1 s2.0 S0169136814001553 Main

Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238
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Ore Geology Reviews

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Review
Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the

KarkonoszeIzera Massif (the Sudetes, Poland) Towards a model
Ksenia Mochnacka a, Teresa Oberc-Dziedzic b, Wojciech Mayer a,, Adam Pieczka a
a
b
AGH-University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakw, Poland
University of Wrocaw, Institute of Geological Sciences, Pl. M. Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocaw, Poland
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 17 August 2013
Received in revised form 22 June 2014
Accepted 1 July 2014
Available online 10 July 2014
Keywords:
The Sudetes
KarkonoszeIzera Massif
Geological evolution
Variscan and pre-Variscan ore deposits
Ore minerals occurrences
Ore-forming processes
a b s t r a c t
The KarkonoszeIzera Massif is a large tectonic unit located in the northern periphery of the Bohemian Massif.
It includes the Variscan Karkonosze Granite (about 328304 Ma) surrounded by the following four older units:
- IzeraKowary (the Early Paleozoic continental crust of the Saxothuringian Basin),
- Jetd (the Middle Devonian to Lower Visan sedimentary succession deposited on the NE passive margin of
the Saxothuringian Terrane), out of the present study area,
- Southern Karkonosze (metamorphosed sediments and volcanics lling the Saxothuringian Basin), out of the
present study area,
- Leszczyniec (Early Ordovician, obducted fragment of Saxothuringian Basin sea oor).
The authors present a genetic model of ore mineralization in the KarkonoszeIzera Massif, in which ore deposits
and ore minerals occurrences are related to the successive episodes of the geological history of the Karkonosze
Izera Massif:
- formation of the Saxothuringian Basin and its passive continental margin (about 500490 Ma)
- Variscan thermal events:
- regional metamorphism (360340 Ma)
- Karkonosze Granite intrusion (328304 Ma)
- Late Cretaceous and Neogene-to-Recent hypergenic processes.

The oldest ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif are represented by pyrite
and magnetite deposits hosted in the Leszczyniec Unit as well as by magnetite deposit and, presumably, by a
small part of tin mineralization hosted in the IzeraKowary Unit. All these deposits and occurrences were subjected to the pre-Variscan regional metamorphism.
Most of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif ore deposits and occurrences are related to the Karkonosze Granite intrusion. This group includes a spatially diversied assemblage of small ore deposits and ore mineral occurrences
of: Fe, Cu, Sn, As, U, Co, Au, Ag, Pb, Ni, Bi, Zn, Sb, Se, S, Th, REE, Mo, W and Hg located within the granite and in
granite-related pegmatites, in the close contact aureole of the granite and within the metamorphic envelope,
at various distances from the granite. Assuming world standards, all these deposits are now uneconomic. Various
age determinations indicated that ore formation connected with the Karkonosze Granite might have taken place
mostly between about 326 and 270 Ma.
The last ore-forming episode in the KarkonoszeIzera Massif is related to hypergenic processes, particularly important in the northern part of the massif, in the IzeraKowary Unit where some uranium deposits and occurrences resulted from the inltration of ore solutions that originated from the weathering of pre-existing
accumulations of uranium minerals. A separate problem is the presence of oxidation zones of ore deposits and
occurrences, both the fossil and the recent.
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: kmoch@geol.agh.edu.pl (K. Mochnacka), teresa.oberc-dziedzic@ing.uni.wroc.pl (T. Oberc-Dziedzic), wmayer@geol.agh.edu.pl (W. Mayer), pieczka@agh.edu.pl
(A. Pieczka).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.07.001
0169-1368/ 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
216
K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238
A full list of ore minerals identied in described deposits and occurrences of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif
together with relevant, key references is presented in the form of an appendix.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geological setting of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences in the Polish part of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.
Mineralization in the Leszczyniec Unit descriptions and genetic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
Ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences in the IzeraKowary Unit descriptions and views on the origin
3.2.1.
Eastern and southeastern parts of the IzeraKowary Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2.
Northern part of the IzeraKowary Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.
Mineralization within the Karkonosze Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
Origin and geotectonic environment of ore mineralization in the KarkonoszeIzera Massif . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Origin and geotectonic environment of metamorphic/metamorphosed mineralization . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1.
The Leszczyniec Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2.
The IzeraKowary Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
Origin of mineralization related to the Karkonosze Granite intrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1.
Granite-hosted mineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2.
Mineralization in contact-metamorphic aureole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3.
Hydrothermal mineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.
The origin of supergene ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
Towards a model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.
Previous works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.
The model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE LESZCZYNIEC FORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE KOWARYIZERA UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE KARKONOSZE GRANITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
In recent years, new, comprehensive interpretations of the geological setting of the Sudetes has appeared, e.g., Mazur et al. (2006, 2010)
and elaniewicz and Aleksandrowski (2007). Simultaneously, several
new contributions were published on ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences in various Sudetic structural units, e.g.: Kozowski et al.
(2002), Michniewicz (2003), Michniewicz et al. (2006), Mikulski
(2007a, 2010), Mochnacka et al. (2008), Oberc-Dziedzic et al. (2011),
Pieczka et al. (2006a,b, 2009). Many papers provide genetic concepts
for particular deposits but comprehensive publications concerning
the genesis of ore mineralization in major structural units and in the
whole Sudetes are rather scarce.
The present authors attempted to ll this gap focusing on the
KarkonoszeIzera Massif one of the largest tectonic units and, simultaneously, one of the richest in ore deposits and occurrences in the
Polish part of the Sudetes.
Three components of the massif were considered: the Karkonosze
Izera and the Leszczyniec units, and the Karkonosze Granite. These
units host a number of recently uneconomic ore deposits of magnetite,
copper, tin, arsenic, uranium and sulfur accompanied by a diversied
assemblages of suldes, sulfosalts and oxides. We briey characterized
37 most important ore deposits and occurrences, and related these
occurrences to the recent interpretations of the structure and geological
history of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif.
The result is a model which shows successive stages of the KIM evolution combined with selected ore deposits and occurrences located in
relevant units during successive periods of massif history. The paper is
a summary based upon the results of the author's own studies, the
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details of which have been presented in previous publications, as well

as on data extracted from available literature.
2. Geological setting of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif
The KarkonoszeIzera Massif (KIM) is a major tectonic unit in the
Western Sudetes located in the northern periphery of the Bohemian
Massif and shared by Poland, and Czech Republic (Fig. 1).
The KIM is bordered by four major tectonic units of different lithologies, structural arrangements and geological history. From the north
and northeast, along the major, Intra-Sudetic Fault, the KIM contacts
the Kaczawa Metamorphic Unit a Cambrian to Early Carboniferous,
metasedimentary and metavolcanic succession. From the east the KIM
borders the Intra-Sudetic Basin an intramontane trough lled with
Middle Visan to Early Triassic sediments and volcanics covered by
Late Cretaceous marine sediments. From the south the KIM neighbors
the Late Cretaceous Northern Bohemian Basin along another major
tectonic line the Elbe River Fault. Finally, from the west it contacts
the Lusatian Massif.
The KIM includes (Mazur and Aleksandrowski, 2001): (1) the
Karkonosze Granite intrusion in the central position, (2) the Izera
Kowary Unit, (3) the Jetd Unit, (4) the Southern Karkonosze Unit
and (5) the Leszczyniec Unit (Fig. 1).
The Variscan Karkonosze Granite (1) was dated with the RbSr whole
rock isochron method at 328 12 Ma (porphyritic granite) and 309
3 Ma (equigranular granite; Duthou et al., 1991; Pin et al., 1987). The
Pb/Pb and U/Pb zircon dating yielded ages of 304 14 Ma for
porphyric monzogranite (Krner et al., 1994), and 314 3.3 and
318.5 3.7 Ma for porphyritic granites from the northeastern part
217
Fig. 1. Map of ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences in the KarkonoszeIzera Massif (numbers in black dots refer to particular sites in the text and in Appendix 1).
Geology after Oberc-Dziedzic et al. (2011).
of the pluton (Machowiak and Armstrong, 2007). The new, SHRIMP age
of zircon separated from granite collected at the Szklarska PorbaHuta
quarry is 306 4 Ma (Kryza et al., 2012). The TIMS zircon dating
yielded an identical age of 312 Ma for the porphyritic and the negrained granites (Kryza et al., 2014).
(2) The IzeraKowary Unit comprises gneisses and mica schists. The
Karkonosze intrusion separates the unit into the northern and eastern/
southern parts (Fig. 1).
The northern part is the Izera Complex built of texturally diversied
Izera Gneisses, which enclose lenses of undeformed, coarse-crystalline,
porphyritic, Izera and Rumburk granites. These granites are interpreted
as relics of a granitic protolith of the gneisses (Oberc-Dziedzic, 2003;
elaniewicz et al., 2003). Both the gneisses and the coarse-crystalline
granites locally host thin (up to several meters), younger, variously
deformed mac dykes.
The granitoid protoliths of the Izera Gneisses were dated with various methods at 515480 Ma (RbSr: Borkowska et al., 1980; UPb
zircon: Korytowski et al., 1993; Krner et al., 2001; Oliver et al., 1993;
elaniewicz, 1994; UPb SHRIMP: Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2009;
elaniewicz et al., 2009).
The Izera Complex includes also three schist belts: the northern
Zotniki Lubaskie, the central Stara Kamienica and the southern
Szklarska Porba. The schist belts are composed mostly of mica schists
with minor interbeds of amphibolites, calc-silicate rocks, quartzites
and quartzfeldspar schists. The schists of the Zotniki Lubaskie belt
containing Neoproterozoic (560 Ma; UPb SHRIMP data: elaniewicz

et al., 2009) volcanogenic intercalations are interpreted as equivalents
of the Lusatian Greywackes (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2009; elaniewicz
et al., 2009). The Izera Complex rocks were subjected to three consecutive deformation events (Mazur and Kryza, 1996; elaniewicz et al.,
2003) under the conditions of upper greenschist and lower amphibolite
facies (Kryza and Mazur, 1995; Oberc-Dziedzic, 1988; aba, 1984) dated
at the Late Devonian and the Early Carboniferous (Mazur and
Aleksandrowski, 2001).
The eastern and the southern parts of the IzeraKowary Unit comprise the Kowary Gneisses dated at about 492481 Ma (UPb method:
Oliver et al., 1993; UPb SHRIMP data: Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2010)
and the Karkonosze Gneisses (~503 Ma, Krner et al., 2001). Both gneiss
varieties are equivalents of the coarse-grained Izera Gneisses. The
schists series, which accompanies the gneisses in the Southern
Karkonosze, belongs to the Velk pa Group (Chaloupsk, 1965),
about 1000 m thick, composed of muscovitealbite schists with amphibolite, quartzite and quartzofeldspathic rocks intercalations. The
schists were dated at 498 9 Ma (UPb SHRIMP data: Oberc-Dziedzic
et al., 2010). The Velk pa schists correspond to the Stara Kamienica
and the Szklarska Porba schist belts (Chaloupsk et al., 1989). The middle part of the Velk pa schist sequence comprises lithologically diversied mica schist succession with quartzites, erlans (i.e., products of
isochemical regional metamorphism of marlycalcareous and clayey
sediments, see Bana and Mochnacka, 1988), crystalline limestones,
218
striped amphibolites, felsitic metavolcanics as well as chlorite and

graphite schist interbeds. Its continuation in the eastern envelope of
the Karkonosze Granite is the Czarnw Schist Formation (Mazur and
Aleksandrowski, 2001; Teisseyre, 1973). To the south and to the east
the IzeraKowary Unit plunges beneath the Southern Karkonosze and
the Leszczyniec units.
(3) The Jetd Unit is a small, fault-bound structure located in the
southwestern corner of the KIM. It includes dark schists grading up
the sequence into quartzites and metaconglomerates accompanied by
Middle and Upper Devonian limestones (Chlup, 1993; Chlup and
Hladil, 1992), and ne-grained greywackes of Tournaisian(?)Early
Visan age (Chlup, 1993). Rocks of the Jetd Unit were subjected to
low grade medium-pressure metamorphism.
(4) The Southern Karkonosze Unit includes Ordovician to Devonian(?)
metasediments (Chlup, 1993, 1997), mostly dark-gray (graphitic)
phyllites, metagreywackes and metaconglomerates with minor interbeds of greenstones and metadiabases as well as the elezn Brod
Complex (Chaloupsk et al., 1989) composed of bimodal, mostly mac
volcanics. The rocks of this unit extend to the northeast, to Poland
where these were described as the Niedamirw Formation (Kryza and
Mazur, 1995).
The metavolcanics of the Southern Karkonosze Unit comprise
felsites of intra-plate lavas afnity to P-MORB lavas and pyroclastics
(Patoka and Hladil, 1998). The mac metavolcanics, dated with
the RbSr method at the Lowermost Ordovician (Bendl et al., 1997)
were metamorphosed under the conditions of blueschist facies (Chb
and Vrna, 1979; Guiraud and Burg, 1984; Kryza and Mazur, 1995;
Patoka et al., 1996; Smulikowski, 1995; Wieser, 1978) overprinted by
the greenschist facies. The age of both stages of metamorphism was determined at 360 and 340 Ma (40Ar39Ar method: Maluski and Patoka,
1997).
According to recent development, the Southern Karkonosze metamorphics represent a continuous and diversied facies sequence deposited in a vast, marine sedimentary basin (Mazur and Aleksandrowski,
2001).
(5) The Leszczyniec Unit located in the eastern part of the KIM includes an Early Ordovician (~500 Ma, UPb, zircon: Oliver et al., 1993)
metaigneous Leszczyniec complex (Kryza and Mazur, 1995) composed
of metabasites, metagranites (felsic gneisses) and metadiorites (hornblende gneisses) known as the Paczyn Gneisses. In the northern part
of the Leszczyniec Unit the amphibolite sequence hosts chlorite
albitemuscoviteparagonitequartz schists locally enriched in pyrite, known as the Wieciszowice Schists. Their protoliths were tuffs
and terrigenous sediments (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2011).
The structural units of the KIM were interpreted by Mazur and
Aleksandrowski (2001) as nappes. Both the IzeraKowary Unit and
the adjacent Lusatian Massif represent the pre-Variscan, continental
basement of the Saxothuringian Basin. The Jetd Unit is the sedimentary succession, which lled this basin and, as a parautochton or the lowermost nappe, it was tectonically inserted between the underlying
basement rocks of the IzeraKowary Unit and the Lusatian Massif, and
the overlying Southern Karkonosze Unit. The latter is probably a stack
of several, lower-order overthrusts showing similar, structural and
metamorphic history. The uppermost position in this pile of nappes is
occupied by the Leszczyniec Unit. This nappe structure was intruded
by the Karkonosze Granite at about 312 Ma.
In the study area only the IzeraKowary and the Leszczyniec units
are represented.
3. Ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences in the Polish part of the
The KIM hosts a number of genetically, spatially and temporarily
diverse ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences. Deposits of iron
(magnetite), tin (cassiterite), copper suldes, Au-arsenopyrite, pyrite
and uranium accompanied by polymetallic assemblages of Co, Ag, Pb,
Ni, Bi, Zn, Sb, Se, S, Th, REE, Mo, W and Hg are recently devoid of any economic value but are still interesting from the scientic point of view as
examples of ore mineralization related to granite intrusion and its
metamorphic envelope.
General information on ore deposits in the Sudetes, including the
KIM, can be found in e.g.: Berg (1913), Fedak and Lindner (1966),
Kaczmarek (1959a, 1959b), Mochnacka (1982, 2000), Mochnacka and
Bana (2000), Mochnacka et al. (1995), Petrascheck (1933, 1934). General data on minerals encountered in the whole Sudetes (including ore
minerals) can be learned from Lis and Sylwestrzak (1986) and Traube
(1888) whereas Sachanbiski (2005) provides detailed data on minerals identied in the KIM.
Descriptions of particular deposits are presented in a number of publications issued before and after World War II. The important deposits
and prospects are briey outlined and commented on in the following
chapter whereas Appendix 1 summarizes ore minerals assemblages
identied in the deposits and occurrences, and provides the key
references.
The KIM area has been the site of ore mining operations since at least
the XIII century (Dziekoski, 1972). The mining activity had declined
and rejuvenated many times during this long time span but nal closure
of mining activity has occurred in the 1970s due to reserve exhaustion
and changing economic standards, which have eliminated small ore deposits from the market. Further exploration projects did not prove the
sufcient ore reserves. Relics of old mines: shafts, adits and waste
dumps are still visible in the region. Unfortunately, only a few adits
are now accessible, which limits the direct access to and observations
of the orebodies. A few sites have been developed as underground
geotourism trails. Moreover, there are numerous natural and anthropogenic exposures of ore mineralization, some of them representing high,
scientic and educational values.
3.1. Mineralization in the Leszczyniec Unit descriptions and genetic

