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Culture Documents
PLATO S PHAEDO
EDITED
JOHN BURNET
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
Oxford University
Press,
Amen
1959, 1963
PREFACE
THE
is
by me
that prepared
for
Such
as
it
is,
it
The
(W).
a photograph
in
my
collation of Professor
the Introduction
In
Marcianus
of
readings
(T).
are
possession, those of
taken
from
from the
Krai of Prague.
and Notes
have chiefly en
The
interpretation of an ancient
where
back
PREFACE
vi
more
scientific
way than
is
textual problems
in
the present.
The
am
to the editions of
recent editions
Geddes.
J.
B.
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
TEXT
NOTES
....
APPENDIX
I.
APPENDIX
II.
DEATH
II.
III.
HEMLOCK
FXauKov re^vn
BY
...
M9
I
Proper Names
Greek Words
Grammatical
15
152
.
i5 8
INTRODUCTION
I
IF only we
to be,
ture.
it
may
It
by
it
professes
itself in
European litera
be a word for word
it
memorable day
its
as
who
in
this,
it is
touch with
INTRODUCTION
1
probably others of the company. In these circumstances,
it is not easy to believe that Plato intended his readers to
conversation
regard the Phacdo simply as an imaginary
Of course, as has been indicated, he need not have
.
meant every
detail to
If
certain idealization
might
but
we
We may
say,
main unconscious.
Phacdo professes to be
in the
We
more.
are certainly led to believe that it gives us
a truthful record of the subjects on which Socrates dis
coursed on the last day of his life, and of his manner of
treating them.
No
reader
who made
his first
acquain
only it is this,
in the supreme
if
It
is
it is
regard
of Elis, is a
it
mere
lad in
399
B. c. (cp.
Phaedo
to
a date at
INTRODUCTION
xi
sopher
II
fesses to
not. 1
are
and many deny that he held the belief set forth in our
dialogue.
Hardly any one ventures to suppose that the
reasons given for holding this belief could have been
given by Socrates it is assumed that they are based on
;
doctrines formulated
after Socrates
by Plato himself
ing, true to
done
that
in
other dialogues
I
to
INTRODUCTION
xii
as a
fe>
or
doctrines
not.
confess that
PJiaedo as
little
if
Ill
The
from
to say
What
the latter
is
made
allowed,
I believe
that the latter dialogue is accurate in its
it can,
historical setting (cp. E. Gr. Ph. 2
p. 192) and involves no philosophical
anachronism, the Phacdo will a fortiori be a
document.
trustworthy
INTRODUCTION
It
is
meant
conceal his
xiii
own
features,
mask
to
Socrates
in fact, Plato.
is,
The
much
of Greek philosophy.
It
work
the history
in
made
can only be
plausible,
that he
to us
It
is
many
scholars to
derived
much
from the
writings of Plato.
As
is
for the
Memorabilia
itself,
there
is
no doubt that
Gesch. der
Phil
ii.
69.
Cp.
higher
89
b 2 w.
it
critics
INTRODUCTION
XIV
1
It is
have condemned whole chapters as interpolations.
I
not necessary to discuss their theories here
only
mention them at all in order to show that the book
presents a real problem, and that the time has gone by
;
for
speak ing of
cavil.
yond
of the critics,
better
its
their
in
something be
historical character as
If,
The
place.
question
we must ask
is
whether
I
it is
believe that
it
is;
historical Socrates
but
who
will
also believe
that
it
is
the
fictitious
character. 2
IV
By
young
1
It
own account
his
lias
of the matter,
and twenty
five
conversations
were inserted
(K.
Lincke,
in their
Xenophon
die
Stoa,
Neue
Jahrbiicher,
xvii
(1906
the
This view
is
distinction
a recognized truth
is equally emphatic in
stating that the Platonic
Socrates must be distinguished from Plato himself (Platous
philosopliische
Ivo Bruns Das literarische Portrdt der
Entivickelung, p. 53
,
Griechen,
that they
me to refer to it in detail.
am glad to find myself in
I
Though
substantial
cannot accept
all
his conclusions,
INTRODUCTION
xv
we do not know
familiar figure to
most Athenian
We
lads.
soldier
knew him
be a likely
to
man
for
an adventure of
teacher
who had
not
left
Athens
for years
intermittent at best.
What
he
and
see,
tells
us on the
in
complete
is
first
2. 37, iii. 3 sq., and iv. 2 where he insists upon his youth.
As Croiset
says (Lift, grecque, vol. iv, p. 340, n. i), Si Ton se laissait aller a 1 impression generate que donne VAnabase, on attribuerait a Xenophon en
The fact that Apollodorus gave his
399 plutdt vingt-cinq ans que trente.
floruit as the
against this
a
It
for that is
INTRODUCTION
he consulted
the
Socrates
that,
Athenian
He was
if
afraid
on the matter.
and the event
to
at Athens, so he
Cyrus, it would damage his prospects
But Xeno
oracle.
advised him to consult the Delphic
We
read there
(i.
4) that Socrates
I.
who
it
divine sign
it
and
later on.
We
are
should
not, surely,
tell
INTRODUCTION
Charmides consulted Socrates before beginning to
for the foot-race at
Nemea.
xvii
train
He
and it is
So, too, Timarchus declared, when
by that training
he was being led to execution, that he owed his plight to
given him,
And there
disregard of a warning given by Socrates
certain Sannio consulted Socrates, just
were others.
Xenophon, before
is
common
citizen.
life
common
(181
report.
7 sqq.),
Plato
trying to characterize.
had
left
The close
of
them
all Athenians
the Thessalian
and in any case they had no local
b
INTRODUCTION
patriotism to speak
They were
of.
any one who would employ them, and they were naturally
attracted by a man who had not only given proof of
bravery in the field, but had also a mysterious gift of
foreseeing the chances of military adventures.
Nor would these young men think any the worse of
if
They would
selves.
(i.
7.
in
the
15).
own
were
many who
associated with
Socrates in order to
Mem.
nothing
is
\.
2.
48.
known
The mention
^cp.
59
c 2
.),
INTRODUCTION
xix
whom
in
17)
to
Socrates,
or at
least
that he
There
by
EpnoKpaTT/s to
make him the leading speaker in the third dialogue of the trilogy.
do not think it likely that Plato should have invented an impossible
meeting, and Hermocrates may have come to Athens and made the
acquaintance of Socrates during his exile. ,If he did, the fact would cer
to
I
tainly interest
Xenophon.
INTRODUCTION
xx
V
Turning a deaf ear to the warnings of Socrates, young
Xenophon left Athens to join the expedition of Cyrus.
and he never saw Socrates again. He had, therefore, no
first-hand knowledge of his trial and death, while Plato
was certainly present at the trial. Further, though it is
just possible that
time
Xenophon
in the interval
between
revisited
Athens
his return
for a short
his fresh
less
INTRODUCTION
the Memorabilia
To
xxi
may
easily
have done
in similar cases.
which
is
In
to be
some
that
of the conversations
It is
highly probable
feeling that
of
many
of his
iiruQfois cp.
2
Clitopho
Tfn&v
*TT
408
dpfTrjv
d2
w>
4.
KaAAjoV
Et 5e nvts
iroTf
TTUIS
OVTOS
;
vvv
fj.uvov
.
410
dvOpwircvv Spdv
~S.ojKpa.Trjv
fir*
vofj.ifrvGii
vivai, trpoayayfiv S
/j.a/cpuTtpov 8f ouSeV.
,
&s
(.VLOI ypd<povai
av&puTiuvs
O,VTT)V ovx l/cavov KT\.
fj.ev
fir
Cp. Xen.
Mem.
re Kal \e-fovcrt
irfpl
INTRODUCTION
xxii
brave old
man
with the
intention of taking
of second
gift
life
sight,
whose
it.
VI
It is not even necessary for our purpose to discuss the
vexed question of Xenophon s veracity, though it is right
to mention that, when he claims to have been an eye
At the
witness, his statements are not to be trusted.
his
was
of
he
he
Symposium
says
present at
beginning
the banquet which he describes, though he must have
been a child at the time. 1 He also claims in the Oeconomicns to have heard the conversation with Critobulus,
in the course of which (4. iSsqq.) Socrates discusses the
divine sign
The banquet
421/0 B. c. In Athenaeus
not born at that date, or
was at any rate a mere child. It follows that Herodicus (a follower of
Crates of Mallos), whom Athenaeus is here drawing upon, supposed
Xenophon to have been only twenty years old at the time of the
Anabasis. This is probably an exaggeration of his youth at that date.
216 d
we
is
supposed
to take place in
INTRODUCTION
conversations
reports
xxin
at
present, he
is
unnecessary elaboration,
but
Xenophon
He
different.
is
posed to believe
manner
heard
We
is
but that
it.
VII
In view of
all this, it is
now
we
quire,
We
re
to distinguish the one from the other ?
would seem, a third witness, and such a witness
it
It is
to appreciate
the philosophical importance of Socrates than Xenophon
On the other hand, he was far enough removed
was.
sure
we have
Socrates.
Xenophon, we may be
the historical
had access
conclusions,
industry.
to
disparage Joel
learning and
INTRODUCTION
XXIV
for Socrates
In
help of the
the
Magna
Mor
;
alia.
for the
is
clearly right in his contention
that Aristotle never says anything about Socrates which
natural
fact
is
was so much
in
1
ii.
94, n. 4.
INTRODUCTION
discourses of Socrates
of Plato as
includes the
Laws under
this title.
xxv
that
It
he actually
is
surely quite
impossible to suppose that he really meant to identify
If
he was
the Athenian Stranger with Socrates.
not be
it
would
like
blunder
a
of
that,
making
capable
worth
while to
subject
simpler to assume that, for Aristotle,
Socrates was just the Platonic Socrates, and that, in
speaking of the Laivs as discourses of Socrates he has
at
It
all.
far
is
made
a slip
which would be
still less
to support the
Plato,
real
and
if
Aristotle
is
he had been
in
unhistorical.
is
s,
in
always
ready to
criticize
unmistakable language.
s statements as
what
to
instance,
Socrates
Platonic Socrates
Pol. B. 6.
I265a
II TO
"S.OJK
Ko.1
5e nfpl TTJJ
jjitv irXtiarov ptpos vupoi rvy\dvovaLv ovres, u\iya
The editors say that the Athenian
noXiTfias fiprjKfv (sc. o Sw/rpdT^y).
Stranger is identified with Socrates, and seem to be unconscious of the
8t No/^cwi/ TO
INTRODUCTION
xxvr
VIII
all as if our only chance of learning any
was from Plato, but we must of
about
Socrates
thing
his
evidence
to the same tests as we have
course subject
It
looks after
applied to
Xenophon and
Aristotle.
In the
first
place
He
his dialogues.
We
is
He
his writings.
We may
and that
is
own
personality from
note, however, that he likes to
with Socrates.
Plato was twenty-eight years old when Socrates was
1
put to death, and we cannot doubt thai he had known
him from his boyhood. The idea that Plato first made
the acquaintance of Socrates when he was grown up may
be dismissed. 2 It is inconsistent with all we know about
Cp.
2
The
iii.
6).
i.
made
when
INTRODUCTION
xxvii
where.
in this
way
be a
far cleverer
artistic susceptibility
and
his
keen eye
left
When
We
learn
We
learn from
relationship to him
doubtful service of urging him to enter public life in spite of his shyness
(Mem. iii. 7), and in the Symposium (1.3) Xenophon represents him as
associating with Socrates along with Critobulus, Hennogenes. and AntiHe is made to say that he could associate more freely with
sthenes.
Socrates when reduced to poverty by the war. For the conversation with
Glaucon, cp. Mem. iii. 6. i. These data cover the whole period of Plato
boyhood and early manhood.
2
Ep.
vii.
324 b
8 sqq.
INTRODUCTION
xxviii
not carry us
in the prison
may mean
little
more, but
not
who
else
could
as Plato s
and I do
have written it the matter
Plato does not say a word in
We
in
the affair of
Leon
of Salamis
name from
the
list.
would have
!
oiitt
5
Ep.
vii.
32462
irri
fittf
trfpcov tirfunov,
ia
cr^f
aovra
5o>
is
INTRODUCTION
xxix
opened
When
life,
of
last
them
of the
may
be sure that he
is
made
it
to Megara, the
home
of
We
importance.
his business to hear every
first
detail of the
dTro6a.vovfJ.evov,
6 5
OVK
va
5r)
of
Leon
fttrfx 01
tirtiOtTo, TTO.V 81
yevtoOai Koivojv6s.
is
s last
The
TWV
IT
fir)
tpyw
name
given.
1
Ep. vii. 325 a 5 sqq. Plato says that he was prevented from entering
public life by the impossibility of effecting anything without a party and
the proved impossibility of acting with either party.
Cp.
p. ix, n. i.
INTRODUCTION
xxx
all
him.
to
IX
Still, it will
was so
be
different
said,
\ve
is
to the point.
the
mouth
way
Pkaedo.
in the
case of the
things.
was
Thuc.
22.
called for
speakers.
INTRODUCTION
we
xxxi
Even the
Eleatic Stranger
had two
ment and
It
distinctive marks,
it
its
instru
with the
it
mime
If
are historical, 2
Sophron
but in any
we can
true.
see
Plato
delight in
what suggested
it
case,
dialogues really arc
mimes, but with this difference, that the characters are all
it
is
figure
1
at
Thebes
considerably
before
the
1447 b 2 sqq.
The story that Socrates was a student and imitator
on the authority of Duris of Samos (FHG. ii, p. 480).
2
death of
Poet.
of
Sophron
rests
INTRODUCTION
xxxii
is probably a misunderstanding.
mention
not
does
Mantinea, and what he
Aristophanes
of
Arcadians by Sparta
the
says about the 8101x10-^6$
of the Arcadian
dissolution
the
to
may very well refer
of
but, even
certain positive
values.
keeping up the
prc-revolutionary period.
1
Cp
belong to the
of 404 and
The Revolutions
the llellenica
is
v.
854, 855. The chronology of
certainly at fault in regard to these transactions, and
Persian gold may well have found its way to Thebes before the supposed
date of the conversation described in the Meno.
2
As
is
the
Symposium
is
alluding in a natural
sup
way
INTRODUCTION
xxxiii
made
E. C.
403
the fourth.
Aristophanes
is
the
exception that
for the
is
his
personages
came
he
Yet there
Charmides
politician
beautiful
wild
is
all
this
in
the
lad
career.
is still at the
height of his
events are not even suffered to
Alcibiades
Coming
Nowhere, perhaps,
is
Plato
self-restraint
in
this
INTRODUCTION
It is
of Aristophanes.
still
time,
resent
the
At
that
there was
comedy
Even
different.
Aristophanes
literally,
in
if
At
what Socrates
the Apology
is
after the
felt
condemnation.
some resent
Yet Plato
keeps
As we
has done
he
it.
is
it must be
contemporary.
on Plato speak as if the
That
is
why
so
many
writers
It
is
first
INTRODUCTION
xxxv
when he
for
to the generation
child.
Eduard Meyer, who has done more than any one to make the
background of Plato s life intelligible, falls under the illusion.
historical
He
says
(Gesch. des Alterthums, vol. iv, p. 429) that the Symposium proves nothing
as to the relations of Socrates with Aristophanes, but only as to those of
.
Two such diametrically opposed natures as Socrates and
Plato.
.
He
which
and that Plato was quite right in ascribing the chief responsibility for his
master s death to him. We must apparently believe then that, some
half-dozen years after the death of Socrates (the Ecclesiazusae was pro
bably produced in 392 B.C.% and within a few years of the time he wrote
the Phaedo, Plato found and understood the man whom he rightly re
garded as mainly responsible for the death of Socrates, and then thought
it appropiiate to write a dialogue in which he represents Socrates and
Aristophanes as boon companions. If that can be true, anything may.
fact is that the Aristophanes whom Plato might very well have
found and understood is just the Aristophanes of the Symposium, not
The
who wrote the Ecclesiazusae and the Plutus. But Plato was
when the Clouds was produced, and a mere boy at the time
Symposium took place. What we may really infer is that the
the revenaut
only a baby
the
matter
1
Thrasymachus
is
i,
about the
p. 50, n.
last
i).
representative of the
Sophists
(though Plato never gives him that name), and he was early enougli to
be satirized in the AairaA^r, the first comedy which Aristophanes wrote.
That was
in
C 2
to
speak.
It is
improbable
INTRODUCTION
are those which were of interest at the time they are
That of the Strong Man, for
to take
supposed
place.
which
is
Hcrakles of Euripides.
It naturally follows from this that, when Plato does
wish to discuss questions which had come up in his own
time, he is quite conscious of the impropriety of making
If
now generally
we adopt
the chronology
is,
more than an
it.
We
honorary president
as a recent writer
puts
case in the Hennocrates, a dialogue which Plato designed
but never wrote.
In the Laws, Socrates disappears
altogether,
and
his
place
is
taken by an
Athenian
who seems
Stranger
really to be Plato himself.
this
rule is the PJiilebus, and
only exception to
exception
is
The
that
\\ith subjects
where.
It
must
was still living when Plato began to write, and the theories
which he is made to uphold in the Republic are not such as any one is
likely to have maintained in the fourth century.
that he
INTRODUCTION
xxxvii
X
Of
we
course,
we
shall
phon
traits
tells us of
definitely sets
1
vol.
up as Socratic
III
INTRODUCTION
xxxviii
recognized.
Schleiermacher
Xenophon
Memorabilia.
XI
For one thing, this consideration suggests that Socrates
cannot have stood aloof from the scientific movement of
his time.
Xenophon does not really say that he did.
He
tells
us,
would be quite
young man
to leave
Mem.
iv. 7.
ypa^fj.a.TOJVj
dvrjKoos
times
rjv
of
as
r\v
(sc.
T&V
fJvffffvvfToov 5ia-
Xenophon
INTRODUCTION
xxxix
new method of
alone
the
and, as the
new method
Socrates, there
is
of natural science at
exaggeration
scientific
what we
any other
at
C.,
date.
In the
in
corded
in the
yvuivai
fj.avrov
aKOtrtiv.
Cp.
vofj.i<jai>T(s
ye\oiov
Mem.
ixavus
i.
817
I.
(paivtrai
TavdptinTiva. fidtvai
ij5rj
TOVTO
ypd^^a
ZTI
(pxovrat
(TTI
rb
irepl
rSjv TOIOVTOJV
(ppovri^etv KT\.
1
only
of his time.
2
See
i8n), pp.
ix sqq.
INTRODUCTION
xl
1
the primary substance.
based on
comedy
is
Air condenses
the form of Clouds.
to Diogenes,
this.
According
and becomes visible in
That is why the Clouds are the divinities of the Socratic
school. a
Further, Diogenes held that Air was what we
and that is why Socrates swings aloft in the
think with
The damp of the earth would clog his thought. 3
air.
into Mist,
ignored.
ment.
It
Archelaus
is
is,
therefore,
no Alexandrian
not mentioned
in
fig
the Pliaedo by
Sre Dicls in Rhein. Mns. N.F. xlii, p. 12 sqq. and Vors." pp. 340,341.
2
Cp. also K. Gr. Ph. p. 408, n. 3.
*
See E. Gr. Ph. 2 pp. 409 sqq.
3
and Clouds 225 sqq. where Socrates explains
Cp. Phue do
that he could not rightly have discovered the things aloft
ei /HT) Kp(/.maas
,
1
Q6b4.
ro
<f>povTi8a
\(TTTTJV
If
he had
TTJ>
TTJI
6
t/i
/(fi5a
Tuv
vijvv.
Diog. Laert.
ii.
22
"low
5e o Xfos
/fat
ei y
2a/xov
nvv
War For the evidence of Aristoxenus, see Diels, Vors? p. 323. 34 sqq.
For Theophrastus, cp. Diels, Dox. p. 479.
17 Kat A/r^aoy 6 Atf^atos,
a>
See also
INTRODUCTION
xli
same way.
And we
Eleatic
this of Socrates in
Phaedo (c6
culties in the
But there
is
e 7 sqq.).
different
quarter.
references to the
the
several
Socrates
doctrines of
Empedocles.
was in doubt whether what we think with was Air or
Blood (96 b 4). The latter was the doctrine of Empe
2
docles, and Aristotle tells us it was adopted by Critias
What is more important still is that Socrates was troubled
in his youth by the question whether the earth was flat
or round (97 d 8), and that implies Pythagorean influence.
The
philosophers of Ionia
flat,
and
it
2
Cp. E. Gr. Ph. p. 417. Gorgias had been an Empedoclean (tb. p. 234,
and Plato at least suggests that Protagoras had been a Heraclitean
n. 4),
(ib. p.
188).
others of the
(tb.
2
in the
middle of the
effect
among
fifth
century
406).
Arist.
tie
An.
colony of Thurii
Athens.
in
A. 2.
444
405 b
6.
B.C., his
INTRODUCTION
xlii
Socrates
It
(ra
things aloft
beneath
find
that
the
we
but
things
regularly
fjLT(Dpa),
the earth
(ra VTTO 777?) are associated with these in his
those
case.
Now
it
The
first
volcanic
paid
much
phenomena
interior,
and
this
knows
this point
too,
Phaedo
will
be
TT]K<jj<i,
i.
Clouds iQ2.
The interest of the myth in the Phaedo is mainly
eschatological, but it also gives us a complete theory of ra vno 777$,
5
the West.
Democritus
like.
The
still
INTRODUCTION
xliii
XII
According to the Phaedo^ when Socrates gave up
natural science in despair, he found satisfaction in what
is generally known as the Theory of
Ideas.
I
have
tried to explain this
as such
an explanation
first
I have
come elsewhere, namely, that the doctrine in
question was not originated by Plato, or even by Socrates,
but is essentially Pythagorean, as Aristotle tells us it
was. 1
firm
this
present inquiry.
have seen that there was a point beyond which
did
Plato
not think it right to go in making Socrates the
We
it
in
Ideal
Theory
had
commonly believed,
we should
his philosophy,
INTRODUCTION
xliv
The
its
mouthpiece.
tion
is
It
the
in
It is at any rate a birthright he has never claimed
deed, he has done everything in his power to bar any
He has made Socrates discuss
such claim on his part.
;
was not
who
Men
of
Megara
or
even
for
an explanation.
When Phacdo
granted.
It
repeats
is
simply taken
all this
to the
for
Pytha
Tun. 51
we
which
is
INTRODUCTION
xlv
number
to a
states
own
to philosophy is a great
from
the theory of forms
enough thing, quite apart
is not the place to
Phaedo.
This
expounded in the
Plato
discuss
has
it,
contribution
but
it
come about
of the
that in
Ideal
it
Theory
Academy, which
full
expression in his
reaction
against the
may
be implicit
in
During the
later dialogues
in the positions
INTRODUCTION
xlvi
l
was assumed that there was a later theory of Ideas
which in many respects contradicted that set forth in the
Phaedo and the Republic, and this had one very salutary
effect, that of directing attention once more to those
dialogues which had always been held in antiquity to
It
At the same
contain the genuine philosophy of Plato.
I
am convinced that the theory of an earlier and
time,
later
theory of Ideas
is
distinction,
it
if
Aristotle
The time
he had.
has
Plato s earlier
accordingly, not to speak of
I
because
do
the theory
of
Ideas
believe
not
theory
was Plato s at all and I prefer not to speak of Plato s
I
prefer,
later
is
really
appropriate.
1
This view
is
name
s later
dialogues
was
first
of Professor
Henry
to
The genuineness
of
clearly established
by
my
predecessor.
In the Parmenides he
We
The true
Peripatetic interpretation
is
preserved
INTRODUCTION
It
xlvii
in
dialogue goes,
The
and no
Where
further.
it
can no
I am well
longer be applied, the region of myth begins.
aware that the doctrine has another aspect, to which
present.
that, while
may say,
I
With
a mythical setting.
in
at
demand
for a
psycho
^x
The
The
soul of the
man who
for
stood
transfixed in
twenty-four hours
brooding thought
Potidaea is surely the soul to which
in the
we must
silent,
camp
at
look for
2o>/cpaT77?,
GUTO
ST)
TO Xcyopd
oi
(fr.
i)
OL>X
Ka.9a.trtp
avros
(<brj
n\drwv.
TTO.I>T&S
INTRODUCTION
been concentrated during that day and night?
Surely not on the things he discusses in the Memorabilia ?
have
XIII
book on Greek beliefs about the soul has no
Even Plato, the writer says, had
chapter on Socrates.
