182

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-28, NO. 3, AUGUST 1979

A Modified Modelfor the Fading Signal

at a Mobile Radio Channel

Abstmct-A generalization of an existing model for the fading signal

at a mobile radio antenna has been made. The generalization lies in letting the scattering waves not necessarily be traveling horizontally. The
effectsof thisgeneralization are investigatedconcerningprobability
density function (pdf), correlational properties, and power spectra of
the phase and envelope. The pdf is not affected, but the power spectrum of the envelope is significantly affected. This generalized spectrum
is smoother than the original and always finite, which the latter is not.
Thus it is assumed that the generalized model is more consistent with
measured spectra, especially in urban environments.

I. INTRODUCTION

YPICAL for mobile radio communication

is that one station is fixed in position while the other is moving. Usually,
no direct line exists between the stations, since, e.g., buildings
breakthisline.Therefore,themodeofpropagationofthe
electromagnetic energy between the stations will be largely by
wayofscattering.Inanurbanenvironment,itcouldbe
expected that these scattered waves not necessarily travel horizontally,sincebydiffractionthe
waves propagatefromthe
top of a house down to the street.
It is the aim of this report to investigate the influence of
this nonhorizontal propagation. In Section I1 previous models
are presented, and the modification
is shown. The effects of
this modification are shown in Sections 111 and IV and in the
last section a specular component is included.
11. THE MODEL

A . Previous Models
When measuringtheenvelopeofatransmittedsinusoidal
carrier as seen by a mobile radio antenna in an urban environment, it is observed that this signal is time-varying, although
the transmitted envelope is not [ l ] , [2], [SI, [ 6 ] . It is also
observed that when the receiving antenna is standing still, the
envelope is almost constant [ 6 ] .
This is a fairly strong implication that the envelope
is constant in time, but varies spatially, and a model for this spatial
variation is thus called for. Of course the spatial variation of
the envelope is caused by multipath propagation, and statistical models based on this assumption have been proposed [ 1 ] [31 ~ 5 1 .
Ossanna [ l ] was the first t o propose a statistical model in
termsofasetofverticallypolarizedhorizontallytraveling
planeinterfering
waves. His model is primarilysuitedfor
suburban areas, and the basic assumptionis that just one house
I

Manuscript received September 5 , 1978; revised April 16, 1979.

The author is with Telecommunication Theory, University of Lund,
Fack, Lund, Sweden.

Fig. 1 .

A componentwave,

at a time forms a flat vertical reflector. An interfererence pattern is formedasthedirectandthereflected

wave superimpose.Theorientation
of thereflectorwasrandom,and
nonrandom parameters were speed and direction to the transmitter.
Measurements and comparison with the model were made,
and Clarke [2] argued that the theoretical power spectrum of
the envelope disagreed at very low frequencies and at frequencies near the maximum Doppler shift from the measured spectrum.
Clark used a new model suggested by Gilbert
[ l o ] , including Ossannas as a special case. This model ismost easily understood by looking atFig. 1 .
N verticallypolarized,horizontallytravelingplane
waves
are superimposed. Every wave has an angle of arrival a, and a
phase shift (P,,,is rectangularly distributed throughout 0 to 277,
and is statisticallyindependent.Denotingtheangularcarrier
frequency by o,,
the resulting field in a point (XO, y o ) can be
written

where

E,(t) = cos

r::

- (xo cos a, + y o sin a,)

and X is the wavelength.

0018-9545/79/0800-0182$00.75 0 1979 IEEE

- cos act

+(
p
,

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

183

b
'

Fig. 3.

A component wave in three dimensions.

and c
y
, and P, have theprobabilitydensityfunctions(pdfs)
p a ( . ) and p a ( . ) , respectively.
The resulting field in a point (xo, y o , zo) can now be written
M

~ ( r =)

(4)

En([)

n=l

where

E,(t) = C,

COS

w,t

2n

- -- (xo COS a,

COS

p,

B A S E S A h D FREQUENCY IN h E R T Z

Fig. 2.

+ y o sin a, cos 0,

Comparison
between
theoretical
(dashed)
and
measured
power spectra (Clarke's model).

Bygiving the point (xo,

a velocity u in any direction,
the power spectrum of the envelope can be found analytically
and compared to measured spectra [ 2 ] [ 3 ] , [SI.
As seen from Fig. 2 (taken from [2]) there still is a significant disagreement between theoretical and measured spectra.
For an explanation of (a) and (b), see [ 2 ] .
)lo)

(5)

where w, is the angular carrier frequency and X is the wavelength.

