ~g DNA i Z q
-Z kS t
/ZY
X
D Y{"Codons~VNucleotides6 Ciu
w$
+~VVLZ Codonsx YMissNucleotideq
-Z
Cx**
kS
D Y Za ~gzZ D D Y

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

95

gzZ Amino Acids " @*

q
-Z s kS
5E
X G Za { q
-Z s~
z q
-Z kZ G
J
'.
+ T Nucleotides Z 4,
Z Amino Acids =gf Ti
wEZgzZ
n
pg~ LZ {z
Codes yZ @*
{ Zg Z
D .

x yQsYx ZZDNAkS
D
rg
z
C

X $
s
# zgwzNk
,
i%uZzq
-Z
X
Dx vZ
{z
~ VzI Y g Z yg e I #
Z Leslie E. Orgel
E
4G
58zt Z 7,*
t X M
hQ 7 t Z G
*tk Q @*
X q
-Z
5EgzZ9z6,
{6,g!Vzt R G
 @*
e**
6,g )
}uz%q
-Z @*
X}Q
z q
-Z6,(q
-ZtgzZ
D
\BI
YV6,kS q
-Z ~ n kS gzZX 3 e**
g
DNA X Zg f 6 m7Q ~ | L0
+
i
J'
.
D 7,hz s DNA 6,g~g Z 4,
Z}uz UStrands
{z yZgz & Scanning kS X n qzScanning

X
#
%kQ~ggzZ
f
e`
t~DNA
QgzZ CY |
# zg Z &
+Z7ZDNA {{ n
kS X @*
x x **
DNA Nuclease
=g fZ 4,
Zq
-Z @*
Y
*
@Yc*
gzzgZ Z
# X @*
WGapq
-Z~DNA Helixb
{ez Enzyme t X @*
4Z ~ ]Zz) DNA, Polymerase A
$
@*
Zg7 BStrand }uz q
-Z &
+Z7Z q
-ZC
k&
+Z7S DNA {
Hn
jS ~g Zz%X
D YHelixes DNA{ezbkS
(ZX
DMatchBasesZz+
$Y ~uz {z7c*
c*
W @*
Y

98

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
g gzg p .Z4,
Z6,] ~X
Dx
g gg V;z
Dg {z VY @*
**
x g g d
$
d
$

G
$

Q
D}g7 ] ) LZ {zB ~g g !{ c*
i A X CW~
X @*
.
gq6,
g4
J
'.
Z
{!*
Zuz q
-Z {z Cx n DNA
g ZzZa Z4,
J'
.
Sgq
-~ ~g ]DNA Z 4,
Z ZMq
-ZX @*
i
p DNAQX @*
~g e
$wEZgzZg ZzZa yQp
-Z Gene ~T)6,
q
DNA, On/Off Switchq
-ZX
rg {!*
kS
3g6,gSwitch X ~wzNg ZzZa
rggzZ (
rg0
+!*
z6,
X C Za : Z 4,
Zq
-Z ]gzJ
-Z
# ~ ci7"Off" q
-Z @*
Y
G
gzZ Z @*
@*
k
,
+q z ~ ! n yZ9Z N*
5
gq
-Z 58
J'
Zg "gzZ
DJ }
!*
x x
.Z 4,
yQ
D Zc{z6,X]gzZ q
-ZC
g ggzZ Z
X
D Zc
pgq3Z 4,
ZC
X @*
**
{ x
kS y ?]x yS @*

yn kS XtL%gzZ **

yS y ?g}6,tC
{z gzZ
rg {!*

KS @*
x { (Zq
-Z 6kS pg @*
bkZ~x Z
/
z6,
}g7
~x
'
,
ikS~gZb!*
tYgy?n{g{0
+
igzZq
X xt@*
ZagzZ@*

vZg t?@*
6,
V>6,
g

rggzZ ~ LZ pwx t YyY q

-Z
/Z
{ Zg

zvZ 0*
N gs {z A
$KyS /
Vx gzZ

qC
gzZ H Za T ztX
kg
vZ X

~ V WgzZ }i}g
(Entities)

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

97

X
%x Z{0
+
ick
,
igzZ @*
0*
:W'
,
n
RNA DNA g0
+Z x x ) kS Z4,
Z Z Zuz
RNAVi{qtgzZ
g)X @*
xyZgzZa
Oq7Qq
-Zq
-ZgzZn~
C
# h
q
|
-Z8q
-Z @*
CV~
CZ4,
Zt
X ~i Z0
+Z K
M F,
~
C~X]YD
@*
0*
x ZB q
-Z ~ ]Y }g Ct
/Z
**
Z&
+Z7Z DNA k
,
+q z ~ q
5
-Z s kS O
k Q Z4,
Z Zuz &3 n1zg (ZX
D qz

rg 5gzZ {g !*
z !*
@*
:Zzk&
+Z7Z DNA {Z 4,
Zt X ~
D ZaBV6&x )KZ Z 4,
ZX x CZpg ~g Y 7Q
E
3C

KZ6,gx1]gtX ]DNA H6,LZ

~ |yC
q
-ZC
O X Lg @*
k
,
+q z6,g g { c*
5
iq
-Z ~
[7 100
KS q
-ZC

D Y`;i%g ZD
20
J
'.
Q
Dg
Dx ~wDNA
Z4,
ZX ~]
-ZX ]i YZ (Z7Qo Z~(,
q
-ZyQ A~g g!
q
G

$
.J',
KZ ._] ) LZ Dx 6,
DNA Z 4
Z~ i Z0
+Z ENW,
O
{ c*
i c*
10 s Polymerase DNA 6
,g wVX @*
**
g g
6,g
o bt X @*
Zg7 [ ] (Bases) ~
C
J
'.
W6,
Xzg
Catalase 6 Z4,
Zp C
X @*
~]C
50
g g n
@*
g ZlwDNA gg kS
J'
.
S gzZ @*
]gzk Q3X C
p bg ZzZa k Q Z4,

100

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

G
:NuZz q
* U EE
*
-Z 58 x { kS X Y 7Z]
. }uz
zL {
L 
DgzZ
f
ez
{z~T ? @*
e**
X Vzuz
D 0*
DNA y ,kS ~Section  6
J'
Z~ ~g ]LZ
6,%kS @*
X C h]gz .Z4,
J'
.
LZ DNA
D .

n Z 4,
Z C Za q N
J
'.

D Z DNA6,
%C
Z4,
Z
n~
z]
W qzg !*
y
g !*

Ds
B DNA gzZ t
D oA
$
J
'.
Z 4,
Z @*

~DNA
] g ZzZa ~gzJ
._] yQ
D YGg~wzNDNA

D9z6,
J'
Z ~ p Z }uz X
D ~C o d e ~D N A k Q

.Z 4,
J'
ZkS s '
,
X Ce**
DNA%Synthesis

) .Z4,
G
$

)
~A| l,
nRNAgzZ DNA
**
Za Ribose
/
] 6~
 **
7 V- p }uz q
-Z kS X Y 7
D y
J'
.
X CYe**
~
) Z4,
ZSynthesis DNA
J'
@'
,
k Q V- gzZ @*
in
z .Z4,
Z DNA
X C7- h
+q
-ZnVzIY g S |t
-Z 6,gV7 g7g V {zt n Y g S t
q
# z6,gjyEZ ~ VyS {zY @*
s
h!F,
+
$
G
)
**
~
Ze**
yQ
f
et
/Z58X
D.
yQA
$ @*
*
*tt ~] Z ZQDNA
J'
.
YG k Q
Z **
g OZ n^z .Z4,
Z
Z7,**
g OZTDNA gs QX t Z {g !*
z

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

99

vZ {zY" @*

D3g Z0
+YC
X 7 Zi W
kS
Tg~g (ZvZ ]{za gzZX @*
x ']c*
Z@
t{gzZJq
-ZtX
D{C
bmZp )gzZV6&yS {zn
}wgzZ
t }i Z0
+Zn C ~]**
u **
gzZ
Zg k Q ~ | t Z {7q
-Z  Zi Wq
-Zg\WLZ
G

gzi
/Z58X Lg ~~g Z 
vZ6,g}g7
zK
~ VyQ Z 4,
C
Zq
-ZC
t Z
'
,
i
twkS
yQvZ
Bx kS kZ @*
gZyZ9Zq
-ZC
gzZz6,
X
Dqy Q

Hc*
n
{zL L: @*
~ ]c*
W{q yW
gZ |kS

Z u0*
V!*
{z zZ

rgvZ

( 116 {Z>g)
X
g Z@*
Z
~}igzZ~yW
N
,@*
7
k Q
~ }igzZ V W
QgzZL L
k QgzZ6,k Q yW{zgzZ ZC
kZQ @*
g !*

zgzZ

X ZzV
'
,
i zgzZ~}igzZyW6,
zQ
y

( 26,27xzZ>g)

J'
.
?~s ZZgzZ c*

*u DNA Z 4,
ZH /

J'
@
nDNA @*
*
x
wZ .Z4,
ZgzZ DNA
DI Y g Z Xq
-Z ~Dead Locks } (,
yQ
Y g Z ]g {Z L q
-Z ,Z f.
**
LL q
-Z o

D oyZgzSectionkS g !*
g!*
{zT Za nVzI
J
'.
ZgzZ q
-Z ~ V { 3 DNA X

Z4,
~T
Dx ~x q
-Z !*


D9z6,
{

102

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

G
-Z 58**
Q
n7s
# z
Z 4,
ZuZz q
-Z c*
?DNA uZz q

D7.
~ s
# z ]!*
kS LIY g S X @*
e
%Enzymes DNAc*
DNA%**
Q Z4,
Zq
-Zzzt S
G
X @*
e**
**
DNAz6,
c*
Z4,
ZuZzq
-Z58c*
**
Q
g}g7 V Wx 0 Y g Z
~C
Z 4,
ZgzZ DNA
k%ZX
D CZ lB[<Z} (,IY g Z g Z
" 6,
.nX ! 7
+
G Ck%Z}pT~E
-Z
C
CIY gS
G
$ : C **
4G
}g SE
5G
s
# z gS @*
t
D 
~
6,g~
CBBg*
z]Zg~}g !*
Y ZZ 0
+
i
k Q " : h!q
-Zp]Z &
+s: Gene n }g X @*
$
+
V>DNAC!3q
-Z Za ~
z c*
W
~}g !*
x
yg e p
DQ~gq
-Z
4 YZ *
*]!*
~}g !*

J
'.
kS X C]gz
Z4,
Z
o]yS ~ ]
zz
k Q X @*
7]!*
p]Z &
+DNA {z
wEZ~g ZzZa Z 4,
Zz6,
-Z
gzZ
q
rg~LZ {z
C]
@*
g {6,g )yxg Z4,
ZgzZDNA 6,k QX
D W~
6,^ DNA q
-Z k Q Z 4,
Zq
-Z gzZ RNA ~ LZ @*
q
-
J
'.
x
/
u Amino Acids Z4,
Z Ribosomes n Synthesis
@*
**
Zzq 6 @*
,Zt 'V>RNA vgzZ n
E
Xg " *
@YQ c*
Zq
-Zg~
z @*
**
Wx }g7: SG
5
7yQ wZ ~ @*
C
!*
~C
jgzZ
M
h V;z
X V8
g Institute of Creation Research, Daun T. Gish

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

101

X nCx**
-Z Y7x {z nYGJ
q
-
z
J
'.
~
z Z 4,
Z 6,]g**
~uz
f
e
/Z @*
tDg6A
$DNAt Z {g !*
z W
J'
g ZzZa yQ {f Data Bank n
pg 7Q 6 .Z4,
Z
X]:SgzZ Data
G
( ] **
x
z!*
) ZC
Z 4,
Zq
-Z
/Z 58~ ]qyS
**
.
-Z @*
q
g Z 4,
ZX DNA n kS X @*
e**
**
Za gzZ @*
# zIY g ZX
n
s
pg !*
BLZzt:Zg }g Z]
.
6,
C DNA }g gzZ c*
W~
z

M
h77
f.
**
6,g9q
-Z
D{C
bY Zb
Z ~
Ct X Y ZZ 0
+
i
4
$
yZY 6 Cx**
-Z E:g eX g
Y ZZyQ
q
E5
gzZ DNA g @*
g S 6,V;z H
rg m ;gE- 6g G


J
'.
%kS @*
Z Lx2}%
/Z : $
7 Z 4,
Z DNA
Z Za DNA
/Z ?@*
Z: Za i~DNA
/Z @*
wEZ H x2}
H ?B x2} F,
-Z @*
q
0*
4 {z @*
0*
yY DNA
?DM
ha (Z
x2} F,
-Z% {z gzZ @*
q
7? g ZZ
+0*
-Z DNA
q
X @*
Y [Zy

B W ; i}uzgzZ
3 DNA  n s
# z ;g 7x2} (Z 6,V;z
4N DNAX Z Za x2}F,
~ nH
0E
e{g {0
+
i V
4E
5!NkS I *
~ $
+ Z[4ZZ~V V1g ZE
0G
@Y
Q7wZ" ]!*
kS X e0*
LZ
+
x2}F,
i~ I Y g S 
D c*
@*
X
M
h Za !*
z

104

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

k Q gzZ ZQQ A
$gzZ ZC
UGenetic Code
w {g !*
6,
}iqzp]Z&
+0
+
i
; i
{0
+
i: i
~g Z0
+Y x  |t ' 0*
n
Vz nTranslation W,
Z !*
Code k QgzZ]DNA
E
G
J'
458 C
G
z k Q t gzZ .Z4,
Z o Z{ c*
i C h ]gz
J'
C {gZ6,gmDNA p6,g*!*

C .Z 4,
Z yQ
kS gzZ Code H'i Zghu g Z Vc*
q
-Z C7

]!*
t ? C
~ Y g Z 6,gV7 Zg f (Translating) ~p
D Za ek
,
+q z t Z (Z 3 .
5
**

6,
g9nYKZVz{z @*
'gzgzZ+
$YVzV
H)
G
$ WQtpgyzgZeq
4G
SE
5G
-ZX{go1%}uzq
-Z
Xnm{nq
-Z]g!ggBZ
G8E
J
'.
4
^z Z4,
Z I Y g S X
c k
,
i G5 { z 6,V

n
pg
Amino Acids 
g 7.
s
# z
G
-Z Za~ 9
D 0*
Z 4,
Zq
-Z
758{zX z6,q
XXY ZZ DNAz$
+z
E
G
8
45 {Vztt|
7Q 6
C7bkS G
*
@Y **
Z
/
g Z)fq
-Z bT { &
+Z c*
%wZt @*
**
c*

{ i ZzgVzIY gZ~(,q
-Z @*
7 nZa }uz
X ~F,
6,
G
Y g Z ] |gp
@*
q
-Z ~ t Z +4 SG
5 Zzt
s
# zq
-Z ?