concepts
In the Leszczyniec Unit ore mineralization occurs in Wieciszowice,
Jarkowice and Ogorzelec (Fig. 1, sites 1, 2 and 3) (Appendix 1).
The abandoned Wieciszowice pyrite deposit (Fig. 1, Appendix 1,
site 3) is hosted in a schist suite, which includes a variety of
chloritealbitemuscoviteparagonitequartz schists interpreted
as metamorphosed tuffs and terrigenous protoliths (Oberc-Dziedzic
et al., 2011) of Early Ordovician age (~ 500 Ma, UPb, zircon: Oliver
et al., 1993).
The ore zone of diffused boundaries, about 100-m-thick, extends
along about 1 km, concordantly with the schist foliation (Jasklski,
1964) and hosts disseminated, usually euhedral pyrite crystals with
traces of chalcopyrite, galena and tennantite. The schist suite is cut by
thick quartz veins, which contain more diversied sulde mineralization with chalcopyrite and pyrite (Appendix 1) (Piestrzyski and
Salamon, 1977).
The Wieciszowice pyrite deposit was interpreted by Petrascheck
(1933) as a metamorphosed sedimentary accumulation. Jasklski
(1964) proposed sea-oor exhalations as a source of pyrite mineralization. According to Oberc-Dziedzic et al. (2011), this deposit shows some
features typical of distal VMS deposits (sensu Misra, 2000; Robb, 2004):
volcanicsedimentary host-rocks, dominance of pyrite and depletion in
Cu-suldes, the lack of zonality and the lack of metasomatic alterations
beneath the orebody. It was hypothesized that the Wieciszowice mineralization is only a peripheral fragment of a VMS orebody, which has
been removed by erosion before the regional metamorphism (ObercDziedzic et al., 2011).
Sulfur isotope analyses (Mayer et al., 2012b; Paraniuk, 1996) demonstrated 34S values from 1.1 to 3.3, which may suggest an endogenic source of sulfur (Misra, 2000) and, consequently, it may imply the
hydrothermal origin of pyrite mineralization.
The model age of pyrite determined with the ReOs isotope method
(7 analyses) gave 469 20 Ma (2, Model 2) (Oberc-Dziedzic et al.,
2011).
The magnetite occurrence in Jarkowice (Fig. 1, site 1, Appendix 1) has
not been described in older literature. It is hosted in orthoamphibolites.
Magnetite forms lensoidal and disseminated structures concordant
with amphibolite foliation. Magnetite lenses, quartzmagnetite aggregates as well as magnetiteamphibolite and epidotemagnetite breccias
are related to the zones of ductile (mylonitization) and brittle (brecciation) deformations. According to Oberc-Dziedzic et al. (2011), in such
zones magnetite formed at the expense of Fe-bearing minerals and by
replacement of host rocks by Fe-rich uids of unidentied origin.
Two other, minor ore minerals occurrences known from the
Leszczyniec Unit are listed in Appendix 1 (Fig. 1): traces of suldes in
the Ogorzelec amphibolite quarry (Appendix 1, site 2) and poorly documented, copper-polymetallic mineralization in amphibolites exposed
in an old, abandoned amphibolite quarry in Wieciszowice village
(Appendix 1, site 3c).
Both the ore occurrences in the Leszczyniec Unit: Wieciszowice and
Jarkowice are almost monomineral (Table 1), which distinguishes them
from polymetallic accumulations in the remaining parts of the KIM. The
typical hydrothermal mineralization is represented by quartz veins
with suldes in the Wieciszowice pyrite deposit and by veins in the
Ogorzelec amphibolites.
3.2. Ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences in the IzeraKowary Unit
descriptions and views on the origin
Ore deposits and occurrences are present in both the eastern and the
northern parts of the IzeraKowary Unit (Fig. 1, Appendix 1). The hostrocks originating from regional metamorphism were much later
affected by thermal metamorphism and the hydrothermal solution
circulating system of the Karkonosze Granite intrusion, which produced
an extended aureole around the granite body (Mierzejewski and ObercDziedzic, 1990).
3.2.1. Eastern and southeastern parts of the IzeraKowary Unit
The eastern/southeastern parts of the IzeraKowary Unit (IKU) in
the area of Poland include the Kowary Gneisses and the Czarnw Schist
Formation (Teisseyre, 1973) composed of mica schists, marbles, erlans,
skarns, amphibolites and quartzofeldspathic rocks.
In the eastern part of the IKU, several ore deposits have been discovered and worked in the past. Their localization is shown in Fig. 1. The ore
deposits are briey described below and their detailed ore mineralogy is
presented in Appendix 1 together with basic data on minor occurrences
of ore minerals.
The abandoned Kowary magnetiteuranium-polymetallic mine (Fig. 1,
sites 6 and 7; Fig. 2; Appendix 1) had been mined since centuries, rst
for magnetite, then also for uranium. It is a complicated structure composed of two different types of spatially related orebodies: magnetite
and uranium-polymetallic.
The stratabound magnetite orebody is hosted in the metamorphic
succession named the Podgrze ore-bearing formation (sensu Teisseyre,
1973). Magnetite lenses are located at the contacts of marbles and
amphibolites, within amphibolites (Berg, 1936; Zimnoch, 1961), in the
vicinity of skarn bodies and at the contacts of skarns and marbles
(Zimnoch, 1961). According to Petrascheck (1933), magnetite shows
common cataclasis and secondary cementing as well as recrystallization
and martitization. Accompanying minerals are pyrrhotite and pyrite
with other minor suldes (Appendix 1).
The origin of the magnetite orebody in the Kowary deposit is
still controversial. Berg (1936) regarded magnetite as a product of
contact-metasomatic processes related to the Karkonosze Granite intrusion. On the contrary, Fabian (1940), Petrascheck (1933), and
Zimnoch (1961) proposed a sedimentaryexhalative model resembling
the LahnDill-type iron deposit, then metamorphosed during the
219
Caledonian orogeny and subsequently recrystallized within the contact

aureole of the later-emplaced Karkonosze Granite. Some features of the
Kowary magnetite ore, particularly the presence of banded structures
and traces of ooids (Zimnoch, 1961) seem to support this concept.
The hydrothermal, uranium-polymetallic orebodies are generally
related to a local fault but ore accumulations rather follow the accompanying, small, secondary dislocations. Moreover, there appear minor,
nest-like aggregates of uranium minerals accompanied by various
suldes (Appendix 1) hosted in quartz stockworks whereas close
to the surface uranium minerals are enclosed in carbonate veins
(Mochnacka, 1967). Uranium-polymetallic orebodies are located mainly in the segment of the metamorphic ore-bearing formation which
plunges under the Karkonosze Granite (Fig. 2).
Three consecutive mineralization stages are evident in the Kowary
deposit (Mochnacka, 1967). The oldest stage I includes stratabound
magnetite body, concordant with the host rocks. The younger stage II
embraces hornfels and skarn bodies, and their mineralization, discordant in relation to the host rocks. The youngest stage III comprises
uranium-polymetallic, hydrothermal veins which cut the skarns,
hence, these are younger than both the skarns and the magnetite accumulations. In some locations gradual change from contact-metasomatic
to hydrothermal mineralization is observed, controlled by the decreasing temperature of ore-forming solutions.
The abandoned Podgrze uranium mine was discovered south of
Kowary, towards the main ridge of the Karkonosze Mountain Range
(Fig. 1, site 8, Appendix 1). This site belonged to the richest uranium accumulations in Poland. Both the vein-type and disseminated mineralizations were spatially and genetically related to the NWSE-trending
tectonic zone and accompanying fractures cutting mica schists. Highgrade ore was hosted in tectonic breccia cemented with calcite, uorite
and barite (Kaczmarek, 1959b).
The abandoned Rbezahl uoriteuranium mine, (Fig. 1, site 8,
Appendix 1) situated east of Podgrze, has been mined mostly for uorite. The NWSE-trending uorite vein followed a high-angle tectonic
zone cutting through various schists. Fluorite was accompanied by
quartz-calcareous breccia. Low-grade, uneconomic uranium mineralization coexisted with uorite in quartz-calcareous host-rock (Kaczmarek,
1959b).
The abandoned Victoria uranium mine in Ogorzelec (Fig. 1, site 9,
Appendix 1) had worked low-grade uranium ore located at the contact
of mica schists and gneisses, in the vicinity of a NESW-trending tectonic zone (Kaczmarek, 1959b). Ore lenses and nests accompanied silicied
tectonic breccia whereas ore veinlets cut schists close to the contact
with gneisses.
The abandoned Czarnw arsenicgold deposit (Fig. 1, site 10,
Appendix 1) was a NWSE-trending vein located at the tectonic contact of schists and calc-silicate rocks (Bana, 1967). Two main ore
types were distinguished: (i) arsenopyrite-dominated with gold
and (ii) pyrrhotite-dominated with other suldes and sulfosalts
(Bana, 1967; Gaewska, 1993; Mikulski, 2010; Mochnacka et al.,
2009; Zimnoch, 1985). The origin of this small deposit is still controversial. Berg (1913) advocated a contact-metasomatic provenance in relation to adjacent calc-silicate rocks. Petrascheck (1933), Zimnoch (1985)
and Mochnacka et al. (2009) proposed hydrothermal genesis related to
the Karkonosze Granite intrusion. Bana (1967) referred the ore formation to complicated, polymetamorphic processes whereas Mikulski
(1997) suggested the primary, sedimentaryvolcanic formation as a
source of metals. According to Mikulski (2010), mineralization was
multistage but generally related to the Karkonosze Granite.
The abandoned MiedziankaCiechanowicePrzybkowiceMniszkw
copperuranium ore district (Fig. 1, Appendix 1, sites 13, 14, 15 and 16)
embraces extended hydrothermal vein systems containing copper
suldes and uranium-polymetallic mineralizations, which are hosted
in diopside amphibolites and mica schists as well as in hornfelses
and calc-silicate rocks, all developed in the contact aureole of the
Karkonosze Granite and in the close neighborhood of the Intra-Sudetic
220
Table 1
Crystallization temperatures of ore minerals from selected ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences in the KarkonoszeIzera Massif (in C) (main minerals in bold).
Mineral
Czarnw
Pentlandite
Sowia Budniki
Dolina
Rdziny
GierczynPrzecznica Szklarska
Miedzianka
Mldz
Porba-Huta
Kamie
Pobiedna
625
GT (3)
Magnetite
Cassiterite
ca 500 - ca 300GT (5) 412285

FI (14)
440384
340315
(FI) (9)
550 (11)
460420
FI (11)
390380
DC (13)
365325
(11)
Pyrrhotitea
Arsenopyrite
340170
DC (13)
515420
GT (1)
490380
b380
GT (10)
CoNiAsS assemblage
ca 390 580440 b570

GT (2) GT (3)
510440
GT (17)
510370
GT (18)
500?
GT (3)
508517
448430
GT (12)
Wolframite
520390
FI (7)
383300
DC (13)
Rutileferberite assemblage
ca. 440
FI (15)
Scheelite
440370
GT (3)
360275
DC (13)
455390
FI (7)
285240
DC (13)
280190
DC (13)
450250
GT (3)
415390
FI (7)
Molybdenite
Chalcopyrite
Quartz with Au-arsenopyrite
Sphalerite
Sphaleriteferroksterite assemblage
420330
FI (9)
ca. 320
GT + TX
(1)
400b200
GT (1)
Sphaleritestannitechalcopyriteferroksterite
ca. 300
GT (6)
320290
GT (4) (19)
320280
GT (18)
b400320
GT (4)
350200
GT (17)
340150
GT (16)
330150
GT (17)
330320
GT (18)
Dark sphaleriteZn-stanniteZn-chalcopyrite
Ag-suldes and sulfosalts
Sn-mineral assemblage
Freibergitetetrahedritetennantite
Ag/CuPbBi sulfosalts
Ag sulfosaltsAg galena
Quartz with suldes, Bi, Au minerals, carbonates
525465
FI (7)
515470
FI (7)
375340
DC (13)
320250
FI (9)
Bi minerals
Bi-suldes and SeTe-sulfosalts