Giving the point (xo, y o , zo) a velocity u in a direction with
angle y to the x-z plane, i.e., (xo, y o , zo) ( u cos y, v sin y,
zo). the resulting field is
-+

E(t) = rc(r) COS act- T,(t) sin w,t

B. A Modified Model
The previous models have in common that the component
waves are traveling horizontally. In an urban environment this
is not true, since then no transmission between a distant transmitter and a receiver on the street would be possible.
Thenewmodelproposedhere
is simplyClarke'smodel
generalized tothe casewheretheverticallypolarizedplane
waves are not necessarily traveling horizontally. A typical component wave can be seen in Fig. 3. This is a plane wave and has
an angle of arrival a, to the x-z plane and pn to the x-y plane,
and with each wave is associated an amplitude c, and a phase
shift (P, . The parameters a,, 0, pn . and c, are all random and
statistically independent. Moreover.

+ zo sin p,) + pn

(6)

where
N

~ , ( t=
)

c, cos ( a n t

+ e,)

n=l

c, sin ( a n t + 6,)

T,(t) =
n=l

and

2nv

W,

= - COS (7 - 01j, COS 0,

27120

where 1V is the fixed number of waves and Eo is a positive constant. The p,, are rectangularly distributed throughout 0 to 211,

e n =-

sin Pn + (Pn

n = 1, 2, ..., A!

(8)

184

IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON

According to the central limit theorem, T,(t) and T,(t)are approximately Gaussian if N is sufficiently large. Actually, this
approximation is very good for N 2 6 [ 7 ] . Theseprocesses
will be regarded as purely Gaussian.
Since the process E(?) is Gaussian, it is completely characterizedbythemeanfunction
E{E(t)} andautocorrelation
function E{E(t) E(t + T ) } . From ( 6 ) we have

E(E(t)} = E(T,(t)}

COS

act- E{T,(t)}
(9)

sin w,t = 0
since E{T,(t)} = E{T,(t)} = 0 and

E ( E ( f ) E(? + 7 ) ) = E{T,(f) T,(t

-E{T,(t)
= U(T)

- cos

+ 7 ) ) COS W c 7

T , ( ~ + T ) } sin W,T
W,T

- C ( T ) sin W,T

(10)

EO

= - E{ sin

3, AUGUST 1979

From (1 2 ) we have

since Jo(0) = 1, so PO(.) doesnotaffectthedistributional

properties of the envelope and the phase.
However, thecorrelationalpropertiesof
R ( t ) and (At)
are affected by pa(*), since different p p ( * )give different ~ ( 7 ) .
An example can be seen in Fig. 4.
Of course, the p p ( * ) chosen for Fig. 4 (b) is very unrealistic; it was chosen just
to demonstrate the effect. It can be
noticed that pp@) = S@) corresponds to Clarke's model. The
model can easily be further generalized
to include a specular
component (see Fig. 5).
The angles ao, Po, the phase cpo, and the amplitude &are
unknown constants, and from (6)-(8) we have the field caused
by the specular component
Ed(t) = T c d ( t ) cos w,t - Tsd(t)sin w,?

and
the
correlational
properties
of
the
process
are
thus
depicted by U ( T ) and ~(7).
Straightforward
calculations
give (see
Appendix
where
I)

C(T)

VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-28,

NO.

(1 6 )

and

UT}

2nv

where o is the onin (8) without index.

Assuming that
the
a, rectangularly
are
distributed
throughout 0 to 2n, we have

wo = - cos (y

Bo

- (Yo) cos 00

h
2nzo

= XsinPo + q 0 .

The total field is

(1 2 )

+ Tsd(t))sin w,t
where J o ( * ) is a Bessel function of the first kind of zero order.
The envelope R ( t ) and the phase function (At) are defined
through the transformation

T,(t) = R ( t ) cos (At)

= TCr(t)cos w,t

- Tsr(t) sin act

(19)

and again we have a Gaussian process. The only change is that

thequadraturecomponents
no longer have zeromean,but
instead

TJt) = R ( t ) sin cp(t)

and it is well known that the envelope is Rayleigh distributed,
the phase is rectangularly distributed throughout 0 to 277, and
that R(t) and cp(t)
are statistically independent, Le.,

Again theenvelope
through

Rr(t) andthephase

* ( t ) aredefined

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

E-"
2

ao[rl

I
I

Eo

-7-

185

186

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. ~ ~ - 2NO.