D
$
}VzI
{izum,
?gzZ
D o{z XnV{x

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

103

J'
.Z4,
ZXDNAgzZDNALZ
# $
7g@*
YgS6,
V;zH
RCz~yq
-ZFp
/Z @*
m|J
-V: @*
Wck
,
i q
6,g*!*
n3p

Sg Cg0
+Z3g Z0
+Yq
-ZV Zzg
*!*
g Z yS
Sg Cg !*
g !*

VZzg t gzZ
Dk
,
* **
J
J'
'
Z
X ;g EN{ n
zVzg Z0
+Y
z .Z 4,
ZX @*
6,.Z4,
6,
Hydrolysis
Z 4
,
Z (Zq
-Z Z 4,
Z Proteaseq
-Z *
*n

C%Cx**
CzG* ZZb @*
z6,
c*
@*

g E{ n6,g}g7 Y ZZ k Q X Z Za ~(Primordial Soup)

x EN{ ng !l ;gzz SKZ {zY
kS z6,gzZ W~{ ],
Zk Q
n9z6,
RNA x R N a s e s bZ X e: ^g kg

A m i n o , D N A x D h D N a s e s V D { n
D Z ]% k Q \z
/D e m e a n a s e s
X {)zXDgz Carbolic Acidsx ]% Decarboxylase
yQZ
# Y e[NZ :z
/yS ~ ^z ]%
N

X E{ nCg~wj {!*
C
!*
3g Z0
+Yq
-Z

0
+
i xg M
h [NZ CgA
$i Zz6,C{%
X @*
~] **
6,
g*!*
BY ZZ
dZz Caryl P. Haskins I Y gS q
-Z k Q
z!*
Vz yZ @*
e**
t @*
t6,gA g e
$Z@ {g Z ZJg
g S ,j{ c*
ip t Z **
Q nV { ~g Z !*
]!*
Z
qi~
D6,wCBiochemical Genetics ]Z
X
~g

106

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

qZt @*
ZDNA t wqX @*
6,
Nucleotides g @
*

~DNA
Thymine O
rg Uracil gzZ @*
c*
gze uZz
Z ~ Za Enzymes Dx BDNA X @*


_(,
uZzq
-Z ni~x Z}g X @*
Z Zg Z
G
J
'.
$
Zg g 6,g wV] ) 6 x n ^z w!*
Z 4,

X @*
**
Za
J
'.
Z4,
Z6,V
D Y~zk QDNAn kS ] \

x Z x gZzZa Z4,
Z !*
RNAgz Z DNA a X @
*
**
Za
yS X
D Y] \ 6,V C ( Q Za RNA
@*
**
g (Z
qx
/
uq
-Z DNA @*
xit nZz
J'
.
Z  t gzZ n W'
,~Cytoplasm {
Z4,
/
%RNA  b kZ
}uz ~Synthesis RNA iZ% Zx Q X Synthesized
.J',
Adenosine Triphophatase {g yQX wzN=g f Z 4
Z
AT PasesZuz @*
wEZATpsq
-Z~(ATpase)
J
'.
x Z Z 4,
Z }uz ;g ZD
yZgz kS X e
$Z@ Y x
o
G

$
3 @*

Dg* V%i Q
] ) }uz ;g ZD


: C h ]gz gzi 6,`Z q
-Z @*
XnY 3g {0
+
i
J
'.
ZtQ nez6,Z 4,
Z *
@Y H Synthesized RNA
D Z4,
~
z Genes RNA !
D Synthesized RNA


J'
.Z4,
Z~T @*
Zce g{
/
%~3
D Y
k Q c*
Gene g Z q
-Z @*
Za tg Z0
+Y q
-Z
/Z X

W
t gzZ @*
Zg Z?RNA kZ Lg T
$ q
-Z ~Genes
G
J'
$
.
)

g
@*
6,
Z4,
ZgZX] {znkS X~3D7 Z4,
Z

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

105

T
n
pgt :I Y g S X6,qkS } W*g" gzZ x)
J'
:gzZ .Z4,
ZgzZ DNA Vz^z ~}g !*
m,
?{z6,
C
0Z]wV" q
-Z
Dg o{zXm,
?2} )
gzZ DNA Vz 6,g Zz X B {7 )~ VsgzZ
J'
Z
nwdZ Z ZyQ~36,( 9
G .Z4,
7| (, s
# z gzZ 6,V;z X ]:S~g Z pb!*
gzZ
-ZC
q
~Helix DNA q
-Z Nucleotide uZz q
-Z 8 vZX $

];g ZD
q
-Z @*
;g
w
yZ9ZC
gzZ
rg {z
C

uZz
CqqC
V X x yQ @*
wzNgzZ ZgzZ 6,C
vZ g g
X%vZq
-Z
vy
KZ X
D %vZ {zY
Dg
3C

iC
}Y
vZtX Le (ZvZY
Tg {0
+
i
G
gzZ @*
wzN
vZtX ;g L
58~y
KZq
-ZC
gzZ @*
0*
x Z~

Dk
,
+q z ~3q
5
-Z
; i q % @*

Y Zb
Z Lg Lgx gzZ
Dq
-~;iyS

ns
# zq
-Z?
q
-Z
{zzzkS X
D 7Q
{z
D,Zz p{zX ~
q- q
-Z
D
D
H Za vZ
nVzq x yQ
M
h77s
# z ~uzgzZ
$Wq
e
-Z @*
g Z
Z" KZ vZ ! YL
L } 7Q
V- x @*
Z
# gzZ }igzZyW Zz Za *L L:~
( 117Y ZZ >g)
X *
@Y{z: YkS @*


J'
.
X
DwzN RNA
Z 4,
Z/

DNA
@*
? Z(,q
-Z Ribonucleoacid c*
RNA

108

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Z 4,
Z mZ m{q
-ZX g"gzZ Y
kB+ RNA Amino Acid Vzi @*
g Z)f Synthetase
 @*
C
**
] !*
kS y Zg z i kS X n ~
Amino }uz t gzZ Amino Acid 9 + RNA
t% @*
x Z 4,
Zck
,
ia X
D7W,
O~Acids 19
X
D Y`g {6,
g~~g ]DNA]Zt
~g wRNA ~ ~g wDNA wq ]gD)t
J'

.Z 4,
Z
D
Dg ]RNA
9z6,X CQ ~
J'

) RNA~}g !*
.Z4,
ZnkS X
D YG Za RNA
Z
#
D ob)IY g S p kS X @*
e**
I~
Za ~
) Proteins ]RNA Polymers 

X @'
,
kS 4-gzZ
M
h
J
'.
x BwdZx gzZV6& ~g7 KZ Z 4,
ZSRNA
y Q
z k Q @*
X D W~
z ~RNA Q @*
**

J
'.
X Lg **
g RNA Z4,
Z
# ztc*
s

D Yx **
~ kS IY g Z
X c*
Wt Zq
-Z~VyS D 0*
} 7
}uz q
-Z
Zz6,g~
C
Dw {z H
zz%gzZ6,
g Z~
zWM
h7g {g Zi W
{g !*
z !*
x CZ
D qzl}uz q
-ZgzZ 6, q
-Z
) !
V { ~Iw F Zg Z*
VZ b H ? W t Z
(Z @*
B9q
-g !*
x kS }Y
gzZ~(Laboratories)
.
@*
*
* x))q
-Z (Z H ? q
-Z

Amino Acyl + RNA

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

107

X*
@Y{ggZtgzZ
DYx **
~Zz
D7 G
J'
$
G
)

X*
@Y%6,
gk
,
***
tZZ
D
xZ{z] gzZ .Z4,
Z
/Z
J'
.
p C ]gz RNA pRNA
D Y Z4,
Z
J
J'
'.
b & Z V{ LZ gzZ 0 .
g Z 4,
Z @*
.Z4,
Z
@*
6,
DNA 6 @
*
6,
RNAt :Z q z ~p Z}uz
h ]gzz6,q
-Z Z
# XBDNA  6 @*
x x t
RNA Polymeraseg *
@Y**
Y
Z4,
Zq
-Z~3g C
0 z6, @*
0*
{z X J
- Data Bank 3J
- DNA @*
^
z6,k Qwq ]zZ X yQq
-Z
WgzZ g Data
yS X ~ V Z Z ; Y **
Za TData 0
X @*
q }g RNA Polymerase Z4,
Z ~ ]q
D (ZX @*
0*
{z J
-V gzZ @*
qzData  V
X D7~g p
/Z

8VZ4,
Z
Za z6, g Z Zq
-Z
Data ~gz)
Spliceosome g
Z 4
,
Z *q
-Z{1zgqkS X CY=g f
;g ZD
VZNon-CodinggzZ @*
q
-~kS @*
Y**
Y
~gz
Chains @*
Join !*
$ @*
A
U VzData
X n^zz6,

D

Chain Kgq
-Z :! nRNA) Codon + RNA 6,` kS
Synthesis z6, CY J
- Ribosome Amino Acids
Amino Acids C
6,V;z X Amino Acid 9 @*
**
W~ k ( n
% Zt
/Z X C g g + RNA nq
-Z i Z 6,V;z n 20
{ n DNAA
$ @*
7x 6,g
o~ ~g DNA

110

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
.
Z 4,
ZmZm{ /

J'
J'
.Z4,
Z
x C
gzZ0Z]!*
C,C
0 .Z4,
Z
@*
mZ m{ Z 4,
ZC
n kZX
DqZ
x Z
E
X ]:SH6,

rg~Z 4,
ZC
 @*
**
C
zkS X
x
D sg 6,g ; c*
wdZ Z Z4,
Z
J
'.
nzg
gzZ
Dzz Clot
yp
Z 4
,
ZyQ~VjZ
J'
.
D .
Z 4,
Z YyY
/ZX
D2}~gz
iz0
+ZV{h
+Iq
-Z 3B
z q
-Z ]!*
q
-Z

Y0*
{ zA
$x gzZZgzZc*
o
@*
6,V;z {zX ~ ] ZvZ yS ,{ Zp{
V;z~3C
t gzZ
D Y G 6,k Q
] Zx q
-Z
 @*
c*
{zn+
M
KZ { Za 6,gm{gzZ )q C
vZ Le (Z {z
/ZtgzZ %vZwdZ LZ
n
pg ~g YY Zx
V;zL@*
c*
W(Z
/Z }Y{zX ~q
-Z6,
Z 7,
-Zx ?Y
q
J'
.
-Zg
G Za Z 4,
q
Z @*
8 {zX i @*
7 @*
:
t X Zg fgzZ t
M
h 7Zc vZ ~ k Q x Z
{oopggzZsY zz
o{ CZgq
-Z]!*
Vz * gzZ~* kS Zz3ggzZy!*
$Z(, @*

6,
zk Q
J'
{z: LgzZ{ k Q Z eN,C

m .Z4,
ZX ~
X n i W H ?vZ
6,
?
] Z

J'
.
~
Dv] \
Z 4,
Z/

X
rg
/
u 6,g xwY [Z ~ }gv

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

109

,Z r Zq
-Z @*
6,g}g7
| Allah gZ
/.9F
L {z zz kZ ?nVZb
7Zg @*
Y gS t
D H

D{zkS OXBV yS 6,gAW"(,D
LZ
D{z~ (Zp4-~} ]q
-ZpgqC

t
q
-Z~VyQLeslie E. Orgel IY g ZX x **
}
LRNA Z
+

Dm,
?X] **
gZ kS
g D
: t' * RNA *
@Y Zg [Z
H gzZ c*
W

rg Probiotic RNA
/Z
D^ ek
,
+q z(Scenario)
5
:
7g DZ` W
mZpz
/q
-ZgzZ q % 9z6,
A &q
-Z
!Zj Orgel V X6,%C
Synthesis z6,
J
'.
Z!*
~B @*
Za RNA
Y gS iC{q
X Z 4,
-Z
-Z~V{yS @*
q
e*
*twq~i)k Q
G
:Nq
Xt Z~
zVp! ZzW
/ZB58EE
-Z~Y Zb
Z
G
-~ V~ * y
q
KS x
/Z 58 gkZ vZ
w  M
h77 {z X M
h7Za 3uZz q
-Z Q {z D Y
J
'.
Z 4,
Z% Y{g 7{0
+
i RNA ~ Tx q
-ZX nvZ s
# z
J
'.
%+F,
{wkS CRNA % M
h 7
Z 4,
ZgzZ
Xq
-Z~V V Zz}
-ZgzZ:Y Z x { {z @*
q


g Z vZ~ yW

{zgzZg Z0
+Y~ yS
} )gTgzZ }igzZ V W **

KkZ
X Z Y
yQ eZ
#
( 29 gZ >g)

112

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

=g f[Z4Q Chz {zB; Zg vh ?
q

-
-ZC
@*
?
D .

i Z
Z V>Acetylcholine Zq
Q
D Y 0*
}F,
6,V ' :
L k Q X
D
~}uzq
-Z] \Y:gzc*
V;z (WZuzkS I @*
**
s
E
]

[] 5 500 ]zZ Xn[ZX
D Y

VzF,
Acetylcholinestk Q CF,

X ~BC
@*
**
Wipedout
J'
.
{z
G Za bkS Z4,
ZAcetylcholinestenase
J
'.
{ c*
i 6,Vzg g { c*
i Z4,
Z x t X
M
h
(Z
c*
[V ZY 6 CX
h MV>Acetylcholines
~: }uz q
-Z X
!*
,V>g ZD
'
25 ~ C
{ z
B40 d
$
?Acetylcholine q
-Z Z4,
S Esterase q
-ZC
B
X h ~
G
k Q Z 4,
ZuZzq
-Z58
/Z ZC
]!*
t i FV
c%yS
CV
H0
+
i ~g Y @*
qz **
%g Z0
+YZ
Y/N
E
x
/
u~x Z}g
gzZ
D Lg V1gZ
6,V
X ]!*
kS ]oAcetylcholinesterasepX
Tg
J'
Zx
-ZY M
q
h {g7{0
+
i DT
$t s
/Z ~ .Z 4,
H-oG
$
Alzheimer V
H" X C 9Z V}g p
x Z wdZ {!*
LZ Z 4,
Z ck
,
i kZ
}
D n%
]qg **
Acetylcholine ~ n%kS X
D Za x **
~
gz$ c*
]kNerve bkZgzZ *
@Y !*
,~
'
C0*
7 v6,g}g7 ]! ZQ c*
~ wz
CY

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

111

(
-E
gzZ] Zzz T
n
pg o ng ZyxgY
IZgzZE
@G
[Z
D h 6,B; Zg vZ
#
D Y6,g=g f [Z ]k
(
-E
*
@Y
q
-Z @*
qz{z


=gfz '
,q
-Z E
@G
VOS
D o }uzq
-Z[ZX=g f[Z CY
gGaps
D Z }uz q
-Z ]! Z z
6,Gaps c*
6,
q
-Z Q (Impulse)c*
-q
q
-ZX
D BSynapses
{z A
$6,
Synapse q
-Z CY 7W{zJ
-Z
# 6,5Zg LZ Sg ~gYgzZ
X q
-Z 3 @*
Gap Synapse X6,V;z CY I
Z =g f q
-gzZ CY u q
-:n(Impulse) q
-
L+Z @*
X @*
Yx **
~J
- (Nerve)W
A
% 6 q
-Z & W
(Nerve) Y C0*
7
X @*
hg~Synapsex **
Cetylcholine
wz Zz g* ( ) q
-
q
-Z B6,
Synapse (Nerve) Z
# XJ
-Zz
}uzGap {zXGap k Qg 0*
g W ] Acetylcholine
X
D ~
w3}uz{g~ kReceptors
6,}u
(
-E
@*

HVJ
-zi !*
E
@G
x \ Y
D H]N(Muscles) vg6,kZ
DwEZ (Nerves) [ZXS M
h hgzZB; CZ M
hVZ[Z ?
x t pX n ] \ F,
p Morse Code x q
-Z