Myrmekitic intergrowths of native Au and native Bi 271264
TX (8)
Native Bigalenaaikiniteikunolitejoseite
bismuthinitechalcopyrite
Quartz with Bi, Pb, Ag sulfosalts
210130
FI (9)
FeZntennantitechalcopyritebornitesphalerite
270155
DC (13)
270135
FI (7)
300240
GT (17)
270260
GT (18)
170160
GT (4) (18)
ca. 270
GT (6)
221
Fig. 2. Simplied geological cross-section through a fragment of the western part of the Kowary deposit an example of overlapping magnetite and U-polymetallic mineralization stages.
After Mochnacka (1967), modied.
Fault (Berg, 1913). The copper veins form four tectonically-controlled

systems. The uranium-polymetallic mineralization includes 21 veins
categorized into the ve metals formation (Kaczmarek, 1959b;
Zimnoch, 1978). Moreover, in Miedzianka there is also a skarn-related
magnetite body in the form of NWSE-striking lens concordant with
the hosting marbles. In comparison to the Kowary magnetite, no
oolithic structures were found in Miedzianka. Instead, Mochnacka
et al. (2012) and Zimnoch (1978) observed distinct zonation of
magnetite crystals (a feature absent in magnetite from Kowary),
which supports the contact-metasomatic origin of the Miedzianka
magnetite orebody.
In the Budniki uranium prospect (Fig. 1, site 5, Appendix 1), located
on the western slopes of the Woowa Gra uranium mineralization
with suldes was related to small dislocations cutting gneisses
and schists (Kaczmarek, 1959b). Recently, Mochnacka et al. (2008) described from that site a suldesulfosalt assemblage hosted mostly
in amphibolites and, less commonly, in quartzofeldspathic schists
(Appendix 1).
The operating Rdziny marble quarry (Fig. 1, site 11, Appendix 1)
works dolomitic marble lens embedded within biotitefeldspar schists,
amphibolites and mylonites. Quartz veins and disseminations located in

schists and amphibolites contain a surprisingly diverse assemblage of
cassiterite, suldes and sulfosalts (e.g.: Domaski and Piotrowicz,
1966; Gobiowska and Pieczka, 1997; Kowalski et al., 1976; Pieczka
et al., 2006a,b, 2007; Wokowicz and Wokowicz, 1985 and others).
Apart from ore deposits and prospects described above, the eastern/
southeastern parts of the IKU host also a number of minor occurrences,
which are briey described in Appendix 1 (and Fig. 1): the Woowa
Gra uranium prospect (Appendix 1, site 4), the Sowia Dolina
(Appendix 1, site 12) and the Hala Krzyowa (Appendix 1, site 17) sulde
occurrences.
Summing up, ore deposits in the eastern and southeastern parts of
the IKU represent at least four genetic types, corresponding to the four
ore-formation stages:
(1) metamorphosed deposits, initially stratiform(?), now stratabound,
concordant with the hosting metamorphics. The only example is
the Kowary magnetite orebody,
(2) contact-metasomatic deposits hosted in hornfelses and skarns
within the Karkonosze Granite aureole, forming stratabound
Notes to Table:
Explanations: FI uid inclusions studies, GT geothermometry, TX mineral textures observed under the microscope, DC decrepitation.
Sources:
(1) Mochnacka et al. (2009); (2) Mochnacka et al. (2007); (3) Mochnacka et al. (2008); (4) Pieczka et al. (2005); (5) Pieczka et al. (2007); (6) Mochnacka et al. (2012); (7) Kozowski et al.
(2002); (8) Mikulski (1997); (9) Mikulski et al. (2007); (10) Mikulski (2010); (11) Wiszniewska (1984); (12) Cook and Dudek (1994a); (13) Karwowski and Kozowski (1974);
(14) Mochnacka et al. (2001); (15) Karwowski (1975); (16) Gobiowska et al. (2012); (17) Pieczka et al. (2009); (18) Paraniuk et al. (2008); (19) Pieczka et al. (2004).
a
For discussion on pyrrhotite geothermometer see Pieczka et al. (2009).
222
bodies, disseminations and veins. Examples are: magnetite mineralization in the Miedzianka district, suldes accompanying skarns
in the Kowary deposit, high-temperature mineralization of the
Budniki prospect and UTh mineralization of the Woowa Gra
prospect.
(3) hydrothermal deposits forming veins and stockworks, clearly
structurally controlled. Polymetallic mineral assemblages occur
in quartz, carbonate, barite and/or uorite veins and veinlets
(Appendix 1). Examples are: Czarnw, Kowary, Podgrze and
MiedziankaCiechanowicePrzybkowiceMniszkw deposits,
and several minor occurrences.
(4) weathering zone extending to various depths.
In some deposits and occurrences, overlapping is observed of various genetic types of ore mineralization, as evident in Kowary (Fig. 2).
3.2.2. Northern part of the IzeraKowary Unit
In the northern part of the IKU, many ore systems have been identied and mined over the centuries. We present their localization in Fig. 1
and we briey characterize the ore deposits below. Detailed ore mineralogy of deposits and minor occurrences is contained in Appendix 1.
The tin deposits have been mined for centuries (Dziekoski, 1972) on
the northern foothills of the Stara Kamienica Schist Belt, in a zone
extending from Przecznica in the east through Gierczyn and Krobica
to Czerniawa in the west (Fig. 1, sites 21, 22, 23 and 24, Appendix 1)
and further westward, to Nov Msto upon Smrek in Czech Republic.
The low-grade, disseminated cassiterite mineralization is accompanied
by polymetallic sulde/sulfosalt assemblage. Ore minerals form a
stratabound body of diffused boundaries in the middle part of a
chloritemicaquartz schist suite rich in garnets. Under the microscope
minute cassiteritesulde aggregates are concordant with the schist
foliation. Local enrichment in Co minerals resulted in temporary exploitation of cobalt ore in Przecznica.
The PrzecznicaGierczynKrobicaCzerniawa mineralization is
an example of a new type of primary tin deposit low-grade, necrystalline cassiterite ore accompanied by suldes and sulfosalts, and
disseminated in chloritemicaquartzgarnet schists.
The origin of this tin deposit is still a matter of discussion. Briey, this
mineralization was interpreted as: (i) sedimentary, metamorphosed,
e.g., Haraczyk (1963), Jasklski (1962), Novk (1960), Szaamacha
(1975), and Szaamacha and Szaamacha (1974), (ii) volcanogenic,
exhalative, metamorphosed, e.g., Lehmann and Schneider (1981),
(iii) hydrothermal, pre-metamorphic, e.g., Berg (1913), Birecki (1959),
Cook and Dudek (1994a,b), Haraczyk (1963), Haraczyk and Skiba
(1961), Jasklski (1948), Michniewicz et al. (2006), Petrascheck
(1933), Putzer (1940), Stehr (1933), de Michniewicz et al. (2006),
and (iv) hydrothermal, post-metamorphic, e.g., Jasklski and Mochnacka
(1959), Konstantynowicz (1957), Kowalski et al. (1978), Mayer et al.
(1997a), Mochnacka (1985), Speczik and Wiszniewska (1984), and
Wiszniewska (1983, 1984). A full list of references supporting the main
genetic concepts of tin mineralization is given in Michniewicz et al.
(2006).
The hydrothermal origin of the PrzecznicaGierczynKrobica
Czerniawa ores is supported by microscopic examinations, which revealed a paragenesis of cassiterite with suldes/sulfosalts (Mochnacka,
1985; Wiszniewska, 1983, 1984) and by sulfur isotope analyses (34S)
in suldes accompanying cassiterite mineralization (Berendsen et al.,
1987).
The source of hydrothermal solutions is identied as either the
Early Ordovician, granitic protolith of the Izera Gneisses (Berg, 1923;
Haraczyk, 1963; Michniewicz et al., 2006; Petrascheck, 1933; Putzer,
1940) or the Variscan Karkonosze Granite (Jasklski and Mochnacka,
1959; Konstantynowicz, 1957; Kowalski et al., 1978; Kozowski, 1974;
Mochnacka, 1985; Wiszniewska, 1983, 1984).
Another genetic concept of the Krobica, Gierczyn and Przecznica
mineralization was proposed by Kucha and Mochnacka (1998) who
documented increased Sn contents in biotites versus low Sn contents

in chlorites, both derived from the chloritemica schists hosting the cassiterite mineralization. As chlorite originated from biotite chloritization,
the idea has been developed that a small part of cassiterite might have
formed from Sn ions released during the chloritization of biotite
(Wieser, unpublished reports 1954, 1955 de Kucha and Mochnacka,
1998). Consequently, Sn might have been contained in the protolith of
mica schists, from which it was incorporated into the biotite structure
during the regional metamorphism (Kucha and Mochnacka, 1998).
Close genetic links between cassiterite and the chloritization of biotite
were reported earlier by Jasklski (1967c).
This concept is supported by geochemical data for the IKU schists
(Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2009). These schists, independently of location
within the unit, contain 38 ppm of Sn and display strikingly similar
concentrations, and ratios of trace elements. The Sn content in the
schists from Krobica, located west of Gierczyn, is higher (41 ppm) but
the schists show nearly the same patterns in multielement and REE diagrams (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2009) as Sn-poor schists from other localities. However, the mica schists from Krobica particularly enriched in
Sn (107 ppm) reveal deviations from general geochemical trends
characteristic for the remaining schists. The general similarity of
multielement and REE plots for the mica schists suggests that metamorphic processes did not disturb the REE proportions (Mayer et al.,
1997a,b). However, these proportions could have been modied by
uids, which caused chloritization and enrichment of schists in Sn
and other ore minerals.
The age of the hydrothermal system which caused the removal of Sn
from the biotite of mica schists is unknown. It could be connected either
with the ~500 Ma, Early Ordovician Rumburk/Izera Granite or with the
Variscan Karkonosze Granite. The new geochronological data obtained
for the felsic metavolcanogenic quartzfeldspar rock embedded within
the mica schists indicate their Late Cambrian/Early Ordovician age
(Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2010). Consequently, the felsic metavolcanics
and the enclosing mica schists appear to be roughly contemporaneous
with the intrusion of ~ 500 Ma orthogneiss protoliths and, as such,
they could not have been invaded by hydrothermal uids connected
with the Early Ordovician, ~500 Ma granite. Hence, it suggests that hydrothermal activity responsible for the generation of Sn-polymetallic
mineralization in the Stara Kamienica Schist Belt was connected with
the Variscan Karkonosze Granite.
Summing up, a bulk of Sn-polymetallic mineralization in the Stara
Kamienica Schist Belt originated from hydrothermal activity developed
around and within the Variscan Karkonosze Granite. Additionally, a
small part of Sn accumulated in the schists might have been supplied
by the Early Ordovician protolith of the chloritemica schists. The possible presence of two sources of Sn and two stages of cassiterite formation
was suggested by Mayer et al. (1997a,b). The stratabound geometry of
the PrzecznicaGierczynKrobicaCzerniawa tin deposit was explained
either as a pre-metamorphic enrichment in Sn of some protoliths
(Szaamacha, 1975) or as a result of solution transfer along the dislocation and fracture zones parallel to the strike of the schist complex
(Wiszniewska and Jarmoowicz-Szulc, 1988).
Cassiterite mineralization was encountered also in greisens from the
KamieMldzPobiedna zone (Karwowski, 1972; Karwowski and
Kozowski, 1974) (Fig. 1, site 20, Appendix 1) north of the wieradw
Zdrj health resort. Greisens occur in a zone parallel to the strike of
the Stara Kamienica Schist Belt and are always spatially and genetically
related to leucogranites, the latter being the result of albitization of the
Izera Gneisses. Greisens host a typical, although uneconomic SnWBi
mineralization.
At the abandoned Kopaniec uranium mine (Fig. 1, site 25, Appendix 1)
and in the adjacent Maa Kamienica uranium prospect (Fig. 1, site 26,
Appendix 1), disseminated and vein-type uranium mineralization was
related to the NWSE-trending tectonic zone cutting gneisses, granitic
gneisses, leucogranites and amphibole schists. Uranium ore accompanied the quartzuorite-rich zone hosted in amphibole schists and
leucogranites (Bana, 1969; Bana et al., 1978; Kaczmarek, 1959a;

Mochnacka, 1975, 1978).
At the abandoned Wojcieszyce uranium mine (Fig. 1, site 27,
Appendix 1), uranium mineralization was found in breccia zones and
in biotitechlorite schists intercalated with gneisses (Kaczmarek,
1959a).
One of the largest uranium deposits in Poland was discovered and
exploited at the Radoniw mine (Fig. 1, site 28, Appendix 1), on the
southern side of the Zotniki Lubaskie Schist Belt, in the vicinity of
two faults (Jasklski, 1967a,b; Kaczmarek, 1959a). This is a typical, hydrothermal, gneiss-hosted stockwork composed of uorite veinlets
with quartz, pitchblende and Fe-hydroxides. In comparison to the
Kowary and Podgrze deposits, the Radoniw ore contained a rather
poor assemblage of accompanying suldes. This mineralization is related to the circulation system of hydrothermal solutions driven by the
Variscan Karkonosze Granite (Jasklski, 1967a,b).
In Markocice near Bogatynia (Fig. 1, site 30, Appendix 1), FeNbTh
REE phosphates were discovered in pegmatites hosted in the Rumburk
Granite where hydrothermal mineralization occurs as a cement of brecciated feldspar veins and as veinlets (Bana and Kucha, 1984; Jczmyk
and Juskowiakowa, 1989; Mikuszewski, 1974, 1978) related to the
NNESSW-trending tectonic zone. This high-temperature hydrothermal mineralization is accompanied by a polymetallic assemblage of Fe,
Cu, Pb and Zn suldes, which was genetically related to the Rumburk
Granite (Bana and Kucha, 1984) or even to Tertiary volcanism
(Jczmyk and Juskowiakowa, 1989; Mikuszewski, 1974).
The historical magnetite and pyrite deposit occurs near Szklarska
Porba, in hornfelses located on the southern slopes of the Zbjeckie
Skay mountain (Fig. 1, site 19, Appendix 1) (Kamiski, 1983;
Mochnacka and Piestrzyski, 2001). Magnetite is accompanied by
abundant pyrite and other suldes. Magnetitepyrite mineralization is
multistage, with an early stage related to the regional metamorphism
(magnetite), followed rst by the contact metamorphism (rare
Ti-magnetite) and then by the hydrothermal, tectonically controlled,
sulde stage (Kamiski, 1983; Mochnacka and Piestrzyski, 2001).
Several, small uranium deposits and prospects are known from
the Stara Kamienica Schist Belt and adjacent gneisses: Czerniawa
(Appendix 1, site 24), Kromnw and Stara Kamienica (Appendix 1,
site 29), and the Szklarska Porba Schist Belt: Izerskie Garby
(Appendix 1, site 18), Zbjeckie Skay (Appendix 1, site 19) and Czarna
Gra (Appendix 1, site 31).
All the ore deposits described above have been either mined out or
have become uneconomic. However, their abandoned and unprotected
mining waste dumps together with those left after mineral prospection
cause an environmental hazard.
Summing up, ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences in the northern part of the IKU show some genetic diversity. Similarly to the eastern/
southeastern parts of the IKU, four genetic types can be distinguished,
corresponding to the four ore-formation stages:
(1) traces of pre-metamorphic tin mineralization of the Przecznica
GierczynKrobicaCzerniawa zone, hypothetically hosted in the
Early Ordovician protoliths, then incorporated into biotite during
the Late Devonian/Early Carboniferous regional metamorphism
producing the mica schist belts. A similar origin is suggested
for an early stage of magnetite mineralization at the Zbjeckie
Skay site,
(2) contact-metasomatic deposits within the Karkonosze Granite
aureole hosted in hornfelses as magnetite lenses with pyrite
(Zbjeckie Skay) and as calc-silicate rocks with sulde mineralization (Stara Kamienica, Izerskie Garby),
(3) hydrothermal ( pneumohydrothermal) deposits forming
stratabound bodies comprising cassiteritesulde lenses and
disseminated aggregates in chloritemicaquartzgarnet schists
(as in the PrzecznicaGierczynKrobicaCzerniawa zone), disseminated cassiterite-polymetallic mineralization in greisens of
223
the KamieMldzPobiedna zone, primary uranium mineralization in the Radoniw deposit and traces of primary uranium
minerals in other uranium deposits and occurrences, commonly
related to metasomatic processes,
(4) weathering zone, which supplied some secondary uranium
accumulations in particular deposits (e.g., in Kopaniec).
3.3. Mineralization within the Karkonosze Granite
The Karkonosze intrusion comprises three lithological varieties:
coarse-crystalline, porphyritic, central granite, ne-crystalline
ridge granite and granophyric granite (Borkowska, 1966) dated
at ~328312 Ma (Duthou et al., 1991; Krner et al., 1994; Kryza et al.,
2012, 2014; Machowiak and Armstrong, 2007; Pin et al., 1987), all originating from mixed, crustal- and mantle-derived, then evolved magmas
(Mikulski, 2007b; Saby and Martin, 2008).
The Karkonosze Granite hosts a diversied, although uneconomic
polymetallic mineralization known from the Szklarska Porba-Huta
and Michaowice quarries as well as from uranium prospects, which
two, more important representatives are briey characterized below
(see Fig. 1, Appendix 1). Detailed ore mineralogy and concise characterization of minor within-granite ore mineralization can be found in
Appendix 1.
In the Szklarska Porba-Huta quarry (Fig. 1, site 32, Appendix 1),
sulde-oxide mineralization accumulates in pegmatites, in quartz veinlets and as disseminated grains in the aplogranite (Mikulski, 2007b;
Olszyski et al., 1976).
In the Michaowice quarry (Fig. 1, site 33, Appendix 1), common are
Ti minerals and suldes as well as rare phases: thucholite, thorite and
native Au, all hosted in pegmatites (Mikulski, 2007b).
Several other uranium prospects of minor importance are characterized in Appendix 1: Jagnitkw (Appendix 1, site 34), Bobrw
(Appendix 1, site 35), Trzcisko (Appendix 1, site 36) and Maciejowa
(Majewo) (Appendix 1, site 37).
Summing up, mineralization hosted in the Karkonosze Granite
belongs to three types:
(1) pegmatitic and disseminated, related to the late evolution stage
of the Karkonosze Granite intrusion,
(2) hydrothermal, related to the solution circulation system of the
Karkonosze Granite intrusion (e.g., Szklarska Porba-Huta and
Michaowice quarries),
(3) supergene, related to the weathering zone which generated
inltrational accumulations (e.g., Bobrw, Trzcisko, Majewo).
The Karkonosze Granite reveals increased uranium contents in
comparison with other granites in the Sudetes. Jeliski (1965) found average values of 18.3 ppm in equigranular granite, 10.6 ppm in porphyritic granite and 11.3 ppm in granophyric granite. The occurrences of
uranium minerals are related to the cataclastic zones (as in the Majewo)
or to the crossings of tectonic zones and lamprophyre dykes (Bobrw
and Majewo sites) (Bareja et al., 1982). Uranium mineralization is
commonly accompanied by epi-syenites, which are the products of hydrothermal alterations of the Karkonosze Granite (Lis and Sylwestrzak,
1979).
4. Origin and geotectonic environment of ore mineralization in the
In the KIM, ve types of ore deposits and occurrences are evident:
(1) metamorphic/metamorphosed, related to the regional metamorphism of various protoliths of the KIM rocks, (2) granite-hosted
(pegmatitic and disseminated), related to the late evolution stage of
the Karkonosze Granite intrusion, (3) contact-metamorphic, related to
the Karkonosze Granite aureole, (4) hydrothermal, related to the solution circulation cells driven by the Karkonosze Granite intrusion and
224
(5) supergene, related to the development of fossil and recent