8 , 3 , AUGUST 1979

om,we have (see Appendix

which can be arealistic pdf for small

11)

I --.

If I>;

O,

Eo

A
-

4 sin p,

v'

- cosp,
A

< I f 1 <-v

"=

Fig. 5 .

The specular component.

it is also familiar that the envelope has a Rician

i.e.,

distribution,

r 2 0, ( 2 2 )
and again this pdf is not affected by PO(.).l o ( * )is the zerothorder modified Bessel function of the first kind.
111. RAYLEIGH FADING

A. Envelope Correlation

It can be noted that limpvlh

finiteandactuallyconstant
I f 1 < v/A. Since

A o 0 = 00, whereas A(v/A) is

(v/A) cos P, Q

in thedomain

Since P O ( - ) affects the correlational properties of T c ( t )and

T,(t), this will be studied in more detail. Denoting
a(7) when
pp@) = S ( P ) by ao(r), i.e.,

ao(7) =

3
2 Jo

(y),

we have the power spectrum of T,(t) and Ts(t)

elsewhere

O,

the processes are strictly band-limited within the maximum

Doppler frequency shift f, = v/A.
TheFouriertransformation
of (12) cannotingeneralbe
carried out exactly, but for

SO

independent of p p ( . ) , the result is that we have a much more

low-frequent spectrum even when0, is very small. This can be
seen in Fig. 6 where the spectra are plotted logarithmically.
The function u(7) does not change much for small P,, and
to be able to see any difference between ao(7) and a ( ~ )0,,
has to bechosenvery
large. Thedifferencecanbeseenin
Fig. 7 where P , has been chosen nonphysically larger, just for
demonstration.
Thereasonwhy
ACf) changes so drasticallycompared to
A o w , even for very small P,, is that the Fourier transform
uses ~ ( 7 )from --OQ to +w. Since U ( T ) is stretched (by a factor
cos 0) and averaged with respect to p p ( - ) ,replica of u 0 ( 7 ) , u(7)
does not change much for small 7, but it certainly does when 7
is large.
The mean and the autocorrelation functions of the envelope
are [4]

IT

= -a(O)F

0,

elsewhere,

(;;
--, --,

1,
(%)2)

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

187

- T

- _V

X
A

188

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-28, NO. 3, AUGUST 1979

33 d5

- _
V

(d)

Fig. 6 .

Continued.

189

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

- Eo
_2

1
Fig. 7.

Comparison between envelope autocorrelations no(r) and u(r) (a(r)dashed,& = 45").

where F is the hypergeometric function. A very good approximation is

r R (7)= E{R(t)

=-

When A m = A 0 0 (Po@) = S@)) this convolution can be

carried out exactly giving [9]

R(t + 7)) - E{R(t)) E{R(t + 7))

So(f> = c A o ( f ) * A o ( f )

a2(7) = - aZ(7).

Thesquaredenvelope

(29)

EO

240)

is alsoofinterest,sinceonnoisyfading

channels the SNR is proportional to R 2 ( t ) ,and we have (see

Appendix 111, put Ed = 0)

cer;K(Jq$$)

IfKy
2v

0,

elsewhere

(33)

E{R2(t)} = h ( 0 )

E{R2(t) R 2 ( t +T)} = 4(a2(0)

+~ ~ ( 7 ) )

so

rR2(7)= E{R2(t) R2(t +T)) - E { R 2 ( t ) )

E{R2(t + 7)) = 4u2(7)

(30)

where K is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. It

should be noticed that limro Soy? = 00.
Sy? can be found numerically when A V , is given by (26),
and we have that S(0) < 00 and S(k24A) = 0. A comparison
between these spectra can be done in Fig. 8, where Soy) and
(31) SV, for
different
values of 0
, are
plotted
logarithmic
ain

scale.
are approximatelyThevalue
of SV, near f = 2vb is proportionalto
cos &,/sin2 Om, so for small values of P, most of the energy
The Power spectrum ofR(t) andR2(t) Can thus be written near f = 0 in ,Soy? has been shifted to f = 2vb. For not too
small values of P,, SV, is rather flat, and to observe, finite.
S ( f ) = FCC a2(7)} = C A ( f ) * A ( f )
(32)
B. Phase Correlation
where C equals nlEo or 4.
The two-dimensional pdf for the phaseis [8]
&Owing us that both
proportional to a2(7).