Dots { c*
i Q x \ Z { c*
i AX @*
6,
Dots
XVu
p Q Dots
C! ~ p Z}uz q
-(Nerve) C
Dot C

g Z p }uz k Q
/ZXi Z
Z]Acetylcholine LZp

114

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

: @*
Z,Zz~e
$Wq
-ZC]!*
kS vZ

gzZ yW
~ kS k7,:gzZ~ wq @*
7gzZ L L
Dsz^?Z
# k0*
}g vq D7x v ?D7
gzZ~yW:gzZ~}i{g fq
-Z [g} Lg7T
$gzZ~kS
( 61-{g)
X ~[? 7
gzZZ(,
:gzZN*
g:

E
~ypuZ 4,
Z H6,/

)q
-Z
rg x (Blood Clothing) yp
*
@Y
zq
-Z }gvZ
# 6,g" gkS @*
g
1
D{zX `
d$pnigzZ Y u yp M
h?
J
'.
Z bT CWQ
{!*
" q
-Z ~ }gv Z 4,
Za q
-Z ~g Z ~ }g7 ni q
-Z X
Dx i
} @*
qz yypZ
# X CC
6,x niZ X
`kS X +
$Y ni
D 7,
hzgzZ
D W~
w Zgf [
7 x
E

D Yx
/
u SG
5
TgB**
yp 6,

B l o o d P l a t e l e t s CY ZZ ?X g g zZ
yp}g X
Tg Platelets t X
D B Thrombocytes
t }z @*
;g ( ypc*
) yyp}y bkS ~
`
X bg Z}P~d
$

DThrombocytes
t *
@Y **
Y Von Willebrand Factor g
z6,q
-Z
YX qq
-Z @*
Call n ZZ Backup Zz7 q
-Z
# Thrombocytes uzg t X D y
Z
K]Zg Zz
X
}6,
( @*
Yq ]!*
kZgzZ *
@Y^
i Z
ZVzuz @*
{ W**
W6,]Zg Zz Thrombocyte

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

113

~yQ~:WwY!ZgzZ*gb!*
yxg]! Z[g Z 100X

bkS {z
/ZX @*
x g Z0
+
q
-Z vZ @*
;;g ZD

% Z % q
-Z Y Za " {z @*
[NZ x
lz[Z]gz%W'
,X6,kS }Gaps
[Z V;z X @*
x  7t @*
X
DY M
h lz$
+

) !*
n
# C h ]gz Gaps Zz yxg
Z

.
G
1
yS n G}uzgzZ *
@Ye**
F,
yxg[Z
1.G

G
-Z ~ VU}q
$;f { c*
i
kS X @*
)zg
) !
0*
~: {
D V!*
x yZvy
KS  @*

], @*
Za vZX ,~}g !*
V7gzZ} 7q Z
XB ~g Z b!*
@*
~
z 7QgzZ ~ )q
-Z ~
:NuZz q
?
/Z wqX
D VZzg EE
-Z x q
-Z V
:N LgkS
xz wdZx LZx D U Zx k QEE
z Z q
-Z @*
Z4,
ZuZz q
-Z s~ p Z}uz X *
@Y
kS HX M
h7Z { c*
igzZS c*
]x4,
} c*
x kS ?X x ! Z
(
E

zi !*
}g v7
E
@Gx \ **
Y @*
7VzinZ4,
Z
G
iQ ~g v
w58D7.
?X }~}g v
H
X
z LZ !*
Ws
it X vZ
G Za n
pg ?
0Z ]t
? n]w3~]Z[g Z100x }g v *
@Yc*
ZC

C

}YvZ kZj}g v]kg "gzZ x ZizgC

vZVix tX
rg {0
+
iC
gzZ @*
~gvvZX @*

X SgVuW QgzZ
C~wzN

116

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

~Clotting1"gzZX CY0
) !*

h Fibrinogens
gzZ Prothrombin nug ZD
+
{,Z X @
B6,
z
@*
B Stuart FactorZ4,
Z {zX @*
**
x
/
u Z4,
Z
B
/
u{z
/ZX @*
Zz x
/
u Prothrombin gzZ Zz
S t u a r t ~ ]g Q A
$ qz ~ yp @*
;g
w
Clotting1"gzZ @*
qzQx2}Clotting Factor
{z yZgz
w~ yp Stuart Factor zz kS CY qz
@*
7p Stuart FactorwqX Lg
~
qx
/
u
BkS Accelerin Z 4,
Z Zuzq
-Z QX !*
pg Prothrombin
n kS X n%$
+~Thrombin Q Prothrambin @*
x
X @*
7~
qx
/
uq
-Z ~ q zAccelerin 
M
h
%L L6,gZz Nq
-Z @*
q
-x
/
uk QT

@*
T h r o m b i n t Y ~ i }
&
+Z gzZ
t {z
Ds
# zb|kS !
rgx
/
u Accelerin
tzzkS ? @*
x
/
up
Z4,
Z Q *
@Y Hx
/
uAccelerin
B Prothrombin b q
-Z6,g}g7 Stuart Factor
q
-Z Thrombin 6,gg ZlZ q
-Zg @*


gzZBo Z Zk Q @*
qz1Zg X Sgg ~g Zl
Bg g ~g7 x Clotting @*
Yx
/
uStuart factory

X *
@Yx
/
u
k
,
+q z Clotting ypBFactors Zx t
5
J'
yQ VgzZ @*
**
x
/
u
@*
'Y .Z 4,
Z X @*
.

@*
**
Cover7Q Gap y~gzZ C]gz

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

115

OX6,
-i
+gn @*
;gg
/Z (Z m{q
-Z
J
'.
J
-hkS X
f
ewex Z 4,
Z CYZiq
-Z x
J'
.
@*
CYq
-~x Z4,
Z ZMq
-Z ~ |
Tgsz^~i6,g}g7

Di%6,
yQzKZ
J
'.
Z Z) X

]Zg 
Z
rg VQ n wEZ ~ Z4,
]gzyQ
Dwz W{zs6,x Y} 7Q~
~}g7 6,g: Z Zi W
@*
Z 4,
Z Z)" q
-Z Fibrinogen X
hz" {z @*
~
q {i~Plasma ypgzZ @*

w
X *
@Yx
/
u~g {z A
$gzZ
8: ^a }J
-Z
# Lg @*

zni k(, @*
7x ~Plasma
Fibrinogen z6,t
**
Thrombin Z 4
,
Z Zuz CY Za
q x ZgWq
-Z Z
# s
bkZ ^ z ~ V&Chain z6,
Fibrinogen
" q
-Z ~ p Z }uz X w$
+~Fibrin Fibrinogen
4)Zz 6 LgX @*
ni [Z zO 8 ( g Z hG
g (Zg Z Z4,
Z x
/
uZ4,
Z
pg0
n
+!*
V>Fibrin }uz Fibrin t X
DC
6,R
}uzq
-Z ~9z6,
gzZ CZa Chain?q
-Z~X

t ^~X
C
@*
ClotZZt X
D gzZ
D Y
N 6,gq
/#E
-ZQ
f
e7
-J eniw$
+~ wYFibrin
E
5 Z4,
Z Thrombin
z kQ A
$X CY bwY T
X o Fibrin clot
w$
+~XIIIa 5 XIII
qg )q

-Z~yp{z Cx
/
u Fibronogen
Thrombin
/ZY C Z t X C
x **

Prothrombin ~
}g t Sg 
~ ypyZgz ~
q g g Thrombin

118

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

C X
n
pg 7x gzZ Clotting Z
}g B @*

x| Behe bkZX @*
x
/
uk Q
@*
6,Z 4,
Zq
-Zg Z z6,
Z4,
Z {z 7z6,?Z 4,
Z c*
z6, @*
g Q
: @*

Cg Q ]g VY pX Switch On 6,k Q Y7x %
/Z {z kS X Lg 7 x {z z6,% ? Z 4,

Z x
/
u
@*

H yp ]6,g*: W W C CQ Blood Clotting

E
X @*
{6,
gf.
**

x X H6,
@*
ZL{zkS I~]
% k Q @*
6,iZ%F
Y x H
g  @*
H YY 7c*
U c*
YY c*
7q
-Z6,g ZC
q
Z
g" H ? t Z !*
0*
]g"
] Z H ? @*
zq
-Z x Clotting yp

D Za Z4,
Z
? b
gzZ %q
M
hZa] Z H ?
DZa} 7

n
pg ]Z|I Y g S X " 7e ~ yS

x Clottingq
-Z
D ZaC
Z
g" 6,
] Z0
+Z NZ J0
+Z
" zg Zet ZX {~gg~Vsq
2G
.E
-Z @*
C

[f q
-Z xE
G
GE
"N
Vzuz I Y g S zz kS X @*
Za ]Z7 p zG

@*
Za ]Z7 @*
Za s 0Z6 t Z
D
@*
e**
tt T|Xq%q @*
Za gzZ
E
gzZ {" [4Z Zq
-Zg **
WQ V{!*
H6,
-gzZ { (Z~x2}q
-ZZz [4Z ZXC
bg"
{ q
-Zg g 6,wC C k Z @*
x Clotting yp 6
}uz gzZ X J0
+
zR i Zg }g < V

'
,
i
D7}uz}g gzZx t ~
KZV

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

117

X @*
*
* x LZyQ
 C]gzh
eyYtyQX
6,
%
oq
-ZZ
# @*
qzniq
-Z
i Clotting
/Z
Clotting 1" X @*
Za {h
+q
-Z n t 7
47EZ ~ VC**
wdZ LZ ]c*
Z Z gzZ (Congestion) x t E
5G
yp
J
'.
ZyS n kZX @*
**
Yx **
~x Z
~gz)zgVZzg Z 4,
}uz @*
X
D g x
/
u6,g}uz q
-Z
@*
Y
J'
.
X
D Z,ZzyS ]!*
kS Z4,
Z
]gzU Blood Clot *
@Y $Lqniiq
-ZZ
#
{g !*
z
D {z
6,n x kS
X C h
J'
U @*
x 8 @*
Y **
Y Plasmin g
q
-Z X .Z4,
Z
6,
Fibrinogen : @
*
x CZ 6,
Fibrin, Plasmin X Fibrin Clots
wq
-Z@*
Za{z@*
0*
7(Z
/Z~
q"Zy

G
{Z
+q
-Z SG
5 Zz
Y7x ~{ c*
i PlasminX nClotting
@*
x
/
u
Plasmin kS I@*
0*
7
gni:gz : C]!*

@*
0*
0{z Clots h @*
c*
h Fibrin @*
C
niZ
#
J'
.
X
Tgq
C
-~x Clottingyp Z 4,
Z}uzg " V;zX
D zO 8x gzZim{q
-Z Zg7c*
@*
~gznq
-Z
:Nu Zzq
X YY 7c*
UEE
-Z Tx {f.
**
-Z

q
(Dyed in the I #
Z q
-Z Ls 6,'
{z X Y g Z ~ s | @*

z [Z ptC
Wood)
J
Y g Z
Lk Q 0
@*
Z~ { " $
Blood Clot q
-Z :~ x Blood Clotting g oI
wEZ 9z6,g "
i ZZM {q
-Z @*
**
Form

120

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X
Wk%k~}g 6,
gxgzZ @*
C
~^~ F,
(,
J
'.
G-E
zZta
Z4,
Zt
DZnx ZZ
gzZ c*


D Y 0*
~Macrophages gzZLeukocytes
(Phago Cytosis) g0
+ZLZ
D o{zXVzz}uz
Phago Cytosis))X
D.
h
e (Ingest)4Z
The Miracle of Immune [ yzg ; n] h
+'
~}g !*
X System
(New Delhi: Good World Books 2001)

J'
q qZ ) hY h } .Z 4,
Z Lysosome
X
D
/Z X
D ~

q
{z wq g0
+Z Lysosome
J
'.
qz b h M]yQ Z 4,
Z CY ~ h Mc*
CY G Lysosome
t iAutolysisq
-ZX
Dp{zg0
+ZX
%Nn
x h
.
+'

(Organelles)]c*
Z,Z c*
]c*
[Zy
c*
ZF
x Z it g0
+Z3C Lysosome X C6,
D 7
J'
gzZ ]c*
Z {%
D Y G `g { } hg=g f .Z 4,
Z yQgzZ
X
{ n]p6,
g}g7]zZ
4ZZB~}g v c*
ZMq
-Z6,gwV
Lysosome
D~}g vZ { z n
nyS X C
J
J'
'.
e Ingest c*
f
Z4,
Zt
z QX @*
0*
x Z =g f .Z4,
Z
c*
bkS ~
s Wastes kS Z

X
sZ eg ~g ez
J'
.
Z Lysosomes
6,] Z ~ ]zZ Zg!*
g !*
Z4,

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

119

vZ L LXg Z 
k Q
,q x gzZ Y Zx {vZX vZ gzZ
n kS X qC
{ {zXvZ Zq 7V;zX Zg v
pXk Q YN7X @*
g Z)f nqC
{zX z] k Q
X ,ZzqC
Zz+ Y(x {zX 8 C
{z
( 102,103x ZwZ >g)

J'
.
Lysosomal Z 4
,
Z/

@ @*
*
7
/
ug Z gzi ~3
q
-Z ~Organelles

aBq
-ZImicronX ~ @*
yZ` 0.5 d
$
Lysosome
J'
.
pg Z 4,
n
Z DegradativeZ~LZ {zX @*
#
~O 8,zg ZD

J
'.
Z yS ]X

X
D 0*
x Z ~ ; i ZZ Z Z 4,
gzZ hY h Z4,
Z Lysasome C(Grinder) _ ]Lysosome
3gzZ k],
Zz c*
X
Tg7x h
+'

]yQ
{ n
d g
/I
D

D YG `g {x ]Zg f ygyv} (,
gzZ!*
{% G
J'
XzO 8Wg
D Yhg
VZzg .Z4,
ZyS }g

X Y Recycle
D~g vD
/
g ?Z
# @*
Za
zq
-g @*
6,
gwV
k QgzZ *
@Y 0*
zX ~Kg k QV{%]!*


Zg V:!*
{%hY g Lysosomes ] @*
YW~
q
X

J'
J'
.
.
-Z Z 4,
q
Z t X
D x ~Lysosomes Z 4,
Z Z36
Zz"(,gzZ
s c Zgq
-Z~ Gs ZZ|
#
/ZY @*

Zt X
uzg (Z7QhYh ]
~gz)
n
pg ~gY"(,
~]@*
: Zzit

122

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

D YZcgzZ Ch]gz `g {X
f

e|
#
-Z
J
# X
D( ._vZ g {zX npg {0
+
i
X
Dc*

D{z
$
7
Le(ZvZ
] x ~ ~vg k QgzZ Zz

'
,
igzZ Zz g Z0
+
vZ
: @*
~e
$Wq
-Zsfg Z TX
D
kS $
7Zzt
{0
+
i7qZvZ L L
lg\
y (ZgzZ ~~igzZ V  W
Z :gzZzZ

gzZ z'
,
zg
}Y ]i YZ kS 1k0*
k Q}
A1 ~ ] kS q M
h7qZ
{zgzZyQ
kZ 7yZ
/
gzZ }igzZ V  Wx ~ k Q R e z
( 255{Z>g)
ZzF,
,
'

zyS o

J'
.
(Inhibitors Enzymes) Z 4
,
Zg Z'
/

J'
Organelles X
Tg x
/
u6,g~ .Z4,
Z
J
'.
gzZ**
!*
yQ

Y Z 4,
Z9z6,
~]cF,
yxg
uzg c*
b VZzg KZyQT]zZ X **
g
G
$
Zg7 ]c*
gz3gzZ
Dk
,
+F,
5
] ) @*
7,b
J'
.
ZZ
# ~p Z}uz
6,wC jq
x Z Z4,
-Z
t X6,x !Zq
-ZVZzg x x q
-Z
rg *
@Y 0*
x Z Zg7
J
'.
Z 4,
Z9z6,}uzgzZ @*
Y c*
`
wzNg Z0
+
q
-Z yQ @*