The
best
The
inference
that the
is
historical Socrates
is
in
Memorabilia.
the
was foreign
the
to
belief
little
Plato
treat
it
historical
is
as
in
clear that
a word
its
word
for
report,
outlines. 2
main
Even
pains to
it
if
is
doubtless
it
is
make
not,
it
such
it
that,
in
was
it
E.
Rohde, Psyche,
As Gomperz puts
ii,
it,
p.
265 (557).
the
Apology
is
stilisierte
Wahrheit
INTRODUCTION
xlix
Nor
formula. 1
of the next
life
is
as a better
as a better world.
death
It
They
;
initiated at
removed
life,
and as
far
own
as
right,
that
it
in
it
must
ei
rpuirca
vvi
i//TJ<pov
which
<JJVTQJV.
Rohde, Psyche,
ii,
p.
203 (495),
3.
INTRODUCTION
find
mouth
practice
this
in
The
of Socrates.
felt
bound
to
Nor
respect.
is
whether
writer,
is
im
Aeschylus or Sophocles of a belief in a blessed
life
if
knows
Who
It is Euripides who says
mortality.
at
is
and
be death and death be life ?
by
laughed
,
pious
and
he,
like Socrates,
was considered
im
bound
evil to
correct.
it
is
and
most waking
There are
certain
It is
of Orpheus and Musaeus and Hesiod and Homer.
in
more
sympathy
surely clear that Socrates himself is
may
not say
in
makes
is
as
many
certain
He
reservations.
is
1
I take to be the meaning of rd \fyoThis, and not popular opinion
Hfva in Apol. 40 07, d 6.
Cp. notes on Phaedo 63 c 6 and 70 c 5- The
term belongs originally to the language of the mysteries, in which rd
,
is
used elsewhere
in Plato of
INTRODUCTION
body
that
li
he
not sure
is
will
it
of old. 1
commit himself
declines to
doctrine.
It is
probable tale
Whatever concessions
explicitly stated in the Phaedo.
may make for the sake of argument, Socrates lets
he
be clearly seen that his beliefs about the soul are not
it
man
those of the
in
the street.
The same
Xenophon
The
the soul.
Even Plato
represented
propounds
it
in
as
immortality was,
brother Glaucon
when Socrates
Phaed. 6301.
Mem.
Rep.
i.
i.
608
tii
Mem.
oii5
avTTj.
iv. 3.
9 pwrrivQiv ,
d 2
INTRODUCTION
lil
in
in
Either
planations.
common
source.
is
immortal,
Among
it
the Greeks,
changeable notions.
is
in
and 80 a
8,
its
property identical
to the
If the
2 (205).
p.
ii,
God.
with
Even
so innocent-
Kpariarrjv TO)
f)
\\
(j.6i r)
ord
1
-,t
^x
di Opwircu
i/frcu
(j
(o
evt(j>vae
puvijois.
Oeus
These go
far
i.
2.
65aio),
53
i.
4.
13
TTJV
ev
?-
Xen. Cyr.
ov8l TOVTO
viii. 7.
17 sqq.
TTujtroTe fTTfiaOi^v,
u>
fj
70:76,
Si
7raf5es,
77,
orav
"
i/
vx^
li.,
INTRODUCTION
liii
it
If so,
Socrates.
tyvy&v
ecm
TOVT
(rotytov
typovriVTripiov,
century
It is sufficiently
B.C.
in
Orphic
its
origin,
man
true personality
disciples as
1
The 0\c
souls
i/<uxo9
is
the
or
man who
p.
it
;/<i>x
even
clings to
life.
To
*7?.
i.
in their lifetime.
i,
risk
p.
one
s life is
47 (43), n. i
so regarded;
141 (432), n.
wherever
ghosts
of mysti
cism or philosophy.
2
Cp. van Leeuwen, ad loc. innuit non vivos vegetosque illic habitare
homines sed mera ei5ou\a Ka^ovrcav VZKVWV quaedam a^tvrjva Kdprjva quibus
,
(}>pev(s
dicitur ^ntGvrjs.
i)
INTRODUCTION
liv
Sophists
made
is
in
the chorus
of the Birds
up the souls
This, at any rate, cannot be aimed at
and the caricature would be wholly
represented as calling
is
practice of death
(/leXerr)
itself,
we know
Qavdrov] which, as
of men. 2
The
insists
by mystic doctrines.
We
man and
character of the
in.
The
of
science
who
joined the
Phaed.
64 b
dum
is
is
sqq.
it
INTRODUCTION
lv
elsewhere. 1
who had
is
1
divine sign
latter
We
from boyhood. 2
It
if
we were
difficult
sympathetic to him.
knew had dropped
Socrates.
XIV
But Socrates was no Orphic
another characteristic which
He had
him from turning
kept
that
mystic out and out. That was the Attic
shrewd, non-committal spirit, natural to a people of
farmers and tradesmen, which Aristophanes has depicted
ipa>i>ia,
is
lit
The twenty-four
Socrates was about thirty-seven,
TratSos apa/j.fvov.
when
is
sly ,
not regarded as exactly a good quality.
cunning
it is
INTRODUCTION
Ivi
too
little
it is
only
Socrates
worst,
the historical
in truth
who
ascribe
it
The
to him.
Scots words
it
a salutary
refuses to
cp.
is
canny
of
he
63
va<pt
commit himseli
c i n.
Or, as
It is
Gomperz puts
it,
THE
the
and Phaedo,
tetralogy comprised the Euthyphro, Apology, Crtio,
i.e. those dialogues which deal specially with the trial and death
of Socrates.
The
VIII-IX and
I-VII
is
first
class. 4, i (T),
after E.
was written
for
As
MS.
Clarkianus
of Patmos,
and
all
less
The
by Schanz as
deteriores,
critics
Iviii
himself.
instance,
it
more
than B.
faithfully
has a new
set
For
com
posed
of
Bast,
its
more
till
called attention to
Its
it.
claims to be regarded as a co
and
were warmly contested by
anonymous commentary on
it
seems
version of the
of Catana, in
to
Sicily.
The
Latin
(B ),
probably that of Arethas himself, are taken from a
MS. closely resembling W, so that it must represent a tradition
older than B.
which
is
special feature of
which
lost,
that
it
we
more than can be
is
is
the
number of ancient
said either of
or of T.
variants
MSS. were
alone, and
is
it
quoted,
is
to
be understood
;
Thus, on the
ro
W alone
that
when
B and T
lix
(f)( ipfj.ciKoi
and
TI
An
ovv
first
eVrtef
page,
and
it
may
be inferred that
dyyeiAut, while
W has
-yoj
B and T
a/coicrai/zi, olos
have
T
TJV
r]v.
knowledge of the
text
was
made by
of Plato
death (Ars.
i.e.
papyrus
Arsinoitica}.
On
the whole,
TW
various
caution.
EXEKPATHS
St. I
4>AIAJ1N
P- 57
EX.
AI/TOJ,
f]fj.tpq
OL>
<bai<i>v,
ri]
roi>
jjKovcras;
Avros,
<I>AIA.
EX. Tt
E)(eKpares\
o>
?/
TTWS ereAevra;
/cat
rov;
oSi^
^Secos
7/p
az^
yap
6ya>
Kat
V ye
on
6?/
Ov6e ra
apa
tTruOeo-Ot ov
rponov 58
eyerero;
TraAat
tov.
yap
o
r?)
TL
ye^o/u.eVr;?
ovv
avrrjs
TOVTO,
t]v
Trporepata TT/?
8t/cr]s
/cat
rt?,
77oAAa)
vo-repov
a>
r/
irpypva
e(rre/x//e^r;
row TrAotov
2 tirifv TO (pdp/u-aKov
V seel. v.
B
L-r
fTOf
T
B
Bamberg
as
owj
a6
frAiao-iwi seel.
om.
670;
om.
ro)i/ iro\i-
Schaefer
b i a7ra77?Aai
a 8 Trtp.irov(riv B T
IIAATHNOS
58a
EX. TOVTO
0?)cre?;$-
Trore
Kal
aycoy
ets
a)S
\VTai
A?]Aoy
rw
6^ew
aT/ros
ro re,
ael
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Ai/Ao y re
eytore ey 770
ra>
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yeyo-
6e(7/ot(jor7]pt(o
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e^ eKetyov Kar
ert
TrAotoy
apx^)
corrTrep
tTV\tv,
EX. Tt
j>w
AA<S
avroi^s.
roOro 8
ro
&)
A?ro AAcoyt
rowrw KaOaptvtiv
cmoKTeu wai, irptv ay eis
8r]juocrta
ac/HK^rat
oSy
r<S
evretSay
Tre/xTroucrty.
ey
^eooptas, yo p,os e(7rly avTols
r?/y
ea-w^r].
Kal
KLVOV$
eTrra
et (TitiOtitv,
8?)
r)y
"
8k
"
rovs
Kal
re
A$r]yatot, ey
ro TiAotoy, us (pa&iv
Kprjr???
ecroocre
eviavrbv
TL ecrrty;
8r/
eon
aird^fLV ets
rivai To
8e
Toirr
CE>AIA.
10
ra
8?/
vrepl
co
aAA
ereAe^ra ^)tAcoy;
eprj/xos
4>AIA.
EX.
et p,7]
AAAa
5
cr^oAaC/o ye Kal
a-a^eVrara
ruy^ayet
oS(7a.
Treipacrop-at
craarOai
Kal
EX.
AAAa
p//jy,
tatScoy, Kal
2>
aAAa
o^re yap
d9
ii
Kal
TTore 0r?(rei/s
5i|eA0etV
p,?/y
$ayarw
cos
d4
B
W
-ye
aKovcro^vov^ ye
ws ay 8^y?; aKpt/3e-
rows"
Tretpw
-Tiapo yra
b
B:
5ieAee?v
re
re
/xe
dvbpbs eTrtr^Set of
om.
d8
C 6 rt ^r
trepovs
BT:
BT
e Aeos
TiVa
eTxipovs
586
etcrr/er
ware
vbaLfJLa>v
TU>V
a>9
f/
tKtli ov
//ot
77aptcrrao-$ai
dAAd
fJioipas UVCLL,
Kat eKeure
av
OVT
Kat
w? eV
-rjboin]
ol
yap
(LTOTTOV TL
(T^boV
OVTM
TL
T7/9
Kai Trayres ot
VLOT
ytAw^reS
biatptporTais, ATroAAo Scopoj
/cat
roi>
yikv
rpoTrov avrov.
t>AIA.
EX.
EruxoF
OL/TO
Trapijv /cat
/cat
Kr?/(rt
fie
ot
/cat
^atSwi
oo
dAAot.
rtre? Trapaye^d/oterot
^ATA.
1
dAV
T/cray
ov;
yrys
KCLL
/cat
?}/xwy
TOV avbpa
TTOV
yap
re
S"
7709 o
/cat
/cat
/cat
riatayte^s"
rw
ATroAAdSoopos"
6 7rar?/p avrov
Ato-^tV^s"
IlAdrwz^ 8e
e77t)(oopta)z,
8? /
Kptro /JovAos
E7rtyey?/9
Mere
ez
ert
/cat
A/ rifr^eVrys
/cat
Epptoye
Se Kat
r]r
rto/
?/a-^eVet.
ot/j.at
(J)
at6"coi
EX. Tt
(
8e;
e 3 ai/Tjp B
6 5 ware /iot B
:
signis iecit
8?/ra-
6 ai/r;p
PLATO,
vol..
i.
&&T
a6
b 7 KOiTo^ov\os T
b ii
om. pr. T
^aiSajj/iSrjs B
<5e
Ke /3r]9
Kat
Ov
I>ATA.
/cat
0?]/3ato9
Kat
5?]$
59
6U at Trapoi Tt,
rt^es"
bLKLfJL6a, TOT
Se
els"
rotovrot
Aoyot
ort avTLKa
8r)
JJ.OL
crvyKKpajJLvr] o^ov
ifioi ijs
bio,
lovra avtv
At5oi>
ay So^etei
et/cos
a>9
et9
/otr;
W64
e/j.oiye
airo
rcDv Xoyccv
om.
Kpir6@ov\os B
C i re B T
irapiaTaadai (Ktl.vov
a8
avrov
B T
etz^at.
om.
et transp.
:
C2
Bt
roC Ao^ow
rore T ore B
T avrov Kpiruv
-J>
B
B T
2
0cu8wi/5-,;s
ITAATllNOS
5 gc
EX.
8e rty TrapTJv;
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r rt ot)uat ro^rof
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croL e
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W om.
T irapayy*\\w B
W
parrra B
arra
yfi\<a
-/cat
F^tKoroos"
ol)? frw
>
77ot?/a-a^res
aAAa
ey)(O)pe?.
^ooKpar^s",
Trotoijo-tz/
&
yap
63 irapa-yBt om. T
69 eiKortas
:
117
cf>AIA!>N
etz
Kep8az
Kat
aAA
VOVTO S.
eYt
t$t,
roi
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1
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efrrcort.
TratSt irXi](riov
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oe
t6a>z
rw
yeAcora 117
?/
?/z>
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(/;?/,
TO (j)dp^aKov,
bu<TLV
fxe
row
aKoiycra? eVevo-e
aAAo ye
irLtvv
vcTTtpov
o\iyoi>
o(/>A7/(Tetz
bVOS
avdpanrov, ETer,
t-nicrT^^v, ri \(n] 770 tea ;
oj
c/)?/,
o-?;
jSeXrttrre,
Ov5^
TOVTO>V
ya/>
aAAo, 60?;,
er rotV (TKeAeo-t
yZ
TToiT/fret.
Kat 09
Kat
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aAA
etco^et
w(T7rep
Tt Aeyets
arOf)<jo7Tov,
a77orr7ret(Tat rti
{J-tTOLKrjcriv ri\v
/>
rr^at
ra?3ra
1
Kat
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ot
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bdKpvtiv,
juj/
aAA
ra
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yap 7 / tKeivov ye,
aAAa
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R3 Treiflou T
B T eiVe TI
:
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V
7
B
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C
76
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d
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7
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b4
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ap,
1
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re
otot
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doraKTi e^topet
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e/jcaTjroO
OTJ
e/aavroV
rTJ^r,
TO.
eptTrpocr^er
ro re
/cepSaiVei^
Tri^oC
a,ua
ai/roD ^3to
icai
Kat
rw
Kat
Tavrtj.
eTj^epws
cus"
KCLT)(LV
7/Z>
ez
re
^eotj eferrrt
vrv\tj ye; e-
ot ov
avbpbs
s"
6e Kat
Kat
rots"
r//i^
bcLKpvtor,
TTOTJ
ye
ptaAa
ws"
ye
eptou
ocrov
tvOevbe eKe^o-e
eyKaA7j\^ap,ez o^
ajo~re
roz^
eya>
eTrto-^o /xez os
TTpocr-
VTrofiXe^as Trpo?
Tplj3ofJ,V
oV aAA tv^uOai
7]
XP 7 r7V
a ^7) Kat
rou
OTJ;
77
",
re Kat
ai/ro
Ol^i;
ares>
oi;re
)(poj/^aros"
Trept ro{55e
ec/>7/,
l^ecrrip
t;
Ex e/K P
oo
Aeoo^,
ravpi]buv
fiapos
oi^Vous"
T7/i
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(rot
ai;
?/
?/rat,
^aV(TTri.
SaKpL a,
ovbtv eTraTJero
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K\aa>v
avafipvyj}(Taii.tvos
BT
a6
B t
B -TW
THOU/
5oS0-eti/
TTOIUV
BT
B
aTriwi/
a8
SiSoVcu
BT
irpoTtpov pr.
atrroA-aKTi
e>oC
W
:
7^.
/tow
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W
W
rt
/cal
n7 d
5
dyavaKT&v ovbh a
OVTLVCL ov Kare^Aafre
Trapovrw
T>V
rtXiiv
ye CLVTOV ^LtOKpClTOVS.
EKetVos
OL>)(
e rotaiira
/cat
oe
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u-a
rot
/a?/
xp?/
V(pr]fjLLa
{/Trrios
/]
avrov
o 5 ov/c
TrteVas"
avrov rov
eTreOetKZ iTO
?//^rz
ras"
et
/pero
Kat
roO
ra
eV/j?;
(TKeA?7,
alcrOdroiTo,
Kat eiravLMV
Kz;?//nas
re
x/yt ^otro
ort
ra
Kat
Tro6as
77080,
ec/j>].
(3apvv(rOai
yap eKeAeuev 6
QVTOS o bovs TO
rows
eTreo-KOTret
^povov
ot
eTretf)?/
-ouroo
KaTreira cr(f)6bpa
avTos
TrepteA^coz
tycLTTTOfJitvos
a/>ta
ovrcos
7re/jf\//a,
yap d/o/Koa on ev
KCU
p.e z
eya)
StaAtTTcbi
a7re
aAA
rjfjt,ls
crK\7],
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a>
7rAr7ju//eAoii>
ftaKpveLV.
5
Tiotetre,
cj)i],
T\vrav.
Kat
Ola,
8e,
ijKLcrra
77?/yz
Kat
uro.
Kdpbiq yeV?]rat
rf)
cr^eSov rt aiirov
1
TOLOV
AAAa
10
ii Kptrooz
ec/j^e y^-aro
a\KTpvova
aAAa
ctTrooore Kat
rarra,
i]v
ra
ro i/rpov \jsv\6[JLV a,
b O?/ reAeretVrez -
Trepi
Kat eKKaAini/a/aez os
(/>?^
(/)?/,
rw
p.?/
d/j,eA?/rr?]re.
AcrKA?T77tco oc/)etAo/j,ez,
aAA op a
eVrat, 6 KptYoozr
et rt
aAAo
Aeyets\
TaCra
\porov
en
OtaAtTTcbz^
re
e Ktr?/^/]
Kat
aTreKptraro,
o
aAA
6Aiyoi>
av6pu)Tro
rows"
6<pda\}jiov$.
II8e
15
avbpos,
reAei;r?i,
?/
co
rS>v
WF
ro re
?//xr^
e7retpci^r]/xez^
eyerero,
dpidTov
5 Ko.TfK\acr
d.
e
xo/ue^ pr.
ouT jcs
TJIJi.iv
al
rjp.1v
Siau.e\fi(rr]T(
/caTe/cAauae
65
T
e 3 re
/care/cAi^T?
OUTOJS
a9
rifjuv
BT
ai/ToTs
rai/ra eVrai
lj"
BT
a
\V
e^)7j
-ye
OL/ TCDS-
eV-
^/u?^
irr^vvro B T \V
a 14 :at B rr
:
NOTES
Introductory dialogue in dramatic form, 57 a
The
scene
the Pythagorean
is
oWSpiov
at
59
c 7.
Phlius.
The
only
is
to Elis.
It is
viii. 46 rfAfimiiru
re o
yap tytvovro rwv Hv0ayopfia)V ovs /cm Apioro^fyos eiSf, &ev(
Xa\Kidfvs airo QpaKrjs Kal tydvT&v 6
us tea! ExeKpari^s Kal AioK\rjs
t
><pi\us
4>Xtdcri
Kal
IIoAtyii/aoTOsr,
"Evpvrov
TU>V
It
level), where Argolis, Arcadia, and the territory of Sicyon meet.
was surrounded by mountains 4,000 to 5,000 feet high, under whose
immemorial shadow (daova ots ^AetoGzTo? ev
opecri.v, Pind.
u>yvyt.ois
and
valley
still
Ph. 2 p. 94, n.
<pi\Go-o<pos
time there or
in
2
(E. dr. Ph. p. 321, n. 2).
NOTES
57
chis
dialogue he
(89 b
At a
5).
quite a youth
is
later
and
still
know nothing
Wilamowitz
For
us, as
most
57 a
We
seem
is
be breaking in on a conversation
has no expressed object.
Perhaps
Phaedo has already spoken of something Socrates said or did on
AUTOS
T\.
already begun
for
to
TJKOVO-CLS
35
Ti
ecn-Lv o.TTa:
6 dvT]p
I.
^j>
note on 58 e 3
7
is
in
though
this
Cp. 85 c 8
os-.
61 c
3,
and
avrjp.
Riddell (Dig.
36) defends this by
ovftds
r&v
on
for neither of the
TTQ\ITWV,
depend
making
Most editors
Phliasians does any citizen, which seems unnatural.
[TWV -rroXiTwv]
4>Xtacricov
<tXano-tW
bracket
rather
*XacnW,
TO>J/
TTO\ITWV.
but
think v.
Bamberg
is
oi TroAtrcu,
Oimor
right in suspecting
*nt ro cdvizov
6/Lto:
we
o>r,
by mistake.
similar casei
NOTES
57
Cp. ou
It is
139) and the English not very
most editors do, why communications
between Athens and Phlius were interrupted. There is no state
ment that they were, and it must often have happened that no
Phliasian had business in Athens and no Athenian at Phlius.
There was, however, at least one such (58 a 3).
there seems to be no other instance of
mxpLci?i
A0T)va^
irdi v
(Riddell, Dig.
unnecessary to discuss, as
in this sense.
7riXu>pi(i(fii>
It
usually
to fTridrjp.flv
126 b 3
crab s
(not
TTeoj/^ujcTt i
TI
txev,
in
clear
such expressions
So
).
Ofvpn eK l\Xaofj.ei
Cp. Pann.
era $75?
means
sure
trustworthy
He
o ayyei Xay.
sc.
of that verb.
a>v.
been implied.
TCI -n-epl
SLKJJV
(cp.
phrase
26
V. 3.
is
T-f^s
SIKTJS
C 6
58
influenced by
rr.r
e-rrvdeaOt.
ire pi
Xen.
Trrp\
Trepi
fVel rrvdoLTo rd
iroXXcx) wcTTtpov
TCI
]\fe)n.
8.
iv.
2 dvdyKr)
ii.
5-
p.tv
37
ona)<f
pu&ui
-yap eytvtTo
r;i
O.IT<<)
made
explicit
is
only used
solemnity, in
TT(xirovcrtv.
whom
the
in
a ritual sense
Rep. 398
a7
in
Attic prose.
pia trrtyavTes
MS. was
These words
i.
B2
NOTES
58
2
of
tions
W.
taken throughout
\vcre
P>
resembling
The
additional
variant.
a 10
irXotov
i.e.
Ad. TToX. 56
the dewpis.
Kadi<TTTj(ri
Ar/Aoi>
pov
cp. Aristotle,
\opr]yovs Kal dp^idea)-
"jGeoi
The
irapOevoi).
Kdt TTaXll
TT\tV(T
TjidfCOV
is
story
Hi&oi.
entitled
XP^
TV
dithyramb
m p.fra TWV
&TlfJI.Y]TpioV
TOV
a IT
3>a\tipe(t>s
TOTJS
OV 8iefpv\aTTov
Kivovs
l-n-Ta"
"Sis
Bacchyl. xvi.
(xvii.)
<>l
was
this
also a traditional
name.
Cp.
In the
Kpr/TiKof TU/JLV? TTfAayo?.
xnupovs loowof
Plato says it would have been better for the Athenians
to lose TrAeowi/as errra
naldas than to become vavriKoi.
T (iy\aovs ctyovcrn
Laws (706 b 7)
mission
A ^foopd? is simply a spectator
pilgrimage
(Qtafnpos, Dor. Ofdpos), but the word was specialized in the meaning of an envoy sent by the State to the Great Games, to Delphi
Oewptav,
or to Delos.
\yrov pyiai
Diet. Ant.,
(cp.
s.
v.
Theorici).
dua^iv
same
what is due.
and Ditt. Syll.
fyt tpav
b 5
uTruyooy^,
KaGapeveiv,
p.r)8tva
but he
b 8
TOV (popov,
iv. 8.
8eC po,
(/;(5foi
anofpepfiVf
opTaov(rav, So Xen.,
2 rWi TO A/yAio pev eneivov TOV P.TJVUS etVut, TOV $t vop.ov
eav Sf//iO(ria aTTodv^CTKeiV ecot av r] 6(u>pl.a ex. A/jAoi; fTTaveXdfl,
Phocion 37
Mem.
sc.
and
a/7ayeiz/
force as in (mofttdovai
that of rendering
is
to
Athens.
It is
true that
Phaedo
is
speaking at Phlius
This meaning o
takes a long time.
which is not clearly explained in most grammars, is well brougfr
out by an anecdote Plutarch tells of Zeuxis (Ilfpi 7ro\vcpt\ias 94 f)
6 Zev^is atTi(t}fj.va>v O.VTOV TIVWV on
O/^oAo-yaJ, ciirfv
u>ypa(pfl /iJ/jaSecos
ev TToAXcS xpovcp yiyverai,
eV,
yap
(Is TTO\VV.