pV(t),@(t+dPl*
92)

rR

('1 and

' R 2(')

190

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY,VOL. VT-28, NO. 3, AUGUST 1979

1 0 ~ l O g l O ~; ~Kl = C(=I
Eo 2.i

- -2va

10 dB

&

191

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

25 dB

- 25 dB

(4
Fig. 8. Continued.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY. VOL. VT-28, NO. 3, AUGUST 1979

192

4T2

4s'

-T

Of course, r9(7) changes very much for large 7 even for small
P,, so the power spectrum of the phase F{rv(7)} is probably
a(7)
significantlychangedevenforsmallvaluesof
.0, However,
p ( 7 ) = -.
a@)
(35) an expression
for found.
been
F{r9(7)}
not has
Further insightof the phasecorrelationcanbeachieved
Since the phase (At) is rectangularly distributed throughout by looking at the process
~ d= dt
~ + )7)- dt).m e pdf for
0 to 2n
from found
be Adt) can
(34) [SI

where

E{cp(t)l = n
4n2
E{p2(t)} = -.
3

(36)

and it is seen that for futed 7,p(7) determines the shape of the
pdf.Fig.10shows
(Acp) for
various 7,usingaO(7).For
small values of .4,...-7 there is no significant difference in this
pdf, using a(7) instead of ao(7).

C. The Derivative of the Envelope and Phase, Level Crossing

Theautocorrelationfunctionforthephasecanbefoundfrom
(34) to give [SI

should
and
itnoticed
be that
this
expression
is independent
of
a(0).
To beableto see anydifferencebetween r9(7), using a(7)
or u0(7), 0, has to be chosen comparatively large (see Fig. 9).

The four-dimensional pdf for R(t),R(t), dt),and cp(t)isl

[41

r>O

--<i,ip<-

1 Thedotindicatesderivationwithrespectto
derivation with respect to T .

OGcpG2n

(39)
r, and theprime

193

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

-2n

271 Aq

Fig. 10. The pdf for p(t + 7) - p(t) for different 7.

at weand

once have

We know that a(0)

independent
is

Taking pp(0) = S (P) gives

and
1

e-(1/~)[(r2/a(~))-(rip2/a(~))~,

r>O

p p ( o ) = I1 F l

Gom

-=<ip<-m
elsewhere

fromwhichthestatisticalindependence
processes
can
easily
be
seen. Especially,
we
have

between the four

[4]

yields

of p p ( .from
) but

(12) we

194

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR

TECHNOLOGY,
VOL.

and it isalsoseen that comparatively large valuesof 0, are

required to change uo(0) significantly.
From (41) it is easily seen that R(t) is a Gaussian process
with zero mean and variance -u(O). Likewise, we have

NO.
VT-28,

3 , AUGUST 1979

where, using similar notation,

IV. RICIAN FADING

When the model contains a specular component (16)-(21)

it is well known that the joint pdf for the envelope and the
phase is [4]

so cp(t) conditioned R ( t ) = r is also Gaussian with zero mean

and variance -af(0)/rz.
From (46) it can be concluded that small
values of 0, do
not affect these pdfs.
The autocorrelation function for the derivative of the phase
is [4]
r+(T) = E{$(t)

- $(t +

T)}

and by integration

O<r<m

and since it is a function of u(T), u(T), and o(T) it changes

significantlyforlarge
0,.~. Thepowerspectrumof
cp(r)
probably undergoes significant changes even if 0, is small? but
this spectrum has not been found exactly.
Theexpressionfortheexpectednumberoftimesper
second Nr the envelope passes through the
value r with positive slope is given by [4]

X (probability density of envelope at the value

r) (49)

where

where lo(.)is the modified Bessel function of the first kind

and zero order, and
is the error function.2
Itcanbenoticedthat
R,(t) is astationaryprocesssince
P R , ( t ) ( r )is independent of t, but pr(t) is not. In Fig. 11 the
pdf for the phase can be seen at two different occasions.
As
will be seen later, not even the process

e(*)

Denoting N R , using pp(p) = 6(@, by N,, it is seen that the

ratio

is stationary, although the pdf for

ent oft.
is not significantly affected by 0, for small values of 0
,. This,
as can be easily seen, is also valid for the average duration of
fades of the envelopeR ( t ) below the value r [4] ,y,

$ ( t ) of course is independ-

A. Envelope Correlation
As was mentioned earlier, it is often more valuable to know
the autocorrelation function for the squared envelope, rather

ALLIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

Fig. 11. Thepdf for thephase. (a) Ed/Eo = 1 and 2 (dashed) atan instant to. (b) Ed/EO = 1 and 2 (dashed at = t , =
(ni2wo) + n.(2n/wo);n= 0, f l , *2, '...