J'
.
c*
W Z 4,
Zg Z'
q
-ZX
4" x kS |0
+!*
Z 4,
Z
X
DIrreversiblec*
Reversible
**
.
(&
+!*
) Covalently, Bind g Z'
Irreversible
Binds Z 4
,
Z w q &
+!*
g Z'
R e v e r s i b l e gzZ X @*
wp

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

121

@*

~%Z^yZgzX
Tg x Z#
}
.
J (,
i~^/tX
Tg x Zx LZ~ ~ F,
(,
3
z/Z
yS yZgz%CZ7gzZ X0
+
iq
-Z @*
@*
;g
Za @*
Y ~ F,
(,3t wqX
D Y x Z ! p
Lysosomal6
,V @*
{z @*
**
W~
qFormery 6,
J'
J'
.
3!N]mLysosomal X
D WW .Z4,
**
g Z4,
Z G
Z
A
$X @*
*
* HyQ
Y p {z 6
D qz
y Zig !*
40q
-Z niZ (,
-Z
n
q
pg ~g Y{zJ
-V k
X ~3g
J
'.
~gzWg !*

Dg g Z 4,
Z Lysosomal ]Z W,
Z n
@*
{z (J
- (Ovum)3 SpermZ
# X ~(Fertilization)
J
'.
oiBLZ 
Z 4,
Z Lysosomaln
J
'.
4Z Sperm  ] Z 4,
Z yS X CY 0*
s ZZ
G
J'
.
X Z4,
ZLZ YgzWg !*
gzZ Y
?Z
+
6,
wCC
Dk
,
+q z~; ix a
5
]~ |X Yg } {g **
 H: w L
gzZ c*
kS gzZ @*
Y @*
h
+]
.p
KS
Tg D%
7Q
/Z X
Tg D Za } {g **
gzZ ~ s k],
Zz

M
h 0
) !*
C
i n ] Yt @*
Y c*

E
47S 6,V~ yp
KZ Organs Y(Congestion)x t E
5G
J
'.
x o Zs kS ~ Z 4,
Z LysosomalX
uzgg
{C
bq {z V {O8}uzx
KZX
D
Vz {g **
6,g~g {zX D7Z ~VKLX
D

124

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

J'
Z ^Zsi
Ze
hz 20

WDx 6,e .Z 4,
Y
H76,g: VrZ]!*
kS X
D GMegnify E
5N
D Y Aspirin M
hB?? f
eAspirin ?H :
/Z c*

DZ~x Z 4,
Zq
-Zt XZ 4,
Zq
-Z
DugzZ

Y W7{W HtgzZ
DZa:~xZ4,
Z
B]gz
X *
@YT
$8aMg Zg v X
D|7
~ T @*
**

~ wj QV>g Z'
Z4,
Z
J'

/
uZ 4,
Z
D7{z
i~]qY
D .Z4,
Z
J
'.
-Z
q
/
u Z4,
Z6,gwVX Yq Z n1zg
c*
~ wDNA ~ ; iZ @*
b 6,`m{
x gzZ c*
x Blood Clotting Z 4,
Zq
-Z
/Z X ~Clotting
yp}: }~ VC**
yp~ ]g+Z
rg ~
w
(Z
/Z Y ] ZgzZ Y uzz Congestion
X
z$
+
V;zgZ'
Z4,
Z @*
0*
7
J
'. G
o
Z 4,
Z 58

DwI g Z n kS
G
w 58
/Z ?
M
h } [
yZ
D 7.

g Z'
Z 4,
ZA
$ t Z @*
W~
z Z4,
ZuZz q
-Z
D
A
$ **
0*
nZ 4,
Zq
-Zt X6, Q t Z @*
**
W6,g*!*
S 1zgnSubstance q
-Zw 3} 7,**
g OS Q
-Z ~:q
q
-Z,ZX=g f t Z ~
z n Wg Z'

X @*
Y%tZgzZB
/
ux CZ
rg ~g YZ4,
Z
J'
.
Z 4,
Z n(Organelle) tZq
-Z @*
e**
t 6
Z'
Z4,
Z "gzZ ~
)gZ'
Z 4,
Z {0
+
igB

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

123

Z'
Reversible X C g ~p @*
Non-Covalently
( 2 ) N o n - g Z'
( 1 ) C o m p e t i t i v e
D x lZ z g
Z 4,
Zq
-Z g Z'
Competitive q
-Z (1) g Z'
Competitive
Substrate Z 4,
Z g Z'
t X @*
Za ^zg6,(
/
u
E
Substrate !LZZ 4,
ZgzZ
rg|
# Z4,
Zq
-Z
X6,
(
/
uZ4,
Z
rg0
+!*
LZg Z'
Og
kZ O Z4,
Zq
-Z g Z'
Non-Competitive q
-Z (2)
sZ 4,
Z {z c*

rg|0
+!*
6,x ZgzZ q
-Z x x
/
u
bkS gzZ w$
+|
# U* Z 4,
Z g Z'
Zz "0
+!*
Y
wq X @*
Y }g x x
/
u Z 4,
Z g Substrate
7`g {6,g}g7
/
u Z 4,
Zq
-Z g Z'
Non-Competitive
X k Qs @*

c*
Z4,
Z
z$
+g Z'
X wV+4kS Pencillin
Enzyme- FX mZ e h M y Q
g g n g Z- ~y Q

J'
.
Z 4,
Z Drugs t X
D YGg ._Inhibition System, Drugs
J'
g g n .Z 4,
Z k],
Zz c*
c*


D7 ^zg ~ x
X
zgg Z'
7Q
D
D Y uzg [Zy
{ c*
igzZ nZ%Z q
-Z F bkS gzZ
F,
B! x { c*
i
~ ` ~gz` WX

J'
x lZ(Cancer)yuXwEZ .Z 4,
ZgZ'
{z
J
'.
p k QgzZ|
# Z 4,
Z
/Z YzgykZ Yzg
J'
,z YY H ` { Zp{?
~`

u Za .Z4,
Zg Z'

J
'.
Z~VgkD zx
X
DhZz Z 4,

126

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

{ z 
g zz
kS X6,g gzZg ZzZa W,
Z yi Z)q
-Z 3g:
 c*
C
X @*
!vZ
~ C
Sg ~g Y
Z x C
Za
x Zq
-Z g Z'
Z4,
ZC
H Za vZ
{7q
-Z Z4,
Z
7Q
2}gzZq
-ZC
~ V>yS XgvZ
HH
E
G
458
DwzN

wDZ q&m{gzZ~B
Dx
{z G
pg
zx x
n
pg} z

gzZ Le 7Z (ZvZY
n
? c*
{zL LXB(Perfection)wZ}g7 {z LevZ
L?] ZvZ Dg ?
2
/ZX nLZvZ ?qC

X Z]**
y
KZ7~ZXM
h7~g7yQ
( 34)Z'
,
Z>g)

Y )Z 4,
Z/

.;E )q
X ~ ]g=gf V
g O!E
-Z F
G
D8 sw/ sw ]:SWgzZ }"
X
G Zi e6,
C]:SDragonfly, Helicopters gzZ

Y )q
-!6,
wC

,q+Z ~g ~]g6,
V ;z
X
g ~g Yn
0
+
i { izg KZv X
Y Z +Z6,g Cg6,V;z @*
J'
X .Z 4,
Z wV q
-Z ~ yQ X
D wEZ
ZZ !*
~
J'
XgzZ ~ ]g ~ ^{g q
-Z n }g
.Z4,
Z
LZ
(Detergents) {)z 0 X ~ V @*
w EZ
ZZ!*

D Y
g ZzZa Qq
-Z
D
DwEZizgC
~Vzy
J
J'
'.
zu~List Z 4,

Z Proteases X6,g
z .Z4,

Z
yQ X
D W~ wEZ ~ ~g Laundry Powders
D

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

125

J'
G
Z58{zkS gzZX ~
) .Z 4,
/
Z @*
7q Z g
J'
x2z }wzN @*
**
i~V;z
n
pg
z .Z4,
Z
~g g Z'
Z4,
ZkS %X }g
/
uKZVzg Z'

J
J
'.
'.
Lg 7n Z 4,
Z6,V;zgzZ
uzg Z4,
Zx 6,g
X
3QC c*
iZ'
kS 6,
g
E
GG
45gzZ e-e
3E
y sf ;gm !X{ !*
ezg
: H7
J'
.
~Primordial Soup 7
Z4,
Z s ]!*
t
}i ~g 3g J e @*
Y Hw
~(Ocean) g Q
LZ ]% Cx**

rg ~gz wV1g Z Pre Cambian

J'
X7
.Z4,
Z~T~Primordial Soup
G
Vg 7!*
-:{ c*
J
i {z D } z
/Z 58
Vzqq
-Z Fq
-Zp pg @*
Primordial SoupY
Z'
Z 4,
Zg "Vg V;z Y(Conglomeration) {
J'
.
,Z bkS X V DC
{z V
V
Z 4,
Z1zg
g
n {g 7{z {z wkZ wq Vn 7Za
X L!*

{ Zp{q
-Z
]!*
kS x2}wzNx Z}g
J'
J'
gg Z)f nuzg6,.Z4,
Zg Z'
Z 4,
ZgzZ .Z 4,
Z Z
J
'.
Z4,
ZgzZ Z 4,
Z yS X g Zzg ~ g gzZ ~ g ZzZa yQ !*
gzZ
@*
~ x Z Z
LZpL ~ VzgZ'

1zg
g 7f
e L p LZpg Z'
X C'
,7
J'
J
'.
.
ZgzZ
/
u Z4,
Z
bkS gzZ H7i Z0
+ZZ
yQ L Z4,

128

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Dying k Q kZ I ~g ZZg W6,Xzg

n kS gzZ Z 4,
Z Zz x !q
-ZCatalase c*
? 6XnY
s kS W6,Xzg C g ZlkS Kgq
-Z s
J
'.
~i
/
6,
g ) Z 4,
Z {zkS n
@*
wEZ~ ZlgzZgzZ~VgV]gzZ~V ZV Z
g { i @*
LZ {zgzZ
rg 3
K,g ZlM~ LZ Apple Juice X
T e **
qs kg Apple
/ZX @*
WCloudyc*
~
q
Zz i3
K @*
i Z0
+Z W,
Z
@*
~gz **
3
K
J'
X .Z4,
Z
J
'.
(Z vZ ?
D YG q Z 4,
Z * Cgp
X x Z|gp H Za=gf Z (,
-Zn
q
x lZ ZZ
+Zi g ZD
q
-Z Cx**
|gpuZz
J'
bX @*
6,sAQy
KS x Z Z(,q
-Z
rg~ LZ .Z4,
Z
_ yQ Z x Z Cx**
|gpZ V Z * VZ
J'
.
X q Z 4,
Zx lZZ @*

D
-Z f
q
e ` 7 {zJ
-Z
# Lg ~g Y |gpt
@*
Za
Cx**
{z A
$X
rg qZ x Z x /
Z4,
Z,Z
J
'.
-Z Z4,
q
Z/{z @*
Y $
+bkS Genetically Z4,
Z/{z
(Fermentakon) Px Z |gpyZi ZXn Za ,gZlM
HwEZ 3g @*
Za { {g **

~X Y H Extract
J'
Vj ZMq
-Z Vzg Y Vz7 .Z 4,
Z {z kS X @*
Y
(Organs) Y
IZ N Vzia gzZ (Pancreases)
X
M
hYGq

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

127

J'

D .Z 4,
Z,ZProteases Y[Z ? 6Y Z

{z n kS X
b
W!*
~ ]Zgf .
q
-g !*
9z6,yZgz L ;

kv
DgzBWVz6,BW
~ Vzq yS z6,X Vz}gv Vz&
+Z gzZ yp
pX ~ yxgFibers VziBt
D
J'
Zt
Z4,
Z X D
) !*


9z6,yQ .Z4,
@*
W~wEZ~~i Detergents @*
(Fats)! l

Lipase
Fat VzX @*
g ~ i Grease c*
!l

Y Zb
Z Amino Acids yQgzZ
yQ W~ k V>
J'
HX @*
wEZ .Z 4,
Z ~ ~g byX
.
$!*
~

D Z
~ k$E yZgz o'
,
dHgzZWearing
UIyZgzWearing 7Q
B q Zz 6 q
-Z ~ Coat
J'
gzZ3
K{z
C wEZ
Y Z X @*
wEZ .Z4,
Z ~ zg
-'
q
,
CY~g7Wearingiq
-Z@*
X
Dg ZzZa ~f3
K
X @*
wEZ Z 4,Z nV% @*
**
Zi W3
K
F,
wEZ ! Y0*
x Z Zi Wt
J
'.
&gzZV
5G
XB Z 4,
Z
HnyWq
-Zt ` W1 ~G
kS X yv Fabric % 3
KZ 4,
ZAmylase
Za
0*
{g **
X @*
W~wEZ~wj C
{z @*
{Z
+q
-Z i
X @*
C
i{z @*

J
'.
HwEZ Z4,
Z ng J ]Nh
+'
yZ8
-g}
J'
.
Z 4,
Z YY H c*
Zh @*
6,V J
Fibrinsc*
w!*
X @*
Y
J
'.
D YG Bleach
nFabrics @*
wEZ Catalase Z 4,
Z=g f

130

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

kS vZ{ F,
yW0
+
iX vZ @*
{ x Zt

vZt Xq
-ZgzZCgzpq
-Zg H Vz x Z
J'
J'
.
yQ Z4,
Z
~ x Z Cx**
|gp .Z 4,
Z yS H Za
{zgzZ n Y G c*
g 7Q ]i YZ
mZpm
X
D 0*
_yQX ZgfgzZD
A &

J'
.