NOTES
gray TVX COO IV
"
them
22
Cp. Hdt.
f
fjftri
dno\<t/d(j)(}fUTfs,
Dem.
C/lCt
TllUC.
35 voaw KHI
S.
243
C2
f77Tf
l\T]/J.-
fClV.
i-,
avtpwv
U7TO\l](f)6l TilS,
MV
VTT
115
ii.
ijv
when
The
is
trary winds.
at times
intercept
VI.
a-n-oXajBovres,
58
TL TJV
TO, irepl
57 a
cp.
n.
Cp. a
W has
n.
riva
n.
So
corrects accord
ingly.
j
01 TTapaycvop-evoi
ol
1
cp.
57 a
below.
would
eicov,
cl
tliey
not allow?
Kal -n-oXXoL
Y>
said,
yna>9.
2b
*
el
TO
JJLTJ
TVYxa-vei ouo-a,
fxefivfjo-Gai
p.f/jLvria
4>A1.
dnL
fj,>]
ScuKparous
cp.
Xen.
Mem.
iv.
].
noii>?
(nil KU
TO fKfivov
Xenophontean
(synchronous aor.
pep.), cp.
57aiw. and
s.
TTU^VTO.
just below.
2
ovT6
8r]
ravra
till
59 as
/crX.
fie
u<
io-TJi
>
>
NOTES
58
but write either aV/p or 6
oblique cases (e. g. 58 c 8
existence of the crasis
e 3
in the
is
both
The
in his
ecpnivem takes the construction of euSmfor which see Crito 43 b 6 quoted in the next note.
(The
(Church).
noi>l(eiv,
reading rwv
04
Twv Xo^wv,
teal
Here
avr)p,
\i
eu8<itp.d>v
ya>v
is
(T\V)
is
Cnto 43 b 6 no\\uKiS
(iiTi/v (sc. rfjv
e 5
wcrre
[xoi
TrapfcTTwtTav
.
ire
r)i>8aip,6vi(ra
some
v/jui
that the
realized
itself
impresses
b
143
e 8
ft
(T<n
into
make
TOVTO
u>s
pa<5i
to feel
on
to impress a thing
TrapacrrJ/trai
oo?
TOVS
tieovs
<5oa
pn
the thought
upon me,
the belief
Trap/oTarai,
comes home
to
me
(cp.
or the verb
I),
it
to
we can say
the mid.
In
rage.
66
rtvi is
was made
TOV TpoTrov,
Cp. below 89 a 2
(pepei?.
so that
TraptaTacrOai,
trv/i<J!>opcii>)
may
head.
dvev Oetas
ing
equivalent of
59
a 2
is
Hdt.
TVX>I.
ovv doKfl
/noi p.fv
Providence
The mean
without a divine dispensation
would watch over him on his way. The
common in Plato and Xenophon as the religious
|j.oipas, lit.
that
is
df()<pL\n(>s
iii.
poipas reru^^/ceVat
irapovri irfv0i,
Cp. Xen.
ApoL
32
(2coK/KJT?;s-).
in a scene of
mourning.
The
a 3
OTJTC
-rrevOfi.
av>
the
first oirre is
at
58 62.
Heindorf com
occupied with philosophy.
TOVTOLS TJV, iv. 3. 23 oi ^eipares Xen. Cyr. iii. I. I 6 p.(v 6/) Krpns
See below 84 a 8 aei eV rovrto (rco Xoytdr) ev TOVTOLS rols Xoyoiy ?)(rav.
ev
4>i\oo-o4>ia
OVTWV,
(i>
rrpoj)
a 4
of era.
TOIOVTOI rives,
i.
e.
philosophical.
NOTES
The phrase
just.
is
fTTfirovdrj,
At"
Atanimmv.
exv5>s
-yoiV drf^i
of the iraOos
YeXwvres
is
dependent on
CVIOTC 8c
more
(KdOov, for
59
be taken
to
literally
as
8o.Kpi>ovTs
ore
KO.I
6ie
ovro>,
eVi-t
.,
quite exceptionally
8ia4>tp6vTO)s,
8e.
Soph. 24? d
Plato avoids formal symmetry with ^iv and
.
rrore
the description
ieKi yue0a.
/zei>
wv (nadov TOVTI
means that
we say.
tWorf
rore
t$e
(V.
as in ^ai /ua\n).
(<ni
Cp.
117 c 4.
ATro\A65a>pos
mentioned as a disciple
is
in
34 a
Af>ol.
and
2,
8oKels
oviUTOi/ rt
fjioi
ijye
KaKrjynpfls
urdai
TT\IJI>
ap^a/jLfvos.
iii.
aet -yap
ATToXXo^top-
II. 17)
re Tt ivfte
A7roXAn<
a>/)dV
K<U
K<n
roi
aXXtn
2coK/)<iror?,
Ka
s,
arrn (KIVTDV
AvTiadei ^v uvberoTe
p.or iiTroXei-
7rfo-(9ai),
K<iKr
in
the
told
Symposium.
he was
that
In the
eVi^i
/ir/-
In
avrov (ScoKparous), a XXco? 3 evij6i]S (naif, silly ).
most editions of the Symposium we read that he had the nickname
rr)s fj.ev
l<T)(vpCt)S
(eVcoi/u/u ci) of
and
fiaf<Ko?
d 3
is
TUJV t-n-Lx^picuv,
rives
K<U
TU>I>
e-n-ix(opi(i)v
ev
ru>
for
he
is
\o,,w (as
opposed
//
Thracian procession).
(as opposed
Kpi/ropouXos, son of Crito, was chiefly known
ct
to the
2
r<
?><T<tv
/t,
oe
whom
to the
Xenophon
more
Symposium
to
In
be
6 -rraTTip
auroO:
KpiVeoj/,
and so B 2
but he was
NOTES
59
philosophy.
brother
Ep(xoYt vr]s,
of Callias
son
of
spent more money on sophists than any man of his time (Apol.
20 a 4), and in whose house the scene of the Protagoras is laid.
Mem.
48).
In
assist
him, and
ii.
in iv. 8.
6 8
EiriYt vqs
cp. Apol.
33 e
Xenophon
left
Athens.
TTdTr]p.
i.
is
The
the well-known founder of the Cynic school.
is uncertain, but he certainly belonged to the
He
is
many
many
We
places.
really
It
know
is
well,
NOTES
him from doubtful allusions. So far as the Phaedo
we may be sure there are no attacks upon him in
reconstruct
concerned,
8
59
is
it,
rj
>
r<>
K-n?|crnrn-os
TI?
TO
in the
Euthydemus he
riniaj/iei?,
e os- eii/at.
He
Mevt^evos
TtjV
is
(favviv, ocrov
/ir)
is
iifipujTt]S diu
called.
He
whether he was ill or not. That is so but it does not follow that
Phaedo was equally well informed, and he is the speaker, not
;
Plato.
:
2i|x^.ias
KCU
We
KC PTJS.
in the
Phaedo.
this
shall
that
see presently
(Msm.
i.
2. 48).
Cp. also
Mem.
iii.
II. 17
QrjftrjOev irapuyiyvf(rOai
It is
81.1 ri
Se
(oiftj
probable that
<ul
KeW"
St/xia? is
the
NOTES
59
correct form of the
introduce
C 2
name
(from
o-t/zo r),
but
to
it.
MSS.
4>aiSu)vS-r]s
Xenophon (Mem.
name,
<J>cuficoi
i.
2.
(W.
Socrates.
Tepvjncov.
Euclides
in
we know
All
of Terpsion
is
that
he
is
associated with
Thectetetus,
which
c 3
Many
Apio-Tiir-nos.
case of Antisthenes.
of
mentioned here.
v
c 4
AiYtvfl
innuendo.
had been in prison for a number of days and they did not take the
trouble to sail across, though they were not 200 stades from Athens.
To make this more pointed, Cobet inserted ou before rrapfytvovTo,
that the
innuendo
is
Xenophon
If
10
NOTES
59
Introductory Narrative.
(59 c8
70 03).
(l)
T il
r
jfj-epa
irpoTcpcua
or
Trporepa/a.
r//
63
e 8).
Attic usage
in
bracketing l^paI
to
{nraKoveiv,
Co. Crito 43 a
TOV 8ecrua)TT)piov
told us to wait.
iiTv ireptjxevttv,
6
r]6t\r)(re croi
(/Ji>Aa
less suitable,
would mean
we should expect
eus av:
it
rrapifvai is
merely a
polar
has
to stay as
irpiv
duv/zaiu
OTTCO?
UTra/coucroi.
fTn/jLe veLv,
we were
which seems
(Riddell, Dig.
antithesis placed
fiia fiea-ov
p,r]
v8Ka on the Eleven and their functions, see Arist. Ad. TTO\.
where we are told that the people elected them inter alia em-
ol
52,
u,(\Tjirofjii
O-TTCOS
For
ovs
av
TU>V
fv TO)
TeXeura,
oe<T/j.u>Tr]piu>.
TW
IlpofJLTjdel.
OTTCOS
av Travar/, isaeus 7. 2/
to
OTTVS uv,
is
more
ei
ri
likely
long time
8ia\iira>v
The
8lKf\ve<rd
K\Vv
xp<
imperfect
is
we should expect
the aorist.
NOTES
59
the
It is for
same reason
that
irtpirfiv
can mean
convey
escort
incite
urge on
has eto-e\66vTfs (and so B 2 ), but the present pep.
tio-uovTes
e 8
goes better with KaT\ap.pdvop.(v. There were a number of them, so
the action is resolved into successive parts ( as we entered, we
and
<e\(veiv,
found
60
).
KaT\ap.|3a.vo(Xv,
we
found.
When
/amiAa/z/Sareti is
used
in this
sense,
it
The
future.
appear
to
be of Cynic
origin.
TO
Kiov
-rrcuBiov.
Socrates had three sons (Apol. 34 d 6 els- /ueV fj.eipdThe fj.fipu.Kiov must be the Lamprocles men
duo Se 7rcu8ia).
ijdrj,
tioned by Xenophon (see last note). There was one called Sophroniscus after his paternal grandfather, so he would be the second.
The child here mentioned must accordingly be Menexenus (not to
ApoL 23 b 9 he
TrevLu
fj.vpia
a 3
flfu
of Xanthippe,
XaXfTroTTjs
dvT)xi(|)T)p.T]o-
for
ought to mean
raised
a cry of
eic/j^/zeire
was
(bona
The
human
eV evcprjpia
and feminine.
suit.
In
It
avri^paariVj
12
i.
e.
by a curious
figure of
NOTES
speech which consisted
{lucus a non lucendo}.
60
in
oip.a>yf/
at(<,i<j\.
i)
imminent.
is
but that
bv(r^>T]fj.ov t
i,)
may
It
not necessarily so
is
at
any
rate
}.
<$/)
Cp. 89 b 4 avpiov
With this reading (that of B T\V have
Tdi Trjv) the words are kindly and considerate.
Xanthippe had ap
and
child (at any rate
with
Socrates
their
the
night
parently passed
she was found there when the doors were opened), and it was only
right she should go home and rest. She is sent for again just before
rjo-Tarov
so this
8-r],
d-n-aY<Tcu
is
ft
KT\.
TIS auT-qv
}.
I do
not see any ground for the remarks
the end to say farewell.
which some editors take occasion to make here on the Athenians
Would
it
Xanthippe there all day, in her overwrought condition, and allow her
Some women would have insisted on
to witness the actual agony ?
staying, but we can find no fault with the behaviour of Socrates
in the matter.
rives
breasts
in
TWV TO
K07n-op.vr]v
,
but
KPLTOJVOS,
plaint
is
of Crito s people.
meaning
of Koirrfa-dai
was
to beat the
it
tragedy).
some
the original
similar.
might expect
eV
rfj
the construction of
variant eVt
r/>
K^LVT],
(io>)
K \[vr)v
to
Y\ e
(W
sitting
13
We
first
time at 61 c
10.
The
NOTES
60
had
fetters
just
been struck
off,
and
at first
he would be too
stiff to
get up.
b 2
o-vvKaM.x{/e
Arist.
It is
this verb
is
An. $O2 b
Jrlist.
specially used of
II
TridrjKos
bending the
rrudus (rvyKdp-rrrei,
opposed to fWetVeo.
rubbed down/ as with a towel.
Athenaeus (409
Tpiv|/6,
in
Cp. 71 e 8 avTano8(
104 d IO dircpydfarat
ws UTOTTOV
TL
ws Oav^iacricos
Relation
TrefjivKfVdi erri
by
b
290
irecjnjicc
is
drroSovvai,
e)
><Tpoi>.
8407
fiie^UJAU
<5ieX$eif,
e/pyafero.
TLS is often
postponed by hyper-
c).
how
-irpos,
expressed by
is
the uneiTiphatic
b4
o(rop,i>
Cp.
joints.
cotrep ^eipus.
7re<j)vKfvai
it
strangely
npbs
.,
is
related
to
design or adaptation
Ale. 832
not tell!
Arist.
<iXXu
o-oC,
TO
p.r)
explanation, which
is
Out on thee
typdcrui,
due
rrj$
TO
(p-f /f
Am
KUKrjS,
vofj-i^eiv
to Riddell (Dig.
to think
TO
K.IU
thou didst
TTiiaftrOdL
OVTU TT)\LKOVTOVL.
85),
makes
it
KT\.,
This
unneces
MS.
with inferior
0<fXeiv
rco
o-xe86v TI
is
T/Su,
h 8
NOTES
the Athenians attributed to
large a part in
date
but
The
popular literature.
all
down
has come
60
under the
to us
title
of Alcrunrnv ^.vdoi
is
of Byzantine
verses
many
so
and Archilochus.
aviTots
their
this
aviTCO
[AOL
He fastened
is
heads together
them.
for
7TaKO\OV0
t(HKV, SC.
Iv.
claUSC
TllC
KT\.
fTTflftr]
IS,
8)
(5
roO
SecrixoO
viroXapwv
ing of inroXappdvfiv
.
t<J>Tj,
p,
praS
instil,
The mean
or
vi.
ITl
is,
retort
\)
I)
tiroiT]cras uvap.vTjo-as
<rKe\l/eu>s
472
fu 8
Cp. Hdt.
TroXXT;?.
K.i6apl(T^tTa
24
me
reminding
eu eVot ^eraS
(iTTiKofj.fvos,
(synfif
Eur. ^fed.
ftp rn
Cp. Prot. 326 b I 7roir;um-ri
This seems to come from the geometrical
setting to music.
fi
Tfivuvres.
tion
v.
for
fTroi^crn? /uoXcoi/.
tvTeivas,
KVK\OI>
thank you
p.<=,
So Ellthyd, 282
ro8e TO x w p lov
we
find in
Meno
(VTuQr/vat,
of rectangular figures
in
87 a
where
a circle
it
ft
nl6v re
ets-
refers to the
(for
roVSe
TUI>
inscrip
in turn, like
a musical scheme.
AtVco/rou Xoyotp,
Herodotus
ii.
3862
name
fit
into
(cp. Ar.
Birds 651
but,
ei/
when
is
fj.i<dos
p.vdoL
pea) riv
iijjCiv
alvoVj
co
KrjpvKt Sr}).
15
NOTES
60
TO
TOV
els
name
A-nroXXw irpooi^iov
Homeric
the
to
Thucydides
Hymn
(iii.
to
Apollo.
Properly speaking,
preludes intended to attach the rhapsode s epic re
TrpootVm are
citations to the praise of the god at whose iravfjyvpts they were
delivered. This instance shows that eWeiVar is setting to music , not
*
merely
versifying
for
no
rrpooifj,iov
In
is
Apollo who had given the famous oracle, and to whose service, as
we know from the Apology, Socrates regarded himself as conse
crated.
god
at this
date (Farnell,
Kai
8rj
KCl
vTroS^Xcoaiv
metre
in
irpcpTjv,
and
6 2
We
said he even
composed
rrapu\//oyoi
an elegiac poet.
know from the Apology 20 a
also
3 that
at
dvTirexvos,
is
He was
xnpu>.
Evenus was
d 9
Some
TrapeTrau/os-.
fj-v^^s
Cp.
Hdt.
c 5
and Crito 44
i.
46 TWV
his belief in
iiavTrjitov aVoTreipcopei/os
dreams elsewhere.
Cp.
Plato
ApoL
a.
TroXAuKi?
common
is fairly
otros
is
after
music
ft
(fuv)
in the
<tpa
KaL tpY^^ ov
>
16
Troteu/,
compose,
NOTES
larly
60
uapa,KeXeiJcr0ai hortari
and
is
regu
aiiquem ut ahquia faciat tmKtXeutiv inComparatio autem auita cst ex procurrent em incitare (Wyttenbach).
Cf. Xen. Cyr. vi. 3. 27
;
TOK
I
TO OfOf TTOlOfCrif
Kal
7TLK(\fVf IV,
p.ol
OVTCJ
cirtKfXeveiv
209).
8iaKeXeu6(ji<!v(H
One another
7rapuKeAeie<r$ai.
Here
this is a distinctively
(JLOVCTIK^S
have the authority of Aristoxenus for
saying that the Pythagoreans used medicine to purge the body and
music to purge the soul (E. Gr. Ph.- p. 107), and Aristotle s doctrine
of the tragic KiiQapa-is seems to be ultimately derived from this
orients
4>iAoo-o4>ias
source.
Strabo,
We
shall
who had
lost, says, in
|j.YiarTT]s
We
T
Pythagorean doctrine.
TIJV
(>
<pi~\o(To(piai>.
<f>i\ooo(pias,
metaphor put
Lack. i88d3.
There the
is tuned in a noble key.
said that;
developed
el
mGofxtvov:
-rroXXaKis
this
cp.
60
was
of Laches in
is
further
made dependent on
ence to the dream
6 3 n.
7T(it/6fj.evoi>
Troi^o-avra.
.
the
originally
think, be preferred to
1251
mouth
he whose character
is
in the sequel.
j
I
into the
d^p
we have
but here
<ipa
^OVO-IKUS
We
if
Tr.
T and should,
and the participle
reading of
Kal is deleted
often rind
17
NOTES
6i
participles,
here by
b 4
W, and
p,v0ovs
.
TOVTOV
TTpi
TT\av6evTa
same
b
ptv
60 d
cp.
T)yf]<TT)
(roi
dXXa
The
fact
Tim.
Xo-yoi>,
distinction
a<ovf
Prot. 324 d 6
eyo) 5e Xd-yoj/,
(pS)
and
fiction
n.
.
aXrjdivnv Xoyov.
as ours between
-fj
I
.
p.v6oi>,
ovKert p,v6av
dXX
fj.vdov
2664
almost the
is
if
eVetSj?,
b 6
ov Xoyovs
<iXX
Xdyoi;, ov (TV
TimcTTd^v,
ro ucr/za
(Riddell, Dig.
218).
tvtrvxov the clause ovs rrpo^fipovs el\ov
b d) (Riddeil, Dig.
the explanation
218).
ois irpwrots
is
restated after
(<z
b 8
word
for delivering
mid. of
pcawvfjLi)
letters,
whence
av
messages
means
is
farewell
(ppd&iv,
and
The
regular
in
ending
Lat. vale.
*
he
if
oroo(f>povTJ,
is
being used in
The more
right mind.
a<a(ppovetv
wise,
its
common meaning
of
to
be in one
an exten
is
o-ox/>poi>eti>
c 2
c
iroXXa
TO>
c 4
o-xeSov
used as
sure that
in the
phrase o-^eSd^
(rt) otSa.
Tr.
am
pretty
*
always with a negative, if he can (could) help it.
ou
as addressed to Pythagoreans, the word has a
c 6
2
special sense (E. Gr. Ph. p. 321), that of a man who follows a cer
*
Is he not
tain
It is much as if we should ask
way of life
IKWV etvai
4>iX6<ro4>os
a religious
man
18
NOTES
will
be ready
Cp. Apol.
2005
remember
that
fan
TO (TOV ri
Trpu-y/za
not
will
wish
regarded as an occupation.
The term is natural if we
philosophy is a life.
4i\o\dc> : Philolaus was one of the most
distinguished of the later
Pythagoreans, and had taken refuge at Thebes when the community
was expelled from Magna Graecia (E. Gr. Ph. 2 p. 99). There seems
to have been a regular <rweftpLov at Thebes as well as at Phlius.
The Pythagorean Lysis was the teacher of Epaminondas.
ou8v
be willing
will
TOVHOU
61
We
rather than
nothing certain
tract s,
nothing clear
(cp.
57 b
n.}.
shall
mVrypJTcoi/, as
Olympiodorus fancies.
don mind telling you.
maxime. Cp. 59 a 9 //.
KCU p.aXio-Ta,
evtfafte and fVei are regularly used
Kio-6
TTJS Ket: the adverbs
this world and the other
of this life and the next
Cp. 64 a
and
in
a
8
Theaet.
2.
So
c
6ib8;/.,
Aristophanes,
176
quoted
117
ft eVel.
There is no need to
euKoXoy jueV fvQiift f{;
Frogs 82 o
for drro^fjiin means a residence abroad as
read T^S e-mo-f forrf/i
of speaking
Si
X YIV,
ovSels
4>06vos
i>el
/>Ao?
S"
e*e<,
H\j0oXoYeiv,
Tr.
tales.
ments with regard to the next life as p.i.6oi. Cp. Apol. 39 e 4 where
he introduces what he has to say about it by ovSev yap tuoXvei bmpvscientific
no b
n.
proof;
Cp. 89 C 7
is
capable of
Cp. below
i.
5vo-p.u)v
ecof
of the soul
and 114 d
|Xxp. T]Xiov
Ol TTO)
The immortality
irpbs iiXX^Xtwt.
6u\oyfi<rai
(pus eorii
Il6 e
till
sunset.
&t$VKl>ai.
In this
a little ago (o\lyov irpocrBfv).
in the text, to distinguish the
as
accent
grammarians
now at last (cp. 10704). As
adverb from viv 8rj, now indeed
a rule the MSS. have vvv Si) in both senses.
it appears from these words that Philolaus
ore
vwSV],
just
now/
i.e.
sense, the
irap
-q|xtv
SiT)TaTo
Pythagoreanism
C 2
NOTES
6i
The
62
leading
man
2
(E. Gr. Ph. p. 319).
As the construction of this sentence has been
a 2
torcos fievroi KT\.
much
disputed,
what
This
will
is
I
is
it
is
good
office for
one else to do
it
for
pretation (Plat. S/ud., ed. 3 (1886), pp. 315 sqq.), and I shall note
specially the points in which it differs.
I take this clause as the expression in
el TOVITO . . . dirXoOv ecrrtv
:
is
If we must
stated negatively in the next.
will be TO /3e
eivai TJV r) TeBvavai } but
meaning
TO
Tf6vuv<u,
backwards
for
T>V
a XXcov
same
and if so these must be positive and negative
expressions of the same thought. I hold, with Bonitz, that the
= TO p.r) OC/JLITOV ami
interpretation of most recent editors (TOVTO
the
in both clauses,
it is
constantly used
dia<f>opat
20
(cp. Polit.
306 c
NOTES
iroTfpov &TT\OVV
no
TOVTO,
<TTi
r)
CniV
OVT KO.\OV
*!
what admits
of
of?.
mo xpco?
It IS
e^ft diafpopdv).
. .
(ITV\.OVV
62
O.VTO
This
. .
is
shown
as
j
KaXoV,
many
is,
nAAu
/JLOI
ivat.
we add
think, safer to
add
it
without a participle
poetical idioms are commoner.
use of
TL
together, whether
ouStTTore Tvyx^vci
Ti -y^oVco
come from
where
later dialogues
l,j
by
KCU
a><rn-ep
elvdi
man
for
TCO dvOpcoiro),
ft&Tiov, not
raXXa,
dative
is
governed by
some
editors suppose.
as other things do.
Olympiodorus rightly
some such
abbreviation of
The
generally.
as
Tvy\di>i,
is
wrong).
clause as this
The phrase
coirrrfp tvinrf
mW
an
is
jSe Xrtoi
*j
Bonitz
Knl otc
pleonasm
comma
at
is at first
together
tVLOiS,
KCU.
wa-rrfp KU\
sight attractive.
It
gets
<ai
raXXa
is
easier
if it is
total
than
if
it
is
partial.