weathering zones.
4.1. Origin and geotectonic environment of metamorphic/metamorphosed
mineralization
The regional-metamorphism-related mineralization of both the
IzeraKowary and the Leszczyniec units is hosted in rocks which
protoliths reveal roughly the same ages of ~ 500 Ma (Oberc-Dziedzic
et al., 2010; Oliver et al., 1993), but which formed in different geotectonic environments.
4.1.1. The Leszczyniec Unit
The protoliths of host rocks were either submarine mac lava ows
metamorphosed into amphibolites (Jarkowice) or mac volcanics and
tuffs as well as felsic-to-intermediate tuffs with some addition of terrigenous material (Wieciszowice) then subjected to pre-metamorphic
halmyrolysis and hydrothermal alterations, and nally metamorphosed
into various schists (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2011). In the latter rocks the
ne-grained terrigenous component suggests deposition distant from
the source areas and/or slow erosion rate on the adjacent continent.
Apart from metavolcanics and metatuffs, the Leszczyniec Unit comprises also metagranites (felsic gneisses) and metadiorites (hornblende
Paczyn gneisses). Most of these rocks reveal geochemical signature typical of the N-MORB environment (Kozdrj, 2003; Kryza et al., 1995;
Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2011; Winchester et al., 1995) excluding the
metadiorites which can be genetically related to the island arc lavas
(Narbski, 1980) or can be the product of rift-related magmas contaminated with the crustal component (Mazur and Aleksandrowski, 2001).
The coexistence of MORB-type lavas with felsic tuffs and terrigenous
material may suggest the oceanic provenance of the Leszczyniec Unit
rocks with the addition of terrestrial clastic material. It seems reasonable to interpret the Leszczyniec Unit as an obducted fragment of the
Saxothuringian Basin oor (Mazur and Aleksandrowski, 2001), which
is consistent with the proposed VMS provenance of the Wieciszowice
pyrite deposit (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2011).
Both the macs and the sediments of the Saxothuringian Basin
were subjected to sea-oor metamorphism caused by the circulation
of hydrothermal uids. High-intensity alterations observed in the
Wieciszowice schists with paragonite and pyrite as well as the almost
monomineral character of pyrite mineralization imply their formation
rather on the peripheries than in the centers of a sea-oor uid expulsion system (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2011).
The rocks of the Leszczyniec Unit were subjected to the regional
metamorphism under the conditions of epidote-amphibolite and
greenschist facies (Kryza and Mazur, 1995), and to deformations.
However, these processes did not obliterate the record of the premetamorphic history of the rocks (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2011). During
the metamorphism, pyrite from Wieciszowice was subjected to recrystallization together with the host-rocks whereas in the zones of ductile
and brittle deformations magnetite was formed, partly at the expense of
Fe-bearing minerals or from Fe ions supplied from outside, as in
Jarkowice (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2011).
The relation of the Wieciszowice pyrite deposit to the ocean-oor
environment is conrmed by the ReOs isotopic age of that pyrite. The
pyrite age of ~470 Ma (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2011) is about 2535 Ma
younger than the age of mac protoliths of amphibolites (505 5 and
494 2 Ma, UPb, zircon method: Oliver et al., 1993) but it is much
older than the age of metamorphism and deformation estimated as
360340 Ma (Mazur and Aleksandrowski, 2001). It is suggested that
the ~470 Ma age reveals that pyrite has retained a part of the age information during the metamorphism. However, the activity of hydrothermal uids at the end of deformation stage (~ 340 Ma, Mazur and
Aleksandrowski, 2001), which caused corrosion of pyrite crystals,
might have also partially disturbed the ReOs isotope system in pyrite.
This, in turn, might be a reason why the ReOs isotope age of pyrite is
much younger than the age of protoliths of the Leszczyniec Unit rocks.
4.1.2. The IzeraKowary Unit
The IzeraKowary Unit consists of gneisses, the protoliths of which
were granites dated at ~ 500 Ma, and schists. Both the petrography
and the geochemical signature of granites indicate continental-crustsourced magmas (Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2005). During the Variscan
orogeny, granites were metamorphosed and deformed into the Izera,
Kowary and Karkonosze gneisses. The protoliths of mica schists were
clayey and greywacke sediments (Kozowski, 1974) with some intercalations of carbonates (now marbles and calc-silicate rocks), felsic tuffs
(now quartzofeldspathic rocks) and basalts (now amphibolites), the
latter two being the products of ~ 500 Ma bimodal magmatism
(Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2010). Geochemical signatures of amphibolites
from the Budniki uranium prospect and from the Czarnw Schist Formation point out into the intra-plate provenance of their protoliths
(Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2010; Winchester et al., 1995). It cannot be
neglected that the protolith of mica schists might have originated
from the reworking of the earlier, Cadomian sediments (ObercDziedzic et al., 2009). Alternatively, it can be surmised that the deposition of mica schist protoliths might have commenced earlier, in the
Proterozoic (elaniewicz et al., 2009) and might have lasted until the
Early Ordovician. Deposition of the mica schist protolith might have
been accompanied by the accumulation of some metals, e.g., ferruginous
sediments of inferred LahnDill type (recently the Kowary magnetite
body, as earlier suggested by Petrascheck, 1934; Zimnoch, 1967) or
even the Sn-enriched strata (e.g., sensu Plimer, 1980, recently a small
part of the cassiterite-polymetallic mineralization in the Przecznica
GierczynKrobicaCzerniawa zone, Kucha and Mochnacka, 1998).
The ~ 500 Ma mica schists with enclosed products of bimodal
magmatism may be interpreted as the Early Ordovician sequence of a
passive continental margin (Fig. 3) of the Saxothuringian domain
(Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2010) whereas granites can be attributed to the
Early Ordovician rifting of this passive margin (Oberc-Dziedzic et al.,
2005).
During the Variscan orogeny rocks of the IKU were regionally
deformed and metamorphosed at 500600 C and under 56 kbar
pressure (Kryza and Mazur, 1995; Mochnacka et al., 2008). During
this metamorphic episode, the Kowary magnetite orebody was recrystallized together with the host rocks whereas tin accumulated in the
Early Ordovician protolith of the Stara Kamienica Belt schists might
have been incorporated into the biotite structure.
4.2. Origin of mineralization related to the Karkonosze Granite intrusion
The Karkonosze Granite belongs to the family of Variscan intrusions,
which extends from Portugal and Cornwall through the western and
central Europe up to the Sudetes. These intrusions host numerous ore
deposits, including uranium and tin (Sawkins, 1990). The Karkonosze
Granite belongs to the mixed, IS type (Saby and Martin, 2005;
Wilamowski, 1998), which is regarded as most abundant in metals
(Seltman and Faragher, 1994).
4.2.1. Granite-hosted mineralization
The Karkonosze Granite hosts diversied ore mineralization
enclosed in pegmatite bodies and disseminated within granite varieties.
Kozowski (1978) studied a number of pegmatite occurrences in the
Karkonosze Granite and found two structural types of pegmatites: nestand vein-like. He proved the genetic link of pegmatites to aplites and
proposed the formation model of pegmatite bodies by an accumulative
recrystallization of aplites followed by the action of hydrothermal
solutions at a temperature range from 470 to 110 C. Kozowski and
Sachanbiski (2007) supported the metasomatic provenance of pegmatites providing data from about 30 pegmatite localities within the Polish
part of the Karkonosze Granite intrusion and listed their main and
225
Fig. 3. Successive formation stages (a, b, c) of ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences referred to the geological history of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif.
accessory minerals including suldes, sulfosalts, native phases, oxides

as well as U and REE phases. More detailed descriptions of specic pegmatite sites can be found in e.g., Gajda (1960a) who categorized vein
pegmatites from the Szklarska Porba area into NbTa and Li types, in
Karwowski et al. (1983) who characterized pegmatite mineralization
in the Michaowice granite quarry, in Wodyka et al. (1983) who studied
Be-pegmatite from the Jakuszyce area, in Pieczka and Gobiowska
(2002) who described pegmatites from the Szklarska Porba-Huta
granite quarry or in Matyszczak (2008) who presented UNbTa

mineralization in pegmatites from Podgrzyn.
Kozowski and Marcinowska (2007) provided some detailed parameters of pegmatite formation in the Karkonosze Granite in terms of
crystallization temperatures and pressures as well as total salinity and
salt contents (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2).
According to Mikulski (2007b), the granite intrusion was a source
of some metals: W, Sn, Mo, Bi and Au, which were subsequently
226
transferred into pneumo-hydrothermal uids responsible for the

formation of diversied ore mineralization. Formation of pegmatites
(as well as aplites and veins) was facilitated by magma evolution, i.e.,
enrichment in silica, water and volatiles. The early, high-temperature
WSnMoBi mineralization was followed by low-temperature,
polymetallic mineral assemblages with hematite, U, Th and Au
(Mikulski, 2007b).
It must be emphasized that mineralized pegmatite (pegmatoids)
bodies occur also outside the Karkonosze Granite intrusion, in the
metamorphic envelope, as e.g., in the Izerskie Garby quartz mine
(Dugoszewska, 2005; Szeg and Gauskina, 2008). The origin of this
mineralization is referred to granite-sourced metal-bearing uids
which metasomatized the hosting pegmatoids.
The examples of disseminated mineralization in the Karkonosze
Granite were described e.g., by Kozowski et al. (1975), Mayer et al.
(2012a) or Mikulski and Stein (2007) from aplogranite localities in the
vicinity of Szklarska Porba. This is a diversied, SnWMoBi
assemblage accompanied by a variety of suldes and sulfosalts, and by
UTh, and REE minerals, all deposited from (pneumo-)hydrothermal
solutions (Kozowski, 1978).
The age of in-granite ore mineralization was determined for
brggerite at 299.8 Ma (MPA, Kucha et al., 1986) and for monazite
and xenotime at 271 20 Ma (CHIME method, Mikulski et al., 2004).
The ages of molybdenite measured with the Re/Os isotopic method
gave 326 1 and 310 1 Ma (Mikulski and Stein, 2007, 2011) as
well as 309 2 and 307 2 Ma (Mayer et al., 2012a). Mikulski and
Stein (2007) proposed two stages of pneumatolitic/hydrothermal activity of the Karkonosze Granite dated roughly at 326 and 314 Ma, and related them to the VisanWestphalian uplift, and shear deformations.
However, the former dating (326 Ma) is older than most ages of the
Karkonosze Granite obtained with the SHRIMP method. Precisely, the
oldest SHRIMP-measured granite age is 322 Ma (chemically abraded
zircons, Szklarska Porba-Huta, Kryza et al., 2012). Apparently, the age
relationships of the Karkonosze Granite to granite-hosted ore mineralization still await critical assessment.
4.2.2. Mineralization in contact-metamorphic aureole
The Karkonosze Granite intrusion is rimmed by the contactmetamorphic aureole, from several hundreds of meters to about 2 km
wide (Mierzejewski and Oberc-Dziedzic, 1990). In this aureole, various
contact-metamorphic rocks can be found including hornfelses and calcsilicate rocks.
In the contact aureole of the Karkonosze Granite intrusion, rocks
composing the schist belts were transformed into cordieriteandalusite,
or, locally, into cordieritecorundum and calc-silicate hornfelses, and andalusite quartzites (Borkowska, 1966). Locally, hydrothermal solutions
caused sericitization, pinitization and biotitization of minerals composing the hornfelses (Borkowska, 1966). Moreover, in the Izera Gneisses,
the direct contact zone was enriched in andalusite, sillimanite, corundum and hercynite formed by alteration of biotite. The thermal impact
of granite caused the recrystallization of quartz and feldspars as well as
changes in biotite pleochroism (Oberc-Dziedzic, 1985), which can be observed over several kilometers from the granite contour. The extent of
these alterations may suggest the at-lying contact between granite
and its northern envelope (Oberc, 1965; Oberc-Dziedzic, 1985).
The examples of hornfels-hosted ore mineralization include:
- in the eastern part of the IKU: the polymetallic mineralization from the
Sowia Dolina (Mochnacka et al., 2007; Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 12) and
the UTh assemblage from the Woowa Gra (Domaska-Siuda,
2012; Lis et al., 1965; Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 4),
- in the northern part of the IKU: UTh and magnetitepyrite mineralizations in the Zbjeckie Skay near Szklarska Porba (Kamiski, 1983,
Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 19), although a part of this mineralization
might have been related also to the regional metamorphism, as suggested by Kamiski (1983) and Mochnacka and Piestrzyski (2001).
In the Izerskie Garby (Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 18), Fila-Wjcicka