D]Z7x Z 4,
Z/

D Z
( ]Zp) $
+
D 0*
N Z
+
L nkS H
E
G
4586 6 D Za ~ * ~g !*
zg

VZn[NZ G
' DQ c*
W7~ {@x L Organ m{ ?pg 6,
Z~ x Z Cx**
yS Dk
,
+q z : i ce **
5
C


D 0*
N 7 @*
J
-x 6 q
-ZIntegration 6,iZ%
XCW7#
B6Z~
CnkS6,
V;z:}7Q
B4 [NZ Cg
D e]!*
o Z:gzZ]Z@x:
Z4,
Z yg ; * q
-Z
D Za {z 6]Zp D ~ x
X(Organelle)tZc*
Organc*
x
H
J
#
F
X : E. $ I Y g S p Zt
7Z tD7Zg6,gs IY g S }uz

pX [NZ ~gzZ $
+: 6,2} ~
Cz Y g S tX6,gN
H7LZ
+
2}~yS @*
tPitman 6
q
-Z H77LgzZCx**
|
# c*
LWg q
-Z
X0*
: L{z6,
Vw V
IY g Z n
pgsq
-ZVY
IZ =c*
Y
IZ
KZ

KZX c*
W~
z Zq
-Zg
KZ @*
**
s
# zV

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

129

V**
Z{ Zp{ KZ V
KZ wEZY )gzZ ]
J
X c*
V $ Zg f Zn ; iyS H `g {
~gz
ZD
+JO 6,gwV ni3
K
J
'.
g ; ]5 W=g f Z 4,
Z g Zf yW D Y
X: i
-
1G.G

g ZzZa Qp D W~ wEZ ZMq

-Z
6,g:~gzZD Y e 6D7 (z6,
g}g7}
J'
.
Dx Z 4,
Z q C Z ~C
i g ZzZa {g **
Zz q
{z *
*x 6, x X @*
WI x Z c*
~ig
/Z 6

hgnY H BnB kS @*
6,g}g7 gzZ 3
KZz

Y x x
Y Z b
Z}uzgzZ Amino Acids kS
A &q

-Z $
7z6,q
-Z Y )
KZ Xwj ~
$
71{zXZ 6, mq
-Z gzWB
k Qzz:gzZ E
0 6,} q
-Z6,?Fat uZz q
-Z k Q
Zg7 VgzVbkS ~ fgq
-Z}x n
^q
-Zg (ZVz {g **

M
h7{zXB! xn
@*
e**
t n V
KZX W~ wEZ {g !*
zgzZ Recycle {z
G
x yS n kS Xz6,q
-Z @*

Amino Acids9*
* Za 58
J'


D wEZ .Z4,
Z Cg {g {z n x Z V
Q @*
0*
x Zx C{ c*
i A X
D Y hg6,h
+$
+ZV
KS
J
'.
`#~ LZ ~ Vs
D 0*
f
c*
g Z4,
Z { c*
i p
V0Kg ZzYV
'
,
igx Z Cx**
|gp
X7QM
hqVZb}V6,
V;z
DYn0*
BW

132

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

-Z @*
| 7 ^
,Zi e b!*
I Z
nCarburetor ]gzq
n Hexokinase Z 4,
Zq
-Z ]gz God ' (Z
t6,g Z ]!*
t tX ~(Sugar Splitting) Glycolysis
u{ q
-Z
D 0*
Z
# C
gzZ ^
,Zi e 4f q
-Z
D
~p~Vz^b Q~yxg (Arrowhead)

DZ
# ]ZyC
q
-Zte**
]!*
kS
D 0*

?]{
Zi e G g Z I Y g Z Z
#
zq
-Z (Z q
-Z V;z
E
G
8
45 CgzZ ~
X p"g yxg n
pg wdZ
G
,Z @*
t,Ze el
g i ~{ J0
+Z X
Hw$
+wt yQ q
E
4G
58 C
g !*
-ZB {z X Zi e ZC
q
n
pg
3 G
3 (Z {z @*
t{z i Z Q Zi e {z **
g Z
t Z0
+Z @*
7wq V;z'X G Zi e {z

*
@YH Tap6,
g
o
/Z **
Z Sourceq
-Z Y
/
 'Yn
q {Z
+ **
Zk Q Z 7,**
H }Y7t {zXS
J'
.
Z4,
Z{q
-Z Y Za gzZ3 Zgq
-Z Yg i Y gS X n
+'
h
X 7nig S k Q F,
{ c*
i {Z
+ X
'
J
'.
Z
Glycolytic x J
~Cx**
*
@Y7g Z4,
-Z
# t
J'
.

D
Z4,
Zg " @*
@*
g Q Enzyme System

:x x J
-Z
# @*
@*
7x ~k QXbz~ gzZ **
Z
J
'.
0*

Z 4,
Z}uz x 3 Zg Glycolytic s: ; D D
X ~V{0
+
iD Y
VzC ZzGq
-ZggZ Z4,
Zq
-Z~|

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

131

G
?uZz q
-Z 58BY ~g7 KZ
|
# q
-Z +Z q
-Z
J
'.

Dx 6,g wV Z 4,
Z X C0*
gZ
i n (
$
G
~ 2ZLZ 7Q
Genes
x Z {zB ] ) g Zz

Dx {z~X]2ZyQ
D
DNA
n
pg
{z X ypyZgz
D0
+!*
{zXSubstrates
(
E
-gzZ
o ng S
E
@G
rg yp
w
D
w
%ZzR}uzg "gzZwCPhmgzZKmq
-ZX @*

~g"Z:gzZM
h7w]Zz)%ZzZyZ?X!*
x
D
X~xkSq
-
~VVpM
h:gzZxkSM
h
:NC
6,g ) C Zq
-Zg
|
# q
-Z @*
0*
EE

X D 0*
7 okS wqIY gZX {
I Y g Z H :s?uZz q
-Z
[W (Z @*


J
'.
Amino B Z 4
,
Zq
-Z H ?n Z 4,
Zs
# z
n
pg
k Q
D ~ K
M F,
{z ~ Tm{
rg {z
Acids
k Q
DFit
Z q & k Q gzZ ^q & m
x Z @*
.
{z Ti @*
Bind {z
BSubstrate
p
z
A &k Q @*
 6iCZ7q
-Z (Z
7
8c*
@*
7tq
-Z @*
7k
,
L
igzZ !*

VjZ x2} zg Ze s
# z T s
# z q
-Zt H x Zg W
$ ?$
4GG
X nyzIY gZ
Ds
# z.
**
]Z@xtx SE
5G
~
el
g Jon Covey Creation Research Society
Z Z6,qkS Y g Zt l
6,q
-ZV {
,Ze
: @*
7Fg7g

134

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Xt Zc*
W9yQZ4,
Zq
-Z
D
Amino Acids
t Z ZQ 9(Z] **
-Z
D C ]!*
q

G
X @*
e*
*tD 0*
_ Z/x
/Z58
: @*
wZJon Covey 6
s
Z4,
Z} q
-Zq
D] Z H

D V;z ?
rg "gzZAm i n o A c i d s 1 0 0
&
M
hY K
M F,
A m i n o A c i d s Z2 0
K
M F,~ Z 4,
Z } kS Amino Acids X ~Combinations
B10 kS ~Combinations Z10130
M
hY
J
'.
yQ D 7 Z4,
ZiZ ~ I Z F,
yS F,
{ c*
iX #130
X
D7x c*

Dx Z~
6,V;z p ]!*
]C
~ '
,q
-Z LOZg Zu
X
7]Zg fZ
+Zi1080~]
99% 90  *
@Y **
p ]!*
] yZC

@*
B Dark Matter
@*
]Zg f Zz 3: ~O 8 ]
yN*
z6,yZ9Z x ~ kS X J
- 82 Z]} J (,
 Yt X
10
D
]Zgf ~C

~f T Y }uz}g gzZ yZR,
E gzZ
X @*
Z(,
H 10130 Ideaceb?
X

sq
-Z xIF,9 Amino Acids =g f t Z
J'
~V}g .Z 4,
Z
A & !*
Zq @*
g g:
IF,
g !*
z gzZ 3IF, qC
~ ]
/Z X
D
[7q
-Z ]!*
Amino Acids 100 Chains z6
,yS 3
x  kS IDg g wZ
+Zi [7 30 b g !*

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

133

X @*
Y p" p
z k Qa Vp Y g S tB
W~
z **
.
nZ 4,
Zq
-Z @*
._iC{Y g S
{z ~ T{0
+
i
q
-Z **
V;z q % n
ng Z0
+Yq
-Z @*
e**
t @*
XYg gzZY4Yu
J
J'
'.
Zg $
{0
+
i {z~ T{0
+
i Z4,
Z n kS X ~
) .Z 4,
~ wzN7Q
g Z'
Z 4,
Z ( {0
+
i
n
pgp {z TgzZ )
Tg
**
Z x +q }g }uz gzZSubstrates
n
pg
o:
Dm,
?
._Ig Ze**
@*
{zgzZX
z Q
J
'.
Z 4,
Z
/Z X6,: V 3 ZQ
m?ZuZz q
-Z
J
'.
\WLZ n Z 4,
Zq
-Z @*
"*!*
tgzZ }Q
p{z~T~
)q
-Z *
@YT
$ {z t Z
~]g+Z ZQCx**
g Z0
+Y
/Zs '
,
kS X @*
x
e**
6,g}g7
ZV}Q gzZk Qx
J'
gZ'
Z4,
Z
/ZX~
) .Z4,
ZM
h7${0
+
iA
$ @*

V>{yS @*
e**
6,g}g7 t {g !*
zgzZ }Q

DwwdZ EZ4,
Zx uzg {z A
$ t Z **
n
X}Q{z
C+
f.
**
@*
7
:q
-Zt

] n:gzZ
rg7s
# z~LZY g StXx
G
X~
zc*
Wq
-Z~V>{ySuZzq
-Z58 6nYH7
7 s
# z n
pg 7I Y g S
` N  6
J'
X ] 0Y ZZ .Z4,
Z

Dgz .
s
# z {z yW'
,h
+'

136

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

$
G
)
Z4,
Z ~ p Z}uz q
-~ q
-Z ~g g Z GZ 4,
Z
) $
~(,
+Ziq
Z
-Z @*
ykZ
Wg~
X nmZIX Y g Z
H-E
Creation Science Foundation g D. **

Ze
G

58: `g 6~ sf ykZ

k Q c*
[
J'
E
8
4
.
5E
Z 4,
Z8
-eG
482
rgCx**
ZzZa {g !*
zp{
3_zZ
ZAmino Acids 400 d
-Z @*
q
g Z4,
ZC
X SG
$
n
nZ20
DV;zX6,g
o x p ~g "Z
J'
G
@*
**
V Z 10s
/Z58~ .Z4,
Z, D W~wEZAmino Acid
[4Z Z q }g7 t Z ~ Z4,
ZC
9*!*
G

$
6271
pg 1 ) ~10 1 @*
n
] ) Polymerization
VY Z
# '
,
Z'
,
: @*
~ |tX ( ~ LZ#6271
X1080.96d
$
s C~] ZG
VzC


8
G
$

Zero ~ t Z ykZ

/Z 58 X @*
) uZz q
-Z
t Z c*
W~
z Z 4,
ZuZz q
-Z
Dw ] **
x
z!*
{ z H 7 Zz6
,]!*
kS q
-Z b x ZgzZ
vg g
6,
Genes @
*
t :Z i~ wq]g] **
z
**
k
,
+q z k QX{ VY n Z4,
5
Z k Q Coding ]
X
Hc*
[] **
t Z
t ZsCx**
Cq
-Z ZQy
KZ IIY g Z

W t Z?z6,uZzq
-Z
Hc*
[ ]!*
kS @*
X
G
243
*
/Z58yW'
,
+'
h
( #242~B10)~10 @*
1ykZ
IV ZbXc*
1033w/g}q
-Zqe

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

135

qZ sDg Vz ~g yS X
D Y n i Z I Z F,
Za %gzZBwdZzq
-Z sAmino Acids q
-Zz6,
{z @*
:gzZ np Code
rg:
nz6,
A &
X q
-ZKZpZa.

w @*

6,
Amino Acids 100
Z 4
,
Z { q
-Z
X @*
1~ 1306,
g[4ZZ(Probability)ykZ
10
Left sz6
, C ]gzpg *
c t T
nz 6,V;z ~ ]g) X xg 6,
Handed Amino Acids
Left Handeds Right HandedgzZ Left:
DAmino Acids
ProbabilitykS@
*
tkSX(~3gZ0
+Y
DZZgZ
) !
: { Z e10 q
-Z
D ]u H : CYFZ h
+'
i~
g Left-Handed Amino Acids e 9(Laboratory)
X C'
,
Z'
,
1~ 210]ut?n?z6,Lgq
-Z
10
X Probability'
,
Z'
,
1~#210B1
kS ] Z e**
t #
 )nK6,g
o
:
M
hYGgb
5_ 18
D w[g Z k
4G
5G
~g X zZ 1026 yiz }iX HE
10 +E
B Z 28 s @*
~f ) ZZ 1080
D V;z X F
]
10
X ~]]Zg f ( ~C


]
D.
~]B Z} (,
Z
#
X
M
hYAgs t ZWQZ4,
ZuZzq
-Z

Dwt Y e**
g7{ Zz6,]!*
kS
k Q ykZ X Z 4,
Zq
-Z xggzZ 9g (Z .
Amino Acids

138

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

x X
D 6,( 9gzZ ~ K
M F,
ox
D
D

J'
pg ^~ Z &~ {0
+
i .Z4,
Z
h
Substrates L
n
X
Tgq
-~L:gzZ
n
pg7
J
'.
D {z 6
DC
(Z\WLZ~g Z0
+Y Z4,
Z


D g
/

{zXV
KZ'y

z lr
#
XKgzZsz^~VZzg RCz~yyQpg
M
h{z
J
'.
e**
n Z4,
Ztn];
zbkS }uz FgzZ,Z
-Z M
q
h37IF,
Amino AcidsX t Z**
W~
z @*

U*
-Z6,
q
Z4,
Z(x
/
uq
-Z
M
hZa 6,
g Z:gzZt Z9
J'
Y7Za Substrates Vzin .Z 4,
Z yS t Z B |
#
s ]5 m7S : gzZ V n
pg _ Vx
/
u

k Q:gzZ
M
h7
A & Z 4,
Zq
-Zt ZX
M
h Direct
x
q
-Z ~z, q
-Z x Z
A &
M
h
Y7 6,g~g Z 4,
Zq
-Z t ZX
8:w 3~]q

A &q
-ZS Y : gzZ n Cx**
-Z Vzi

q
i' p @*
7s
# z t ZX {0
+
i Organism k Qpg
J'
Z
n
X ~{0
+
i
D{C
b .Z4,
@*
e ~i'q
-Z
D{C
b
|t
@*
~{0
+
i?C
gzZ |
# C
X {
'
,
iq
-Z @*
x {z
E
G
458x zz X Y Zx {
vZx
}WgkS
C G
~^+4yQx ZCx**
@*
Za
vZtX
!*
gzZ
G
~ yQ580Z]q
-Z @*
e
$]:SyQ7Q @*

ZWz q
-Z 7Q @*
Za gzZ ~ Y Z b
Z Lg Lg Zz

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

137

uZz q
-Z Za n yQ Dg g w[g Z100 i ZZ
+Zi 
G
t g Gene q
-Z D D Za {z
/Z 58 gzZ X Z4,
ZNew
~ s 0Z}g n Gene @*
**
g*VY60 Z4,
ZNew
Za @*
g g
z !*
{g Xg iSurvival of the Fittest
whzMn C
Z 4,
ZWguZz q
-ZXZ4,
Z)uq
-Z
G
C y
K]!*
t! Dg g
g 6,
g}g7~q
-Z58] **
q z] Zq
-Z FbkS
/ZXt ZsZa x ZCx**
WguZz q
-Z C h ]gz
z gzZ V Dk
,
+
5
Q3q
-Z Dg g wV1gZ FgzZ] ZM*
*wZ4,
Z
yS Y [6,g !~ W ]V1g Z q
-Z
g Z VzIY g Z QX]uZzt ZkS ~s ]5
X?
H%
yS B
G
I
$
5h
] G
] Z
V] **

D e ]**
kZ

+F,
7Z ~ Dk
,
+q z ]5g " {z kS X D 0
5
KZ BgzZ
x Z]q
-Z,Z
~x ZyQ~k
]5;g ZD
!6,
g ZDZz,qx t
Tg6,
]!*
kS
Xtc*
9z%~q
-ZC

Tg ~g Y'~;g ZD

g eg Wm{q
-ZgzZBg g m{gzZ
D Zz]5C

X ~{0
+
iC
~
gzZ c*
B}uz @*
7(Confuse)FZ LZ 4,
Z
7.
bZ4,
ZgzZ c*
@*
7x 6,|
#
J'
.
gzZ
Dx 6,
z 9
_(,7 L Z4,
Z X @*


~ Z4,
Zq
-ZC

Amino Acids X
uzgx 6,
z
o

140

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X ~C
gzZq
-ZC
~3C
][7 100E]5;g ZD
H
$
X
7{ Znt|?kZ 4hzg Z ep
{ q
-Z
rg~ LZ Z 4,
Zq
-Z
i
Dw{z
8~ ]qx T; i {z |

# X(,gzZ
LD Y{z 6~+F,
7Z
D 0*
x Z {zw 3ce
X6,
g]Z7t Z
E
/4]N: Zz :
6,]!*
kC: Zz E
kZ KZ
Tg {z
{z Z
#
D 0*
F,
,3W bC
Z
g" gzZZz
x .