-reGvdvai
to die
in
may
properly be translated
which Tfdvdvai
is
the completion.
fl /ic XXo)
52 c6 OVK dyavaKTwv
TToXAaKty Tfdvdvai,
adp.evos TfOvdvai
r)
et
38 64
cWvuff C
}"*
Scot Tfdvdvai
TroXu p.a\\ov
e 3 o^
21
39
"""
(re,
Apol. 30 C
alpovpn
coSe di
^p^o/iat ot IKBovra
Mf
ovS
NOTES
62
TfQvavai, 41 a 8
TroXXa/ay
below 6203 on
fde\a>
reOvavai
avro Tcflvdvai,
/3ouXei
eWif
ravr
ft
3.6; C
64
5,
So
tiXrjdrj.
67 62; 8ial.
law,
a 8
ITTO)
Zevs
Schol. TO
Zeus know
let
(i rrco
The meaning
= Att.
iWco),
much
attenuated, and
the French Parbleu ! comes nearest to it. Epist. vii. 345 a 3
Zfvs, (prjalv 6 Qrjftaios may or may not be a reminiscence of this
is
irro>
a 9
dialect.
Cp. ApoL 17 d 5 and Crat. 398 d 8 ev 17;
So we Say /3oiamdeii/, doopifeii
evieiv rrj
\\r]vifiv,
In classical Greek SiaXe/croy means
conversation
manner of
(jxovfj,
<fia>Vfl.
speech
b
b
Aristotle uses
as
opposed
of
dialect
OUTCO Y
txei
is
avyyv^^v
lit.
or
inexplicable
flxov av
it
intelligible
syn. evXoyov
e ^ft,
nva Xoyov,
Xo 7 ov
eVrti^).
my
aXX
77
to-riv,
it is
for
it
e.
5.
unjustifiable
of e^eiv
admits of excuse
cp.
is
(opp.
excusationem habet,
The phrase
is
b 3
It
everyday language
^oyov
justifiable
excusable
Tlv<
it
in this
phrase
is
passages
riva a\\ov
aTTopprjTuiv (pavas
eftfi^ev
Op(pev?.
The
doctrine of the
immor
always refers
to the details of
<J>povpa,
in ward.
s translation,
of
and
NOTES
62
Cicero took
the
it
sense.
first
animus in custodia corporis, nee iniussu eius a quo ille est vobis
datus ex hominum vita migrandum est. Antiphon the Sophist,
a contemporary of Socrates, says ro (jjv eWe
e^p/pM, but
est
</>poupa
that
The
may
eo>?
TIKOV
(dum
The
tppovpd
(365
e 6) J7pei? p.(v
yap
fcrp.fv
^i X
C^
}>
"
p.ei>roi
TO ono/jia (crcopa), wy
&i.K.r]v
didovcrris TTJS
\|/v^>;y
u>v
8f]
fVe/ca StSaiaii
TOVTQV
"
5t irepiQoXov tx (lv
to be
of eV3fur$cu
ds
92 a
o-copri,
eWSoui/
evSfdf]
(Is
Lva
^^C
quoted
TrippvTOV
TU>
au>[j.a
i>&e8e<T6ai.
The
44 b
in the
So too Tim. 43 a
eVSf^/yi/nt.
o-cop<m
KOI aTTOppvrov,
Cp. also
the next note.
prison-house
imprisoned
jrplv
Qvrjruv.
in
7 11
Beap-oiT^piov elKova.
"
fragment of Euxitheus
(ppovpd in
Gorg. 525 a 7
is
the
KT\.
The genuinely Pythagorean origin of this is
by a passage from an unknown Pythagorean called
Euxitheus, quoted by Athenaeus from the Peripatetic Clearchus
KCU ou Set
vouched
STJ
for
(Diels, V0rs.
KXenp^o?
p. 245. 8),
ceding note)
T<U
X<*piv
avrovs
<u
N/KIOI/,
\va~ri, TrXfioai
ft p.f]
p.(vo\>(nv
0^<jt
\lrv)(as
rtpa)pt S
23
oi?
(cp. pre
dib Truisms
NOTES
62
TOV
fKovras (K^^vai,
rjv
/JLOVOV
djr6\v(riv Tijs
300
B.C., this
fragment
is
b 8
aTon-a
TI
/zera rr)?
wrote about
rather queer
\|/-i>^f/9
Soli
wo
threat
Cp. Gorg.
high-
iJuyas,
As Clenrchus of
yi>co/iT?r.
avdracriv
enieiK&s
corn/
/ueV
).
Cp. esp.
5
chattels.
which sense
in
nu
is
it
1t
Laws 906 a 6
KTi]/j.n
(if. /.
crvfjLfj,a%ot
Kr/y/jara)
(Polit.
rjfJ.lv
Koi
deoi re
cip-a
2716
KOL
5) 6eos evefj.v
<pa/j.ev
KCU
coairep
(0(i,
himself.
Qeu>i/
6vr)Ta
8ai.fj.nvfs, r)p.els
In describing the
8aip.6vu)i>.
oTarcoi
in
de
Oefov
Again,
Hoos yap ov
roivvv
"Hdrj
p,cyd\a TLS (para) ravra elvai rols Oeols* ovderepovs yap rols
KeKTrjfj,uois i]fj.as (i. e. rols deirnoTais fjfjiStv) dp.\flv civ f irj Trpo&riKov,
^
arfJLiKpa
sages.
C 3
c 7
TeOvdvat
-n-piv
62 a
cp.
f-n-LTT(
Ileindorf, but
[ji4;Tj
is
it
ijfjLiis
KaToiKi<rapTfs9
olov
vop.rjs
iroijjivia,
erptfyov*
5 n.
i
it
more
is
and
avdyicrjv
with
poetical
con
872 e IO ovde
cp.
(povcp
C IO
o/Liot
paSiois,
co
CKTT^VTOV
ofj.oinv
rj
lightly
&e\fiv yiyvevdat
rei cr^.
dpaaaaa
without complaining
TO niavdev Trplv
(fiovov
"^v^r)
as in paStooy cpepav.
Cp.
63 a 7.
U\OYWS *x et
2).
That which
O e 6v:
6e<)v
24
to the philosophic
NOTES
62
be
4>povip.a>Ta,Tovs
same
the
in
thing.
See
my edition
of the Ethics,
p. 261 sq.
connexion.
5 0*bs (Vfp.fv
104 d
esp.
putting
fj
j\
we
than
or
or
by
opposite to
say
for its
meaning
is
afjLad-fjs
either.
Cp.
(affocfros is
not
ordinary use).
diligence
painstaking the noun of irpnyfiarfvo^ai,
equivalent to irpdyp-ara e ^oo, take pains , take trouble
In late Greek Tro\VTrpaypo<rvvr) is curiosity in a good sense, and
irpaYixaTeia,
which
the
meaning here
KPTJS
[6]
is
it
is
similar.
Plato
is
almost uniform
Beare
by the
in
first
\6-yous
IXVTI
iisb 9
ou -n-dw
)
.
b}
ou
ndw
Note
to Treidecrdai.
AXXd
this time
P.TJV
(
... ye
for
once
25
NOTES
63
a 6
is
belongs to
dX-r]0ws
a-ocpoi.
620
Cp.
lightly.
a8iojs,
10.
b 6
aXXoy eV
Kap.ovariv tiararay
a>?
fit /caf.
death.
OUK av irdw
8iia-xvpicrai[XT]v
Socratic
C 2
Socrates says
dvafjivrjcnSj
1
Stt(r/Yi pio"aiju;v,
Xoyou
on
(e\Kis
is
of that,
on
KCII
TO.
fj.fv
ye
vrrep
TOV
8f KT\.
ftu<rxvpi-
c 4
oux
if I
C 5
C 6
ojioCcos,
were without
eivai TI
cp. 91
an
emendation
not to the
same
writing
extent, as
this hope.
b3
el fie
ut]$v
earTi reXevrfjcravTi.
phus, Tantalus, Ixion) were punished in the other world, while only
a few favourites of heaven (Menelaus, Diomede, Achilles, and, in
Athenian
belief,
carried off to
auros x wv
KOIVOV,
yap
>
to
TO.
TO>V
$i\<ov,
NOTES
63
f|
The
KT\.
irpwTov 8
narrative.
for
TrdXat,
refer to a
TC
8<l
e,
TTpocr^f peiv
past.
Ti 5
otei, cJ
as
i
Tcj>
<|>cip|4.a.Kcp
^MK pares,
TT poa(f)f pfLv
157 c 4
7rpoo"o/crcD
viore
HfTroiKOTUiv 6
fjftri
Tfpov
Tpi.\}/(ii>
Xpovov $
K.a\
TO (pdpp.nKOV
means
dii.iyfi
LTT(JL>I>
rrdvTodv,
el
own
The
first
hand
Cp.
to apply
especially
that seen in Charm.
,
is
<e(pa\rj.
ScoSeKO
we have
(fodpfiCiKOV
this story
OVK
8rjfj.o(nof
efprj
Spa^f(f, oo~ov
fJir/Se
f
o~Tii>,
The
vvai TO KfpniirLov.
the dripdvios or
TO
X(i/3oi
p.rj
rfj
77
necessarily
in its favour.
is
In Plut. Phocion 36
icrX.
uvaYKao-0cu
XXo ye
in a
8rjp.ios
pocket.
ta
and
B omits
of
some time
long time.
aXXo -ye T]
xcupeiv aurov,
xaipeiv fltreiv
mind.
o-xeSov n v TI ^5i]
Cp. Lack. 192 c 5
Cp. 64 c
er^e Suv
to bid farewell to
65
c 7.
go together and
p.fv
is
solitarium.
(2)
8r|
to render
TOV Xo-yov diroBoOvcu,
to the persons who are entitled to
my
to
demand
get
it
dvT|p
8iaTpi\)/as,
man who
63 b
account
it
2 sqq.
(rationem reddere]
me
has spent,
(trap
Phaedr., Theaet.
e/zoO).
quite general,
and
6 Starpt ^ay.
and to
For the
(\6yov arraiTflv)
TO>
on-i,
in his
The
27
NOTES
6s
one of rw
reason
e 10
Oappetv,
6Ki
Phaedo
one
and
We
cp. 61 e
who
See
English.
So
engage in
to go in for
the true sense of the word
cp. below
all
airTOfju voi,
really
commonly
to study
for this in
n.
Tvyx * vovo iv
00-01
a 4
is
<o/3elo-&u).
64 a
The absence
oi Ti.
among
For
op05>s
in
67 b 4n.
uXXovs
Xe\T)0(vat TOIJS
a 5
that
As
on
.,
looks as
it
if
men
did not
know
may
take
on
a 6
30 tota enini philosopJiorum vita, ut ait idem (sc. Socrates), commentatio mortis est,
ib. 31 secernere autem a corpore animum ecquid aliud est quam
practise.
im-T]56iJovo-iv,
i.
mori discere? Seneca, Ep. xxvi egrcgia res est mortem condiscere
The phrase meditatio mortis means the
meditare mortem.
.
of death
practising or rehearsal
of /ueAer^/xa, 67 d 8.
T Kal TcQvdvai,
Cp. 62 a 5
aTroQvTJo-Keiv
completion).
a 9
dying
for meditatio
(the process)
a translation
is
and death
(its
member
of a
irpov0u|ioOvTo
first
diiip.ovas
f]yov[j.ai
member
here
is
eVretc^Trep ye
Trpodv^elnrdai
. .
dai^ovas
aXXo
/irjSev
As the
rjyovp.cu.
T)
roi>o,
first
must be the
-cretco is
and Euripides
(j)eve[a>
TL
epyaa-fieis
(Philoct. 1001)
Aristophanes has
(Here. 628).
dpaareiet in
b 2
b 3
av
8oKtv,
tipfjo-0cu
would think.
are parenthetical
do not take on.
.
Ka\
TTc ivv
is
5 ort.
clear
28
NOTES
TOVS
uap
Tjp.iv
64
i. e. the Thebans
(not the Athenians,
Olympiodorus says ctKoruf Q^j3alos yap
dvOpamovs
as Schleiermacher held).
f]
Thebes.
made by
The
ducks.
In any case,
pression
</>iXoVo(pot
it
is
word (piXda-ocpos
Thebes before the end
confirms the view that it was originally
at
of the
show
that verbs in
Thus
vavTiav
sickness
cp.
is
philosophers
(cp.
(-tdco)
to be sea-sick
i.e.
below tyyvs
corpses
-ua>
TLi
(tv
For the
good as dead
as
real
meaning of
of TroXXoi
(65 a 6 n.}.
They think
and look upon them as living
Sophocles quoted
/.
c.}.
They do
The
\eyeis,
504
creeds, SC.
like
Chaerephon).
TOVS TToXXovf.
,
sc. Tfdvdvai.
Tes
Tr.
become
Never mind
Tr.
It
6363;;.
f)Yovi|a.0a TV
KCI\
\|/u^puv
else than.
29
their full
NOTES
64
sense
see
c 5
but, if
how
<
TOVTO
i\\o
pred.
that death
KT\.
The same
pci>
^v^]S
Aucri?, rr)?
62 a
C 6
e /zoi
this
is
which
is further explained
by
given in Gorg. 524 b 2 6
ovdev uAAo
8volv Trpay/iarotj/ 8id,
definition
doK.fl,
is
TJ
dAAr^AaH
For TO T0vdvat
Cp.
auTo Ka0
aviTo,
alone by itself.
The emphatic avros often
meaning which we can only render by alone
Observe especially the
eipijadai., avrol yap fcrp-ev.
acquires a shade of
So
eV avrols
rjfj.lv
substitution of
C 8
p.6vrjv
Ka$
avrr/v,
6yd
I.
Spa
^T)
{};
268).
io
2Ko};cu
8r|
ft,
but
489-93.
haply si forte. Goodwin, M. T.,
^ ov nas become
d ^
purely adverbial and always stands outside the
construction of the sentence.
Cp. 73 d 3 78 d 10 83 c I.
TL 8e TO.S TWV u4>po8io-Lcov
what of the pleasures of love?
d 6
Riddell (Dig.
21) seems to be right in regarding this as a case
if
where
ri
<5e
but hinted at
d 8
aos
(fSios)
ev rivi yevei
We
opd^s
see here
TO crw^a
Oepa-rreias,
to
tit
10.
comes
TCLS irepl
TTfpi c. ace.
ri ^e o
and below 78 d
So
how
just
below, d ii.
d 9
tvTijxovs
(rtju//,
T)Y
price
),
8ia<}>p6vTcov,
C4
irpayixaTeia,
^ ai
i- e
esteem , appreciate
T^O^ to value
opp. dTi^d^eiv, to hold cheap.
better than other people s.
business , concern
rather different from 63 a 1
)
above.
a 5
p.t]5tv
jx-rjBf
30
man
to ivhovi
none
NOTES
of these things
rule
that,
is
from the
is
when
The
pleasant, and who takes no part in them.
the second relative would be in a different case
first, it is
82 d
2) or
replaced by
BTW
a demonstrative.
pfTfxfiv,
65
give
preserved by lamblichus (fourth
is
cent. A.D.).
ri T
YY^ S
T u reOvavai,
v lv
Cp. Rep.
548 d
seems
me
to
that this
is
derived from
5p<Wi
rnvro
409 a 7
very well
(paiverai TOV
one
to hold
sense,
to press hard.
course
in
a certain direction,
to
be bound
for,
TL
mean premere,
tend
This
e yca
f^vxov
rjyovfjiat.
vtKpdv.
is
TL 8
for truth.
TTJS
syn.
4>povT|o-ews,
Cp. 626.471.
rrjs (To(pias.
Kai
ol iroiT]TaC
this
cannot,
think,
o(pda\fj.(ov eXof,
f]
irp\v 67r^ff,
<nl
("ivSpa.
At any
rate,
TO
0-oip.a,
i.
6.
TOU
(TU>fJ.(lTOS.
Cp. 64 d 8
Cp. 57 b I n.
crafts, trustworthy.
oX o\{j, vix. Cp. our phrase It will take
o-0ai,
in
//.
him
mathematical reasoning.
31
all
his time
The primary
sense
NOTES
65
which
it
ear
c 3
Plato,
TU>V
in
c 6
TIS
[ATjSe
auTT| Ka9
TOU OVTOS,
(65 a
d 4
9)-
alone by
cp.
e.
i.
The
This
preferable to
is
of TYV.
atiTTjv,
KCU evravGa,
ir
i8ovT],
TIS ijdovr)
P-I]T
ttocra \aipeiv,
c Q
especially
the
and
equivalent
63
itself.
Cp. 6^\.c6n.
e 3 n.
Cp. above C 3 n.
Case too, i.e. ev rfj
TOV aXrjdovs.
in
this
xai refers to
rrpu>TOi>
juev ev rot?
Trjf
<j)povfj(r<.<i)S
roiovrots
(64 e
KTijcrei
8).
The
is
On
forms
are not
things
in time or
space.
It we will
only translate literally, and avoid loose philosophical
terminology, there is nothing in the doctrine here set forth which
should be unintelligible to any one who understands a few
proposi
tions of Euclid and recognizes a standard of
right conduct.
NOTES
65
number
a
its
Of what
is
he speaking?
Certainly not of
any triangle which we can perceive by our senses (for all these are
only approximately triangles), nor even of any we can imagine. He
is speaking of what is just a triangle
(avro rpiyuvov) and nothing
more. Now, if geometry is true, that triangle must be the true
It is from this consideration that the theory seems to
triangle.
have arisen.
The
next step
to extend
is
to
it
such things as
right
(S/Kntoi/)
K<i\6i>
beautiful
KaAoc).
(avT<>
The forms
beautiful
and
it
we
really
mean by
triangle
will
right
in
the
first
TI tlvai
or not?
It
is
Socrates says
f]
we
ouSc v
Do we
be noticed that,
to
,
and Simmias,
to
in
whom
accepts
it
language of a school to
p.
;
354
is
apparently familiar,
The
person plural.
is
mentioned.
sq.
av-To,
by
of auTo?,
itself.
alone.
come
nearest the
is
a development
We
it
first
recurs
is such a thing
introducing the doctrine,
say there
17
riper//,
meaning by rendering
tion
in itself
1251
is
33
NOTES
65
d 6
Aia,
p-tvToi VT|
<l>an,v
should think we do
The
particle
familiar
vyitias,
UvPayopt iois.
lcr x vos
the addition of medical
6 2t/M^im?
u>s
(rvvijdr)s
like health
flfy
and
be real
d 13
like
those of geometry.
The Construction
oixriag
e.
Ka\
is
ei/l
cmavrwv
aAXcoi/
Xdyo) ?repi
T>jl
is
governed by
Tr. And, to sum up,
nva-ias, which is governed byvcpi understood.
I am
speaking of the reality of all the rest, i. e. of what each of them
really
is
word
word
r>v
vl
i.
for Xoyo?
a word
is
does not
Ao yos-
is
(cp. I\Ieno
"
"
01
"
5 av
UHTIO.V
",
We
TIJV TTCLVTWV
more
twa-a is
while
o>o-m,
may be
e
fern.
pep. eVera
justified
auTo eKao-Tov,
(WTO
eVcrui is therefore
The
/caXoi^,
think
and even
its
34
NOTES
65
most cleanly.
To the mathematical mind irrele
i,
vancy suggests dirt. Later mathematicians speak of the elegance
of a demonstration in a similar sense.
with thought alone.
without taking into account.
TQ Siavoia,
.
As
TTapa.Ti0f |u.evos,
riderai
If this is
would give the sense setting down to his own account
correct, \ve must understand ra X 07407x0) from the context.
I have written TIV
for
as being more idiomatic, and
TIV ovjuv
because B has a superfluous nvd in the next line, which 1 take to be
a correction of ri)v added after the wrong pyre.
.
4>e
r/yi>
aviT-p
him.
trailing after
AKcov,
Ka0
aviT-rjv
its
apprehends
.
eiAiKpivei
avro
Ka0
av-To
thought
alone by itself.
Cicero (Off.
fIXiKpivc s
translates sincentHi,
4)
i.
alone by itself
c 6 n.
Cp. 64
object
s.
-uolubili agitatione
sifted
would
clean
Cp. above 63 a
and 66
LXV*].
C 2
rijv
TOU
OI/TO?
115 b 9
6i]p<iv,
coo-rrep
ar
TWV
tic
2 n.,
given.
that a belief like this should be brought
irapicrTao-0cu 86|av,
to
j
genuinely,
yvT]cr\.u<s,
oWoK
much
as
it
were
of TIS
(W
whether
(cp.
the
same as
op0o>p
(64 a 4
6764) and
(83 e 5).
home
Cp. 58e5/v.
it
omits
is
it
looks as
uxnrep
if
of evidence
in the text,
added or
Meno 70 c 4
no reason
it
The weight
is
>
is
not death
the yvrnritat
35
a short cut
it
in the
margin)
but,
phrase
and adds
not, the
ai>xp-us
a sort of by-way
it
is
with Tournier.
(piAcVo<poi
know
Further,
there is no
D2
NOTES
66
thoroughfare that
An
way
drparros is properly a
which does not follow the turnings of the high road. The
mountain-path taken by the Persians at Thermopylae is so called
(Hdt. vii. 215, Thuc. iv. 36). There was a Pythagorean precept rn?
\eaxfiopovs pr/ fladifciv, not to walk on highways, and Olympiodorus
sentier],
tion as this
The Pythagorean
fifth
century
B. c.
2
(E. Gr. Ph. p. 105).
>6
r<w
really settled
tcpti-of PUO-IS.
after truth.
It will
much when we
very
lo-erd
TOV Xoyou
ev
rfj
note on
a marginal
are
e^co/zev
into
the wrong
place.
because.
on,
or\jp.Tre<j>up|juvr]
(65 e
p-uptas
TOU OVTOS
the word
6).
.
uo-xoXias,
5.
countless distractions.
e.
imaginations.
TO Xe-yofxevov, as the saying
7).
eiSwXcov,
c 4
ovfte
(/>/joz
for
it.
7Jo-<u
We
is.
to the
phrase
refers to.
<Ls
CK
dX-r]0iLs
TO>
OVTI,
TTrj/mXXj/Xou, as
Both (and
in
the
later
in very truth.
grammarians
say,
dialogues 6Vco?)
36
their effect
is
are placed
cumulative.
the
NOTES
We
appositeness of quotations.
66
\i>o-s
same
in the
sense.
go 04.
Cp.
the
it
that
all is
Cp. r
>
e //t
yirrroi.
on (followed
T>
when you
turning up,
TrapamTTTov,
56l b 3
7T<lp(lTTl~TOl(T>]
least
expect
8 3 2 b 6 TO)
it.
Cp. Rep.
TTrZ/XITTfTTT&JKOri
Adyco.
themselves
is
4>povr ]o-eti>s
Dig.
There
The phrase
192).
name
things by themselves
just the things
no distinction between ITpay para and oWu.
,
is
<ppovr)0-ea>s
fpaami
an explication of the
is
(pi\6cro(poi.
so
8votv Gdrepov
OTI
[XT|
irdcra a.voLyKj]
83 a 6
aiiTair,
the regular
o(TQv
Cp.
KUv
o<rui>
p.rj
dilemma.
(ii
zroAA/j
p.*/
dyKr/ fjLfT\SLv
t.
dva-n-L[xir\co^0a,
|AT)8
646
Cp. Thuc.
of.
ii.
51 (in the description of the Plague) ercpos afi eW/;oi depitTTfias dvaTTi/jLTrXunevoL ( one catching the infection from tending another )
TrpdjSara ZOvrjcrKOv.
cotTTrep
p.Ta
Toiot/Tcov
sc.
this to be neuter
and
better to take
of the
above (63 b
St
T]|a.v
TOVTO 8
Cp.
by
IO-OK.
jji-q
ou
The
8).
auTwv
also
refer
(pap.ev
83d
IO TOV
cro)juaros
it
to aura ra
7r/my/i<mi
dvan\ea,
Some suppose
54).
or oVra, but
it
is
far
no longer
TO u\T]0ts,
8e TOUTO elvai TO
to-Tiv icrcos
66 b 7
it
So
and
d\i]ties.
that,
take
No real
it, is
doubt
is
the truth.
expressed
Cp. opinor.
.
fi,
fear
it
is
not.
37
For
this
characteristically
NOTES
67
Platonic idiom (he has
~6 5
it
Goodwin, M.
T.,
b 4
TO\JS
66 b
and
<pi\(
for
6j)0(os
770-$
in
8365.
ol
aXXco uvSpi,
KdOapcrts
narijp
p.