(2004b) described hornfelsed schists with andalusite and pinite as
indicative minerals.
The contact-metamorphic aureole of the Karkonosze Granite hosts a
number of ore-bearing calc-silicate rocks. Some of these rocks meet the
denition of igneous metasomatic skarns (see discussion in Misra,
2000 and references therein). Such calc-silicate rocks occur mostly in
the contact zone of the Karkonosze Granite with the eastern envelope,
precisely in the Podgrze Ore-bearing formation (e.g., Teisseyre, 1973)
and at some sites in the northern metamorphic envelope of the granite.
In the Kowary deposit (eastern envelope, Appendix 1, sites 6 and 7),
coarse-crystalline, garnetpyroxeneepidoteclinozoisiteamphibole
skarns locally enriched in vesuvianite host magnetite and minor sulde
mineralizations (Mochnacka, 1967; Zimnoch, 1961). In the northern envelope, in Stara Kamienica (Appendix 1, site 29), diopsideactinolite
epidotegarnetchlorite skarns contain magnetite and sulde assemblage (Wiszniewska, 1984) whereas in the Izerskie Garby quartz quarry,
Fila-Wjcicka (2000) described pyroxenegarnetwollastonite skarns
and distinguished four stages of their formation related to consecutive
stages of metamorphism and metasomatism. These skarns host lowgrade sulde mineralization (Szeg and Gauskina, 2008).
The contact-metamorphic processes affected also the already
existing deposits and occurrences, as e.g., magnetite body in the Kowary
deposit (Petrascheck, 1933; Zimnoch, 1961). However, it seems rather
difcult to discern alterations caused by contact-metasomatic processes
from features resulting from regional metamorphism.
The age of skarn mineralization is inferred only from the Kowary
deposit where molybdenite accompanied by arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite,
galena and Bi minerals was found in skarns related to the magnetite
orebody. The age of this molybdenite determined with the ReOs
method is 312 1 Ma (Mikulski and Stein, 2007), which corresponds
well to the ~ 310 Ma stage of pneumatolitic/hydrothermal activity of
the Karkonosze Granite. It is suggested that this can be the upper age
limit of contact-metasomatic processes in the Kowary deposit.
It must be noticed that Fila-Wjcicka (2004a) provided the RbSr
isochrone (whole rock) ages of skarns (302 Ma) and hornfelsed schists
(333 4 Ma) from the Izerskie Garby quartz quarry. Again, the older
age appears to be inconsistent with the new, SHRIMP-based age
determinations of the Karkonosze Granite (about 322 Ma, chemically
abraded zircons, Szklarska Porba-Huta quarry, Kryza et al., 2012) and
with the most recent and most reliable TIMS ages of 312 Ma (Kryza
et al., 2014). Moreover, the isotopic age determinations of contactmetasomatic rocks must be taken with criticism as such results may
well represent mixed ages, somewhere between the regional metamorphism and the contact metamorphism episodes.
4.2.3. Hydrothermal mineralization
Most parts of ore accumulations in the KIM originated from the action of hydrothermal solutions. This mineralization is widely distributed
within the granite, in its contact-metasomatic aureole and in the metamorphic envelope. However, such distribution causes serious interpretative problems as hydrothermal mineralization commonly overprints
the products of previous ore-forming processes, e.g., pegmatites hosted
in the Karkonosze granite (Kozowski, 1978), magnetite body of the
Kowary deposit (Fig. 2) (Mochnacka, 1967; Zimnoch, 1961) or pyrite
body of the Wieciszowice deposit (Piestrzyski and Salamon, 1977).
A diagnostic criterion can be e.g., the presence of high-temperature
magnetite versus quartz/carbonate/barite/uorite veins with high-tolow-temperature assemblages of various ore minerals (Table 1). Moreover, the mineral composition of hydrothermal assemblages is usually
much more diversied than metamorphic or contact-metamorphic
ones.
Hydrothermal mineralization in the KIM includes a variety of
suldes, sulfosalts, oxides and native phases described in tens of publications (for a selection of references see Appendix 1). The general
categorization of this mineralization must include the following groups

of deposits and/or occurrences distinguished by dominating elements
or their associations:
- WSnMo Cu, Zn, Bi and trace elements (e.g., Szklarska Porba
Huta and Michaowice quarries, Martwy Kamie occurrence),
- Cu-polymetallic (e.g., Miedzianka CuU-polymetallic mining district),
- Sn-polymetallic (e.g., PrzecznicaGierczynKrobicaCzerniawa
Nove Mesto zone and Rdziny quarry),
- polymetallic (e.g., Sowia Dolina and Izerskie Garby),
- AsAu (e.g., Czarnw deposit),
- U-polymetallic uorite calcite (e.g., Kowary, Podgrze and
Rbezahl deposits, Miedzianka district),
- U (e.g., Radoniw, Kopaniec, and Maa Kamienica deposits),
- UTh (e.g., Woowa Gra prospect),
- Th-polymetallic (e.g., Markocice prospect),
- ThREE (e.g., Zbjeckie Skay occurrence).
The common feature of all these mineralization types is their preferable location in veins, in association with gangues: quartz, carbonates,
uorite and/or barite. The veins are tectonically-controlled and frequently ll minor, secondary fracture systems instead of the main faults
(e.g., in the Kowary deposit).
Comparison of mineral successions based upon microscopic studies
of ore minerals assemblages from various deposits and occurrences in
the KIM, supported in more modern publications by geothermometric
determinations (see e.g., Kozowski et al., 1975; Michniewicz et al.,
2006; Mikulski, 2010; Mochnacka, 1967, 1985; Mochnacka et al.,
2009, 2012; Petrascheck, 1933; Wiszniewska, 1984; Wokowicz and
Wokowicz, 1985; Pieczka et al., 2009 and others) enabled us to establish a generalized succession of major ore minerals. This compilation is
also in good agreement with historical data provided by Petrascheck
(1933) for various deposits hosted in a structural unit recently ascribed
to the KIM.
Generally, the oldest minerals in hydrothermal successions are Ti
phases (rutile, ilmenite, and anatase) encountered in almost all studied
localities, although in small amounts. Their presence must be, at least
partly, related to the protoliths of host-rocks. These are followed by wolframite and/or scheelite and/or cassiterite in most cases associated with
quartz veins. The next in row is pyrrhotite followed by arsenopyrite,
commonly in paragenesis with other members of an FeCoNiAsS
system. The next in succession is a diversied assemblage of roughly
contemporaneous Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb suldes: pyritechalcopyrite
sphaleritegalena tennantite/tetrahedrite. The youngest minerals in
many successions are Bi phases.
However, Table 1 demonstrates some discrepancies between the results of microscopic examinations and geothermometric considerations.
It is noticeable e.g., for cassiterite, which is regarded as an early mineral
in most of published successions but its formation temperatures are
scattered between 550 and 315 C. Such a wide range can be explained
by the diverse, multistage character of mineralization which resulted
from the evolution of a hydrothermal system around the Karkonosze
Granite intrusion. If the intrusion was multi-pulse (Mierzejewski,
2007) each of the pulses might have been the source of a new, highto-low-temperature hydrothermal sub-system. On the other hand, our
knowledge of geothermometry of ore deposits and occurrences is still
insufcient. Among the localities quoted in Table 1 only Czarnw,
Rdziny and Szklarska Porba-Huta seem to have an adequate number
of geothermometric data whereas other sites still await more detailed
research.
The complicated, multi-stage history of some ore deposits and occurrences in the KIM is documented by observations of ore structures
on macro- and micro-scale, supported by geothermometric studies
and uid inclusion measurements of gangues (e.g., Kozowski et al.,
1975; Mochnacka, 1966; Wiszniewska, 1984). For example, in the
Czarnw deposit (Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 10) Mikulski (2010) found at
least two stages of native gold formation: rst at 490380 C and second
227
at 320250 C. In the Kowary deposit (Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 6), four

sub-stages of ore formation from hydrothermal solutions were distinguished by Mochnacka (1966). Similarly, four mineralization stages
were described from the Zbjeckie Skay deposit (Mochnacka and
Piestrzyski, 2001).
The high-temperature WSn mineralization is commonly genetically linked to greisens. These metasomatites occur in the northern envelope of the Karkonosze Granite, in a 12-km-long zone (Karwowski and
Kozowski, 2002 and references therein). The best known locality of
mineralized greisens is Martwy Kamie (= Wyrwak) Hill near Mirsk
(Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 20) described in detail by Karwowski (1972,
1975) who identied several types of quartzfeldsparmuscovite greisens with topaz, tourmaline and ore minerals. It must be emphasized
that greisens are genetically and, at least partly, spatially related to
leucogranites (e.g., Pawowska, 1966), and belong to an extended family
of the products of metasomatic processes operating in the northern
envelope of the Karkonosze Granite intrusion. Pawowska (1966) proposed ve stages of metasomatism resulting from the action of hightemperature solutions, greisens being at stage III preceded and followed
by albitization and microclinization. The relationships between them
and uranium mineralization is discussed below.
The origin of hydrothermal uranium mineralization in the KIM is still
a matter of discussion. The concepts developed by the early German
authors (Hoehne, 1936; Meister, 1926) genetically linked uranium
mineralization in the Kowary deposit (eastern envelope) to hightemperature, Karkonosze Granite-sourced solutions. Similarly, primary,
hydrothermal uranium mineralizations in the Radoniw and Wojcieszyce
deposits were related to the action of solutions supplied by the
Karkonosze Granite (Jasklski, 1967b; Kaczmarek, 1959b, respectively).
Mochnacka (1967) identied minor, primary uranium mineralization
in the KopaniecMaa Kamienica area as contemporaneous with the
last stage of metasomatosis, i.e., late microclinization. On the contrary,
Depciuch et al. (1976) related uranium accumulations in the northern
envelope to unidentied source rocks from which metal was leached
during the alkaline metasomatosis and, subsequently, transported
towards the schist belts acting as lithologicalgeochemical barrier
(Depciuch et al., 1976).
The same solutions, which might have been responsible for
albitization and microclinization of the Izera Gneisses, granites, and
schists were ascribed either to the Early Ordovician Izera Granite or to
the Variscan Karkonosze Granite. As the albitization and microclinization
zones are closely related to the southern boundaries between the schist
belts and the gneisses, the arguments supporting the genetic link between the ore-forming solutions and the Izera Granites are: the age of
mica schists protoliths and the moment at which schists and gneisses
were in contact.
elaniewicz et al. (2003) proposed that mica schists metamorphosed in the Proterozoic provided the envelope for the Izera Granites
and have become favorable transfer pathways for the late-magmatic
uids (elaniewicz et al., 2009). Hence, both the uranium mineralization and the albitization/microclinization should be genetically related
to the Early Ordovician Izera Granites. However, if we assume that the
Izera Granites are contemporaneous with the protoliths of mica schists
(i.e., Early Ordovician, Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2010) and if the granites, and the schists are in contact due to the Variscan deformations
(Oberc-Dziedzic et al., 2010) of 360340 Ma age (Mazur and
Aleksandrowski, 2001), the hydrothermal system, which has generated albitization, microclinization and the uranium deposits (and occurrences) must have been related to the Variscan Karkonosze Granite.
Moreover, the same hydrothermal system was presumably the source
of most of the tin accumulated in deposits of the Stara Kamienica Schist
Belt (see above).
The geochemical characteristics of mineralizing solutions active
in the KIM are rather insufciently represented in the literature.
Kozowski et al. (1975) mentioned the initial NaCl composition with
a signicant content of Fe followed by solutions rich in W, Fe and Mn.
228
Kozowski (1978) found that these were diluted water solutions of salinity from 5 to 15 wt.% and with variable content of carbon dioxide
(higher in the northern envelope). Main anions were chloride and
carbonate whereas important cations were calcium and aluminum.
Recently, Kozowski and Marcinowska (2007) provided more detailed
parameters of pegmatite and vein quartz, and related ore minerals
crystallization temperatures (525100 C), pressures (1.50.5 kbar),
total salinity (128 wt.%) and dominating salts (NaCl followed by KCl
and CaCl2).
The age of hydrothermal mineralization in the KIM was determined
for the Kowary, Czarnw and Miedzianka deposits as well as for the
omnica occurrence. In Kowary, the age of pitchblende was measured
with the U/Pb and Pb/Pb methods at 265 Ma and 70 Ma (Lis et al.,
1971) with the younger results quoted by these authors as an effect of
rejuvenation. In Czarnw, the PbPb model ages of galena were 230
and 210 Ma (Legierski, 1973). Recently, Mikulski and Stein (2011) provided several ReOs isotope ages of molybdenite from various KIM localities, from which undoubtedly quartz-vein-hosted molybdenites
were collected from quarries in omnica and Miedzianka. The results
are: 326 1 Ma for molybdenite from omnica and 213 1 Ma for
that from Miedzianka. Both ages are rather intriguing because the
former result is older than the modern age determinations of the
Karkonosze Granite intrusion (Kryza et al., 2012, 2014) and the latter
is some 100 Ma younger than the intrusion. This younger age is
interpreted by Mikulski and Stein (2011) in terms of hydrothermal
uid activity related to renewed tectonic movements along the adjacent
Intra-Sudetic Fault.
Summing up, the various types of hydrothermal ore systems in the
KIM resulted from the action of high-to-low temperature aqueous
solutions of highly variable chemistry, which metasomatized various
rocks of the Karkonosze Granite envelope and precipitated vein-type
deposits, and mineral occurrences. The obvious source of the hydrothermal solution and, simultaneously, the thermal driving force of their
circulation system appears to be the Karkonosze Granite intrusion
(see discussion e.g., in Kozowski, 1978).
4.2.3.1. Factors controlling the distribution of hydrothermal deposits in the
KIM. Hydrothermal mineralization is controlled by combinations of
factors, which operate on regional, mining district and orebody scales.
The most important factors controlling hydrothermal mineralization
in the KIM seem to be:
- intrusion factor, including e.g., thermal capacity, cooling rate and ore
potential of the intrusion,
- solution factor, including source, physical and chemical parameters
of solutions,
- wall-rock factor, including physical and chemical parameters of
wall-rocks,
- structural factor, i.e., tectonics.
Up to date little is known about the general features of the
Karkonosze Granite intrusion in terms of its thermal capacity and
cooling rate. Such parameters inuence the hydrothermal solution circulation system around the intrusion and, thus, they control the spatial
range of mineralization and the timing of its formation as long as the
intrusion is hot enough to drive the system.
The close link between the intrusion and the mineralization was
proved by Mikulski (2007b) who analyzed the ore potential of the
Karkonosze magmas. He found that the source of WSn mineralization
(locally with Mo, Bi, Au and UThREE) was highly evolved, more
transitional magma rich in silica, water and volatiles. This magma was
responsible for the formation of pegmatites, aplites and quartz veins
with polymetallic mineralization.
Some assumptions on the relationships between the intrusion and
the mineralization can be made from the duration of mineralizing
processes in and around the intrusion based upon the above mentioned
isotope age determinations of some hydrothermal (and skarn) ore
minerals. However, the available results cover a very wide time span:
from a controversial (too old?) 326 1 Ma for molybdenite from the
omnica granite quarry (Mikulski and Stein, 2011) to an equally controversial (too young?) 70 Ma for pitchblende from the Kowary mine
(Lis et al., 1971). The less controversial results place hydrothermal mineralization between 265 and 210 Ma (Legierski, 1973; Lis et al., 1971;
Mikulski and Stein, 2011). The long time gap between the emplacement
of intrusion and the hydrothermal mineralization in the Sudetes
was underlined by Mochnacka (1982). The question arises, however,
whether a medium-sized intrusion (like the Karkonosze Granite)
might have retained its thermal energy for such a long period. The
results of Danik et al. (2010) seem to suggest that the Karkonosze
Granite was hot enough to drive the hydrothermal solutions circulation
system(s) until the exhumation in the Late Cretaceous. If so, the age of
pitchblende from the Kowary Mine (70 Ma, Lis et al., 1971) may correspond to the nal stage of ore formation. If not, we must assume that
the later activization events maybe linked to the processes within the
intrusion caused by the removal of metamorphic overburden (see
Mierzejewski, 1985).
The origin of hydrothermal solutions involved in the circulation system of the Karkonosze Granite remains speculative. Almost all authors
suggest magmatic provenance of solutions and most of them point out
to the Karkonosze Granite intrusion as a principal source. Alternative
magmatic sources were discussed above in the case of particular ore deposits and occurrences (e.g., PrzecznicaGierczynKrobicaCzerniawa
Sn-polymetallic zone, KopaniecMaa Kamienica U zone). The lack of
relevant data leaves the other possible sources of hydrothermal solutions (meteoric?, connate?, metamorphic?) only speculative.
The wall-rock control on hydrothermal mineralizing processes was
deliberated e.g., by Krawczyk and Mochnacka (1973) who reported on
statistically valid dependence between the type of wall-rock and the radiometric anomalies representing the accumulations of uranium minerals in the KopaniecMaa Kamienica zone. Depciuch et al. (1976)
proposed that the controlling factors of uranium mineralization in the
northern envelope of the Karkonosze Granite are the wall-rocks being
the source of uranium leached out by alkaline metasomatism and the
schists providing a screening effect as lithologicalgeochemical barriers for hydrothermal solutions (Depciuch et al., 1976). Kozowski
(1978) pointed out to the interaction between intrusion-sourced
and cover-rock-sourced solutions, the latter being mobilized by the
intrusion.
The tectonic control on hydrothermal mineralization seems to be
obvious, as shown by ore veins present in almost all KIM deposits.
This link can be analyzed at the regional, mining district and orebody
scales.
The regional tectonic control is presumably related to deep fractures,
as pointed out by Kanasiewicz and Sylwestrzak (1970) who recognized
two deep tectonic zones in the eastern envelope of the Karkonosze
Granite and in the Stara Kamienica Schist Belt. These zones correlate
spatially with the ore deposits and occurrences of the KIM. According
to Michniewicz (2003), the deep Western Moravian Fracture, roughly
following the eastern envelope of the Karkonosze Granite was the
route of magmas of the Karkonosze intrusion and of hydrothermal
solutions responsible for ore formation. The link to magma conduits
was earlier quoted by Cloos (1925) as a deep fracture under the eastern
dome of the Karkonosze intrusion, which supplied both magma and
hydrothermal solutions (Mierzejewski, 1973; Petrascheck, 1937).
The mining-district-scale structural control is evident e.g., in the
Kowary (Fig. 2, Mochnacka, 1967) and in the KopaniecMaa Kamienica
(Krawczyk and Mochnacka, 1973) deposits where U-polymetallic mineralization is hosted in second-order fractures localized in the vicinity of
main faults. Moreover, in the Maa Kamienica locality, Krawczyk and
Mochnacka (1973) evidenced the tectonic control of mineralization
using the statistical approach. Perfect tectonic control of ore veins distribution can be observed also in the Miedzianka CuU mining district
(see map after Websky de Zimnoch, 1978).
A good illustration of the complex control of hydrothermal mineralization in the KIM is the zonation rst noticed by Petrascheck (1934,
1937) who distinguished zones parallel to the eastern and southern
boundaries of the Karkonosze Granite intrusion. These zones are dominated by particular metals: (1) an arsenopyritepyrrhotite zone, closest
to the intrusion, (2) a copper ore zone (more distant) and (3) a sideritehematite zone (far distant, less evident). Such distribution was
controlled by the formation temperatures of ore minerals. Zonal distribution of ore mineralization was suggested also by Mikulski (2007b) with
WMoBi association in the core followed by CuAuBiTe association
(e.g., Miedzianka CoU mining district), then PbCuZn association
(e.g., the Lead Mts., outside the study area) and, nally, AsAgSbAu
and FU associations outward (e.g., Kowary and Podgrze deposits).
The controlling factors are magma oxidation and fractionation states
(Mikulski, 2007b). Apparently, if any zonal distribution have ever
existed around the Karkonosze Granite intrusion, despite the regional or
district scale, it must have originated from a combination of various factors operating at various stages of the mineralization process in the KIM.
4.3. The origin of supergene ore deposits and ore minerals occurrences
The KIM has been subjected to erosion since the Carboniferous with
the peaks of destructive processes in the Early Permian (Berg, 1938), the
Late Cretaceous (Danik et al., 2010) as well as in the Paleogene
(Walczak, 1968), Miocene and Pliocene (Dyjor, 1995). Particularly intensive and deep weathering took place in the Cretaceous (Migo and
Lidmar-Bergstrm, 2001), and in the Paleogene (Walczak, 1968).
Weathering of rock formations and enclosed ore deposits/
occurrences gave rise to the generation of ore accumulations typical
of both the oxidation and cementation zones. For example, in the
Kowary deposit (Fig. 1, sites 6 and 7) the primary mineralization/
cementation boundary occurs at about 250 m below surface and that
of cementation/oxidation zones is located at about 160 m below surface
(Mochnacka, 1967). In the Miedzianka deposit the maximum depth of
the secondary minerals occurrence corresponds to the mining level
178 m below the surface (Kaczmarek, 1959b).
The secondary, supergene minerals were identied in many other
mineral systems, e.g.: the Kopaniec uranium deposit (Bana, 1969;
Mochnacka, 1975), the Wieciszowice pyrite deposit (Paraniuk,
1991, 1996; Paraniuk and Siuda, 2006), the Miedzianka CuU mining
district (Ciesielczuk and Bzowski, 2003; Ciesielczuk et al., 2004;
Gobiowska et al., 1998; Holeczek and Janeczek, 1991; Pieczka et al.,
1988; Siuda and Gobiowska, 2008, 2011; Siuda and Kruszewski,
2006; Siuda et al., 2006, 2010a,b) or at the Rdziny quarry (Paraniuk,
2003) (see Appendix 1), although it is difcult to determine precisely
the range of oxidation and cementation processes from most of the
available descriptions. Also, in many cases it is rather problematic to
discern between the recent and fossil supergene minerals.
The range of weathering processes is particularly important for uranium deposits and occurrences known from the northern part of the
KIM (Fig. 1, Appendix 1). At least part of uranium accumulated in
these deposits is secondary and was precipitated from inltrating
groundwaters enriched in uranium during migration through rock
formations or during weathering of the pre-existing ore deposits and
occurrences. The assemblages of secondary uranium minerals differ
depending on the intensity of weathering processes.
A separate problem is the environmental impact of a recent
weathering of exposures and waste dumps in almost all the KIM
deposits, which release a number of elements (including toxics) to the
environment and supply a wide spectrum of weathering phases.
5. Towards a model
Below, we summarize the results of our studies in the form of a
model composed of a owchart (Table 2) supplemented by a graphic
presentation (Fig. 3).
229
5.1. Previous works