D YgzZV>}uz
D 0*
yT !*

X
Origins zG{ @
*
t Z
D {zX !*
ByQ
CyS ~}Q
nV
KZkCgzZG
g
Vzh N C
t Z
n
pg Darwinists X V
X ~
zwDZ0
+
ix gzZVzg
H
$hE
4
Dw zg ZeTq N*
q
-Z @*
t Z ]ck
,
i
' THq
-Z @*

X @*
Za ]Z7gzZ Vi{ @*


@*
{z~V Lg
NZx N*
tX
n
pg\WLZ Darwinists
-Z H [ kS X V-z* Z[Zy
q

[tX u **
kS{,gzZVzuHk QVZ @*
wVuZz
wVuZz kS ~}g !*
,],}g 7g| 7,?

J'
J'
G
6,
gA
Dg .Z 4,
Z,uZzq
-Z58X .Z 4,
Z
vZ g
Z}
.gzZ ~vg !$;f
{ C "
DC

J'
J'
.
.
Z 4,
Z
/C
X
x Z Z4,
Z
~x $;f CV;zX
vZ yZ q
-Z
" gzZ Vc*
C {z C !

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

139

Cgzpq $
7~
z{Za X ~wDZ
g eg W" $
Za :gzZX H Za vZ
]Z7yQ~
Y )6,
}izg$;f XvZ
HH Za
+
M 7gzZ
E
H6,yQB
G Za vZ
{0
+
i $
7Za

~vg q
-Z @*


~w ZC
n kS
X2}
X
g Z0
+
k QgzZk Q vZ

x !Z /

VW M
h 7Combine !*
Z
g"
C
G
yn,
z 8 Cc*
F,dZ 58 ~ w s { c*
iq
-Z
D
%Zx
) q
-Z t Z M
h7 !*
Z
g" XhZ
C
G
c*
Tape Deck yZdZ 58 @
*
4{ c*
i {z @*
Y c*
0*
~ ] ~ f

g" XZj
+q
-Z M
h 7\ c*
kCC
Z
g" X Stereo Set
7
C
Z
g" XpwY [q
-Z M
h7kCC
Z

X q0*
}uzq
-Zg n
pg


D hz
V
KZ
M
h7ZgC
Z
g"
7g {z X gp' ]LZ yQ
DgzZ
!
h7g {z3C
M
yQ @*
uZgp
x ypyZgzq
-Z M
h
-Z:gzZX ~]6
D 3{zqC
q
@*
sp
x Nq
-Z

(
-E
X}g]c*
Z@
E
@G
J'
~!{ c*
i
M
hx
.Z4,
ZM
h7ZaC
Z
g"
!
w$
+hY h Z
]W+4(Laboratories) { )

DNA .

D
~ Y Zb
Z Lg 7Q


x ZgzZ
DF,
] \

D `g {g ZzZa {g **
:

142

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

e
$C

D bkS s
# z q kS +C
O%Z
" zg Ze
2G
.E
}uzgzZ xE
}Q6,V
V-,z17 gzZ ,z18
]c*
G
Y ZZkS z]6,
]z@*
6,
]zG
x {zgzZ]wzA.
W!*
e
$ ZZX {)z Z:
 @*
~g Y` W
{ "z6,X0
+
ipw/

~kS
i Zg
7hz%h 6,g~g7 t XnY 3g {0
+
iY g S t
Zt =g f c*
z~} ] ]z@*

|tX e7 C{ z6,tQX
g Y~i Z0

+Z
* g!*
g !*
g Z nkS d
$
gzZ Z(,
g @*
Y g Zt
@*
S1980 CX ;g @*
w30 @*
20 ~
}g7 Y g S tgzZxzg Ze
D ]!*
kS 6,gA } c*
W
kZmXVZbF~M%Zm<!*
X
{g **
gzZ
C"6,
g
6{g **
x2zg Z e{)zY 10*
~d!*
]
0
+
i ` WX
g Z
:
L Y ZZ 0
+
i|gzZ
Dt
c*
{g **
Y g StJ
- ~,z20Zi e )~
~ ]Y_}uz}g B,qkS

p Z kS
Dw wqX WOg ~g YgzZ
X ,7:q
-Z6,
Y g St6,
V
otD

{ x2zg Z e6,
g /

g S t y **
- * ; g wQ Pagan p
/Z
~
g7 Z ~ ~,z19 ;g k(,
W6,g )
y Z/ [ y g Z e g e { z * q
zut kS
ygZe~[kSX~Y 1859 
The Origin Of Species

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

141

g Z0
+
C
|t L LyQ H Za V }g
Za

rg {zX Zz ]ggzZ dZ vZX ~ i Z0
+Z
@*
Za Cgzpz{zX
g Z 
kS Vix Xq%q
w @*
{C
b
{zt X @*
[NZ (Z {z~x ,C
gzZ
X Le{z~x
Za { V }g
nvZg yWt
X Vzqx vZXw,Z @*
C

x Z4,
Zq
-Z @*

X
Hc*
e~]c*
Wsf~}g !*
kS
:
7e
$W

gzZ {7
}Y ; 7ZTvZ {z
{z 7 ZT vZ {z Zz 3g y!*
$ Z(, {z C

'

,
i Zzh
e ~ { C Zz Z Vl
]Z f u 0*
{
!*
Zz vZ {z e q
- yQvZ u 0*
r
# Zz !*

k Q ;gw1 0*
{
x **
QZzr]gZz Z9w
X ZzV
'
,
i zgzZ~}igzZ~V W
( 22-243X wZ>g)

q
-ZY g St /


HH7'kS Y g Stvp Z !*
x zg Ze

ttX 7gzZ Z$)q
-Z
}g Z|
Z "
$U*
{g **
Y Z yY" t Z ~Q 0
+
i @*

Zi e Zz ~ Vzg Z0
+Y gzZ ] B ]
'
,
igzZ ]
s bzg izg ]!*
t 6,c*
g Fossils hz 30 BB
X 7gzZ ZzG{
Y gSt _

144

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

ZZz~|Y gZq
-Z (Z
/ZgzZs 0Z {0
+
i{3 Y Za
yZ VYQ
D~Fossil Records X
nW7~ {@x] 
gzZ t X e} 7Y g S t]!*

Z
X]Z,Z

{z !*
**
T igS x ~O 8AzZ
?c*
W~
z3tbt
 Lg 6,]!*
kS {zgzZ @*
g S Y g Zta
c*
/%~{],
Z2Z] t Z c*
W~
z3
] Z3g Z0
+Yq
-Z H Za { yY" ._tXK
M F,
G
W8
.
**

rg 7_**
!
q
-Z wq t X ~
XVQ C

0
+
i CZa0
+
i/

k QX c*
7!Zj Y ZZ 0
+
i L yg Ze ~ V1 KZ

n
pggZ0
+Y 6,
zGkS g Z zgZ ZZ b~: i
X ~ L Z|
# {
E
W
^

G
Vz yY" ;g gzit Za S5 L L zi Z
@*
YH6,
gx t
H1y (ZXx Zg Z0
+YWd
$
!*
gzZ Y Z b
Z V Z a D W~
z(Insects) ng Z ]Z3
G ]!*
N n"
$U*
wkZX D Z V[a
HwtgzZ g6,} } }nZV[X
kZX
D W~
z k
,
V[ a bkS
H
} Q{z 6,
} v
D 0*
%ng Z ]Z3 c*
Larva 5 b
VH Larva t X ~ ^ Larva =g f VH
GW8
[KZ yg Z e Z
#  - X 3 7W {
zY

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

143

X G6,
g: Z]
.6,
}i(Species)s 0ZgZ0
+YZ HgZ
7q
s$
+} zgzZ ZZ LOE
-Z n
pgg0
+Y x ._ yg Ze
k^tygZ e X p V=pKg KgBB
z
{z]!*
kS @*
wD Z ^Wp{z 6X : 6,
C
[ KZ @*
s ZZ yg Z e 6 {z kS X zGq
-Z k Q
t ~ ( [!*
) Chapter sq
-Z Difficulties Of Theory ~
Xt ]Z+F,
Zq
-Z F;gx **
{z X~ V:c*
g ~ ,yQ ~g KZ yg Ze
X])~g ti{z
rg
]) kS c*
g s '
, ]u kS wq
X ~ F,
Wzh
+'
Z
1'Vu~
C&~zg b{ ^
,Y yg Ze
: YY
}iY ZZ~0
+
i e:s
# zbx2g Ze (1
?6,
2}gSne
7c*
g +Z6,
V;z(2
X6,
gpCQ


n
pg
Gm,
?Y gSt

] !*
]**
Y g S Fossils Records (3
~fgzZVux o ~
C&yS B { ^
,Y ~ kS X

XBVu

Y ZZ0
+
i :xg.
**
(1

3uZz q
-Z (Species) s 0Zg Z0
+Y x  @*
7Y gZt
3uZzq
-ZXwhz 80 6,}i ZZ ZQ3tgzZ

146

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

yQ k Q~/ K
M F,
!*
-ZX c*
q
x Z~1953 Miller
D Z~ wj ZZ}i} z k Q
c*
5 Gases
(Amino Cx**
H q Miller X c*
**
Z ~ {Z gzZ
X
D Y0*
~|
# 9z6,

Acids)
k Q
/tW6,x ]!*
t}g*wP/

Y Z"
$U*
{g **
6,x **
Y g S x Zq
-Zg
HH7
z
]q ZZ}i ZyZgz/
HHwEZwj
k Q
Zzwj  HwD ZMiller{sXp
$
4hIG
yZgz ~,z20 G
z VzI Y g S x X ) H wEZ
Geoffrey Bada 6
,
**
~}g!*
s
# z ZZ0
+
iL L
@*
wD Z San Diego Scripps Institute mTGeochemist

~Earth Magazine ~1998
~ y*q
-Z LZ|kS
k Q
D o[Z
` hg~,z20 Z
# ` W L L Z
E+G
~ ~,z20 4Z Z
# n
pg T h! C
?Y ZZ0
+
i6,
}i

# {0
|
+
i/

gkS q
-Z ~}g !*
Y ZZ 0
+
i Y g S tVYzz ZZ
G
W8
g Z0
+Y X |
# {3Zgt X
HuDead Lock } (,
E
G
458{.
**
~ |
n
pg
3 {
x Z
LZ G
V;
KS x { { c*
i @*
3 g Z0
+Y q
-Z Xg0
+Z
) !
(Laboratories) { Cc*
F,
{ c*
i * ` WXe Z6,)
1.G

G
X
M
h7Za5!*
Cx**
3{0
+
iq
-Z
gkS 6,g ) n 3q
-Z
Dg g
_ Z

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

145

D W~
z Z`

 y Zt 'The Origin Of Species'

gzZnq
-ZC
wJ.
gx
zk QwtgzZ Vz yY"

)
Z [ yg Z e ! X @*
Y ~ *
}LZ]!*
gzZ_s VZb **
0*
w5
E
SG
5 t D h
+ F, Sponteneous Generation
H yZ
X
HV; 0*

Y g S t @*
~O 8 Z Lg Za
 0*~ ): # LZ 6,
Sorbonne ~ Y 1864
[$/ } kS wQ Sponteneous GenerationL L
t ZZz ` Y g S tJ
-:sq
-Z X n Q: L
Xg DfZZa
g Z0
+Yq
-Z c*
x **
yZkS yS F,
bwq
0
+
i wt gzZ C t Z Za 3Zz |
# { q
-Z
Dead Lock} (,
-Z C ot Z $
q
W~
z

$
4hIG
G
z~,z20 Zz:6,
` /

{z 1 q Y ZZ 0
+
i L L~ ~,z20
I Y g S
X y0*
Qg&
+ZEZC
C zgg
"
$U*
k Q c*
WWB V Zt ~1930
Xt ZY W~
z3{0
+
i
XZ7,
byDZsfy0*
QgzZXx **
T_t
Cx**
Nh
+
X Y ZZ 3wq $
+L L
X ~Studyx Y g S x Z
V@n iX kS VqI Y g S Operin
Stanley 1 O%Z /g
X G ]!*
q
-Z Fpg ~g Y

148

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Xn}uzJ
-k
,
%}uz**
q
-Z3e**
tgzZX~
~|0
+
i YV6,
`kS q
-Z~n kS gzZ
X[Z6 $
W7~
zL
[Z CgW~
z e**
n0
+
i
/Z"
*!*
|tXi][Zt q
-Z Za 0
+
i **
wJt
X @*
**
g Z ZTY g Zt {g **
6,
g

x2}CZgY g S /

]ZgVz @*
@*
tyg Ze
` Z Zuz
ny ~|2}gS gY g St
G7
X ~LZ
g Sn
pg7} z
[NZ ~L L6,g*!*

CzGg S LZ yg Ze
y Z [ kS Z kS 6,x } k Z X g 6,x2 }
The Origin Of Species, By Means Of Natural Selection
X CC
s

x Zg Z0
+Y {z @*
[NZ ~Natural Selection
a {0
+
i ]q CgHabitats yQn
pg_gzZg!{ c*
i
X ~0
+
iKZTg
Vzg Y 1
~(herd) {q VC
q
-Z 6,gwV

rg {qVC
nkS XD Y$Dgg!{ c*
iyC

~i
9
N
GE
B ! TX Z
07:
L nyC
x2}t
Z F,
ogzZ F,
!
X~{)z}h}~s0ZgZ0
+Y}uz\WLZBgzZQ Y
X
rg7~p
g S x2}[NZ ~nkS
KZ]!*
kS Z7,rkS gzZ |kS ,Zz pyg Ze

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

147

9z6,X ] Zn: es
# z X
D~g ZlM
950
1 ~ 10 ] Z ]**
kS ~ ^z 3
D 8
-
X D7'
,
Z'
,

Amino Acids 500
n?z6,zZq

-Zs
950
~ b Z i @*
N*
ggkS 1 ~10 ykZ
W @*

ZA m i n o A c i d s 5 0 0 ~? q
-Z z6,X @*
e**
950
q
-Zs~Vx yS
DCombination 10
ykZ ^z Z? z6, p kS X @*
C
?z6,g g
950
X Cg]!*
e**
-Z
1~V10
q
Gene ~ LZ
gzZ ~ {
/
%3q
-Z @*