<pt\oi
inf. is
op$?
cos
tip
p.os
r)<rff
ire(pvKaar(i),
preferred after
\iris
eVnv
6464.
for
any one
a more emphatic
else,
XXo>
Orphicism
nvi
(cp.
6ia3.).
107).
ivei
Hipp. 1169
by science to
is
right to
Tv^eiv}.
who have a
<iXoo-o<ot
e.
i.
Cp.
trpa.y\La.Ttia
:
errnv
\TTLS
those
8202
tXms
(cp. 68 a
f]|xiv
So
up
irar/jp
b IO
in the true
.
QiXopafals
b 8
is
</>iXo/ia0fc
>tro(p<>i
name
the
4>tXopia06is,
cp9<I>s
2)
here
is
is
used praeparative.
Cp.
62a2#.
personal.
cp.
74 a 2.
this has not been said in the course of
XtYerai
oirep irdXai
the present argument, and must, I think, be understood in the light
C 5of 63 c 6 uxrirep .
rrdXai Xeyerai and the 7*aXcuoy XfJyos of 7
.
.
Cp. also
69 c
5 TrdXai alviTTecrdat.
referring to the
Word
C
(cp.
ifpbs Xoyor,
E. Gr. Ph. 2
p.
as
146, n. 3).
As Wohlrab
TO
x w P^
understood
KT ^-
lv
in
It
(
Orphic
was
6K<rra<m,
stepping outside
the body.
Ka0
at/TTiv
d 8
opOuis
cp.
67 b 4
n.
38
115 b
9).
NOTES
67
ov
8*
ioi>
Socrates, but
to
17
...
from
variance
if
Siapt pX-qvTcu,
The
the body.
is
estranged
at
to set
ds ex&pQ-v Ka6i(rrdvai.
T omits d, but
4>opoivTo
,
l
its repetition is natural in a binary
protasis like this, especially as there is a change of mood, and d has
a slightly different meaning in the two clauses.
:
\n-f\
loiciv
cpofiolvTo
form (aba).
fJ.1j
in a negative
(>l
TToXXoi.
7)
regular in
is
the
second clause.
We
</>tAoao0mi ,
TU
e /na
naidtKa).
HT\0iv,
go
tpwv
<J>povTj<Tecos
oieo-Oai ye
|jnr)8ap.ovj
in
xp ^
dXXoOi KrX.
for ypafperai)
within a hundred
<pi\6(To<pos.
It is
Cp. 666372.
B 2 has added
gram
syn.
should think so
of
is
o-rrep op-n.
i\tyov, sc.
67 69.
The antecedent
following question.
/
p.tvToi W|
Aia
cp.
65 d 6
n.
xiv. 8l
is
/3e Xrepoj>
os (fcfvyw
npo<pvyr)
39
KCIKOV
T)
aAco^).
Cp. Thuc.
vi.
NOTES
68
14
T>\
19 fyv $t TOITO
(KOVTfS
b 9
pal peya
rjyoi
Xen. OdC.
d>(pe\r](rr],
Tf<p.i/pL<>v
4.
av
7T(i)VTai.
up
first
philosopher after
c 2
all
KCU (JnXoTifios
cj>iXoxpT]p.ctTos
Xpi]fj.dT.i
(j>i\oxpi][jL<iT<>s
58002
on
c^ta
e.
g.
Kai
yap UVTO
y/VX
jS
551 a
TO /JLpOS
dvrl
So
5/}
t^iXo^pj^LKiroi
psychology
...
(/nXortpoy
is
;/.
et Plat.^ p.
Trpf iTov
Ka\
here implied
We
6vf.u )s.
436 a I
for
find
549 b 2
(J)i\oxpr]/j.aTOi>
di],
a regular
of
synonym
dv/j-oftdr/s,
ditftpfav 0iAo^p^pano"rnl
(pi\OTLp.u>v
eyevovro.
for
it
stands in close
KiiTao~Kfvdo~ai
is
K(tl
(fji\ovLK.u>v
reXei Tcoi^ref
yopov)
ai
KaXoi t TfS
is
relation to the
de Hipp,
K(K\i/Kap.(v
paXurra aTroreAou^rai
xi )T]lJLI irc lv
uv Ka\olp.(v.
op6ti)s
Republic
(TTidvp.rjTiKoi
TOl TO T1]S
in the
p.ev
425
ewai
a>r
*(U o IloaeiStoytos
(pr]o~ii>
Cp. Galen,
exeivov
(Hvd<i-
\eyu>v
47^
Ho(ret,8o)vios $e
KO.\
Uv6ny6pav
avTOv
p.ev
TV>V
ApxiTds
to
/cat
TI]V
"^svx
eindvpiav.
iv
T P l P- f P rl
d~ro(paivovTaij
Posidonius
is
not likely
point.
TroXXot ovop.dov(ri.
c 6
c g
OUKOV
f,v
this
is
repeated by c 10 op
This
is
made more
ov.
best explained by
40
Laws
710 a
TTJV
NOTES
We
TO (raxfipove iv.
eivai
courage and
o-w(ppocrvvi] in
68
are not speaking here of
4v
(/nXocroc/jiu
i
and 61 a
8idyou<n
71 a
you
if
tOtXeis,
Meno
Philosophy
<Lo-iv
<J>iXoo-oc}Ha
is
life.
ev
;/.
care.
Cp.
324 a
Prot.
342 d
6.
i.
it is
^eyiXcov KO.KU,V
unnecessary to add flvm to the partitive
but there was evidently an ancient variant TMV peyiarav
etVia
which is hardly consistent with p.t6vu>v KaKwv just
T<iv
genitive,
KciKu>i>
vcjo-iv
{i-n-ofxf
There
nerism.
aXoyov
62 b
Cp.
oi Kocrp.iot
is
syn.
Cp. 8366.
<u
<rM(f>pwe<>.
less
>s
o-<><fx
decent
respectable
The
as substitutes for
it
is
appositive structure
is
73d;
(Riddell, Dig.
good
The
207).
add
eu/ai,
u>v
t"pr)Ka
ojxoiov,
TO ird0os TO
Trepi
Tr/joetyroi
aXX
K T X.,
the condition of -
genitive equivalent).
41
op.a>f
47908
(irepi,
77
T\V
d^iKi n.
c.
ace. as
NOTES
68
,
reads
of
69^6
istam.
naive
uT]0T],
artless
The Petrie papyrus
unsophisticated
but that seems to be an anticipatory recollection
.
dvSp<.nrodd>dii,
69 bS.
P.TJ
Q\JX
av>TT)
n-pos cip6TT|v,
Isocr.
there
is
a survival from the time of the vulgate text, which omitted d\\ayrj
and had
to
be understood as
//
The
ofio y).
a 7
a 5
a 9
irpos -rjBovds,
for pleasures,
came
contra voluptates.
i.
c.
table, not
merely
to
in the
is
interpolated.
Hfvd re
jca!
The words
think
TOVTOV
and
wisdom
/j.(v
their
irnrp<wKtiiJ.eva )
it
iravra clearly
belong to uvov-
meaning must be
all
things
for
but
42
it
is
NOTES
6
iTTTror
was buying
As
it.
is
it
remark
iravTCi
Ncque
scquiores protrita
occurs only in one other place (Soph.
true
is
est
that TOUTOU
the time he
at
clearly active,
Cobet
to 7riirpaarKup.fva,
69
to be interpolated.
au ovpfva Kal TTLTrpaiTKnpfva
IS
believe, then,
a scholium on
Ka
for
it
does.
TOVTOV
|iTo.
TCO ovTx
by b 4
plained
I
(ppoi>7](Tea>s.
is
fjLfTa
when accompanied by
fl,
The words
goodness.
and opposed
(ppovrjffevs
/ieTu
/JL(I<
this (i.e.
/zfra
to
wisdom)
TOVTOV are ex
b 6 x^i n C^ ei a
TUVTOV.
If
am
<^
right
it
implies this reading.
In the Protagoras Socrates shows
uvSpeia KT\.
that true
common
The
came
to
Sophists
distinction
to
be of great importance.
Kal Trpoo~YiY vo
add
Ka
^-TroYiY v
L^
i.
rj
and
my
va)V
>
77
edition of Aristotle
77/>o<rri0ei>ru
S*
KT\.
As
the
pleasures, pains,
Tot.avTT]
apfTr].
participle
&.C.,
there
to Plato
what
is
and
d^xu/jen-,
Trpoo-Kflrrdtii.
Socrates means
Knowledge.
goodness
e.
is
popular
have ascribed
x ca P L ^ofieva
(b i),
pr)
vu>v
The
not.
to
Jl/
!
that (ioodness
Cp.
philosophic
one another
in B, it is probably an inter
[KCU] aXXaTTojieva: as Kai is omitted
is dependent on
polation arising from failure to see that %<api6ueva
The meaning will then be exchanged
d\\aTT<
,p.fva (cp. 6ib2.).
for
43
NOTES
69
characteristics: (i)
.
is
it
only produces
it
its effect
di
trKiayptxpia
from a distance.
The most
Hoi \eyea6ai.
Kin
(T
p.ei>
<rvvirjjj.t
KVK\U>
\rnnn
instructive passage
-rrepl
Rep. 365 c 3
is
made
that of a
is
to
<rKiaypu<pi.u,
av5paTro8co8-rjs
to
Tr)v
so in Rep.
Km
6Tjpiu>8jj
avSpairodtodrj,
(WmW
bodily pleasures
b 8
and
KeKXrjvrat, just
avpaiTod<ddeis
Vahlen, Opusc.
TO 8
because they
(TO -npo\vnr]6rivai}.
ovSev v-yis
vyirfs is
430 b
ii.
gives a smoother
after re in
8.
See
361.
dXi]0/s,
6^7?
?j
of
deceptive appearance.
KiiGapo-is,
purgation.
Cp. 61 a 3 n.
son of Hipponicus uses the phrase
In Xen.
avftpda-iv
Symp.
I.
4 Callias
fKKKa8apfj.evni?
ras
uxrrrep vp.lv in
c 2
Ka0app.6s: this
is
ceremony of purgation
c 3
Ttxs
TtXerds
44
NOTES
much
think
described
of
actual
the
the Republic
in
69
of
Op(/)eoreXf0-rai
and
his time,
sqq.) in terms
(36463
who
are
Middle Ages.
cp. Eur. BaccJl. 21 KaKfl xnpevaaf Kai KaTtiarTTjcraS
used
larly
fable
tv
Pop(36pa>
caropvTTova-iv
2"
flics
TTOV
etT
145
"
^tvov rif
ftop[3opov
saying jrapcodd
ev
T<U
vi.
ev ftopfti ipti)
ft<ipi3(ipiK.(o
nvn.
is
8tdj-ov(Tiv t
/Jop/^(5/joJ
5 (of
Trr/Xov
deiv<i)v
CTKU>P
363 d
*l?
cifttKtws
and Olyinpiodorus
en-ov QpcfnKov.
We
vtjvois eiTnvrni.
p.aK.upwv
Kai
I
Cp. Rep.
is
ftopfinpus
noXvv
KT\.,
tie
The
"Aibov.
TjciiKtjiTf
the Slough.
avoaiovs civ KU\
will lie in
Kia-Tai,
fl
AyqaiXaos
fureAeZf Se rives
p-fv
K<I\
Err ape t-
TIVI TO Ti ii
\lsv%>js
op-fia
fv rals
p.f/j.vijp.evoi
ovn
r<u
ill
K(iropu>pvyp.fi>ov
the
light of this.
The
(ferula communis) was the plant of
which the Dionysiac thyrsus was made.
f
the true worshippers were so called (cp. the BaKX (H
PCIKXOI
p.ev vapdrjKufjiopoi.
vdpd>)
Euripides).
oi>
wv
number
ou5ev
YVo-0ai,
become one
to
rbv
Aio//uo-oi>
Cp. 67 b 4
of
eKiiXow
whom
to join
whose
d-rrtXi-n-ov,
have
left
nothing undone.
The phrase
states
every way.
Kai TI Tjvvo-ajjuv
singular to plural
i.
is
e.
and the
rest of the
quite natural.
45
To
read
band
f]vvcfdp.riv
The
shift
from
with Heindorf
NOTES
69
d
d
TO crake s,
ravr
show
Cp. 57 b
ws
.,
for certain.
that
dTToAo-yo{j|.iai
Cp. 63 e
d 8
TOVS
v0i86 Secm-oTas
KaKet
-.
64 a
cp.
n.
this is the
defence
make
to
8.
62 e
cp.
63 a 6
sqq.
n.
TOIS 8
these words seem to have been interpolated
-rrapf xei
here from 70 a i. They break the sentence awkwardly and spoil
the effect of the phrase when it comes in its proper place.
Such
things do not happen often in the text of Plato, but they happen
.
sometimes.
Cebes points out that all this implies the immortality of the
soul, and asks that tliis should be established (69 e 6
70 c 3).
(3)
e 6
70 a 4
vTro\aj3u)v
tj0t>s
down
to ovdafjiov
>}
Riddell (Dig.
207) takes these words
as explanatory of the preceding clause ( binary
have punctuated
).
Then
will co-ordinate
/cat
will
KJBau>ovcra
understand
r
c 8
structure
and
j^
60
cp.
dTraXXaTTop.evT] KrX.
belong only
irco/^urov
tocTTrep Trvet)|jLa
r\
with
Ka-rvvos
after a 4
to
It is
easy to
it.
SLa<rKe8ao-9eicra
this
is
the belief
assumed
KCLTTVOS
cp.
rerpt-yuia,
xxiii.
Republic (387011).
a 6
oTJ8v
for even
ou8ap.oO ^: Plomer does not go so far as this
of Hades there is a v//-^}
e
But it might
i Ti
House
in the
just as well
VVK eVi
aiJTT|
K<H
Ka0
atiTT|v crvv-r|0poicrp,ev7]
irapa|Av0Las,
fj-vdids
Kttl
persuasion
The
TreiBovs.
cp.
it
is
meanings
encourage
C 8.
.
Cp.
Laws 720
proof, not
67
reassurance
talk over
mo-Tews,
for
104).
tda>\oi>.
console
belief.
46
nap<nrfl.6a))
as in 115 d
5,
as in
^eicrtfru
-rrapais
83 a 3.
are secondary.
to
The
NOTES
T|
70
Where MSS.
^v^.
differ,
the less
commonplace
be preferred.
even Homer allows that souls are
8vva|juv t)(i KCU 4>p6vT)cnv
somewhere after death, but Cebes wishes to be assured that they
are not merely
Kaprjva (this is the point of ftvvamv r^O, of
whom it can be said 0peves OVK IVi Tru/iTrui Here, then, (fipovnns is
is
to
ap.ci>T)i>a
<J>T],
77ci; 78
cp.
a 10
8io.[Av0oXoYwp.v
KwjxcoSoTroios
in its
fl<os
order
(Riddell, Dig.
cp. p.v6o\oy(lv, 61 e 2 n.
appropriate as introducing
The word
is
/>
(<i
Eupolis said
6? raXXa
<TXTJV,
b)
288).
specially
KT\.
fun of Socrates.
TTTW^OV ddo\e
used
is
Mur
(fr.
352)
/j.ev
rrefypovrtKCV,
KO.\
(TOI>}
made
2o)/<parr;,
TOV
ojrodfv 8e Karnfyaytlv
his
them.
about things which do not concern me
For the position of the pre
have nothing to do with
298 and cp. no c 2.
position see Riddell, Dig.
ou
Trepl irpoo-TjKovToov,
things
77 d
5).
is
subject.
47
NOTES
70
(l)
law
c 4
auTo,
-iraXcuos
c
is
rraXiyyevfo-la
(70 c 4
flf dvTan68oa"is
72 e
zs
l).
the matter.
.
Xo-yos
introduced in
Trpaypura
fepficof OCTOLS
cp. the
Meno
.
81 a
a IO Oi
rrep\
/j.e/j.e\rj<
way
in
yap avftpwv
5 a-KrjKoa
XeyovTeV
p.ei>
re
TCIVTL ((TTIV*
rore /L/evreXeurai
aTToXXvadai 5
mistaken
P-
c 6
in
ffxial
^j)
*cai
For
KT\.
flvtii.
ovderroTf.
yap
r//i>
iepecov re
oiotff
ocr
crofpwv
raiv
<al
fivai biftrtvai
u ^eiot flmv.
a 5e
aTrodvtjarKetv KaXovcri
So Epist.
vii.
67
335 a
iepols \6yois, o l
Tj-aXaio? cp.
d>]
c 5 #.
7m
$f<r$at
fj.r)vvov<r
iv
6e oi/rcos del
fjfuv
Herodotus
dddvarov
(ii.
is
123)
2
assigning an Egyptian origin to this doctrine (E. Gr. Ph.
95)-
ws
eioptv
v0v8e
u<j)iKop.vai
Ket,
this.
There
el(T\v
a(pLKop.vai together as
the interlaced order (a b a b}.
taking
C 8
TU>V
/j.Ta)(fipiovTtu Xoyov
u>i>
/cat
yvva.i<u>i>
fieri
if it
were
fl&lv dtyiyuevai.
Note
is TraXiyye^ecria.
Cp. Servius on Aen. iii. 68 non /Mere^u^coo-u sed Tra\iyyvev iav esse dicit (Pythagoras],
Hippolytus, Clement, and other
Christian writers say /ierfyo-co/zaraxns- ( reincarnation }, which is
Galen).
TOV TCIVT
elvai,
Riddell, Dig.
cp.
41.
Meno 76
clvOpomojv: cp.
(Riddell, Dig.
121).
K<I$
48
NOTES
Cp. Lack. 185 d 9
Rep. 526 c 9
ouTtoo-t
(TKOTTf iv
o-Kf\}/wfjL(da
apn
apa
this is explained
by
Meno 93
.,
.,
70
and
just
b 2 ro5e
below e
Cp. 71 a
iiXXodev KT\.
nv<
crKOTrovp.fi>,
n/ju
.,
4.
Socrates
9.
generalizes the Orphic doctrine that the living are born from the
dead, and treats it as a case of the principle, maintained by
Ph. 2
p.
oo-ois
86).
TtiYX"-
VL
v TOLOVTOV TI,
opposite, equivalent to e
KCH
uXXa
p.vpia KrX.
8V|
tion cp. 73 d 10
c
oo-ois
6 o-ot? cp.
8uo
94 b 10
avTo
-yevt o-eLs
this
which has an
is,
way
of breaking off an
(Riddell, Dig.
enumera
257).
to the plural
pronoun referring
(avToii referring to
if
For
everything, that
n tvnnini
tan
104 d 2
5 oo-otr
).
it
follows that
evnvrioai )
between every pair ot opposites
dp. fooTepwv iravrav
there must be two processes (yevfcreis), one by which A arises from B,
another by which B arises from A.
We see from this
increase and decrease.
av7]o-i.s KCU
TU>V
(/ueTa<!>
<J)0Lcn.s,
passage that
much
attention
to
accuracy of
terminology.
6
in
is
any language
grammar
it
is
conjugation
i.e.
class
of verbs
similarly
inflected.
Y"
70 b
I
o-oi,
c
<[>T],
pw, 6
i.
to
OV*K avTa-rroSwo-o^ev
2coKp<iTT]s
5 n.
balance
shall
we not assign
(abab]
= gen.).
it
an opposite process
it ?
49
cp.
NOTES
?i
e 9
Cimon
rr/v
dm.
(Pint.
e 13
16).
air
OTI oils
63 b 8
a
70 d
el
. .
iivj
5)
as below
dva/3ia>vai),
is
but in that
89 b
10.
we were
that
Cp.
should be wrong.
unless there were a constant correspon
dvTcnTo8i8oiT],
The verb
is
Cp. L.
8.
S.
s.
v,
I.
:
KVK\OV d
is
the
(not
480
KwAo>
the KVK\OS rrjs yfveaeoes IS Orphic.
It was just
-rrepucvTa
from the Wheel of Birth that redemption (\vais) was sought by
means of purgatory observances (/ca$app.m ). On one of the gold
2
plates from Thurii (E. Gr. Ph. p. 88) the ransomed soul says
ence
p,T)
(l-!T<1^id(t)fJ.L
is ava/Sicocracr&u
dence.
(e.g. Crito
2.
dSiKojs KrA.,
!7<5/Kovj/
to life again.
transitive,
72 a 6
come
to
dva|3icocrKcr0ai,
way
in
which a
sense
scientific
line.
is
rectilinear process
is
only in one
b 3
KT\.
The metaphor is taken from the SmuAo?,
(AT) dvaKa|o.iTTot
which the runners turned round the Kn/irrr^p and came back to
KO.L
in
b 9
TeXe-uToovra
dnoC)fiKi>vp.i
is fully
Phaedr. 278 c6
vii.
324 d
7 XP V(T
b).
Cp. Aesch.
bagatelle
illustrated in
\yu>v
693
dfToSeL^iev,
a thing of naught (a
ii.
IIVT:>S
Wyttenbach
note.
ra yfypap.p.eva (pavXa
rrjv
"TroSet^avras
Cp.
e. g.
Plato,
aTroSei^ni,
Epist,
eprrpotrOfv TroXiretav,
making
Plut.
the previous constitution seem like gold by comparison.
C. Gracch, I dntdfi^e TOVS uXXou? prjiopus Tialftwv fj.r)dev 5ta0epoz/ras,
comparisons.
aiav }
Antiphanes
fr.
232 dp eorl
\rjpos
Ar/pos irdvTa
5
eVn raXAa
rrpos Kii/^-
npos TO xP va LOV
Xen.
NOTES
An.
Vli. 7-
72
41
TO apyvpiov t^eti
the story of Endyas most editors say.
On the contrary,
The meaning
fK rravTos rpoVou.
is
not
TT/M>?
make
to
ouSap.o\) &v
<j>aivoiTo,
an expression taken,
where,
race-COUrse.
the
OVO<I/JLOV
crv
ytyovws
(fxivijCrrj
ov jrputTOS, ov oVTfpos
ov TptTOS, ov rtraorofj ov
Cp. 73 b 7 74 a
regularly followed by an infinitive in apposition.
6 78 c 2. There is, therefore, no reason for deleting the word with
;
Dobree.
TO TOV
XP//fiura
Avaa-y6pov
2
(E. Gr. Ph.
?];.
in
phrase
Corg.
465 d
3 TO roC
TWV aXXcov,
were once
8
tK
p.
p. 299).
Avagayopov an
TTO\I>
i]v
"^or
di-
aurw.
ro>
i.e.
alive.
It
is
passage
ol rftfvtcJTfs
tion.
KCU rats
jAcv
the statement
(2)
yt KT\.
is in
Forms
tnroXapwv
Kal KO.T
77 a
(72 e 3
Cp.
KtTvov
60
.
to repeat
6306, where
place.
shown
is
to rest
on the theory of
5).
C 8
e 6
11.
Kai.
Kara TOVTOV
>y<>s
the Kni
means as
well as
c 5-
ol 7
that
o-v.
Cebes speaks of
it
Simmias
E2
NOTES
72
knows very
little
about
It
it.
fifth-
2
religious doctrines of their founder (E. Gr. Ph. pp. 319 sqq.), and
their teaching was really inconsistent with a belief in the soul s
2
immortality (E. Gr. Ph. p. 343). The originality of Socrates seems
to have consisted just in this, that he applied the old religious
and
especially to mathematical
science.
on
KT\.,
i|p.tv
our learning
that
reminiscence, i. e. that
of what we once knew.
is
it
It
above
73 a
p.ddrjo iv
Trplv
d8os
is
yevc o-Oai,
au>jj.a
find
tyTT/araro,
elvat.
d 2
ev
rov \6yov
T<
povov
firstly
of.
rtjv
avafjLvrjo-OevTa
human
idei
Here
frame.
O-O>/M</.
Cp.
^v)(r)v)
avevpziv.
e^ioxrav
ftiov,
K(U els
Ka\6i>,
Rep. 402 d
f t 5et.
.
a lo
t-rreiTa ..
(sc.
Cp. 77 b 7 nfuv
So Symp. 2IO b 2 TO fV e ^et
a(f)iKfadni.
*v
avrr/v
Trpcorov p.(v
o n tv
Ka
Ivl
practically equivalent to
Phaedr. 249 a 8
a
KaXnvrriv avdpforroL
avdpa>TT(iov
fv re
(iva^invrpKofiefla,
8l C 7 ovStv davp-aarov
a ye Kal irporfpov
fi/}
(e 3).
u vvv
e7
KCLTO,
KCLl
e 6
This
fixes the
meaning
We
regularly
secondly
after
to sum up
It does not mean
as it does above 65 d 13, but
by
I think Mr. R. G.
one argument
Bury is right in holding (Class.