In the available literature, the systematics of the KIM ore deposits
based upon age, genesis and/or geological history are scarce. The early,
fundamental papers were published by Petrascheck (1933, 1934,
1937) who distinguished ve genetic groups of the KIM ore deposits
and categorized them into the following types linked to specic
magmatic and volcanic events: 1) the Moldanubicum crystalline
basement these deposits and occurrences are located outside the
study area, 2) the Caledonian geosynclinal volcanism (example from
the KIM is the Kowary magnetite deposit categorized as the LahnDill
type, genetically related to submarine diabase volcanism), 3) the
Caledonian intrusive volcanism (examples from the KIM are tinpolymetallic deposits of the PrzecznicaGierczynKrobicaCzerniawa
zone categorized as primary, pneumo-hydrothermal, and genetically
related to the Caledonian granitic protolith of the Izera Gneisses),
4) the Variscan geosynclinal volcanism (outside the study area) and
5) the Variscan intrusive volcanism (examples from the KIM are hydrothermal sulde deposits at Kowary, Czarnw and the Miedzianka
CiechanowicePrzybkowiceMniszkw area).
Fedak and Lindner (1966) proposed four metallogenic epochs active
in the Sudetes: Precambrian, Caledonian, Variscan and Alpine, and referred the three rst epochs to the development of geosynclines in the
Sudetes. During the Alpine epoch the growth of geosynclines was terminated and the Sudetes have undergone transformation into the young
platform. Ore deposits in the KIM were assigned to the Precambrian
and the Variscan epochs. The Precambrian epoch included the magnetite deposit at Kowary, as suggested by the inferred Precambrian age
of rock formations in the eastern part of the KIM, widely accepted in
the 1960s. The Variscan epoch covered all other ore deposits and occurrences in the Karkonosze Granite and in its metamorphic envelope.
Mochnacka and Pomourn (1981) divided both the Polish and the
Czech parts of the KIM area into the 13 metallogenic districts. In each
district mineralization was controlled by specic geological factors,
e.g., lithology or tectonics. Ore accumulations belonging to metamorphic,
pegmatitic, hydrothermal, sedimentary and volcanogenicsedimentary
types were products of four metallogenic epochs: Cadomian, Caledonian,
Variscan and Neoidic (Alpine).
Mochnacka (2000) rst attempted to systematize ore deposits in the
Polish part of the KIM in relation to geotectonic environments. Two
environments were distinguished: the Early Paleozoic rift to which
stratabound, lithology-controlled orebodies, concordant with the hostrocks were linked (e.g., Kowary magnetite and Wieciszowice pyrite deposits) and the late-orogenic, post-collisional, I-type intrusion of the
Variscan Karkonosze Granite in which two mineralization stages were
found, producing: (1) the approximately tabular orebodies hosted in
the contact-metasomatic aureole, close to the granite (e.g., skarns in
Kowary and Miedzianka, greisens in PobiednaMldzMartwy Kamie
zone) and (2) a number of tectonically-controlled, vein (stockwork)type, polymetallic-uranium deposits (e.g., Kowary U-polymetallic deposit, Miedzianka CuU mining deposit, Radoniw uranium deposit).
Mochnacka and Bana (2000) categorized uranium/thorium deposits in the Polish part of the KIM and proposed the following groups:
1) mineralization in the Karkonosze Granite and its pegmatites, and
2) mineralization in the metamorphic envelope of the granite. Both
groups were divided into several sub-groups. Moreover, these authors
presented a model that was referred to the geological history of the KIM.
5.2. The model

A tentative model of ore mineralization in the KarkonoszeIzera
Massif developed below (Table 2, Fig. 3) is based on our new results
concerning the character, sequence and age of ore minerals, and on
recent views on provenance, geotectonic environment and the age of
rocks that hosted the ore mineralization in the study area.
230
Table 2
Descriptive model of ore mineralization referred to successive geological processes and to host rocks from the Polish part of the KarkonoszeIzera Massif.
Izera - Karkonosze Unit
Events
Age
Erosion
weathering
(pneumo)
Hydrothermal
activity
Contact
metamorphism
Variscan
orogeny
ca 312
Ma
340 Ma
Visan
Opening of
Saxothuringian
Basin,
formation
of passive
margin
Processes
Rocks
Quartz and quartz-barite veins,

with carbonates and ores
greisens
Skarns
hornfelses, erlans,
marbles
Granite magma Karkonosze Granite

intrusion
Leszczyniec Unit
Ore
Rocks
Mineralization
Infiltrational and weathering
U ores, weathering minerals (1)
Vein-type and disseminated
polymetallic mineralization of
Cu, As, Fe, Bi, Au, Sn, W, U (2)
Fe-skarns, polymetallic
Usually beyond the contact zone
mineralization in hornfelses (3) of the Karkonosze Granite
Ore
Mineralization
Wie ciszowice
low-grade polymetalic
veins
UTh, Mo, W, Bi, Sn

mineralization disseminated
throughout the granite
Collapse
emplacement
of nappes
Amphibolites, Kowary, Gierczyn

360
Regional
Mica schists, quartzoIzera
Przecznica
340 Ma metamorphism marbles
feldspathic Gneisses Sn-enriched
rocks
biotite
Products
~500
Deposition
Pelites and of bimodal
Granites
490 Ma of sediments carbonates magmatism
Traces of Ti, Sn
and
deposits
magmatism
Passive margin-related rocks
Kowary
magnetite
Fe-bearing
sediments
Amphibolites
Paczyn
Gneisses
Wie ciszowice
schists
Jarkowice magnetiteWie ciszowice pyrite
Mafic volcanic
Volcanicrocks (basalts Felsic
sedimentary
and tuffs)
intrusives succession
Pyrite-bearing
sediments
N-MORB and rift-related rocks
Main deposits and ore minerals occurrences:

(1) Kopaniec, Maa Kamienica (U).
(2) Kowary (U-polymetallic), Miedzianka (CuUpolymetallic), Czarnw (AsAu), Radoniw (U), GierczynPrzecznica (Sn-polymetallic).
(3) Kowary (Fe-skarns), Zbjeckie Skay (Fe-skarns), Sowia Dolina (polymetallic), Budniki (U-polymetallic).
In our model, the rst stage (Table 2, Fig. 3a) of ore mineralization
in the KIM is related to Late CambrianOrdovician rifting along the
Gondwana margin, leading to the opening of the Paleozoic Rheic
Ocean. In the KIM, protoliths of quartzofeldspathic rocks enclosed
in mica schists, orthogneisses and the Leszczyniec amphibolites
have the same age of ca. 500 Ma, but they have formed in different
environments. The pelitic protoliths of mica schists interbedded
with calcareous sediments and products of bimodal magmatism
(represented by felsic tuffs and mac rocks of within-plate characteristics) are interpreted here as the Early Ordovician sequence of
a passive continental margin of the Saxothuringian domain. The
pelites were locally enriched in Sn and Ti, which gave rise to a common occurrence of Ti minerals and to a minor part of Sn mineralization in the Stara Kamienica Schist Belt, and were accompanied by the
LahnDill-type accumulations of Fe-bearing precursors of magnetite
deposit at Kowary.
At the same time (~ 500 Ma), in the Saxothuringian Basin, intense
magmatic activity produced the MORB-type lavas, regarded as
protoliths of the Leszczyniec amphibolites. Local, minor magnetite
concentrations in these metamacs are known from Jarkowice. The
volcanicsedimentary sequence in the Saxothuringian Basin is represented by protoliths of the Wieciszowice pyrite-bearing schists
composed of felsic and mac tuffs with an admixture of terrigenous
material, and of ocean-oor basalts (Fig. 3a). The mac rocks from
the Saxothuringian Basin were subjected to the ocean-oor metamorphism, whereas the accompanying sediments were altered by
hydrothermal uids enriched in sulfur ions, which reacted with
iron derived from the sediment and, thus, promoted crystallization
of pyrite. The genetic model of pyrite mineralization in the
Wieciszowice deposit might have been the distal VMS-style ore
formation.
The second stage of ore formation is related to the Variscan collision (Table 2, Fig. 3b, c). At 360340 Ma, both the sedimentary and
igneous rocks in the eastern part of the Saxothuringian domain,

and in the Saxothuringian Basin were metamorphosed, deformed
and overthrusted as a nappe stack. At this stage, the LahnDilltype Fe accumulation was transformed into a magnetite deposit
of Kowary and Sn was incorporated into the biotite of the Stara
Kamienica mica schists. Pyrite enclosed in the Wieciszowice volcanicsedimentary sequence of the Saxothuringian Basin was subjected to recrystallization. Magnetite dispersed in the Jarkowice macs
and magnetite formed at the expense of Fe-bearing rock-forming
minerals and were concentrated along the zones of ductile and brittle
deformations.
In the Visan (about 340 Ma), after the nappe stacking an extensional collapse took place, followed by the Karkonosze Granite intrusion
(328312 Ma) (Table 2, Fig. 3b, c). The third stage of ore formation, related to the Karkonosze Granite, resulted in the development of: (1) rare,
intra-granite mineralization (e.g., pegmatites or disseminated molybdenite in the Szklarska Porba-Huta quarry), (2) a contact-metasomatic
aureole with its mineral accumulations (e.g., calc-silicate-related magnetite from the Miedzianka CuU mining district or the Sowia Dolina
polymetallic mineralization in hornfelses), and nally, (3) a granitebounded hydrothermal solution transfer system, which generated the
major, vein-type polymetallic deposits and ore mineral occurrences
(e.g., Kowary U-polymetallic deposit, Miedzianka CuU mining district,
PrzecznicaGierczynKrobicaCzerniawa Sn zone) (Fig. 3b). Hydrothermal solutions migrated also along the mica schist/gneiss boundaries
giving rise to the formation of some U deposits in the northern part of
the IzeraKowary Unit (e.g., Radoniw and Wojcieszyce) (Table 2,
Fig. 3c).
The fourth stage of ore formation took place during and after
weathering and intensive erosion of the KIM (particularly in the
Late CretaceousNeogene) (Table 2, Fig. 3b, c), which partly
destroyed ore accumulations formed previously within and around
the Karkonosze Granite intrusion. This gave rise to the formation of
mineral assemblages typical of oxidation and cementation zones