?DNA
] yS
/ZX
D6,
Data Bank.
**
{z
rg]
} i Z0
+Zq
-Z Cg~ LZ
~k
,
$
'
,
iq
-Z D {z *
@Y
X D ],500 ~C
,900 Encyclopedias ._
N .6,
-ZKZ DNA @*
q
Q,Ey
gzZN q
-Zp kZ
 z6,mq
-ZP st X ~] Zp $
W~
z 8
$
CZ \zg ^z DNA 9z6,mgzZ Enzymes
}uzq
-Z Vz yS X ,yz] {7 hZzDNA
t X n DNA~
z q
-Z @*
xg7Z @*
gZ6,
W~
z] Zp0
+
i wq]gxFzxi CZa
X
8g (Z^ Dead Lockq
-Zt
E
H
4]
45J" 1994 E
.--F
E
I g Zgq
-Z Leslie Orgel Wz6,
G3H
~] **
ZtL L @*
wD Z |kS ~ {g +
Gk%Z
E
5EgzZ9z6,
5 kWG

zq

-ZgzZ6,
(q
-Z]Z**
Za SG

150

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

gx  6
c*
W Modern Synthetic Theory ~ V
X *
@Y**
Yx **
Neo-Darwinism
@*

~LZ ( ]Zp) Mutations, New-Darwinism
c*
+gzz %ZzZ z
C Zz VZy
i
~Genes g Z0
+Y

F a v o u r a b l e ] ;
z
D V{ C c*
V
X

W
) !*
Z~Natural MutationsgzZVariations
Neo-Darwinism {z~* @
*
YgS we
`W
g " zz T~Process q
-Zg Z0
+Y 3 @*
7tt

g Dg* V=p ( {)zd } Wy ) ]c*

XGenetic Disorders

Ch
+ F,
tkS *!*

| Nq
-Z V;z @*
kS X
C{yv} zgzZ
uzg~ F,
(,g Z0
+YVp
Xzz{ q
-Zn
]ZW,
Z [4Z Zn kS |
# { q
-Z
rg DNA
X
M
hyvZs
@*
Zz bkS kS B.G. Ranganathan 'Geneticist O%Z
]!*
~uz ~]g @*
W $
+
#z.
 V~
{!*

D[4Z Z} za
D { yv $
+Z
x {!*
)q
-Z $
+[4Z Z~ |
# Genes $
+
# {!*
|
dZq
-Z Yh!iq
-Z }XWlp: u**
@*
~
V ~ ugz *
8
- $
+[4Z Z @*
V;z 8
- q
-Z
X 7g J ]N~] x
Wg
7+Z wV $
+ 7]!*
~ kS

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

149

X ~The Origin Of Species[

:k
,
+q z Vp~G @*
5
J
-Z
# Y7 [NZ ~L
X VC
yS
Ck
,
+q z Vp ( ~G @*
5
) g i t bn kS
`k Q [Z
wZkS yg Z e ?~ Z
Z Z
CZ
X eZZ b p ]q
z k Q

@*
;g yg Ze
(1744-1829) Chevalier De Lamarck C

~0
+
iyZgz LZDq} z
s zZ LZ]g Z0
+Y._

D v
s zZ St gzi {zX ~ Dv
@*
{z}X
D[Z
Ws 0Z5t~uzq
-Z
zZ 3 D} z 6 {g !*

}Qs Zg j
X g CD3
/yQVgzZ
"The Origin Of [ KZ X BV nS yg Z e
0*

D Y~l ZKZgH{z6,
gwV~Species"
X ~Whales\WLZ
f
ew$
+VY} z6,
g*:g !*
g !*
~
G r e g o r M e n d e l G x
_g Z y wq

C & XScience Of GeneticsgzZ(1822-1884)
e
$ZzgkS 6,
g*!*
2Z_g Z t~~,z20x w=
} g Z
x W W~ VY
D vs zZ {q
X 
Xx}g S q
-Zg[G@*
KZ[NZ~bkZ

Vp~s 0ZgzZ Neo-Darwinism /

1930Zz+ tyg Ze{liq

-Z

152

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

Xg Z0
+Ygzmg Z {g **
p q
-ZV{zVg~
yS c*
!Zj VzI Y g S X 0*
7~ eg kg]!*
~gg~
g {z yZ yQ ~ }g!*
X ]
V1g Z c*
3{z ~ Dg L~|]**
Z,Z
/ZXwDZ
yS p Z { c*
i X D ~ x lZ gzZ~ Z~
]!*
[ KZ yg Ze X 7(Z6,X ~Fossil Records ce **
xgg " @*
9tZ
/Z L L: @*
Zz~Origin Of Species
yZ !*
~\z
/q
-ZSpeciesx C B
bgmR
{ c*
i
wDZ
Fossil s$
Y 0*

zyQ] DgB
 ,Zz! lyg Ze wq X
H 7(Z1X ~yxg]!*
KZ ]!*
kS X
nY 0*
7i~ wDZ xg yS Fossil
"Difficulties On [ KZ X c*
gZ
~(,q
-Z n Theory
Za s 0Z
/Z VY k Q~ ( [!*
) Chapter q
-ZTheory"
SC+Gg D
~ ZM(C
7 E
+
6,gkC) s 0Z}uz

7~ ~FZ ]gx VY ~Fossil Records wDZ ~g yQ
tkS @*
X X X X X6,
g4
Xs 0Z {
OC
}i "
D 0*
7VY ce **
wDZ ~gg " p
7 ~}i ]6,C
gzZ ^z CMg ZC
VY ?~ Zg " ~
nkS
D 0*
7C
BngZ]4C
?wDZ ~gyS

gzi
@*
nZ Z +F,
{gzZ N h
+
tgzZi Cx**
g D
+
X ~s t}g

),yQyg Z e /

4]I
4hIG
0*

g D G
B zI g S p
/Z w q

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

151

qZJ
- ` W @*
Genetic Code $
} F,
 CY

tX
"
$U*
{yv $
+x X W:gzZ W7~{@x
!
E
5 g S q
4G
.2G
-Z ~ | xE
q
-Zg
HH7
$
+
 @*
Y
G
{ c*
iX {g **
7Q gzZ @*
yvVzg Z0
+Y
ZzGenetic
5!{ nq
2G
.E
xE
-Z" ~ ^yu @*
6,V
KS $
+W,
Zx
G
!
E
5 g S q
.2G
ps '
,
kS [NZ ~xE
-Z @*
X Y7gzZ
G
Ce|t X HwJ]!*
kS yg Ze 6 Y7
x **
/i nkS X ~]g 7x2} g S 6,V;z
X eZz}
7Y g S

Hc*

0*
7wDZxgy
K~Fossil Record /

7 Y gSt
VY
gzZ dZ LOE
HH7
]oZz
tkS a X ~Fossil Record 0*
7^xg yxg
Zz pg
z q
-Z X z yQ
}Q s 0Z {0
+
iC
._
W bS s 0Zx gzZ6,g*
z ~gzZ w$
+Species
;g @*
$
+
t p Y g Zt~p Z}uzX ~
z

SC+Gg D
+
X ~V V E
ce **
{0
+
igzZ ce **
s 0Z xgg " C s ]!*
t
/Z
X ~gz $
+skS
X ~Fossil Record'
H7J
-<
(Z1
pg
~ X ce xg Zzg J WBTS W6,gwV
n
pg {z
]:STkS {zgzZ ]:SZzg
n
{0
+
6,]:S n
pg
ce **
}0
+
6,ZzgP c*
X
%~gtaXn
pg{z
]:SgkS {z

154

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X 7

! Y g S
KS /

V Zz G @*
Y g Zt
Hc*
ck
,
i Z
qq
-Z
Vzg *6,yg Ze X ~}g !*
Y ZZ y
KS {z s
igS kS X ]g ZQ W{
 Lg
3N w50 @*
y
KZ {
wDZ ~g E
40 Z qz *
@Y
C{kS Vg *
@Y Hwyxg Z]
.Zz !*
W C{yQgzZ
:[yQ
~^
z]Y{%i ZZg e~{
1. Australopethicus
2. Homo Habilis
3. Homo Erectus
4. Homo Sapiens
Australopethicus Z]
.Zz!*
Wgy
KS
IY gS

g Z0
+Yt X
D g i
Z ! Lp T
Dg x **

kS ZgzZ
`xzn: i

s 0Zg*~|
X
7t
L o r d S o l l y q ] Z Z z M%Z gzZ Z
A n a t o m i s t s eg W Lg e Wz6,gzZ Z u e k e r m a n ,

D e]q6,V%ZAustralopethicus
xznB
z
n
pgm s 0Zg q
-Z
gt

KS I Y g S X n
pg 7x y
KS {
} zgzZ
-Z
DHomo g ~zg %n~uz6,x **
q
Y gS
~Homo Seriesp yQ
g Z0
+Y._} yQXy
KS
VzI Y g Z X
Cc*
F,{ c*
i ~Australopethicus
D W

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

153

}i~^~g @*
X ~* ~g z~,z19 Fossils
X mY0*
7
E
G
S5 6,}i 0
+
i
DG
e s VzI g S Fossils x
g+ ! A-!
? gU*
Derek V. Eger { E
ZC
~ '
,q
-ZX C
~
q
:@*
gZ{zQIgZ,z{zp
/Z|kS@*
t{z I
Order c*
W~, Fossil Records  CWt Q]!*
-ZL L
q
p Y g Z g D
+:g !*
g !*
7Z
D 0*
6,
Level Species c*
6,
Level
E
G
 kS 6,
7}uz Groupq
-Z **
Q S5
D 0*

E
~
q }Q SG
5 (Species) s 0Z x ~Fossil Record
X]zGygZe@',
]!*
tXyxgySwDZxg%
G gZ0
+Y x ] o q
-ZtkS {z
E
5}Qs 0Zg Z0
+Ys
# zq
-ZX

,~
q SG
7 g S %B
q
-Z
HHtT|q
-Z ZZ LOE
XDouglas FutuymaC
CgzZIY gS g

z0 Y ZZ Vzg Z0
+Y yxgY g S gzZ
}zc*
6,
}iDC
B,C
~
qc*
g Z0
+YX
CY
X bkS 7
z V Developped } z 7} z
/Z
@*
kS eg kg1X ~p(Species)s 0Z
~ |} z B -C
~
q q
-Z C
} z
/Z
G .>&N
X$;fw Z NG
V
B,C
~
q}Qg Z0
+Y
D eFossils
Y g S s '
,zG yg Z e Y ZZ s 0Z kS X6,}i

156

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

C7~Vu&{zkS }uz D Y7
X yZgzY6,
}iyQ (]**
Dg)Trends gZbD
E
J"
5

Y 3gg Z
'
,
 { Y g S
KSCZ

Zg Ze Z @*
Media
D Y 3
gzZ]y
KS W W
D C

t X Zg f{ "z6,6,g N
D
{z ~ [! gzZ=g f
X
C%q
-ZZD7
]r
# gzZg U.K. 'Lord Solly Zuekerman
gzZ 3g ~gY V'
,
6,qkS
q
-Z ~ V Zb
kS ly
Z ;g @*
Study J
-w15 Australopethicus Fossils
6,V ; z : I k Q I g S q
-Zp] Z &
+
z !*
 6,
y
KZ ] g ~ T 7{o ( Z ~ |
X ; gm
Spectrum Of Science N q
-Z c*
Zuekerman

@*
6,k QgzZ @*
Y
@*
qz k Q T
X @*
)
T @*
{z { c*
i ._Spectram Zuekerman
D6,
6gzZ]

bs Wk @*
6,
k^g Z
Spectrum bYA
$gzZ @*
Wb CyS X

X *
@Y)F,
{ c*
i
@*
W~O 8(Z6,
u~y
W
(Telepathy)t Z Z]ZgkZj-Z
+Zi
D~T
X Y g Z
KS ~~y
WgzZ 8LgzZ*gp 6f
WgzZ

0A
$ :] k Q @*
ZzZuekerman
kZj-Z
+Zi
CY b C
~ kyQ C C{

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

155

yS Fossils Z K
M F,
YS g S C{q
-Z Hx
HH7"

$U*
tLYC{YStX ~Ordermq
-Z ]
X yxg C l a s s e s Z yS g g S q
-Z @*
V ;z 
KZ @*
s ZZ ;gIY g S Zq
-Z ~,z20'Ernstmayr
X ~[
Puzzles ]g @*
6,gm{L
L ~'One Long Argument'
6,g )
D~}g !*
Homo Sapiensc*
Y ZZ 0
+
i
G
W8
X n: V6,
~y
W  YgzZ
Australopethicus>Homo> {Link Chain
DG ~
.ZI Y g Z Habilis>Homo Erectus. Homo Sapiens
-!
A?E
7}uzq
{ U*
Zc*
gDq q XdZ LOE
-ZC
~s 0ZyS

gzZ Homo Habilis' Australopethicus 
Ds S t 0
kS X ~:q
-Z~V {O8Z*D ;g Homo Erectus
H o m o g CY ~ zg T V
KS m{ q
-Z {z
H o m o S a p i e n s XJ
- V!z Dq
g E r e c t u s
B y
KS {
Homo Sapiens Spain gzZ Neandarthaiensis
} kS C0
+
KC
t X ~ q
-Z
}g Z*0
+
iB
Stephen Jay X
Z]
.Zz !*
W}uz q
-Z} z"
# z V- Dead Lock Y g S twq]gD)kS yauld
s
~ V g ~G @*
g S wzZC
~,z20 p{zp
/Z @*

&&Zzg Z*0
+
iBq
-Z
V;z
/ZS~g gzZ ZH L L:q
-Z
R o b u s t
hZz V Z0
+{ i q
-Z e u
6,gZz H. Habilis gzZ Australopethecines, A. Africanus

158

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

W
rgq
-ZC
~ X
e} z
6 1 ~10950 ykS
(Moisture) &gzZ ]gZwg QVzWyS 7Q X
DI {z
18E
)
yS , h7QX
T e {zgT, g*
{g G
yQV Zb0*
zg dZ ,pg7QX
DI{z!W
V(Barrels)yS q
-Zq
-Zz g OZ+C
yS X d
$
V
G
W8
nx wEZ, hg Zi W7QX J
-wV17 c*
V1g Zd
$

]!*
kS X n^z y
KS q
-Z
B~gz{z _ Z
H
M
h Za 7y
KS q
-Z VyZ {zX
D H{z7{ Zz6,
{z X gp7
-Z9Z |
# 3 k Q @*

Wz6,q
-Z
&N 8
5E
[ :Ze } h E
-g gi @ V s Zg j M
h 7Za
i I IgL
L } V
n! }7 >g }7 w.}g Z%
g Z0
+Y}uz VV
sg^g LgZyiZ} i1F,
} i1y

Vzg Z0
+YyS 3q
-Zn7q ( IY gS ) {z~ |X ]@*
mgzZ
X ~
X 3q
-Z
M
h7 !*
Z
g"CZ
C
h w$
M
+~ V {O8z 3: gzZ
M
h 7 * } z
X
M
hgzZ}uz:gzZX

gp7
-Z9Z
D XZ
kWz6,

M
hZa :gzZ
0
+
i {zgzZ e yY " @*
g" { 
D `
gzZ '
X][Zt vZ @*
kzg
0
+
i w{
*!*
-Z @*
q
s '
,
kS Y g St
X *
@Ys ];
z6,
g}g7
qzp
g DZ |t
Dg X a Zg f6,} VzI Y gS

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

157

d
$
Ig S g Z z V y)F,
g @*
Fossils y
KS c*
V
z Zzpg yZ6,Y g S gzZ d
6,V gzZ X @*

ykZ ]!*

g @*
Y gS
KS X ~
z q
-Z6,]Z q
-Z F @*
.