Rev. xx, p. 13) that the process enl ra BiaypaftfjuiTa ayeiv is opposed
,
to,
in,
TU>V
e /xurai/,
^/zets
52
and
would
NOTES
73
I am also inclined to
accept his reading npwrov for
/3
though it is not absolutely necessary. The use of
y as
numerals has certainly affected the reading in several passages of
In any case this is better than altering fVfmi to eVet ro
Plato.
evi,
with Heindorf.
Cp. 64 a 5.
a right account of the matter.
of themselves.
airoi,
opOos Xo^os,
An
oVo/m
is
opflni
TTt TO.
it
8iaYpa[x]j.a.Ta
Mow
it
elsewhere, he
KdT-riYopei,
fest
arguere
construction of dr/\nvi
which
for
If the
6 uycoi eVi
which
avTo
TII SinypdiJip.aT(i,
.
ToCiTo
iraGetv
cp. Gorg.
verb
is
is
483 d
personal
8^ol
di
TUVTU
we must supply
not satisfactory.
u.vap.v7]crO-qvai,,
to
have done
to
me
the
The MSS.
to be reminded.
very thing we are speaking of, namely,
and iruOdv is a conjecture of leindori s (not of Serranus,
have
1
ij.(it>fii>,
for in
are constantly confused
uncial writing M is very like n, both being written without lifting
This is one of the comparatively few corrections in the
the pen.
as Stallbaum says).
text of the
adopted
55 C 3
7
)
The words
in
"
ov 6 Xdyo?
ecrri,
it
is
not
Cp. Gorg.
K0\a6[j.vos,
Cp. 72 C 3;?.
We see here the begin
attacked the proof.
term of dialectic.
Cp.
nings of the use of eirixeww as a technical
uvafJLV^o-0-fivai
t-rrexcLp-rio-e \e-yeiv,
also
eTTi^et prj/ua.
53
NOTES
73
c
TLS TI
C 5
if
dva|AV"r]cr0T|cr6Tai,
man
is
to be
reminded of a
thing.
7 n.
Cp. 726
Tporrco TotouTO),
What
answer
325.
<iv
we have
careful
psychological
is
enclose
rj
square brackets.
in
it
Tiva a\\T]v
alarOopfvos, but
The same
C 7
p.T|
tKivo
fxovov
-yvo>
KT\.,
of B.
cm
JAY)
avTTj
fj
this is
eTricrTTjp.7]
Tpoi>
used
SIKCUCCS is
d 6
n
roOro
irdcrxovo-t
Cp. 68 e 3
n.
Cp. 72 a
followed as usual by a clause in apposition.
like opdws.
n.
empirical
Yvcoo-av
much
gnomic
aorist.
Cp. 113 d
3.
d 8
d 9
T-fj
TOX)TO
Stavoia
pred.
iroXXciKis
Xa|3ov
and reminiscence
dvep.vrio-0T|
Gildersleeve, S. C. G.
Q IO
Kdi
aXXa
is just this
Cp. 75 d 10.
empirical aorist with temporal adverb.
.
259.
em
Cp. 7
e 3
54
"
NOTES
Aia
T|
68 b
cp.
73
7 n.
IUTTOV YtYpafip-evov,
We
may
call a.
av/To
2tp.fJiiov
In this case
of Simmias.
This is the
case described just below as
the two first being OTTO
It is for the sake of this distinction that the
avofjiuicov.
point is
o/Wo>i<,
d(/>
elaborated.
twoelv
When
man
reminded of
The
(A or B).
Cp. Proclus, in
ol
dp^uta, (paalv
fvprjuara ravra,
.,
gorean geometry.
fiev
nepl TOV
End.
JLv8r)fj.ovt
KU\ rrjs
77
was familiar
/, p.
T;
in Pytha
419 (Friedlein) "Kim
Hvdayopcitov Mourrs
TU>I>
virepfto\f)
/cat
7}
AXeir^ir.
The
ITOU KT\.
Cp. 65d4/z.
have seen already that the
4>ap.fv
\\ e
when we speak
of
triangle
right
forms
,
beautiful
c.)
ceptible
mean by
right.
According
forms
There
/U/Z///LUITU
or
is
55
NOTES
74
ravra), which
b
b
is
65d6.
auro
o to-Tiv
adds
all
these things
now he
familiar with
feels at
and so do the
"LVOV
(-rrapd iravra
(auro TO laov).
it
b 4
is
Jj
iLv
ledge
we
certainly
(e-Lfrrr^r]} of equality,
but
have an exact
scientific
know
9) that equality
of our knowledge.
But we
possessed.
b 8
TO>
[xv
TO>
8 ot
fi
there
is
(i.
e.
Tore)
o j.
fj.tv
Sticks
something different.
aura TO. ura things that are
:
When
he
just equal
Euclid says (Ax.
.
There
Ta
i)
is
r&>
no
difficulty
aur
lira
KCL\
is
?<m.
c 4
TauTd
ra
c ii
. .
ra. icra
the sticks
Icra.
OuKodv
d 3 Ildvv p,v
otlv:
argument
is
not.
and stones
is
like
real equality.
argument.
56
That
is
NOTES
av
cos
...
so long as
dummodOj
74
follows cp. 73 c 6
76 a 2.
2
the process in question.
av,To,
;
have to do with
6
dvanvricns
v8eiTiK6ivov
r\
The
forward.
TI TOIOXJTOV refers
TJ
a<fi
ouSfv
Cp. 74 a
do they
av
evSey rov
/j.j]8fi>
There
(v&elv.
is
rep
eivai,
TTOI/JL^VLK:]
no need, then,
i
MSS.
insert
by modern
9
/n//
is
it
at all
529 d
TOH
8e
.or not
345 d
eW
TTO/\U
d\rj8ivci)V
with Madvig.
being such as the equal.
e\-e<.Vo
deficient cp.
Time.
ii.
87.
For
T/
..
to
after
Isocr.
ro",
critics.
aims at being.
The phrase is oiten used to
POV\TCH
etvcu,
express a tendency, especially by Aristotle.
this seems a clear case of an adscript which has crept
[to-ov]
.
of Aristippus,
it is not translated
Though it is in
who has simply tale esse quale illitd.
<J>av\oTepov,
evSfea-Tcpws 5
65
in
the version
inferior.
<xiv,
but of which
in
aov,
5.
short of
Paneg, 105 TOPV mis nvcriats cvbfta misunderstanding of this construction late
and various conjectures have been proposed
tvdfrjs eyevero,
Owing
(Trepovs.
fall
to read
fact
o^ot cor/.
w,
though
ru
it
falls short.
The
relative
<>v
Cp.
s n.
fore
.
2
7
cpe YSTcu
equivalent to fiovXerat, 74 d 9.
I count all these as the
KT\.,
^-
li
implies previous
judge them and find them inadequate.
57
NOTES
75
b
rd
common
tKeivov
below d 2
b 4
The phrase
icra.
modelled on the
is
eV txpdaXfj.ols.
.
terminology cp. 74 b 2
for the
n.
and
shall see
if
b 6
TO,
TWV
alcr0T]o-eujv is
2).
This
al<r6!
l
<Tiv
under
10964.
to
avotcreiv,
expressed by
on seems
Reference
refer.
dva<peptiv
trpos
be used as
to
instead of cwnVeii/.
Vahlen
.,
if
(i.
to
referre
standard
ad
is
Cp. 76 d
dvafyepovrfs cvvoijcreiv
regularly
9.
had preceded
vvoii<ieiv
before on.
b 10
c
y6v6(jLvoi
irpo TOUTCOV
c n
09
v rats alcrdi^creaiv
before
1 1
birth.
heard, &c.
el
f
xovres tYv6(X0a, sc. avrijv, if we were born with it, i.e.
the knowledge of the equal.
TO ixe!ov KCU TO AaTTov
the knowledge of TO wot implies these
.
we saw,
of ex
tar a.
immediately upon
v0us,
way
make up
its
opposite, TO
ai/icroj/,
and
in
this, that
ois
mo-<j>paYi6p.0a
KrX.,
26 d
TO
258
(TJ?
I
fTri<T<ppayi(r6VTa
"
auro
to-Tt",
6 lort.
on which we set the seal of
connexion with a technical term, and
ni>T<>
in
school.
TroXiTiK//)
Cp. 65 d 4 n.
Phileb.
5*
NOTES
write for the TOVTO
eo-Tt,
I
and
b eori of
seems
it
to
me
75
MSS.
the
that TO
must be
right.
Most
others.
editors
<n,
We
78 d
Kpivecrdai,
oloi T
Rep. 534 d 9
was technical
ei co^a?
EL ... tKdo-TOT*
unless
tmXeXTjcrLuOa,
H.TJ
of our birth.
The
doctrine of
eKnarore
after
stand
Xaj36vra
make
to
Tf
Kal UTTO-
aTTOKpivecrdai
we
forget
TraXiyyei/eo-ta
them on
seems to
born on each
to be
for
reminiscence unless
Heindorf proposed
to insert yiyvuuevoi
this clear
but we
may
under
easily
tcrX.,
have
to
lost
polar expression
Cp. 86 a
Ei
\rjdrj
-yi-yvofxevoi
5 eVi
loss of
in this sense).
synonyms
208 a 4
it
ot
tTTLo-T-qix-qs a.7TopoXT)v,
are
<al
it.
and not
to
epa>rav
f^wrnv re
/?
ITOVT<U.
each occasion
TW
\pr\(j 6ai
e
(SloXe/CTtKi))
in
yap
e<V.u
knowledge
For other
e7ri(JT/}ftr]9
we
aTroXwXefm.
and
<i7ro3<i^X<i)
definitions of X/^;
e^oOov, Pkileb.
if
a.Tra)Xc(raLi.V,
K;II 1^1]
((iTroXXv^ct
lost
it
ill
33
e 3
^ a ri
cp.
"
J
7"/
the process of
birth.
-rrepl
60
aura
76
reference
is
There
c 2.
is
no need
to
plain.
irpLv
6p0u>s
59
NOTES
76
76
These
^ iSovTo KT\.
b 5
Sovvai Xo-yov,
diahfKTiKos.
\au.ftavoi>Tn
rj
to give
^v
09
an account of
TOV
This
it.
is
i}
mark
the
of the
\6yov e/caorou
icrov t
aijpiov TTjvLKaSc,
b ii
It
seems
to
me
that, if
Plato originated the theory, he could not possibly have put this
statement into the mouth of Simmias. Cp. Prof. 336 b 8, where
Te
C 12
Kal
v dvOpwirov ciSei,
how
tie
dtt-acrdai
in
human
Cp. 73 a
Kal
We
form.
ei
liv
6avp.a^otfjL
comes
TO>
e7nWa<r(9ut
\6yov
avOfxcnr
to the
meaning
of acoua.
n.
4>p6vT]o-iv
and had
etxov,
intelligence.
of
(j)povi]ais
first
v iTotcp
some
dXXw xP
vc?
sc
) e w T(p
T0 ^ yiyvfcrdm.
It
And
at
The
& 0pvXov(a.v
the things
del,
we
we
oticria
TO.
uva4>f
pray
it,
we have the
d 9
interrogative
d
d 8
TTO LW is
cp.
TU>V
65 d
13 n.
aio-0T]crea;v
pop.ev
cp.
75 b 7
Cp.
75 b 6 n.
n.
60
756
5.
NOTES
ra fv rat?
SC.
76
n cr^^crecrii/.
in just the
wo-irep Kai,
<rA.
The
rafru in 62.
4
aXXcos
reference
elpT)|jLvos,
is
spoken
quite plain in
in
vain
all
this
three cases.
will
argument
Cp. L. S. s. v. u
nothing
Cp. 115 d 5 a AAoos Ae yfu
this phrase can hardly have any other than
eis KaXov
.
A\o>v
go
for
II. 3.
usual
its
meaning opportunely. Cp. Kleno 89 eg (is KH\UV fjp.lv *A.WTOS rrapfThe phrase is
Kade(ero, Symp. 174 e 5 els Ka\ov rjiceip, and often.
purely adverbial, and it is not correct to say, with most editors, that
it is explained by the words tls TO 6/zoiW elvai *rA., which depend
directly on /carafe yfi.
t
Ka.Ta4>6VY6t,
taking refuge.
very conveniently for us who are hunting it. From Rep. 432 b sq.
we see that the idea is that of a hare or other animal taking refuge
in a
bush
(dap-v^s),
caught.
6 f6rjpfv6p.r]i
1
it
cannot
(Adam
escape
in the
ofioicos,
same way
just as surely
equivalent to ouroK
Kai
ourcof KUL
TW
<5o*et
the construction.
the only
word
that 8oKfl
<$
<V;
is
right
Ke ^^rt
for
it
is
(3)
IKO.VUIS,
that the
its
out,
however,
argument from
aW/^au
must take the argument from oWarroSoo-t? and that from nva^vrjais
At the same time, he admits that a more thorough
together.
discussion
is
required.
61
NOTES
77
there
tvfcTTT]Kv,
is
3.
fiiBl/S
TT
TV7TT(ll>
/JL
Isocr. 5. 39
the
still
8f O.VTOV
7Tfl8l]
Cp. Lysias,
TJfJ.VVafJLr}V
Hence comes
etp^fieVotr.
originally an
is
stand up to
to
is
)(S LpTjCrfV
TO"LS
v<rTTJvai
This
objection.
eWr>ai
eVcTTUC
the technical
argument
intercessio.
OTTOJS prj
SiacrxeScivvtiTai KT\.
The verb
is
subjunctive
b 6
come
in
(i/.u>6ev
by 72 d
settled
is
e<
note.
For the
TtXos
z.
V^Lv,
q.
T\fia
ai,
to
crecr#<u,
&c.
5 n.
Cp. re Xos-
In
when
70 b
be complete.
full
growth.
re Xos-
An animal
rtXos-
grown.
B has
e^-et
f r
X (lv
its
flv
>
f.L\\fL llp^flV.
C 7
KCU
even as
vxiv,
common
inv 6;
crwOeivcu
is
.,
it
rauTcv,
and
argument we assented
is.
mine
The
1 cro
to
is
sense of vvv
.
.,
but, as
it
is
the
same
as in the
is.
to before
it.
a late
XfYT,
MS. and
is
NOTES
in that sense,
and
common
-rat is
Practical Application.
of death at all costs (77015
This digression
6
*
TWV ircu8wv,
TO
fishermen do
1
(cp.
children
do.
as children say
TO>V
which
u/Xucoi,
in
77 b 4
is
lest
it
fcv
jjie-yciXc{>
p.tyus
7Ti>d
is
;/.).
I.
5iacrKe8a.vvvcnv
long v
to discuss thoroughly.
above 63 a
as
mean
dvepvTja-drjv TO
We must
Trptiy/xurfuj
necessarily
-T
(cp.
to the
Sia-n-pa-yfj-aTtvcracrOai,
the use of
(4)
and leads up
77
it
issues
If the
in
This clause
(p.os.
to the theory.
ws BeStoTcov,
would require
object of
sc.
,poi
in
dfftiuTus
in
The
ai im-fiCitLv.
agreement with
genitive absolute
274.
Cp. Riddell, Dig.
p.d\\ov 8f, vel potius,
is
fjpfis,
grammar
the unexpressed
in
intro
ducing a correction.
A strik
to deoidrcoi but is anticipated for emphasis.
[XT] belongs
ing instance of this is Crito 47 d 9 TTfidopfvot p. ] TIJ r^v eiraiavrwv
,
&&Jr
irtipw |ieToiri0eiv
is
now known
NOTES
77
to
be the reading of
of
BT
which
67
for
W.
resumes
it
quite in Plato
is
It is far
avn-ntlOeiv
7rctp>
ncipa>ij.eda
above with a
rrfidav
slight variation
manner.
(whose full name was Mopwas a she-goblin used, like AKKOO, "E/XTTOUO-U, and Aa/ua to
frighten naughty children. Cp. Theocritus xv. 40 OVK.
TV, rtwov,
BaKvei ITTTTO?, Xen.
iv. 4.
J <po/3ei(T$ni rovs TreXrncrTu?,
TO.
bugbears.
p.opyioXtJKeia,
Mop/jo>
[JLO\VKTI)
o>
//"<?//.
Mop/zd>,
cofTTrep fj,op/joi
7rni3o>v
ert
T//J-
Mop/xo)
fifSiorcor/.
Ap.iai/
T/)I>
</>o/3fpa
473 d
eS
3l
Voi8civ, iiicaiitiirc,
to sing charnis
TI/V
(canm na,
this idea in
\/^t
(ZaXjuo^t?),
^}i/ e^r;
cirmdni).
a>
fjdr/
TT;
cp. esp.
/zafcapie,
pqdtov
Socrates
Charm. I55esqq.,
f<
eTrwStitjp
fie rcoi/
a XXcp
Kf(pa\f/ Kdl ro5
roiou-
<ra>p.aTi
The
2
Zamolxis) had been a slave of Pythagoras (E. Gr. Ph. p. 93), and
musical
well
with
what
we
know
of
the
KudapiTis
goes
Pythagorean
it
(cp.
e 9
6ia377.).
fji.n(VTtK7]
(Tlieaet.
149 d
i).
This is
you have charmed it out of him.
s which has been confirmed by
fuller knowledge of the MSS.
for it is actually found in a Vienna
MS. and virtually in T\V. The reading of B is f^u urr^Tcii, and it
t
cos civ
till
^eirao-TjTe,
One must
78 a 3
IIoXXTj
Italy,
For
xxiii.
sing
.
i
i
charms
TO.
but
till
It
this was an ancient variant.
we might supply TIP as its subject.
T)
a 4
W that
TWV Pap^apcov
innfaaTos H\is.
yivr]
vSocrates
is
The Orphic
64
NOTES
78
the Corybantic
from the latter. Plato
purifications
regarded the distinction between Hellenes and barbarians as an
unscientific division of mankind (Polit. 262 d i sqq.), but it \vas
former,
revived by Aristotle.
LS on av euKcupoTepov
better than the
variant
and seems
far
on
The corruption is
avayKaiorepov.
the omission of av in the variant is. to
Kai
uXXr/Aoji to
av xrX.
The usual hint that Orpheotelestae and
-yci-P
Cp. 69
Corybantic Kada,jTui are not to be taken too seriously.
l cr<os
c 4
//.
TavTo,
that shall be
vrn-dpei,
cp.
70 b
done
84 b
8).
This proof
is
From
this
we may
them,
it
is
indissoluble.
an emphatic nXX//Aou?.
lavTous
TO Biao-KeSavwcrOcu
is
We
of B.
The
tive in apposition.
TTiidos
is
have seen
article
is
added
Trii<r\(i.i>
in this
8ia<rt(c8dvvv(r6a:
takes an
infini
case because TO
precedes.
r<u
Tivi
We
7,-nta>
two
add
hrst
i26i
65
NOTES
78
b 8
b 9
Tro-repov,
Oappetv
SfSitvcu,
T]
whether
not.
Cp. 63 e 10
n.
Only that
(l)
is dissoluble
and
are constant
things (78 c
80
i).
TO)
...
crvv0tTco O VTI
4>ticrei
makes
it
$u<m
rrpoa^Kfi together, as
many
editors do.
TOVTO
C 2
7racr)(eiv,
compound,
The verbs
Cp. 7 2 c 3 n
divide, are the regular opposites.
SiaipeOrvai
fiuupeu/,
(TVVTldfVai.,
ments
TO.
will
oHrai ro)?.
Cp. d
fj-n-ep
it
aXXor
Se
aXXcos
is
opposed
to Kara raurd.
and make
which
aura,
it
may excuse
unnecessary to read a for Ta with
Heindorf.
cS
ravra
e. g.
Cp.
81 b 8
a-vvQera
113 e
the
for
Lach. 194 d 2 a 5e
a.p.a6r]s }
5.
we
We
equivalent to \6yov
rrjs ovo-ias
For \6yos
genitive
KaXels rbv \6yov tKavrov
fyr.
is
simply
the reality
rfy?
or
definition
\a^avovTa rrjs
which we define
66
oufriaf
.
NOTES
78
is
what
just
is
KCU
>0
>>
ovariaf.
auTo
TO
4.
t
what any given thing itself is or is by
o-Tiv,
what a given thing is
Cp. 74 b 2 ;/.
the real, is added to suggest the opposition of anu and
Kao-Tov o
itself,
just
ov,
yiyvta-Qai.
self.
we cannot
and
K<I\(~I>
fj
in e
I,
and most
therefore take
together, and
regard people, horses, and clothes as examples of the first, just as
sticks and stones might be given as examples of the second.
It
is only as instances of KU\U that people, horses, and clothes can be
I
T<
said to be o/iwia^a
TOLOUTCOV
of
2
J]
de TCOV
7roAA<u
K.O\U>V
lau>i>
T)
i.e. Ka\oov.
This,
take
it,
K(l\5)l>,
-TTdvTtuv
Tiv
tKeivoLs 6p.covO(icov,
all
K<I\U
and
"am]
fay
&c.
KIVOLS,
What we
call
e<flva
Trav TovvavTLov
just the
o[>posite
beautiful things
67
to these,
or
i.
e.
to aiVo TO
NOTES
78
As we have seen
a 3
79
T
<t>
8),
T ns Siavoias
by thinking.
XoY.cr[xcp,
ally as
a 4
opposed
cxiS-r],
There
is
no distinction
to sense-perception.
The
invisible.
correct form
was
first
made known by
the
Flinders Petrie papyrus, and has since been found to be the reading
of the first hand of T and of W.
Cp. the Homeric didqXos, ULO-TOS,
The reading of B, followed by nearly all MSS. and editions,
didvus.
is
afiftf),
quite inappropriate.
a 6
0x[Xv ow j3ouXi KT\.
formless
unsightly
and
is
eVi^ffp^-
puru intended to prove that the soul is more like the indissoluble
than the body: (l)
TOV aopdrov atrr)?, (2) en TOV diavorjTiKOv UVTIJS,
e<
(3)
<
The
first eVi^eipfj/ua
begins here.
It is important to
two types of things.
observe that the word oWa is used of both. It means things in
Of course, strictly speaking, visible
the widest and vaguest sense.
8vo
OVTCOV,
TU>V
ei8r|
6Wo>r
oVra
things
all.
i\\0.
b 4
4>a[Xv
v etvcu
(fxnpev av dvai.
this
natural.
bo
vOpco-rrcov
say that in
13
sc.
Greeks than to
C
<j>ij(ri,
OUKOVV
soul can
us.
ToSe KrX.
68
The
NOTES
2
irdXcu,
TniXat cp.
TOIOUTWV, SC.
The
<?
of
is
Dig".
sqq.
a>/ji(va>v
and
Kn\ ev
7r\<ii
soul fluctuates
65 b
i.e.
79
it
Kai
is
more
^TJ
eKelvov yiyvetrdai,
tx
in relation to
>
them.
6
TOIOI ITCOV
Kara ravTii
i.e.
... TO
TOIJTO
toCravTUts
e^ tvrwv.
ira0T]|j.a,
constant objects.
3
this line of
The verb
argument.
/MeTtp^o/zat
to follow
the Ao yo?
is
the
up
game
in the
As
TOJ-
Xo-yov is natural.
oXco Kal
TT-CIVTL
Km Trnvri
the usual phrase is
Mere it is used of likeness.
oX<
totally different.
STJ
"Opa
KCLI
TT]8e
KrX.
Plato
own proof
olov cpxeiv
lead
to
el
Tre4>vKf
vcu,
)?
/
?/
ja
(^ &
The
n -^-
starts
to
]|j.tv
94
e 4;
o-vpSaivei,
for rule
c
98
whether
this
is
our conclusion.
soul
to be
be naturally adapted
TciSe
third eVi Y fl
the
is
be
of immortality.
The
This
to
fttafpcpeiv,
The
crv/.i3tu-
6p,oi6raTov
The verb
crvp.(3aii>(i
sense
is
eii>m
69
cp.