195

196

TRANSACTIONS
IEEEVEHICULAR
ONTECHNOLOGY,
VT-28,
VOL.

thanfortheenvelopeitself.FromAppendix

NO. 3 , AUGUST 1979

Itseemsplausiblethatthe
phase $ ( t ) = vr(t)- w o t should
be a stationary process, since

111 wehave

and it can at once be noticed that the quantity

w o , the Dopplerfrequencyshiftof
the specular component, is entering
this expression. Since

this shift is maximum 2nvlX when y - a0 = 0 or 77 and 00 =

0, i.e., when the specular component is horizontal and enters
eitherfromaheadorbehind.Theangle
Po shouldbevery
small, thus affecting w o very little.
InFig. 12 are plotted several r R r ( 7 ) ,wherealso thescattering components are not necessarily traveling horizontally.
The pdf for the deviation from the horizontal caseis

(59)

0,

elsewhere

Now, by taking the Fourier transform of (57), the pow-er spectrum is easily found as

is independent of f . However, from Fig. 15, which is a shifted

replica of Fig. 14,it can be seen that the new Rayleigh phase
angle q(t) - mot must have a statistic depending on t.
Since the phase $ ( t ) is a function of this new Rayleigh
phase angle, it will certainly not be a stationary process. This
canbeexplainedbythefactthat
(dt) is rectangularlydistributed throughout 0 to 2n, and sois rp(t) - wot for all t :
measuredmodulo 27r. The linearlyincreasingphase
wot is
thereby hidden behind the process (dt) (see Fig. 16). Since the
pdf of the phase rp(t) - w o t is independent oft, the pdf of the
process $ ( t )is too.
Lookingat, e.g., thetwo-dimensionalpdfforthephases
$ ( t ) and $(t + T ) ? we find that this pdf is not independent of
t , since theshifting gave the result thatthephasorofthe
specular component stopped rotating, but the phasor of the
Rayleigh component instead began to rotate. Thus the effect
oftheDopplerfrequencyshift
of the specular component
cannot be removed,although
w o is known, because then
(dt) also has to be known.
V. CONCLUSIONS

Previousmodels
[1]-[3]forthefadingenvelopeata
mobile radio channel have been extended to include a multipath propagation mode? often present in the streets of a city
with tall buildings. It was assumed that the
waves in such an
environment also could have a vertical component of propagawhere Scf) is thepowerspectrumofthesquaredenvelope
when no specular component is present. This spectrum is given tion direction, and the effects of this extension were studied,
with the previous models as a reference and special case.
by (3% (33).
InFig.13
we cancomparethesespectrawhen
It was found that the pdf of the envelope and the phase
pp(0) =
wereleftunchanged,whereasthecorrelationalpropertiesof
S@) or p p @ ) (59). It can be noticed that when
p p ( p ) = S@),
the spectrum is not finite f o r f = 0, I f 1 = (v/h)(1 cos (a0 - these quantities were not.
Examining the autocorrelation of the envelope by means of
y) cos Po), whereas the spectrum is always finite when pp(0)
the power spectrum, it was found that the shape of the specis given by (59).
trum was heavily affected even for
small deviations from the
purely
horizontal
mode
of
multipath
propagation. Concerning
B. Phase Correlation
theautocorrelationofthephase,thepowerspectrumcould
not be found analytically, but it was made plausible that this
From Fig. 14 where the phasors of the specular component
same way,i.e.,alower
the Rayleigh component R ( t ) ,and the resulting envelope spectrumshould be affectedinthe
frequency spectrum should be achieved.
R,(r) areshown,someinterestingfactsabouttheresulting
It is assumed that this new extended model should be used
phase cp,(t) canbeseen.
As wasnoticedearlier,thephase
function q,(t) is not stationary, since its pdf is a function of 1. in an urban environment, but of course, measurements have to
This is because the phasor of the specular component is rotat- be made to confirm whether this new model fits significantly
better.
ing with an angular frequency ofw o rad/s.