bg~}g!*
B
Fossils ]: p C7.
q
Xn
pg 6"]c*
yS
V }

!g 2g Z e /

&
4H
1E
-Z[Z
k
q
C' G
x J
-[Z {zkS
{ gkS
BwVq
-Z
n
pgIY g S zn
8{ ^
,Yg !*
X
M
hWa
w)kS X t Z 0
+
i gziY g St
$gzZ3
D Wd
A
$
}uzq
-ZC
Z
g"gzZyY" ._
X O~}g !*
kS Xy
KS w/g Z0
+Y b}
6
D 8
- 0
+
i
d
$

D Z
#
]!*
kS X
Ceq
-Zs{)z N*
7 gzZXz>**
kg`0g 
G
W8
-Z Y7 e C
q
Z
t @*
g*et iZ%7{ Zz6,
SubjectkS /q
-Z b K
M F, D I ?
/Z Xg Z0
+Y uZz
~ |} z H **
sI Y g S gzZ 6,
( q)

X 'x **
!g 2Z eg S ~p Z N%
D
~^zVzg Z0
+Y
CEY
Vzqq
-Z FzpgVzIY g S
5!
45G
oG
-GI
X X X X gzZ ;xW0g Xz>**
kg`q
-
yS z Z 7Q {z kZ X ~(Barrels) V } (,
S
B{z 1B
bg 7
z ~ ]q x
q ~Barrels
Proteins gzZ Amino Acids gT~ {Z kS z Z 7ZX ~gz

160

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

E
2B+EZ ;g ZD
.G
Zz w
g DkE
:{ c*
i w100 X @*
] G q Z Wz{g XskS q

X {wkS bZi egzZ
}gv} ?
d[gzZd TV Screen q
-Z {g !*
z
TV { zkS X ~ s
# zgzZst
Z(,q
-ZV;z ?X ~V;
m V\W~gvJ
-V q&O wqz @*
Screen
X nZgzZZzb C
q&q
-Z ?
E
+
E
2BEZ VJ
q 3
l~ * k.G
-V F
TV k&
} z V; XyZWqgzZTV
tk 3-Dnm{%kS **
Watch 7etp
-Z 37 { c*
q
i: X qg &q
-Z s
gzZ s q
-Z Za et ;g 7LX Paper Setting
w V ; z ~ Vz TV gzZ Camera wWw Zz
X yZ
ZzgzZ s
D Za
x2}
D} I Y g S
X lpt Z w
~t Z TV } #}g v H ?
/Z [Z
D gzZ d
$
}uz q
-Z
D W t ZsC
Z
k Qx
hC
M
Z
?zwH ?wq
-Z C Za
DevicekS

X
M
h7v ;g ZD


t


Wq
-Z w ZZ q
-Z C Za XZq
-Z
/Z

[W
wgzZW Zz]!*

tA
$ t S $
Y 7
y zX6,
y @*
t :Zwq]g rNXt S
M
hY7

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

159

X qC

HH7~wV6,
zZ 6 C

Y )ygzZW /

[Z
I Y g S ~ }g !*
T q Zuz q
-Z
kS IX ~ ^ ygzZWKkZjyZ[Z
q
-Z {z X

 wZq
-Z b[Z
6,
gqW,g*
yQ6,}6, **
RetinaYW
CW q
-Z
zg X

E
Y
]L

5
q
=g f]~ q
-9Z zgt V X
CL~
(
-E

~E
0LY gq
-Z
BgzZ
CYw$
+

@*
~~O 8E
@G
E
]L
5

wq
-Zg~
/
%kS
D YA q
-9Zt X @*

/
%
H
E
&

54kS Xg* ; iq
B: G
-Z F
X @*
O
(
E
-
g0
+ZkS @*
kS X @*
)nzgE
@G
(
-tE
X @*
E
@G
6,
V C0*
V7J
-V;zzg gzZ @*
Z0
+Z
G-W8
t gzZ @*
W7~ k zg L
/
% bkS
?wqXZ
+
Z **
Y L ?6,x q
-g @*
gkS $
(q
-g@*

X ~
/
%q
-g @*
}Z *zggzZgq
-ZD{@x
  @*
Zz gzZ s g kS ~W @*
xg
w
[d }X s gkS kS 0*
:.
Y )~,z20
CZ VQ A
$gzZ } [ ? TV; g| 7,?

 6w ZzgzZs q
-Z L ?HX{ ^
,Ys ZZgzZHead
GW

HH Za
6,TV ScreenCc*
F,
) -8?6,(gzZ t
X n }gvw Zzq
-ZgkS Y 7~ *u-ez6,} (,
)B Vg Z Y Z q& ;g 0~W}g vwt

162

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

GW8
@*
Y~O 8kS CY eg kgi ZzWZ
# ~]Z XZyZ E
# c*

N ) Hissing G/4]N ?
D qz Hi Fi ?LZ

Cq
,i ZzWCZwqXqzui ZzW ( V
X ZzgzZs )
CY )
KS
i ZzW Hissing i ZzWq
-Z @*
0*
7Ly
KS q
-Z
X @*
~ ]g Hi Fi q
-Z 6B i ZzW Z c*
B
X ZzgzZs ~Zi ZzW
7ykZ O
Xy
KS ;g @*
(Zit
;g7!W8
-egkg c*
~
Hc*
V;
KS J
- `W
X
D y gz Z W A Sensory Data K[ xgzZ k S
4]NgzZ J
/E

yZ C C~(,q
-Z m E
-V T
'W

( G
E
E

@*
0q~E
@G 54]NgzZ 8
g/

E
gzZi G
54]N~ r * z (F,
-Z 8 y
q
q
-Z
CW]kX]c*
pwY[gzZ?
Vz0
+
6,
(
-E
D Y
u **
Electro- q
-Z g E
@G
gzZ V V\W
V1 ~d-!*
gzZY
IZD ]Chemical Nerve Impulses
(
-E
?! TX ~E
@G

Cwt~}g !*
]M
h0*
?~
B
t{z
Tg,Zz**
| Z q
-Z~V1yS L
Vzi ZzW ] g Electro Chemical Impulses yS

(
(
-E
-E
t &
~E
gq
-Z @*
V;z~E
]uZz -]c*
p
@G
@G
X u **
-ZgzZ yq
q
-ZWq
-Z]gzG w%]Zx
70 [Zgt7 ~ kS X @*
0 gt

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

161

i ZzW=g f|
# Auricle y z
8~
/KZi ZzW[
7
zg0
+Z D!lY g Z i ZzWy xg X BJ
-y xg
E
]

5
gzZ @*
sp~ '
,lg S kS y zg0
+Z X @*
J
-y
(
E
-E
/4]NA
x Z E
$X Z~]g rNW 6X @*
~ E
@G
7Q
(
(
-E
-E
4]NZz~E
/E
 6ni ZzW @*
)E
@G
X ~
/
% E
@G
@*
0*
E
(
N
-E
!*
nkS X nzg ;g)E
@G
1{ h H e~Y cC
GW8
(
-E
C kC,i ZzW - @*
X C { b~g7 g0
+Z E
@G
(
-E
X ~E
@G

CW~uZg Sc*


E
/4]N
% YE_Ni ZzW Wqq
-Z C Y S 8L E
XZc*
gZ
(
E
- }g v
Zg W M
h ? i ZzW @*
)
~ E
@G
X6,
(~VVzi ZzWx
M
h E_Ni
X6,
(~VVzi ZzWx g0
+Zbg ZWz
ZuuV M
?
hkCVzi ZzWx g0
+Zbg Z Wz
E
/4]N i ZzWzZ !T ?
i ZzW6, E
Z
/
/ Jet Plane
(
(
E

-E
~ E
z kS xnY He!W~ E
}g vLevel
@G
@G
X Y{
I
$
4hG
zV @*
(Zp w

g CsG
bgxR
B
Z
i ZzW~
z{gE
!*
z c*
Za ~kZ
+
4E
C Z ;g ZD
2G
.E

z!*
g ~ +C
gzZ k G
gzZ Y )x yS X
# zgzZsQ B
s
bg
mY7qJ
-[Zi ZzW
H
-ob
.
+F,
dZ Hi Fi
DgX y CY i ZzWZ 6
X ~ ( u)i ZzWv~(,
Za
yZ

164

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

X ns
# zC
b]g YYH7

kS /
Tg DwD Z} zt ]!*
N
Richard I Y g Z u !*
" gzZC
V
$Zgz W,
Z Dgq
-ZO X |
gzZL L {z @*
wJ ;g 0eY egzg ;
C. Lewontin
I V26,Y g S yS VZbA
$gzZ
6,{ q
-ZW

~ q
-Z% J
Dg6b}g Z ZgzZ j 7(Z
gzi s '
, kS ~}g!*
* ~ ]gC
bs
# z
Za k
!zz {zgzZ {
Zz q
-Z ~g
D Y 
]!*
kS
z ~ @*
Za
]ZggzZq
-Z
%Nc*
kS {zX W**
sg 6,ggZuZF
Z]
.z6,g~ X7Zz6,
t X, 74Z~ k QxZ}
.n kZ e
$ {z
" zg Ze]**
2G
.E
s{0
+
i
H3g
yZ oq
-Z xE
-Zz
z
G
7 (Z6,V;z VY{
rgeyZt X{ Zz e
$
X @*
0*
X}

" zgZeX0
2G
.E
xE
+
i@*
Za{g"yY"@*
c{znkS
G
ngZ]Z3sZgjT}0
+
6,
s 0ZgZ0
+YZ3 gzi
54zXwYg Z
lg !*
C
/
}
W~
z{)zy
KS gzZ G
@*
Ys
wq
-ZtXg v !*
yxgVz vgzZ0
+

~g YG@*
Y g S tg *6, yg Ze @*
X Vz bgzZ ];
z
4Z~{ i ZzgyQxZ}
.bkS skS **
G @*

n
pg
Vzg Z0
+Y
C
X 0*
: "
$U*
]g0*
:
|kS 8 {z Le79 `: V26,
{ Y ZZ
X lgzZdZ
g

{Za {q
-Zg Z0
+Yx

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

163

(
-E
 zz X @*
E
@G

Neurons : gzZ Fat Layer : @*

V Zy S C { q C

n
pg NZ

6,{ g Z e
XM
h}7[ Z

]gz:T Za vZ
CbzggtY
4]Ny:gzZ] W
/E
]gz:kS N YWgzZXVzi ZzWE
(
-E
X nWE
@G

g @*
g|gzZ,ZzkS k7,

C

3g"ZvZX bC
k Q { CgzZ @*
kCg e ~}g !*
vZ
g{!*
LZgzZ~`+F,
-g @*
q
zzq
-Z] ~g
X ~^ggzZt4gq&] c*
16,

! {o
6,
{ q
-Z /

z CZ Y gS t
Ce J
-[Z
7
]
ZZ 0
+
iY g S tXBBV:c*
g W W
@*
7Y g Zt
2} g S
rg 7 _ b0
7LwDZ xgg g
DC
FossilsgzZ n
pg7
g S
Y g St @*
Y 6,gDtn kS X ~VZ5} 0*
]Zgq
-Z F 6Xce b Usq
-Z Z
/w)
t q X ~ g @*
yZgz
g D Y w} Zb
G
W8
~ VzZ i~ Y g S

D - v Y X 
6,bq
-Zg
C s tkS
,W D
{ook
,
/**

-ZtttzzkSYX s Z
q
.cN\WLZ Wt X ~ V
6,gLgzZ;# ~
`F
" zg Ze 1 n LZ
2G
.E
. z V26,{ stY
~
CZxE
G

166

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

F~ yW
vZ
szkS @*
zvZ ~ |
5N r v @*
C} zgzZ
D E
C
~ ]c*
W
:
sf
D ]c*
W~yZX n
pg7

yQgzZV\WV c*
|0
+!*
Ze VrQ Z
# QgzZ Ze H L L
( 116s ZZ {g)
X z YZ(,
gzZ c*
Zge
 q
.
-ZC

/
z Y y
 6
k Q wqX n
pg NZ6,k Q
{zgzZ?
(as) .]|X
E
$
XG {z
Z e Lc*
W,
Zz Y Z e h ]
-

8
3 ={z LZ} wZe .5gzZ
X HVrQ

HgzZ h
HC
:X c*
VrQ
( 117,118s ZZwZ {g)

gzZ
HH6,yQz Y q
-ZY vZ
#
M
hN  6
X KZ~
/
z Yy
q
-ZsA {z
~ W,
Z z Y nS q
-Z
{zJ
-Z
# ~ V {

~V&5yS Og(
D~W,
ZY g Zt)
D
V yS V
H0
+
i KZ
DgZ*gzZ
D ~ yQ

V?f } z ]Z NZ CyQ n
pg DfZ
~ |X @*
Y ^ IHz YgzZt CYWQ C~g7
: c*
yt` O!C^#gzZ'~ '
,
Cc*
] Z Z
Wg kS J
-uT6,gm{Y g St OZ !*
Vp~L L
W~V1 g @*
~wq
-Z~Jokes} (,
-Z F Z
q
YY JzGg Z.
**
gzZ.
**
gkSV {i]h Zz
X
rg{z
B OZ.
**
3 Z !*

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

165

HZi ek Q: L
] ~g H Za TvZ{t

Xc*
~
qBCgzpu"VzgZ0
+YxgzZ~^Z

Eg!
EgN B { c*

i
*Y g St /

wEZ : " im{ gzZ Zi W
C

r @*
NZ~Y g St &6,gA ygzZp @*

~] ***!*
] R8c*
n
pg7
]Y~
Y g S t
n
pg {o
s
# z ~gT 6X
D
V 1~x Wzq
-Z gzZC
Z
q
-ZP
Dw~
Y C ] Y gzZ kWz6,
g ZfgzZ Zz W
M
h Za } z
H
H
$
E
6
$N} . X 4hgW,Z G
5gzZ
Z V Z b
]g E
>g |
# gg Z0
+Y {)z Zg !*
BBgzZKzg Zz0*
(gzZ7
-Z

6,]!*
kS
n
pg
kWz6,VZb 6X ]@*
m{)zwY
tkS g
o*!*
It n yQ Hv Cc*

D
kS g c*
w Zuz L~ .X
g *t~ }g !*
v4f
zk Q HV!KV
H 7b
HgzZ ygzZ $;f WyQ ]i YZ GgZ
Y g S t X g|0
+!*
6,V\WKZ } z c*
V C n
pg
G
W8
yQ 6 J0
+Z .
**
gzZ [Zy
{ c*
i i VzI
i
Zc*
D H Y7 RaZ}
.`gyQ
} ziV-^
`g
vSaba c*
D Y7 Totem v
~V {O8
V;LZ
VF(as))Z'
,
Z9c*
D Y7
"N
3E
}
i V(as) .9 c*
D Y7 V G
XD Y7}

168

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

'~g q
-Z
CZ7q
-Z

167

k QB vkS '
, 7gz w{z
gzZ d
$
+F,
+Y g Zt BgzZ Z}
$
.q
-Z 7

;g qz 3Q ~! H{z X ~ * z Y u**
S
]{ntkS

v FX ~ * VzuV
E8N
tkS`L} z
DgB
X ~ 1F
c*
1 A17x u0*
1} zL L: 7e
$W
( 32 {{g)
X ZzZz+ YZ "

Tashihli Resimalti /

Y [Z D Y7 V1
]Z NZ V p S
]Z NZV Zz + yg Z e bS .
**
gzZ
D Y
yY"gzZ]Z~YyZZz+ ygZe.
**


z w ,Z NZ L kS gzZ
!q
-Zg
BC
Z
g
X NZ @*
<
q
-Z
/Z 6
myY
///