(e.g., Kowary, Podgrze). Moreover, the weathered ore deposits
supplied metal ions to ground waters, which contributed to the formation of inltrational uranium deposits (e.g., part of KopaniecMaa
Kamienica zone) (Fig. 3b, c).
6. Conclusions
1. Ore mineralization in the Polish part of the KIM is genetically related
to:
A - formation of the Saxothuringian Basin and its passive continental margin in the Early Paleozoic (~500490 Ma);
B - Variscan thermal events: regional metamorphism (360340
Ma) and the Karkonosze Granite intrusion (~312 Ma);
C - supergene processes in the Late Cretaceous/Neogene.
2. The oldest event (A) produced environments, in which formed the
protolith of the Kowary magnetite and the precursor of a part of
the Stara Kamienica Range cassiterite deposit. In the Leszczyniec
Unit, the Wieciszowice pyrite deposit and the Jarkowice magnetite
mineralization site formed, as well. All these ore systems are rather
monomineral in composition.
3. The Variscan thermal events (B) gave rise to:
- transformation of the protoliths of ferruginous and tin-bearing
accumulations, recrystallization of magnetite, cassiterite and
pyrite;
- formation of intra-granite mineralization roughly contemporaneous with the emplacement of the Karkonosze intrusion;
- formation of contact-metasomatic mineralization in the aureole of
the Karkonosze Granite intrusion;
- formation of hydrothermal, polymetallic, tin and uranium
mineralizations.
4. The hydrothermal, polymetallic, tin and uranium mineralizations
(B) show:
- relationships to local dislocations systems,
- roughly similar ore mineral assemblages with Ti minerals, cassiterite, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb suldes, Fe, Ni and Co sulfoarsenides, and
Bi minerals,
- dominance of one element: Cu, As, U in particular deposits,
- roughly similar ore mineral successions: Ti-phaseswolframite/
scheelite/cassiteritepyrrhotite/arsenopyritepyrite/chalcopyrite/
sphalerite/galenaBi-phases,
- roughly similar formation temperatures of ore assemblages, from
about 600 to about 250 C.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to anonymous reviewers who provided valuable
comments and corrections. The authors are also very much indebted
to the Editor for suggestions and improvements of the text. The research
was nanced from Project No. 5T12B 036 25 of the State Committee for
Scientic Research (KBN).
Appendix 1
Ore minerals identied in ore deposits and in selected ore minerals
occurrences in the KarkonoszeIzera Massif (numbers in parentheses
correspond to numbers of localities in Fig. 1). Minerals are listed in alphabetic order; principal minerals in particular localities are marked
in capitals (if applicable).
It must be emphasized that the full list of minerals identied in the
whole Sudety Mts. can be found in Traube (1888) and in Lis and
Sylwestrzak (1986).
231
THE LESZCZYNIEC FORMATION

The Jarkowice ore minerals occurrence (1):
sample sources: adits, small shafts, waste dump, amphibolite
exposures,
mineralization type: magnetite lenses, disseminated mineralization
in orthoamphibolites,
minerals: hematite, MAGNETITE, pyrite,
key references: Oberc-Dziedzic et al. (2011).
The Ogorzelec ore minerals occurrence (2):
sample sources: amphibolite quarry,
mineralization type: veinlet in amphibolites,
minerals: chalcocite, CHALCOPYRITE, magnetite, pyrite,
key references: unpublished author's materials.
The abandoned Wieciszowice pyrite mine (3):
sample sources: open-pit of pyrite-bearing schists, adits, waste
dumps,
mineralization type: (a) pyrite deposits stratabound and disseminated mineralization in chloritealbitemuscoviteparagonite
quartz schists, (b) polymetallic mineralization in quartz veins,
(c) mineralization in amphibolites,
minerals:
(a) pyrite deposit: chalcopyrite, galena, PYRITE, sphalerite,
(b) polymetallic mineralization in quartz veins: primary minerals:
bornite, boulangerite, bournonite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, galena, jamesonite, marcasite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, rutile, siderite,
sphalerite, tennantite, tetrahedrite, titanite, weathering zone
minerals: alumocopiapite, alunogen, copiapite, epsomite,
ferropickeringite, broferrite, halotrichite, magnesiocopiapite,
melanterite, native Cu, pikeringite, schwertmannite, slavikite,
(c) mineralization in amphibolites: bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, covellite, hematite, idaite, ilmenite, limonite, magnetite,
marcasite, pyrite, pyrrhotite,
key references: Jasklski (1964); Kubisz (1964); Laszczka (1982);
Oberc-Dziedzic et al. (2011); Paraniuk (1991, 1996); Paraniuk
and Siuda (2006); Piestrzyski and Salamon (1977).
THE KOWARYIZERA UNIT
The Woowa Gra uranium prospect (4):
sample sources: adits, exploratory ditches,
mineralization type: UTh mineralization in quartz veins cutting
leucogranites,
minerals: autunite, brannerite, Fe-hydroxides, hematite, gersdorfte,
metaautunitechernikovite solid solution, pharmacosiderite, pyrite,
sabugalite, sooty pitchblende, thoritecofnite solid solution,
uraninite,
key references: Domaska-Siuda (2010a, 2012); Kaczmarek
(1959b); Lis et al. (1965).
The Budniki uranium prospect near Kowary (5):
sample sources: waste dumps, adits,
mineralization type: U-polymetallic mineralization in veins and
breccias cutting amphibolites, quartzofeldspathic schists, and gneisses,
minerals: arsenopyrite, autunite, chalcopyrite, cobaltite, galena,
gersdorfte, ilmenite, marcasite, pentlandite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, rutile, scheelite, sooty pitchblende, sphalerite, titanite, uranothorite,
wolframite,
232
key references: Kaczmarek (1959b); Mochnacka et al. (2008).

The abandoned Kowary magnetite and uranium-polymetallic
mine (6, 7):
sample sources: waste dumps, adits of the Wulkan and Wolno
mines, exposures,
mineralization type: (a) stratabound magnetite deposit at marble/
amphibolite contacts and within amphibolites, (b) contact metasomatic mineralization in calc-silicate rocks, (c) U-polymetallic mineralization in veins and stockworks cutting through the metamorphic
ore-bearing formation,
minerals:
(a) magnetite deposit: arsenopyrite, cobaltite, galena, maghemite,
MAGNETITE, marcasite, martite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite,
(b) contact metasomatic mineralization: chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite,
(c) U-polymetallic deposit: aikinite, annabergite, argentite, arsenopyrite, autunite, azurite, bismuthinite, bornite, chalcocite,
chalcopyrite, chloantite, cinnabar, clausthalite, cofnite,
emplectite, enargite, erythrite, galena, gummite, hematite
(specularite), covellite, liebigite, lllingite, malachite,
matildite?, molybdenite, native Ag, native As?, native
Bi?, nickeline, PITCHBLENDE, proustite, pyrargyrite, pyrite, rammelsbergite, rittingerite, rutherfordite, saforite,
schirmerite?, schrckingerite, sklodowskite, smaltite,
sooty pitchblende, sphalerite, sternbergite, stromeyerite,
tetrahedrite, tiemannite, umangite, uranophane, uranopilite,
uranotile, wittichenite,
key references: Kaczmarek (1959b); Meister (1926); Mochnacka
(1966, 1967); Zimnoch (1961, 1967).
The abandoned Podgrze uranium mine and the Rbezahl
uoriteuranium mine (8):
sample sources: waste dumps, adits, underground museum and
tourist trails,
mineralization type: U-polymetallic and U-uorite veins cutting
through various schists,
minerals: autunite, chalcopyrite, galena, hematite, PITCHBLENDE,
pyrite, sooty pitchblende, uranophane, uranospinite,
key references: Domaska-Siuda (2010b); Kaczmarek (1959b);
Siuda et al. (2008).
The abandoned Victoria uranium mine in Ogorzelec (9):
sample sources: waste dump,
mineralization type: lenses, nests and veinlets at the contact of
schists and gneisses,
minerals: autunite, chalcopyrite, galena, gummite, hematite,
PITCHBLENDE, pyrite, torbernite,
key references: Kaczmarek (1959b).
The abandoned Czarnw arsenic mine (10):
sample sources: waste dumps, small schaft, adits,
mineralization type: AsAu mineralization in vein located at the
contact of schists and calc-silicate rocks,
minerals: AgBi sulfotellurides, antimonite, argentite, ARSENOPYRITE,
berthierite, bismite, bismuthinite, Bi-sulfosalts, bornite, boulangerite,
bournonite, cassiterite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, covellite,
cubanite, digenite, electrum, erythrite, galena, ferroksterite, goethite,
hematite, hessite, ikunolitelaitakarite series, joseite, leucoxene, limonite, lllingite, magnetite, malachite, marcasite, matildite, molybdenite, native Au, native Bi, native Cu, native Sb, pentlandite,
protojoseite(?), pyrargyrite, pyrite, PYRRHOTITE, rhodochrosite, rutile, scheelite, scorodite, sphalerite, stannite, tennantite, tetrahedrite,
treasurite, tyrolite, valeriite,
key references: Bana (1967); Mikulski (1997, 2010); Mikulski et al.
(2007); Mochnacka et al. (2009); Sachanbiski (2005); Zimnoch
(1985).
The operating Rdziny marble quarry (11):
sample sources: exposures,
mineralization type: polymetallic mineralization in quartz veins
and disseminated in schists and amphibolites,
minerals: acanthite, aikinite, anglesite, ankerite, annivite, apatite,
argentite, arsenopyrite, arsenosiderite, aurichalcite, azurite, Bapharmacosiderite, bayldonite, benjaminite, berryite, beyerite,
bismite, bismuthinite, bismutite, bornite, bournonite, caledonite,
carminite, cassiterite, cerussite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chatkalite,
chrysocolla, clinotyrolite, cobaltite, conichalcite, cornwallite,
cosalite, covellite, cubanite, cuprite, ernite, digenite, djurleite,
duftite, eulytite, electrum, emplectite, ferroksterite, freibergite,
friedrichite, galena, galenobismutite, giessenite, gladite, goethite,
gustavite, hammarite, hematite, hemimorphite, hydrocerussite,
ilmenite, ikunolite, isoklakeite, jarosite, joseite-A, joseite-B,
kawazulite, ksterite, kolfanite, krupkaite, lindstrmite, magnetite,
makovickyite, malachite, malayaite, marcasite, matildite, mawsonite,
mimetite, mixite, montanite, mottramite, mushistonite, native
Bi, native Cu, oliveniteadamite, paarite, pavonite, Pb-apatite,
pharmacosiderite, philipsbornite, pingguite, pyrite, pyromorphite, pyrrhotite, rammelsbergite, rosasite, rutile, salzburgite,
scorodite, segnitite, sewardite, smithsonite, sphalerite, stannite,
stannoidite, strashimirite, symplesite, tellurite, tennantite,
tetradymite, tetrahedrite, titanite, tsumcorite group (e.g., gartrellite),
tyrolite, wittichenite, yukonite,
key references: Gobiowska (2003); Gobiowska and Pieczka
(1997); Gobiowska et al. (1998, 2006, 2008, 2012); Kowalski
et al. (1976); Mochnacka et al. (2001); Paraniuk (2003);
Paraniuk and Domaska (2002); Paraniuk et al. (2008); Pieczka
et al. (2004, 2005, 2006a,b, 2007, 2009); Wokowicz (1984).
The Sowia Dolina sulde occurrence (12):
mineralization type: polymetallic veins cutting the hornfelses of the
Velk pa Formation,
minerals: arsenopyrite, bornite, chalcopyrite, galena, ilmenite, marcasite, monazite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, xenotime,
key references: Mochnacka et al. (2007).
The abandoned Miedzianka CuU mining district: Miedzianka
(13), Ciechanowice (14), Przybkowice (15), Mniszkw (16):
mineralization type: a) contact-metasomatic, lensoidal magnetite
deposit (Miedzianka), b) vein-type copper deposit (Miedzianka,
Ciechanowice, Przybkowice, Mniszkw), c) vein-type U-polymetallic
deposit (Miedzianka, Ciechanowice, Mniszkw),
all cutting the diopside amphibolites, mica schists, hornfelses and
calc-silicate rocks of the KowaryIzera Unit,
minerals:
(a) magnetite deposit: arsenopyrite, bornite, chalcopyrite, hematite, ilmenite, leucoxene, luzonite, maghemite, MAGNETITE,
martite, melnikovite, mushketovite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, rutile,
sphalerite,
(b) copper deposit: aikinite, arsenopyrite, bismuthinite,