74 a
2 a// olv ov
npn ou
The im
in this
avufiuivti
NOTES
8o
ai dfj-vrjcrtv
T>]V
spective
above
Tt ide
is
TO>
o>
\<-r/,
of
.,f;rw,
sensible
b 6
means
true opposite of
intelligible
1/0177-0?,
senseless
foolish
object of thought
The
is alo-GrjTos,
object of sense
This meaning would
oux OVTCOS t xei, to show that it is not so.
be equally well expressed by w? which is an ancient variant and
.
f)
Schanz
well attested.
the readings of
rr/9 arroKpicrftos
The
(rj).
shown
argument
is
to
Practical Application.
(2)
c 3
OVK opdrj.
a hint that this
f/
eryus TI TOVTOV
soul has only been
b TO
r/,
and
(/?)
84 b
c 2
8j.
6pa,To>
Keip.cvov,
c 5
mentis O-VXVQV
xpovov,
fairly
long time.
Cp. Crito 43 a 10
TTlflKa)S TTClXai.
c 6
6iTip,evi,
remains as
.,
it
is
if
The
indeed
waits
(dist. Trfpi/ueVei,
indeed, even
man
3 *av
).
Cp. 59 e 4
?z.
piv
is
lasts quite
tv
is
gracefulness
more rapid
in
70
NOTES
80
ripe
old age
a>
o>,>m
The
7
latter
KCU
word
maw
is
common
p.dXa, sc.
a-i
xvuv
in
sepulchral inscriptions.
for quite a long time.
A^cu/oz
crv[XTTeo-6v,
f\\v
pei- TLS
KT\.
emaciated
This
An emaciated body
remains
crto/zd,
(<"XXo)
all
but entire.
owua.
vfOpa, sinews.
Cp. below 98 c 7 n.
The particle indicates that
upa, scilicet.
we have to do with an
argiimentum ex contrario (cp. 68 a 3 n.} put in the iorm of a ques
tion.
Are we to say, then, that the soul
.?
.
TOIOXJTOV
eis
"AiSou
the word.
Tpov,
ws
uX-r]9(Ls,
This
to the
refers to the
House
BTj
KU\ TO
67r coi
Ofj.ii<T0<u.
KO.I
Zeus Chthonios
(e.g. at Eleusis
of
c})p6vi|jLov
Hades
in
0e6v
in
of the
TroXXoG
ovopi 6 "Aifir/f
The denial of the etymology
.
-yf
an independent god.
name.
this sacred
71
is
here alluding to
NOTES
8o
arjTTj B
e 2
resumes
8t|
The
8ia4
t
OVTU>
fj.ev
e 3
Koivcovoucra
(Kova-a eivcu,
servation
67 a
.v ?
is
"P
Then
e^outra.
e av
p.ev
answered by 8ibi
is
lav
imperfect participle.
so far as it could help
the same as that implied
is
(61 c 4
it
in
on
.).
/AJ)
The
iraa-a
re
avdynr)
4.
TO 8f
this
likely to
ol a
^(
77
yf.
e 4
e 6
3f
protasis
^\Tcra
TtOvdvai
Most
is
is
more
paSicos,
emend
editors
MSS. and citations, but also in the Petrie papyrus. The use of
the perfect infinitive need cause no difficulty for it is often used of
the moment of death which completes the process of TO dnoOvyvKeiv
;
(62a5.).
3-
(62 c lo)
and
below by
aTroXXarroii/To
pqdiais
avrwv (63 a 7)
explained just
The
resembles the
pio*>,
a 9
and the
SKxyovo-a
use of Kara
we expect
would be easier
It
c.
O/KCO-
Btayovary,
which Heindorf
is
The
D 3
common
after dmi\\ayp.vr}
to read.
proposed
there
fairly
like.
v-rrdpxei
is
read
Te is
connective here.
in
creasingly frequent
by
it
This
Plato
as well as
and
is
by the papyrus.
is
s later style.
It
72
Se
Fop-ymv
re.
NOTES
:j
81
so the
4>iXoo-o4>ia
TotHro 8e
6iiX-r](jL|a. v7]v,
78 c 8 n.
broken up
cp.
The meaning
by
of dinXafj-fidvetv
patched
it means
to pick out
Cp. Milton, Connis 453-75.
to colours,
tartan.
o-vp.(J>vTov
tal
though
that sense
is
m /nc/juroy
with
is
and
o-i
the
nob 7.
distingucre^ as
/n(/)v)]?
corporeal
As applied
in
a quilt or
We
in the
this
KvXiv5ov[ivir],
Vfvr),
fv a/Midia,
admodum
quis proprie
v 7r;A(u
aut ev
word
Very
KL XivSftrni TOV Tf
fj.il
(3opj3o/jw dicitur
oi
is
quem-
Ka\iv&(urdai
Tos el\lKpivS)S,
The
7,-ou
Suggestion
is
that of a restless spirit which cannot tear itself away irom the
volutantitr
body. Cicero, Somn. Sap. 9 says circum terrain ipsain
of such souls.
TV.
|xt vTOi
.
cp.
dXXd
.,
65 d
a
There
is
is
invisible,
;/.
common
formula
in Plato.
The ye belongs to
Km.
ofliie.
Cp.
8
Tpo^s, practically equivalent here to 8mm^, way
84 b4 107 d 4.
doctrine see Phaedr. 249,
e vSoOvrai:
2
cp. 82C2. For similar
;
Rep. 618
3
T\Qr\
e>
Kal fv
73
jSe
^ain TUVTO
ij8ri
quoted by
NOTES
81
e 6
KCU
for
8u]vXa|3T)p,vovs
\ir\
difiXaftdcrdai
an
means
to
instance
avoid
of
carefully
polar expression
or
scrupulously
(ei Xa/Soos ).
82
a 7
f)
av
some
late
toi,
MSS.
a 10
Kai TOVTCOV
even
a ii
among
i.e. KOI
TWC
a\\o)v.
citizens
(cp.
The
TOIOVTCV KiX.,
to
opposed
is (iypios,
savage
wild
We
meaning.
b 10
Cp. 68 e 2 n.
P.TJ
<iXdcro<os
TO yf
c 3
C 5
<j)i\op.adfs
ol opGvis
(f)t\6(TO<pov
4>iX6o-o4>oi
oiKo4>9opiav,
ol
Kal
cp.
TUVTOV
67 b 4
|).
For
tzXX
rj
cp.
68 b 4 n.
;/.
waste of substance.
c};i.Xo)(pT][AaToi
4>iXapxot
Kal
4>iXoTi-
o-oa(a,a,Ti
TrXaTTovTes
<x>cn
The
TrXdrrovTef,
and
true interpretation,
it
how
He pointed
ever, was given by Vahlen long ago (cp. Opusc. i. 83).
out that TrXuTreiv is used much in the same sense as depaireveiv in
74
NOTES
64 d
and 81 b
2,
TOiJ fJ.VOOiS
ttlJTU)l>
cro>/ua
7TO\V
fj.ll\\(ll>
TCI
t)
E^i
CjlCjciKTOt
rtW?
m*
T(US
awpi
TTA<ITTOI/TU.
TLT0at
which
tO
\pail>,
eVi^eXwsr
f axTTTfp
439
apfr//
77
CTW/JUTU
TrAuTToumjy
is
(TwfjuiTL
be added 7 / ;//. 88 c 3
may
passage
82
rmr X f
1
P"
further that
live for the
<InXiWo>
e<i
TW
o-w/xfim with
is,
be read.
3
x a ^P
TTJ
LV eiTrovTcs,
Ktivr]s Xuo-ei
"Opyia
TolcflV
this, as
well as Ktiduppos,
3 n.
crv fie
eVreAeVoucn, \vo~iv irpoyavwv nde/uorcov
fj.ntop.evoi.
Xl CTetf K T f ITUl lAV ^ .lAfTTCOJ K(U
K.
fdt\f]O 6(l
j
KpllTOS OVS
^O)l
Cp. 63 e
Orphic.
OlympioOrphic verses, which at least contain some old
is
aneipovos oicrTpov.
i
-n-apaXapoOo-a,
hand
for treatment.
The
vb.
TrupaXanfiuveiv
22
too high
mi-s
SiaS8ef.uvr|V
The reason
is
that he
2
technical in this
is
is
is
now
wallowing
Cp. Polit.
309
TOVS
c8
<=v
dpadia
ol tv diKna-ri-jpiots
KUI
.
simply
razm
.
><>
TI
KuXu/Sou-
fiVOl,
TTJV Seiv^T-qra,
see,
none
the cleverness
the ingenuity
is
point
is
make
on
tm9unias
to-rCv, sc.
in this
sense
So
far as
can
own imprisonment.
ipyp6s,
75
word
that
it
is
effected
by mean?
NOTES
82
of desire,
that
i.e.
has desire as
it
instrument
its
As we
shall
see, pleasures
e 6
This
tiT].
is
in
Attic
di86a<rt
rpicrl
daKTV\OiS
KTTu>fj.a
OTTO)? c.
rr/v
oxovi>Ts
rw ue\\oi ri
fi\i]7TToraTa
Kal
<j)id\r)v
ws av
7Tpr)(T<j)tpov(TLi>,
It is
Tvivfiv.
TO??
dolfv TO
ei
equivalent in sense to
(the idea of con
Tr.
imprisonment
83 a
TOO StScVOcu
the
MSS. have
normal construction of
person with
whom, gen.
fie
av\\ij\l/<>fjiai
am
TOV&C
croi
otJTco
Trapap-tiOetrai
on
av
TW, but
Kayo>
$2 dyadrj
"J.
<rvXX/;7rrpia
TU>V
ei>
flpijvy
in this state.
go together,
70 b 2 n.
a-iAXa/n/Sdmi/,
ib.
yiyvyrat (JuXX/y/rrcop,
3.
own
C;).
OVTCOV
here it is once more implied that both the
and the objects of thought are oWa. Cp. 79 a 6.
rcoi/
opp. avrr) KaO* UVT^V, and virtually equivalent to
TWV
objects of sense
8t
aXXcov,
<na
alvfl^aftdv.
is
cj>6/:>cov
looks as
if it
it
to
make
this clause
symmetrical
b 9
so small
foist
it
on him.
76
NOTES
belief in the reality of its object
must
uxriTep
is
easily
after /^a/Wrn.
T|Xov
with a rivet,
t^ovara,
any
have really to deal, there
real, which is another way of
knowledge.
(rei)
haplography
4
is
We
83
s.
like
and
KpciToy
Bui in the
It is
KctOapcis
82 c
contaminated
dva-n-Xc a,
211 e
Km
avQpu>iTivuv
("tp.fiKTOv,
Tim. 42 a
3 OTTO-*
15
1)
80 e2
Cf.
dXAu
p.!)
xpo>p.dTvi>.
cp.
tp.<j>TJ(r0a.i
"tainted
KadupuVy
el\iKplves,
ai
is
iirr\fu>v
crupK.ooi>
Ionic.
(\l/v)(<n).
ol
SiKa>cos
who deserve
6
synonymous with
4>iXona06is,
the
name
01
op^a>?
$Xoo-o(oi,
Cp. 67 b 4
of philosophers.
those
;/.
oijx
4>acriv,
papyrus omits
f^iatv, as
Hermann
This
156).
while
more
4
p-tv
it
<J>iXo<ro4>iav
is
aOr-riv,
of itself,
of
its
own accord
Cp. 64 a
5.
8204)
T-apa8i56vat (cp.
TU>
is
3.
(ra>p.(iTi.
77
NOTES
84
of a Penelope handling her
web
in the opposite
The
way.
vulgate
attach
may
a
that reason.
a 8
v TOIJTCO ovcra
59
cp.
a 3
11.
tive
all
b 4
human
465 b
Umi
as
fi^ti/,
is
|XT|
oidsi
last
8 ovdev
[ravra 8
there
4>o/3ir]0TJ,
Gorg. 520 d
8eiv<>v
fjn]
rrore
eiriT^Sevo-acj-a]
no danger of her
is
de ddi uv prj tv
e/j.oi
there
err/;,
5 ovSev deivov ta
.
ra>
is
OTTOS
tv
[ATI
(70 a
The whole
2).
Narrative interlude.
to
Cp.
fearing.
no
fear of
my
^t^ocrrar^cr^.
variant for, CK
d>]
of,
or
To
to hide the
cp. 77 b 4 n.
aTraAAayT) TOTJ
TT]
done with
O 6
is
ills.
ouSev Scivov
being the
The
dcjnitofjifvr}.
Apol. 28 b
not
crco|JLaTOS
i.
6.
Socrates
is
85 b
9).
This long interlude marks off the first part of the dialogue from
the second, in which more serious objections have to be faced than
those of
01 TroXXoi.
irpos TCO
Xo-yw
yiyvo
Cp. Phciedr. 249 C 5 npbs yap fKfivnis dei ecrrif, d I rrpus Tw
Trpos rco KaQ f)p.epav dvayKafavrai
pe^oy, Rep. 567 a I Iva .
deiu>
Dem.
19.
roS XiJ/z/iari.
78
NOTES
is
ISetv
t4>atvTo,
his
appearance
the
Same
as
o-fjuKpov
little
to
for
ftx.<i)v,
Cp. Tim. 52 e
cos
opdv
^mWro,
TTni>ro^am]v
Opposite Of
Idelv
<<uVeo-$m,
IlaXXnf.
went on talking
SieXtYf o-O^v,
The
).
lit.
as he appeared to look at
to judge from
In this usage the epexegetic Idelv means much
tyiv.
rfjv
84
in
(o-)p.ixpov Xcyeiv,
a low voice
&C.,
is
for
(not
speak loud.
xei.
Kal avTiXa^as
it admits of,
suggests, gives room
misgivings and is open to many forms of attack
like dvTi\r)^ig t 87 a 6, is a metaphor from
the
wrestling,
:
vn-ovl/uas
many
Xa/3?;,
(<U<TI-
opponent
grip ).
that you will find a way out of your difficulty, evnopin
being the opposite of oVopia.
trdXcu, for some time.
Cp. 63 d 5
5
.
2
P-T)
BtdKeinai of fear for something in the present, whereas d 7
tvnropT]o-i,v,
p.rj
ft
lest
should prove to be
it
It is
17
di<rv
Aristotle, Hist.
aoovcrii
res
napa
yocoSei,
An. 615 b
A(/3ur;v irepierv^ov
TI]V
TOVTCVV
Acal
ea)/)coi/
is
this
now known
has written
xa\
is
Blomfield
eV
TTJ
6a\aTTr) rroXXo??
cnr<>dvr]0~KOi>TCis
fviovf,
106 sq.
correction of the
Cp.
MS.
fidW-ni, and
TOV 0e6v
Arcy
p.
loudest
That would be
by interpreting it as
was known.
I had conjectured before the reading of
2
u8nvo~i
Apollo, as
we
/j.iyiaToi>,
which
2
Hyperboreus who, as I have shown in E. Gr. Ph. p. 97, ;/. 3, was
the chief god of the Pythagoreans (cp. 6od2#.).
Aristophanes
too was aware that the swans sang to Apollo. Cp. Birds 769 ruuide
KVKVOl
(TVp.p.iyJ]
(3or]V,
6fJ.OV
"Efipov
TTTfpoIs
K/JeKOVTf, UlKftOV
ATTuXXdJ
jroTap.6v.
79
NOTES
85
believe that the last song of the chorus was spoken of as ra ca>StKa
as well as TO egodiov.
The scholiast on Ar. Wasps 270 says so,
though the
text
Enn.
8 (p.
6.
is
generally
emended
to
TO.
egodind,
and
Plotinus,
xP^
TU>V
ay
rj
re cnrjSuv Kal
formalism of the
Ktu 6
x^<-Sa)v
(note
tiToij;
how
237).
Procne, not
b ^
<5m<epetv
b 6
ouxetpov
that
I
possess the art in no inferior degree
provided than they are with the gift of pro
hands
Cp. Hdt. iii. 130 <p\avpa)s ex LJ r n v
that
Xiv,
am not worse
at my Master s
phecy
rexyriv.
b 8
b 9
TOUTOV
so far as that
/ ?vKa,
is
Cp. 106 d 2.
normal, and the position
concerned.
is
03
86 d
95e6).
4).
04
P.TJ
oux<-
first is
Ka 1
H-TQ
dependent on fiaXdaKov
statement of
uj)
ou).
rrnvrl rpoTrcp
them on every
side,
till
one
is
introduces a nega
spirit
them in
by examin
fail to test
utterly exhausted
.
NOTES
7
TJ
p.a0tv
f\
Cp. Soph.
evpelv,
(for oneself).
731 ra
fr.
tvKTa irapd
85
6eu>v
SiSaKra navQdva,
p.ev
r/rr/crd/xr;!
So below gg
el
raOra dSvvarov
Cp. Parln.
60
rti
vp(T(\
(TJTU,-
TIZ
<5
c 8.
a 2 ravrn 5e dftrvarnv
fW
t(f)di>r).
Odysseus.
\6yov Geiov TIVOS
this
must
refer to the
It
is
should
We
their society.
that Heindorf
is right in deleting
for otherwise the whole phrase
must go. The conjunction is never used to introduce an explana
tion. Even, however, if Ao-you 6f iov
is an adscript, or a question
asked by some reader, it gives a perfectly correct explanation of the
/}
fj
TIV<IS
*;
meaning, as
is
irpos t|xavTov
i\JLOiye,
shown by c 9
cp. g5 e 7 ^P
TU>V
dvdpatnivwv \6yo)v.
eaVTQV
TL a-Kf^dp-fvos.
It is
easily derived.
Cp. 86 a
o
tv
rfj
\Vhat we
r]pp,o(rpfi>rj
call
Xvpa,
harmony
in the
is
tuned
Greek
in
a-vp.<po)via.
lyre.
di<ippi
of avoiding formal
symmetry.
Bekker brackets t*v, which restores the normal
dv eu]
6
ou86|xia
construction on the assumption that eu; is indirect speech for W.
But the direct speech might very well be av tirj, which would remain
.
i,
unchanged
)
dXXd
in oratio obliqua.
4>aiTj
dvdYKTj
eCvau
el TIS
NOTES
86
.
w? KT\.
resumed, but
is
Of
parenthesis.
no
effect
course,
in oratio recta, as
r/xitr?
still
is
depends upon
the parenthetical
It is
but has
4,
0^n
We
inquit,
might write
(<j)aiT])
b 5
he
hesitation with
of the sentence,
he expressed
KCU avTov
in the interlude.
KT\.
o-
it
is
assumed
that Socrates
is
familiar with
may
not
accept them.
b 6
opposites
2
dry (E. Gr. Ph. p. 235). Further confirmation of this view will be
found in the following notes. Aristotle says (De An. A. 4. 407 b 27
da
yivoptvois \6yois
\fyova~iv
rrco/na
(i.
yap
avynf Icr^ai
e.
&
rroXXoZs ovdefiias
1
fj.ev
fvavrioVt
NOTES
g
86
KCII <rwxo(Xvou,
and held together.
It is the presence of the
opposites hot and cold, wet and dry which keeps the body to
gether, so long as neither opposite prevails unduly over the
other (cp. Zeno, ap. Diog. Laert. ix. 29 *al ^in^> *c/j/ua
iinipxeiv
f<
T(ov
irp06lpr]p.(V(av
fTTt-
K.paTf](Tiv}.
iiiro
OepixoO KT\.
school.
Sicilian
$tAtOTta>I
TfTTupav
(Herat
t(3ea>v
rerrci/jco^
f<
TrvpoSj
CTToi^eicoi
cri^eordrai
uepos, vdarof)
yrjS.
rorr
?//t"jf,
eariv
df KCU
fivai
CKI HTTOV
dvi dpeis, TOV p.ev nvpus TO depp.6v t TOV de ae/jo? TO ^I ^pnr, TOV Se ufifiTO^
TO
vyn6i>,
6epp.u>,
$e
rfjs
Eryximachus
TO
yijs
in Synip.
gj]puv.
l86 (16
vypw
?O-TI 8e
.
TOUTOI? enKTTrjdels
Ao*/<Xj7rio
<Tvi>
c-
/xura
t.(m]<.r^v
e/j.rroiijiKii
Tr v
t
ijj.Lt~tpuv
of the Kpiuris
to
Zeno
(cp.
a development of this.
Eryximachus (Symp. 188 a i) uses both
TOV eviavTOv (TVCTTCHTIS)
in connexion with climate (// rcoi/
re tifppa Kin ra ^t ^pa
.
. . TT/JOS uXXr/Xa
erreidav
which is
is
terms
u>pd)f
good
. .
TO"
dropped.
oTav xa\ao-0TJ
loosen a string.
^v
x<i\ai>
The
practically
the notes of birds)
1
After the
if then our soul is just a tuning.
cl ovv Tvyxavei KT\.,
the protasis is resumed
explanation given in the last parenthesis,
el TLS Sucr^upi C HTO
(hence ovv) in another form. For the present
KrX. is
opa
ow:
words
tav
meanings
and accent
.
TC
d|iol,
83
in
<t
G2
the
TLS
86
d
TU>V
(2)
v rc3 0-wp.aTi,
of
NOTES
The
of the elemental
opposites (hot-cold, wet-dry)
is
composed.
588 b 8).
12
wW
TV
7(ip
ei 6 coXa
?<fo).
462 a
Ilepi
TroXXa Kivovp.(va,
where
it
8iapXeirov<riv,
cav
rj
o-KoYor,
means
having the
The words
eyes wide open
tltodu suggest that the
reference is to the well-known
peculiarity of Socrates eyes de
scribed in Theaet. 14369 as TO
ruv fypaTw, a
peculiarity
also referred to in Xen.
Symp. 5. 5, where Socrates says that his
<f>nivTat
a>o-7rep
plainly
eo>
eyes are able to see, not only what is in front of him (TO KUT tvdv),
but also TO
irXayiov (obliquely) 8ia TO eTrnroXaioi flvai (because they
are afleur de tete}. That this is the
r&v op.ud.Tw
meaning of TO
is, I think, proved by the opposition of
Theaet.
e6<f>0aXpos (so Plato,
f<
ea>
Ta><j>6a\p.a>
but
patience.
Cp. Gorg.
already Hdt. ix. 48 TI
d 8
dTrTOjjLivcp rot)
a 2
509
Xoyov,
81}
ov
is
e 2 TI ovx CIVTO ye
.
pn
epa^ad^Oa
TOVTO dneKpira)
So
that aTTTftrQat
not translate
apart
Ad-you.
et
Heindorf
impugnandi
view
potestate
is in
favour of omitting
8e.
Cp. 73 a 7 n.
auTOis, SC.
S.ip.p.iq
KCU
if it
all in
tune.
NOTES
The
86
d-rradfiv.
Thebans.
3
4
5
Cp. 92 c
5.
OVTUS
t]ST],
ti-rrepSiKeiv is
and not
till
There
then.
is
a slight
-<ro--.
T<*
The change
6963.
jecture
auTw
TO>
oirep
made
con
clearly a
is
xtLv,
in
this
OUK uvaTtGepicu,
*ai rn? KeKivrj/jievas
177 b
sqq.).
(human) body.
Cp. 76 c 12.
do not retract, a metaphor arro
fjftrj
\|/i ,</)ous
pieces
MSS.
to
civai,
TO.VTCV
ToSc TO fiSos,
of TO to 5 in later
)
e
T(^T ~frrei
o/"ro>i>
(Harpocration).
It takes
iiBtvOui.
ftiopdovvratv
^t/Xco
ai
KaAc?K.
Cp. 80 c 6 n.
The word is applied not only to arrogant
exaggerated.
OVCI
fV.-ix^f? X<V) ^ ut a so to
self-praise (Dem. Cor. 10 Iva
done or fulsome * praise of others. Cp. Laws 688 d 6 Aoyro
ire,
xapi/vTcos, syn.
irax0
fi>,
s,
"-
ni]8(i>
a)
tTTtuvfiv
|ere,
errax^fs
68
5
It
firax^^orepov.
for the
which accounts
is
this
just
way
sensitiveness
of speaking
to rn
described
in
e 2 n.
ov
jxot
>
tion
is
objection, a
(IvTiX-fuJm,
cp.
84
c 7 tun-
XajSay.
6 Xo^os
the argument is often personified in this
TL oviv dv
or the position of M V
way. Cf. Soph. 238 b 4 &s faaiv 6 Xoyoy.
that (fxiuj nv was not
familiar
was
so
a
i.