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

197

rRr(

15

Fig. 12. Autocorrelation for the envelope. (a) Ed/Eo = 0,pa(@)= 6(@) and p a @ )given by (59), &,= 4 5 O (Qshed). (b)
Ed/Eo = 2, pp03) = 6(8) and p a @ )given by (591, Pm = 45" (dashed). 1: QO - Y = 0,bo = 0.2: QO - = ,,/2,
= 0.

-,

198

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-28, NO. 3 , AUGUST 1979

1 0 * l o g , o ( ~ ) K;

*.)

t
.
)

(Eo12*L
G
v

20 dB

-4

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL ATMOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

Fig. 13. Continued.

199

200

IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON

VEHICULAR
TECHNOLOGY,
VOL.

NO.
VT-28,

3, AUGUST 1979

to 2n, i.e.,

OG(PG2n
elsewhere.

As will be seen later, p c (.) is not needed, but instead

Fig. 14. Phasor diagram

where Eo is a positive constant. u, y, X, and zo are all nonrandom constants.

It follows that
a(7) = E{Tc(t)
Fig. 1 5 .

E{C,C,

m,n=l

Shifted phasor diagram

APPENDIX I

Tc(t + 7)) =

Now, the stochastic variables

CALCULATION OF a(7) AND c(7)

From (7) we have

x
N

Tc(t)=

C, COS ( a n t

+ e,)

n=l

are rectangularly distributed throughout 0 to 271 for all m and

n except ti2 when m = n. When m = n, 6 equalszerowith
probability 1. Thus taking expectation over (P, (P,
gives

E{Tc(t) Tc(t +7)) = a(7) =

where

Eo
2N

x
N

E{c,2 cos w,7)

E{ cos w,7)

=n=l

2nv

w, = - cos p, cos (y -a,)

wheretheleastexpressioncomesfromcarryingoutthe
expectation over c,. Since all w, areidenticallydistributed
subscripts can be deleted yielding
a(7) = EO E{ COS U T } .

The stochastic variables a,, On, c, and (P,

are all statistically
independentwith p d f s p a ( . ) , p p ( . ) , p,(*),and p , ( * ) . It is
assumed that the & are rectangularly distributed throughout 0

This expression cannot be further simplified without specifying Pa(*) and Pp(.).

20 1

AULIN: FADING SIGNAL AT MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS

In much
the

Same way we have

integration
and with
respect
to

+ 0, + e,)) + -1 2N
2

E{c,c,

T gives

cos,

+ 7)

sin (w,(t

m,n=l

- w,t + en - e,))

(70)

and, using the stochastic variables S1 and S 2 from (67), bringing out the expectation with respect to9,, 9, gives
C(T) =

l N

E ( c , ~sin O,T)

EO
= -E(
2

n=l

sin

UT)

(71 1

y=

sin e

gives the Jacobian

- 8 s i n o

d(x, Y ) --

fi

d@, 0)

where o is the w, in ( 6 3 ) without

index.

cos e

APPENDIX I1
POWER SPECTRUM A ( f ) WHEN ~ p @ )

(77)

COS

.
1

The Fourier transform of

and (75) can thus be written
8 x 6 (f - xy) dx dy

Adf)=

a(7) =

2nsinPm
Eo

I"

x = a c o s

I"

pm r = - G

_E,
f~Jo (h
277vr cos 0)
4 sin p,

is wanted. Since

cos P

The integration area can be seen in Fig.

17, where the values
of x and y for which the integrand
is nonzero are also plot(72) integrand
Since
the
ted.
is whenever
zero
xy # f, x 4
cos Om,
and y 4 [*,
we have, after integration with respect t o y ,

m]

[a

MI,
U

IfPx

(73)
we have

EO
277 sin 0,

EO
2n sin p,

(74)

/m

JxU

dx

- .
V

If I Q - cosp,.

(79)

202

IEEE TRANSACTIONS
VEHICULAR
ON

TECHNOLOGY, VOL. VT-28, NO. 3, AUGUST 1979

Fig. 18.

Phasor diagram.

the cosine theorem we have

Fig. 17.

where O,(t) is theunknownbutnonrandomphase

specular component. Taking expectationwe have

Theintegration area.