bismuthoplagionite, cassiterite, cerussite, chalcocite,
CHALCOPYRITE, chrysocolla, cobaltite, covellite, galena,
gersdorfte, limonite, lllingite, luzonite, malachite, marcasite, mawsonite, native Bi, pyrite, pyrrhotite, rammelsbergite,
saforite, skutterudite, sphalerite, tennantite, tetrahedrite,
(c) U deposit: arsenopyrite, autunite, bassetite, bornite, chalcopyrite, galena, gummite, hematite, kahlerite, malachite,
mimetite, olivenite, PITCHBLENDE, pseudomalachite, pyrite,
pyromorphite, smithsonite, sooty pitchblende, torbernite,
URANOPHANE, volborthite,
other minerals identied in the Miedzianka district but not attributed to particular mineralization types: acanthite, Ag amalgams,
agardite, ankerite, annabergite, antimonite, argentite, azurite,
bassetite, bayldonite, beaverite, bismuthoferrite, brochantite,
cerussite, chalcophyllite, chloraryrgyrite, chrysocolla,
clinoclase, cornwallite, cuprite, cuprosklodowskite,
devillite, digenite, duftite, electrum, erithrite, eugenite,
eulytite, galenobismuthite, geocronite, goethite, greenockite, hemimorphite, hessite, hydrozincite, ilvaite,
kahlerite, kakite, kttigite, La-agardite, langite, legrandite,
liberthenite, linneite, lllingite, medanbachite, mimetite,
mixite, molybdenite, mottramite, native Ag, native As, native
Cu, nickeline, olivenite, parsonsite, pharmacolite, pharmacosiderite, philipsburgite, plumboagardite, plumbojarosite,
polybasite, proustite, safoite, saleeite, scorodite, segnitite,
smaltite, stephanite, stolzite, stromeyerite, tenorite,
torbernite, trgerite, tyrolite, volborthite, wulfenite,
zeunerite, xanthokonite,
key references: Ciesielczuk and Bzowski (2003); Ciesielczuk et al.
(2004); Holeczek and Janeczek (1991); Mikulski (2007b,c);
Mikulski and Stein (2011); Mochnacka et al. (2012); Pieczka et al.
(1988); Siuda (2012); Siuda and Gobiowska (2008, 2011); Siuda
and Kruszewski (2006); Siuda et al. (2006, 2010a,b); Wojciechowski
and Wolkowicz (1985); Zimnoch (1978).
The Hala Krzyowa polymetallic occurrence (17):
sample sources: exposures, waste dumps,
mineralization type: veins, nests and crustications with
polymetallic mineralization hosted in mica schists and hornfelses,
minerals: argentite, arsenopyrite, Bi-ochres, bismuthinite, cassiterite,
cerussite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, covellite, Fe-hydroxides, galena,
greenockite, marcasite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, smithsonite, sphalerite,
tennantite,
key references: Wokowicz (2001); Wokowicz and Wokowicz
(1985).
The operating Izerskie Garby quartz mine (18):
sample sources: open-pit quartz mine (also known as the Stanisaw
Quarry),
mineralization type: polymetallic mineralization in pegmatite veins
(pegmatoids) as well as in veinlets and crustications cutting
quartz, mica schists and skarns,
minerals: bornite, cassiterite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, covellite, galena, hematite, ilmenite, lllingite, magnetite, marcasite, monazite,
native Au, native Bi, pyrite, pyrrhotite, rutile, scheelite, sphalerite,
tennantite, titanite, vanadinite, xenotime,
key references: Dugoszewska (2005); Fila-Wjcicka (2000, 2004a,
b); Kozowski (1978); Lewowicki (1965); Szeg (2008); Szeg
and Gauskina (2008); author's unpublished materials.
233
The abandoned Zbjeckie Skay magnetitepyrite mine (19):

sample sources: exposures, adits,
mineralization type: (a) magnetite and pyrite lenses in hornfelses
and (b) ThREE mineralization as nests and impregnations in
hornfelses,
minerals:
(a) magnetite/pyrite mineralization: arsenopyrite, chalcocite,
chalcopyrite, covellite, cubanite, Fe-hydroxides, galena,
goethite, idaite, ilmenite, ilmenohematite, leucoxene,
maghemite, MAGNETITE, marcasite, martite, melnikovite, molybdenite, PYRITE, pyrrhotite, rutile, sphalerite, tennantite,
titanomagnetite,
(b) ThREE mineralization: monazite, thorite, zircon, xenotime,
key references: Bareja et al. (1982); Kamiski (1983); Kanasiewicz
(1984); Kanasiewicz and Jczmyk (1976); Mochnacka and
Piestrzyski (2001); aba (1979).
The KamieMldzPobiedna greisen zone (20):
mineralization type: disseminated mineralization in greisens,
minerals: arsenopyrite, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, ferberite, goethite,
hbnerite, ilmenite, ilmenorutile, magnetite, native Bi, Nb-rutile,
pyrrhotite, scheelite,
key references: Karwowski (1972, 1973, 1975); Karwowski and
Kozowski (2002); Kozowski (1978); Pawowska (1966, 1968).
The Stara Kamienica Schist Belt: Gierczyn (21), Przecznica (22),
Krobica (23), Czerniawa (24):
sample sources: exposures, Krobica schist open pit, waste dumps,
adits, small shafts, underground tourism trail,
mineralization type: (a) disseminated and vein-type cassiteritepolymetallic mineralization in chloritemicaquartz schists
(PrzecznicaGierczynKrobicaCzerniawa Sn-polymetallic zone),
(b) uranium mineralization in fracture cutting schists and gneisses
(Czerniawa),
minerals:
(a) cassiterite-polymetallic mineralization: Ag-tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite, anatase, bismuthinite, Bi-antimonite, bornite,
boulangerite, bournonite, CASSITERITE, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, cosalite, costibite, cobaltite, covellite, cubanite, cuprite,
electrum, Fe-hydroxides, ferberite, galena, galenobismuthite,
glaucodot, gersdorfte, hematite, hemoilmenite, ilmenite,
laitakarite, leucoxene, lllingite, mackinawite, magnetite,
marcasite, melnikovite, molybdenite, native Ag, native Bi,
nickeline, pentlandite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrargyrite, rutile,
saforite, scheelite, smaltite, smythite, sphalerite, stannite,
stannoidite, stephanite, tetrahedrite, titanite, wittichenite?,
wolframite, xenotime,
(b) uranium mineralization: autunite, Fe-hydrooxides,
key references: Berendsen et al. (1987); Birecki (1959); Cook and
Dudek (1994a,b); Haraczyk (1963); Haraczyk and Skiba
(1961); Jasklski (1948, 1962, 1967c); Jasklski and Mochnacka
(1959); Kaczmarek (1959a); Karwowski and Wodyka (1981);
Konstantynowicz (1957); Kowalski et al. (1978); Kozowski
(1974); Kucha and Mochnacka (1998); Mayer et al. (1997a,b);
Michniewicz et al. (2006); Mochnacka (1985); Piestrzyski and
Mochnacka (2003); Piestrzyski et al. (1990, 1992); Speczik
and Wiszniewska (1984); Szaamacha (1975); Szaamacha and
Szaamacha (1974); Wiszniewska (1983, 1984).
234
The abandoned Kopaniec uranium mine (25) and the Maa

Kamienica uranium prospect (26):
sample sources: waste dumps, small shafts, adits,
mineralization type: disseminated and vein-type U-polymetallic
mineralization in amphibole schists and leucogranites,
minerals: abernathyite?, AUTUNITE, chalcopyrite, goethite, gummite, hematite, intermediate member of chernicovitetorbernite
solid-solution, metaautunite, metatorbernite, metauranocircite,
metazeunerite, pitchblende, pyrite, sooty pitchblende, TORBERNITE,
uranocircite, uranophane, uranothorite?, zeunerite,
key references: Bana et al. (1978); Domaska-Siuda (2010b);
Kaczmarek (1959b); Mochnacka (1975, 1978).
The abandoned Wojcieszyce uranium mine (27):
sample sources: waste dumps,
mineralization type: U mineralization in breccia zones and in
chloritebiotite schists,
minerals: AUTUNITE, galena, hematite, Mg-member of saleeite
autunite solid solution, pitchblende, pyrite, sphalerite, valpurgite,
key references: Domaska-Siuda (2010b); Kaczmarek (1959b).
The abandoned Radoniw uranium mine (28):
sample sources: waste dumps,
mineralization type: U mineralization in stockworks and pipes
cutting gneisses,
minerals: autunite, elacherite, galena, goethite, gummite, hematite,
marcasite, metaautunite (intermediate member of metaautunite
chernicovitemetaankoleite solid solution), metauranocircite,
Mn-oxides, PITCHBLENDE, pyrite, torbernite, uranocircite,
uranopilite,
key references: Domaska-Siuda (2010b); Jasklski (1967a,b);
Kaczmarek (1959b).
The Kromnw uranium prospect and the Stara Kamienica ore
minerals occurrence (29):
sample sources: waste dumps of abandoned uranium mine,
exposure,
mineralization type: (a) U-polymetallic mineralization in veinlets and
impregnations hosted in mica schists and gneisses, (b) polymetallic
mineralization in skarn lens enclosed in mica schists,
minerals:
(a) U-polymetallic mineralization: hematite, limonite, uranospinite,
(b) skarn mineralization: magnetite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, melnikovite, marcasite,
key references: Kaczmarek (1959b); Wiszniewska (1984).
The Markocice Th prospect near Bogatynia (30):
mineralization type: Th-polymetallic mineralization disseminated
in pegmatites enclosed in high-K Rumburk Granite,
minerals:
in Th deposit: acanthite, brockite, chalcocite, cheralite, chrysocolla,
covellite, cuprite, Fe-mossite, ferrothorite(?), goethite, grayite,
huttonite, malachite, monazite, native Ag, native Au, native Cu,
Nb-ilmenorutile, Nb-rutile, ningyoite, nickeline, psylomelane,
rammelsbergite, rhabdophane, tenorite, Th-phosphates, thorite,
thorogummite, xenotime,
in host granite: bismuthinite, chalcopyrite, galena, goyasite,
hematite, magnetite, marcasite, Ni-arsenides, pyrite, pyrrhotite,
sphalerite, tennantite, tetrahedrite,
key references: Bana and Kucha (1975, 1978, 1984); Kucha (1979,
1989); Kucha and Wieczorek (1980); Marcinkowski (1985);
Mikuszewski (1974, 1978).
The Czarna Gra ore minerals occurrence (31):
sample sources: exposures, adits, dumps,
mineralization type: disseminated mineralization in hornfelses,
minerals: chalcopyrite, galena, ilmenite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, rutile,
sphalerite, xenotime,
key references: Lis and Sylwestrzak (1986); aba (1979); unpublished author's materials.
THE KARKONOSZE GRANITE
The operating Szklarska Porba-Huta granite quarry (32):
mineralization type: disseminated and nest-like mineralization in
aplogranite and pegmatite,
minerals: aikinite, arsenopyrite, -uranophane, Bi-ochres, bismite,
bismuthinite, bismuthite, canizzarite, cassiterite, Ce-gladite, Cehingganite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, columbite-group minerals,
cosalite, covellite, cuprobismuthite, davidite, emplectite, ferberite,
fergusonite, friedrichite, gadolinite, galena, galenobismuthite, hematite, hodrushite, hbnerite, hydroxylbastnesite, ikunolite, ilmenite,
joseite A, koechlinite, krupkaite, kupcikite, magnetite, malachite,
marcasite, melnikovite?, Mo-hydroxides, Mo-ochres, molybdenite,
molybdite, monazite, mushketovite, native Ag, native Bi, niobite,
nufeldite, pecoite, powellite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, russelite, scheelite,
sphalerite, stilbite, stolzite, tetrahedrite, thorite, thorogummite,
titanite, uraninite, wolframite, wulfenite, Y-gadolinite, Y-hingganite,
yttrialite, xenotime, zircon,
key references: Gajda (1960a,b); Karwowski et al. (1973);
Kozowski et al. (2002); Mayer et al., 2012; Mikulski (2007b);
Mikulski and Stein (2007, 2011); Pieczka and Gobiowska (2002,
2012); Sachanbiski (2005).
The operating Michaowice granite quarry (33):
mineralization type: polymetallic mineralization in pegmatite,
minerals: arsenopyrite, bismuthinite, chalcopyrite, covellite,
fergusonite, gadolinite, galena, goethite, gummite, hematite, ilmenite, magnetite, malachite, molybdenite, native Au, native Bi, pyrite,
rutile, scheelite, siderite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, thucholite, thorite,
wolframite (ferberite),
key references: Gajda (1960a,b); Karwowski et al. (1983);
Kozowski and Dzieranowski (2007); Mikulski (2007b); Mikulski
and Stein (2007, 2011).
The Jagnitkw uranium prospect (34):
mineralization type: U anomaly in tectonic breccia zone cutting
granite,
minerals: unknown,
The Bobrw uranium prospect (35):
sample sources: exposures, waste dump,
mineralization type: U mineralization in granite,
minerals: autunite, hematite, torbernite,
The Trzcisko uranium prospect (36):

sample sources: exposures, waste dump,
minerals: autunite, hematite, molybdenite, torbernite,
key references: Lis and Sylwestrzak (1986); Sachanbiski (2005).
The abandoned Maciejowa (Majewo) uranium mine (37):
minerals: autunite, magnetite, marcasite, molybdenite, sooty
pitchblende,
key references: Kaczmarek (1959b); Lis and Sylwestrzak (1986).
Various, minor ore minerals occurrences hosted in the Polish part
of the Karkonosze Granite intrusion, e.g.: Biaa Dolina, Bystry
Stream (Bystro), Gapy Hill, Jakuszyce (borehole), omnica Grna,
May Kocio nieny, Podgrzyn, Rwnia pod niek, Skalna
Brama, Szklarka Stream,
key references: Fedak and Lindner (1966); Gajda (1960a,b);
Kozowski and Sachanbiski (2007); Matyszczak (2008, 2012);
Mikulski and Stein (2011); Szeg and koda (2008).
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Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ore Geology Reviews

Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the

- Late Cretaceous and Neogene-to-Recent hypergenic processes.

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

details of which have been presented in previous publications, as well

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

containing Neoproterozoic (560 Ma; UPb SHRIMP data: elaniewicz

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

striped amphibolites, felsitic metavolcanics as well as chlorite and

3.1. Mineralization in the Leszczyniec Unit descriptions and genetic

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

Caledonian orogeny and subsequently recrystallized within the contact

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

ca 500 - ca 300GT (5) 412285

ca 390 580440 b570

Bi-suldes and SeTe-sulfosalts

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

Fault (Berg, 1913). The copper veins form four tectonically-controlled

amphibolites and mylonites. Quartz veins and disseminations located in

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

documented increased Sn contents in biotites versus low Sn contents

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

leucogranites (Bana, 1969; Bana et al., 1978; Kaczmarek, 1959a;

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

(5) supergene, related to the development of fossil and recent

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

accessory minerals including suldes, sulfosalts, native phases, oxides

granite quarry or in Matyszczak (2008) who presented UNbTa

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

transferred into pneumo-hydrothermal uids responsible for the

In the Izerskie Garby (Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 18), Fila-Wjcicka

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

categorization of this mineralization must include the following groups

at 320250 C. In the Kowary deposit (Fig. 1, Appendix 1, site 6), four

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

5.1. Previous works

5.2. The model

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

Quartz and quartz-barite veins,

Granite magma Karkonosze Granite

UTh, Mo, W, Bi, Sn

Amphibolites, Kowary, Gierczyn

Jarkowice magnetiteWie ciszowice pyrite

N-MORB and rift-related rocks

Main deposits and ore minerals occurrences:

igneous rocks in the eastern part of the Saxothuringian domain,

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

mineral assemblages typical of oxidation and cementation zones

THE LESZCZYNIEC FORMATION

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

key references: Kaczmarek (1959b); Mochnacka et al. (2008).

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

(b) copper deposit: aikinite, arsenopyrite, bismuthinite,

The abandoned Zbjeckie Skay magnetitepyrite mine (19):

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

The abandoned Kopaniec uranium mine (25) and the Maa

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

The Trzcisko uranium prospect (36):

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238

K. Mochnacka et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2015) 215238