Now, since

E{Rr2(f)} =Ed + E{R2(f)}

*

of the

+2aE{R(t))

E{cos (O,(t) - e,(t>))

(83)

since R(t) and 0 2 ( t ) are statistically independent. This gives

2x dX

using the properties of the Rayleigh envelope and phase,Le.,

=JT

E{R(t)}

E{R (t)}= 2 4 0 )

x '

From (82) we also have

E{Rr2(t) Rr2(t + 7))

integration with respect to x finally gives

V

If'>;
V

<If\<-

-cosp,

x
wherethesecondterm
since (see (1 3))

A 0=
'

arcsin

is 4Eda(0), using (85). Furthermore,

we have
V

IfI<-cosp,.

(81)

= 2E{Tc2(t) Tc2(t

APPENDIX 111
CALCULATION OF THE AUTOCORRELATION
FUNCTION FOR THE SQUARED ENVELOPE
AT RICIAN FADING
In Fig. 18, R ( f ) is the Rayleigh envelope, (c(f) the Rayleigh
phase,and R.(t)
. . . theresultingRicianfadineenvelone. r~ From
~ - ~ I

+ T)} + 2E2{TC2(t)}

(88)

where E{Tc2(t)) =a(O), using (lo), and

E{TC2(f) TC2(t+ T ) }
= E{Tc (t)} E{TC2(t + 7))
- -

= aye) (89)
+ 2a2(7)

+ 2l?

{ T,( f ) T,(t + 7))

ADING

X1

AULIN:

203

CHANNELS
MOBILE RADIO

whereyielding

Gaussian random variables

with correlation ~ ( 7 ) .Thus

REFERENCES
[ I ] J . F. Ossanna,Jr.,

[2]
[3]
[4]

(93)
[5]
[6]

we have

[7]
[8]
(91
[lo]

A modelformobileradiofadingdueto
buildingreflections:Theoreticalandexperimentalwaveform
powerspectra, Bell.Syst.Tech.
J., vol. 43, pp. 2935-2971,
Nov. 1964.
R. H.Clarke,Astatisticaltheoryofmobileradioreception,
BellSyst. Tech. J., vol. 47, pp. 957-1000, July 1968.
M. J.Gans, A power-spectraltheoryofpropagation
in the
mobileradioenvironment,
IEEE Trans. Veh.Technol., vol.
VT-21, pp. 27-38, Feb. 1972.
S. 0. Rice,Mathematicalanalysisofrandomnoise,
BellSyst.
Tech. J., vol. 23, pp. 282-332, July 1944; and Bell Syst. Tech.
J., vol. 24, pp. 46-156, Jan. 1945.
-, Statistical Properties of a
sine wave plus random noise,
Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, pp. 109-157, Jan. 1948.
W. C. Jakes efal., MicrowaveMobileCommunications.
New
York: Wiley, 1974.
T.Aulin,Characteristicsofadigitalmobileradiochannel,
TelecommunicationTheory,
Univ. of Lund,Lund,Sweden,
Tech. Rep. TR-93, Oct. 1977.
W. R.Bennett,Distribution
of thesum of randomlyphased
components, Quart. A p p l . Math., vol. 5 , pp. 385-393, Jan.
1948.
E. W. Ng and M . Geller, A table of integrals of the error functions,J. Res. NBS-B, vol. 73B, pp. 1-20, Jan.-Mar. 1969.
I. S. Gradshteyn and I. W. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series and
Products. New York:Academic, 1965.
E. N. Gilbert,Energyreceptionformobileradio,
Bell Syst.
Tech. J., vol. 44, pp. 1779-1803, Oct. 1965.

This integral can easily be solved, using the substitution

X,

= rl

COS

x2 = rl sin 0,

x 3 = r2 COS O 2
x 4 = r2 sin O2

Tor Aulin (S77) was born in Malmo, Sweden,

on September 12,1948. He received the M.S.
degree in electrical engineering from University
of Lund, Lund, Sweden, in 1974.
During 1974-1975 heworked in industry,
mostly with automated control, and currently
he is preparinghisdoctoralthesisattheInstitute
of
Telecommunication
Theory,
University of Lund. His main interests are narrowband, high-performance digital modulation systems with constant envelope, and characteristics

= E { X l X,}

+ E{X,

X 4 } = ={x1

x31

(96)

of themobileradiochannel.