102
The
cp.
parenthesis
:
4>cuT]
I-
is
-yo>i>
85
NOTES
87
on
webster body
man
that the
is
is
safe
and
cr^s
MSS. have
all
IO-OK,
but
difficult to reject
is
it
Forster s
in
<ra>s
weaver
at all
the body as
view that
The
its
it
is
the garment of the soul is primitive (cp. the Orphic x iTMV anc^
fr. 126 Diels cmpKwv aXXoyvam jrepurreXXovcra ^ircon,
E. Gr. Ph. 2 p. 258,
but the theory of Simmias is essentially
i)
is
Empedocles,
uTTio-TouT] is
to involve
Heraclitean.
Heindorf
an incredible anacoluthon
in b 4, not that in b 8, for
have the ns
c 3
of the time.
MS.
correction of the
;
its
subject.
me
argument surely requires that the person asked, not some one
should give the answer, and we can easily supply O.VTOU from the
,
context.
C 6
irdf
[-yap]
av
{."iro\a|3oi,
The yap
every one would understand
inserted in B than dropped in TW.
.
The asyndeton
is
quite
correct.
on
that this
make
is
silly
argument.
The verb
86
is
NOTES
c 8
this
OVTOS, istt,
weaver of yours.
the relation of soul to body will admit of the
^ V X^\
o^p-a,
same comparison.
"""pos
(xtrpi(a)
&v
d 7
d 8
Xtyeiv
. .
cp.
4>aiT]:
pf oi
Y<ip
87
/.
q. fu Xe yttz/.
96 d
Cp.
6.
87a7w.
KT\.,
even
for,
man
if
the
is in
body
is
always weaves
is worn out.
This is a parenthesis intended to
The
justify the statement that each soul wears out many bodies.
optative
is
is
still
<iXXii
means at. For the theory (which is just that of modern physiology)
Cp. I till. 43^4 TQ.S T1)S ClOuVUTOV \[rvX )S TTf^toSoD? (V$OVV (IS fTTlpuVTOV
o-co/za Kal dnuppvTov.
pp. 161 sqq.).
TVXIV
e 3
e
TTJV
4>uo-i.v
It
xovcrav,
is
must have
it
Heraclitean
essentially
its
TT,S uo-Geveias,
(E. Gr.
IMi.*
at the time.
Such words as
natural weakness.
emerge more or
tmSeiKvticH
e c
less,
.
Xt yeti/, iff
P.OL ({laivoiTO
There
is
much
as here.
SIOIXOITO
.
is Still
the speech of
stronger instance of an
5
/>
fiV,
<7/
UTTKTTUV.
depend on below 95 d 3.
These words are addressed, not (as Heindorf
el -yap TIS KrX.
and Stallbaum thought) by Cebes to Simmias, but by the supposed
Even if, he says, we were to make a still
objector to Cebes.
nothing to
(TOJ /Vyon-i
greater concession to the man who uses this argument
than the concession which you (Cebes) mention
(above 87 a i
<
sqq.).
e. the soul.
Cp. below 109 a 9.
Ihe
after
clearness
for
added
xV W)
xV
7
more regular construction would be to say either avrijv or yi-yi/d/zerof.
tnese words continue the protasis and still
8
avyx^P ^
\f.-r\Ktr\.
he were to stop short
If, having granted this,
depend on ft, 88 a I.
a 6
avn-6,
4/v
r v
( ^\
i.
is
/u
l
l
y(.yvujj.ti>i]v.
of
irovetv
in
fifth-century
Ethics 1154 b
philosophy.
7) del 7ri-i
TO
NOTES
88
03
TOVTO OVTCOS ^x
8e
ei
KT X.
The
fl
original protasis,
TIP
o-uy^copj^o-fiev,
<a/r?,
reads Tr/joo-^Km
GdvaTov OappoxJv-ri
h 4
1
(cp.
b 6
e 10 n.)
63
ivai
dvaYKTjv
which
is
it
(j)n^flcrdiu
is
for a
dropped
Dramatic Interlude.
The importance
objections (88 c
89
a 8).
it
deeper.
C 4
-S
dmo-riav KaTaj3a\iv
cp. Phlleb.
1564
e ?
/cnru/SaA Acof.
ou P.OVOV rots
tion
c 6
fir)
aXXd Kal
els TO.
The change
of construc
characteristic.
is
the
first
opt.
p,!)
ip.ev
the change of
TQ
mood
due to the
is
fact that
tiTf pxeTai,
it is
ws
<3v
may be conveyed
by a participial phrase.
d 4
dvTiXa[x/3avTcu
this
is
OUTTO)
crov
(f>i\0(TO<pia
|j.eTT]X0
hunted.
252 b 8
this
\>.
is
)yt)v
TOV Xoyov
cp.
So Meno 74 d
CTI Toivvv
av
The
7669 n.
3
ei
olv
cocrTrep
\6yos
is
the
eyob utrrjei
Kara-yeXncrrorara
fj-GrioLfv
game which
88
is
NOTES
88
(^orQei TOI
Here we have a
\iyu>.
different, but
almost equally
common, metaphor.
1
tKelvos
ws
KrX.
T)8eo>s
uYa,puva:s
Plato
194.
5864 n.
cp.
uses
often
nyap.ai of the
produced on
effect
Protreptic
(89 a 9
9105).
Warning
against
p.i(TO\oyia.
TIVOS
eirl xL|Ji.a,iT]Xou
Xa/Ltot^Xoff* dlfppiov
umpin
*i
Time LVOV
O-KI/JTTO-
(Timaeus,
fiiov
z/.).
This
is
imitated in
Xenophon
Apology 28
TOV
fie
is
as a sign of mourning.
AXXd
this
rcf>
X<
y<o,
el
SiacJ^iiYoi
p.e
wcr-rrep
ApYetoi
KaT(tKlp(lp-fVOi
vupnv Tf
C 5
0^8
plained in Eutkyd.
OS
rov
10
Jus
IIVTUV
TT(l8fj
loXcoji/
TI
TOI/
82
JJLIJ
A/r/ftoi ptv
dpe\l/fiv
HpaKX-qs
297CI
eXuTTfl
vvv
dirt)
Kop.rjV
Apycuav
the proverb
TOVTOV TOV
is
ov X
llpciK\ ovs, bs
roO
OVTCOl-
ficn^on
TOV
fV
a/mTTf/JU
erre/caXeaaro,
p.i]Ctru
more
* re
fie
cp. 61 e 4
the poetical form (cp. Soph. Track. 476)
:
ou
x/"^
77/)()Tf/)or
npoTepov
dSeX^tfioCv
to-Tiv
<^uis
TOV HpaKX-q
i.
K6r/JaA<lf,
KaTt iprjv
Kcil
upos Svo
Hdt.
TtlS
fully
rjv
aira)
rfj
ex
Tt
duKfO)!
tKavisr
is
purposely
NOTES
89
used to suggest a poetical
i,
p.
485).
haters of discourses
fiio-oXoyot,
or
pio-rcrar.
),
4,
quoted by Geddes, translates quite correctly igitur nobis providenditin est ne odio identidem sennonum omnium laboremus.
TOVTOV
-f]
Crito
cp.
C 2
44
ris-
av
mV;(iW
ravrr^s
etr;
Riddell, Dig.
163.
the meaning of this is made clear
^ VU Txvr]s
Tav dp taffeta.
by e
5 tivev re^^r/r
rr/f rrepi
Q 2
oviSevos
ecrriv ovdevos.
dbs-
90
o-c}>68pa
a 4 T&V
a 8
TO.
... aKpa
and the
b
b 4
aK/ja
:
<J>avTJvcu
Cp. 72 C
comparison but
fj.(ya\a>v.
TCOV ccrxaTCJV
<iXX
this
tKeivT],
that
.,
is
art of
(f)
Trepi
ra av-
dpurrfia re^frj
b 8
being
wv,
true
with
supplied.
Kai p.aXio-Ta
forgotten
We
so.
some
BT|
cannot take
editors.
KrX.
If
The
djv
here as equivalent to
anything,
protasis which
ol rrepl Totis
dvTlKeifJLfVOVS
(Diog. Laert.
ix.
drexvcos wo-ircp
change
must be
b 6
eireiddv is
began
was Zeno
of Eiea,
at
its
aXXjJXots, oiy
51).
Cp. 101 e
v Euptirc.)
/cat
2
older than Socrates (E. Gr. Ph. p. 358).
oi view Protagoras maintained duo \6yovs
C 4
being
^evd/js that
of dvTL\oyiKol Xdyoi
ro?,
is
it
From
emu
cruv^pcora,
years
quite another point
roOro irpdus
2.
day (Strabo
90
ix.
403).
was
said to
In reality
NOTES
the TTaX ippoia
more
is
go
to
seiches.
5ga4.
cp.
KUTOJ
uvco
is
2
(E. Gr. Ph. p.
ovruiv
417 n.
KaTnyi.yviciarK.fLv
K.n.1
pet,
KfpujJLia
Cp. Crat.
3).
a>?
ovdtv
are^i/oif
ol
a>tr7rep
440 c
ovfievos,
iiyits
Karuppu)
cu
czXXu
re
TMV
mil
Truira
vocrovi rfs
tovrrfp
("ivdputrroi
dieo dai
OVTU>S
rravrci
pov
KT\.
The language of this sentence is
elsewhere used of the followers of Heraclitus
o-Tp<|>eTai
which
just that
/cat
avdpunos by basing
TTUVTOOV
xp^urooi ptTpov
it
It
seems,
It is certain, at
then, that Protagoras is mainly intended here.
any rate, that Plato would not have made Socrates refer in this
way
for
to
be present.
9
ST]
TIVOS
the particle
the indefinite
i -n-eiTa
Sr}
Cp. 107 d
TLS.
marks inconsistency
n?
but precedes
preceding participle.
IQ
2
jx-r]
let
irapicop.ev,
iroXv |xd\Xov
us not admit
(from Trap/^u).
we must supply
eVi
the context.
ot TTO.VU duai8etJToi
l 2
istic
applies the
ot
word
Atrio-tftVeioi
4>tXoviKcos
v<n
admissible here.
33
the
ot
ourcof
Cp.
go
arraidevToi),
but no such
(see
is
usual,
have -a-
it
<pt\oveiKns,
is
very
strife-
Adam,
Plato the
is
c 5 n.
MSS., as
Aristotle
1045 lj
reference
3.
in loc.}.
meaning
may seem
than truth.
a
d auTol tOevro,
6i(TflS.
91
laid
down,
their
own
NOTES
gi
a 8
i7) -nrdpepYov,
except incidentally.
Cp. Polit. 286 d 5 ir\r\v
T) rrdpfpyov TI.
b i
is TT\ovKTiKws Socrates playfully suggests that he is taking an
unfair advantage.
It is
Heads I win tails you lose
d\X ouv
b 3
at any rate.
The emphatic word is placed
ye,
between aXX ovv and ye in this combination.
el (et
[i.-f\
p.f]
04
T|T.
company by
b 5
avoid,
shall
oSvpofxevos,
be
less
likely
to
distress
the
lamentations.
Most
folly.
apparently without
the resemblance of
editors follow
Stephanus in reading
ay^ota,
C 3
05
TO
TO Kevrpov
Reply
to the objection
of Simmias (91
695 a
3).
The
Immortality.
C 7
C 8
by the
cv app-ovtas
oiW by
5ei ouo-a,
adv.
O/LUB?
is
attracted
The
participle.
(pi ivai
to
Cp. above
8764
rrjv
cp-caiv
TJJS
be supplied from
unceasingly perishing.
Cp. 87 d 8
Dis
yap peoi TO awp.a Kal d/roXXvoiro en ^coj/roy TOV ai Opunrov.
is
Q2
a 5
v80T)vat
aXXo
cp.
iroTe TI
62 b
I
3 n.
now observe
it
in his text.
92
NOTES
AXXd
dvaYKT] KrX.
iipp-ovUi
Simmias accepts.
shown
It is
with
inconsistent
is
92
first
the
doctrine of
which
dvdp.vi]ai<;
doctrine.
riv Kara TO
be composed
to
VTTa|Atvcov crvyKtla-Qai,
(rcop.a
and
of
which are
dry,
is
mere
<u
i -o$fcr<r.
Cp. d 6 n.
e56s T Kai
5
8
paring
it
tO.
86
e 3
TOIOLTOS- iipa
truis
(ruvgcreTai
9o8co/;oy
eV)9 ^oi ou
TOI
XXa
cp.
aXXos
J}
oi/S
o -ye
(vTrpirreiav p,aX\ov
.
\j-n-pTTias,
demon
without
TWV yeu^rp^v x
Rulhyd. 305 e I Trcifu
Xdyoy e^fi
fKarepos airuv
e 4
iir>ot\.l~\.v
<5e
rir
v eif?,
TOIS iroXXots
C<JT\I>
"
stration,
o-wfxa
co
ij
rti
V7rpTTiav TMV
ovydp
aXifoiav.
dvGpumois,
f^ eiVoros Xoyou
dfS/Jcoj.
Rep.
impostors.
aXac<riv,
avdpvnois
560
C 2
Xnyois runv
ahafr><riv
^v8ecs
8/)
TOIOVTOIS
Kat aXfi^Ji/es
(/>oou,im
[^tvdtaiv]
Tf Kai
utnrep
(nfTv^Kap-iv.
8<>at.
Xc5>oi
<ns
sqq.).
the term
cp.
Mem.
iv. 6.
13
ei fie
rts
>
TO
/<r\
____
We
7ri
T^
V7rd^ f (7if
emv riytv
93
what a hypothesis
is.
It
NOTES
92
be
will
truth
(TO. crv/jiftaivovra).
ceeded
Xoyoy
(6
acceptance
+
<j
it
is
is
We
fcrrtv
dpv\ov/JLfi>
Now
aet,
KaXov re
TI Kal
ayaOov
/cat
7ra<ra
r)
roiavrrj ov-
it
and rediscovers
lowed
a
it
in turn that
human body.
(liuivas aTroSeSeiKrai),
we must accept
d 8
and
the conclusion.
of the soul
wcrirep auT-qs ecrnv KT\. : i.e. the pre- existence
certain as the fact that the reality which bears the name of TO 6
is
as
ova-(iv).
Most recent editors adopt Mudge s emendation ucnrfp avrf] eamv KT\.
That would, no doubt, give a correct sense ( as certainly as the
6
exists ), and would even
reality itself which bears the name of
be a more accurate statement of the ultimate VTTO&O-IS. But aur^y
serves to remind us of the point on which the whole argument
6<TTii>
turns,
and
that
(75 e
ffj-rjs
7ri<rTT)/jiT]v
(17 ep-rj
aladrjcris).
There
is
64
94
NOTES
92 -3-
<ipp.oWu
of degrees.
SOKCL croi
4
first
opoXo-yr^a (92 e 4
93 a 10). Every
component elements. The note which
give out depends entirely upon what it is made of. Jt
anything will
does not lead
8
The
KT\.
determined by
is
appovia
IloXXoxi
cvavTia
follows.
it
8ei
its
the subject
nppon n.
is
KivT]0^vai
admits of degree.
-q
4>0f
Y^aa-0ai,
(93 11-137).
either in tune or it is not.
is
string
is
a form of
Trt
(ipfinvui
To
use
K<U
is
octave (dia
is
Modern
tuned,
the
rtcro-dpwv},
(<Wi
i.e.
fifth
(&
according as
it
7rWf ), or the
meaning to be just
what sense one appovla can
be more a appovid than another; but the meaning is stated quite
clearly below 93 d 2. Olympiodorus, representing the school tradi
Traaooy).
and vainly
the opposite
dXXa
e Xarra),
p.rjde
try to explain in
\moTi6cTai
fj,a\\ov
tm
p.r;$
eu/ai
p.!]
appoviav appovias
n\eiu>
nt/fte
TJTTOV.
Kal
pitch (eV/rno-iy
(ip/jioi
and
than the
ui
irXeov
(ivevis)
fifth
or the
fifth
it is
we
as
will
TT\OV(KT(~IV
2
for,
*/
349
rfj
rwv ^op8
95
TJTTUV re,
which
is
NOTES
93
*H ow
b 4
soul
KT\.
is
dpfjiovia,
Socrates does not express a view one way or the other on this
He only wishes an admission from Simmias that, on his
point.
vTrodtcris,
must be
it
so.
t 0-Tt
...
O>CTT
5
in
by the words
b 8
<f>
p6
eVi TrXeov
Socrates
KT\.
8if]
TJTTOV.
now proceeds
to
We
o/xoXo-y?}jLtara,
make
have seen
that,
if
the
is
ApfjLovia }
absurd.
03
TI
What
may
will
V rats vj/v)(cus
(eivai
c 6
ovTa
question
go together).
KT\.
Are we to say that both the good and the
bad soul are appovim, but that the good soul also has a appovia and
If we
is in tune, while the bad soul has none and is out of tune ?
TT|V p.v
T|p|i6<r6ai
we
TOUTO 5
e<m
TO o^oXoYTjio-a,
shall
this
is
have
just
may
Here we
our admission.
TT|V 8
at
-ye,
sc. appoviav.
The point
that being more or less tuned would involve being
12.
shown
less a app-ovia,
d 9
94
which
is
>
TOV
more
or
absurd.
6p06v Xoyov,
does
it
partake more in
e 7 up av TI n\eov KUKLUS
?
.
Here
p.fTex oi
or rather, surely
according to the right account of the
.
>
96
NOTES
94
to put the
matter correctly.
matter,*
It the soul is a
Appovin, no
soul can be better than another (for no
d/^omi can be more in tune
than another).
Indeed, no soul can be bad at all (for no appuviu
can be out of tune).
12
Do you think this would
Tvdo-xeiv & v ravra,
to our
argument
our
if
happen
Here the a-v^nivovra are
were right?
vrr^decriy
r;
v7id$e<nr,
ft
jroXXci
Tt 8
Socrates now takes up the first of the two
n^oXoy^mra
and tests the hypothesis by it. It is the soul which rules the body,
whereas a appoi-ia is dependent upon that of which it is the cippju
;
.i
(93 a 6).
v TOIS
irpocrGcv
P.TJTTOT
dv
Km
av
after dp.o\oytlv.
ga 64.
c 6 OUTTOT
xaXcoro
x (l ^ c l(T(rLV
fKtii
internal accusative.
tKeiva
lor variety.
This
is
Observe that
Plato.
\n\iiv
a,
where
is
Demo
common in
not
is
and shaking
in
lots,
and
quaking
but
TCUS tm6vp.Cais
to Hermann
due
8iaXt?YO[Jitvir]
the
comma
after vovdcTovtra is
regular.
mis
(7ri6vp.iais is
It is to
inrfiXovati,
not indefensible.
The passage
is quoted in a similar
connexion in Rep. 390 d 4 441 b 6.
Ka6 dpnoviav in such phrases Kurd means in a line with
on
f\
the level of.
Tr. far too divine a thing to be compared with a
tv
OSuorcrtia
Od. xx.
ij.
;
appovia.
1!2DI
Aiistotle
made
97
NOTES
94
Eudemus.
ovro>?
Cp. Olympiodorus
(vavr iov
ov$i>
on
TT;
yoVos
a>oi;
4-e
The
of
apfj.ovia
17
ai/
<IT;
vyieia
M<?
dXX ou^i
6).
Etev
95 a 4
ApwroreXijp eV
e/rt^ftpei*
Thebes
Socrates
KT\.
SY|
transition
(eijjSniVcijff,
means
effected by
is
u>s
the ore of
Tt
all
p-*Y a ^-*Y
other sense
ma.
b 6
MSS.
unless
original.
Cp. Theiiet,
no ^ boast.
/zr;
fieya
is
Ae ye-
malign influence,
Linde proposes o ye
165 b 7 fi yap XP
f
Cp.
T
295a7 A
pao-Kcuaa,
it is
Xoyc*)
TO>
\pi\<raa-Qa.i.
to
pe-ya ff)povflv,
be proud (the
Cp. Hipp.
Eur. Her. 1244 tV^e oro /i cos /xn
,
lit.
who
exposed.
TrepiTpc 4/T),
turn
to
flight,
above.
OfjuipiKus
7
is
kept up.
YY^ S
coming
Lovres,
Homer nowhere
The metaphor
to close quarters.
and
lovre?,
at the
98
NOTES
though there
95
is
STI (or
on which they
can be said to depend. They cannot, as some editors
say, depend
on c 7 07/f, for
only takes ace. c. inf.
Cp. above 8705 w,
where also the optatives occur after a clause introduced
by A\a
o>?)
<pavai
282.
Riddell, Dig.
. . .
eft) : the simplest explanation of this optative
i8i )Tt as
equivalent to ei
eidfirj.
yap.
cl in]
[7
TO)
fii)
The origin of
Narrative Interlude.
102 a
.
19
to regard
the
e 7
2).
Ou
s.v.
is
/j.>]
TrpdYjia,
<J>a{)Xov
irepl
no
no easy
light matter,
task.
Cp. L. S.
I.
I.
KCU.
Yv<reu>s
4>0opas
TT|V
alriav,
f/>^>/m?
scholastic
name De generations
et corruptione.
the
c.gen. is used
ace. under the influence of the
58 a
known by
llepi
9706; 97 d
98 d
6,
and
n.
my own
jjia,
irdOr],
experiences.
supposed
Besides the
general
considerations
stated
the
in
Introduction,
there
is
18
irp!
4>vo-b>s
lo-Topiav:
natural science
(cf.
E. Gr. Ph. 2 p. 14 n.
name
2>.
for
what we
Heraclitus
(fr.
call
17)
said that Pythagoras had pursued iVropu; further than other men,
and it appears that even geometry was called by this name in the
p.
is
107 n.
due
99
>.
The
restriction of
Herodotus
and his pre-
"
NOTES
96
a 8
xOTpY]4>avos
epexegetically.
doKel
<pavov
f)
ai>$p&>7rot?;
b
t>
d vo) K /ITCI)
is
it.
against
we say
Cp. 90 c 5 and
Gorg. 481 d 7 ^vca Kal KaTco /zTa3aXXopei>ov.
ws nves eXc-yov. This is the doctrine of Archeiaus, the disciple of
3
Anaxagoras, and, according to a statement already known to
i
co
/cat
Soo/cpar?/
(cp.
avyyfyovevat
Phys. Op.
(pacriV,
fr.
4 Ap^eXao?
Avaay6pov
yevopei/cp
pa$r/Tr;,
Diels,
phrastus.
HippolytLlS, Ref.
OTT
aXXr}Xcoi/ ro
i.
2 elvai 3 ap\
9,
6epfj.()i>
v Trl ? Kivrjcreots
(ilTdVTa
dp(t}1TOl )
Diog. Laert.
ii.
T>]V
QlCLlTdV
(IIT>]V
17 yevvaadai 5e
(p^o-i
ra
^a
(K.
e /c
{TO) ano-
9. 5 TTf/Ji Se
{"foco^
re a XXa
TO.
%OVTCl
TU>
i.
TTjS
^"wa
TroXXa
/cai
tXuOS Tpffpo/.lfVa.
6fpp.rjf ri)r
y^f
<at
tX^v
Trapa7r\rj(TLav
out, early
(in
Empedocles
Cp. Gen. An. 777 a 7 ro
8ie(p6apfj.i>oi^
/jifTt]VfyKf
rov
fie/air?/
7"P
EpTreSoKXr;?
ya^
OUK
77
cr?}\|ns-,
crwrjOeia TOL
Now
Aristotle criticizes
ou
a form of
milk.
Hippocr. Aph.
irfTTe^evov alp,d
6pda>s
noujfras
cos
to-riv,
aXX
vn\d/JLlBavfV rj OVK eu
ro yaXa fj.T]vbs cv oySoa-
yaXa
TU>V
TreTrffjLjjievwv.
The meaning
then, that the warm and cold gave rise by putrefaction (o-^TreScoz/)
to a milky slime (IXvs) by which the first animals were nourished.
are thus able to give crwTpe
its natural sense.
It is signi
is,
We
<J>eTai
first.
NOTES
4
96
4>povo\)p.v,
the soul
Empedocles had said (fr. 105 Diels) nlpa yap ttvQpwxms T7(piK>,p^u n
and he was the founder of the Sicilian school of medicine
vorjfjiit,
ta-TL
The Heraditcans
to Socrates.
their
master
68
fYK<4>
at
a ^s KT\.
The
of course maintained
Ephesus
lire.
first
the optative
VOLTO
Kara Tavra
-"Y
is
of indirect speech.
equivalent tO OVTUS.
note firm (b 5)
yiyvotro (b 7) ... yiyvtirQcii (b 8),
yLyvatrQai
a gradual transition from the direct to the most pronounced form
of the indirect speech (Gedcles).
:
emo-TY|p.T]v
Diels
(Vur\- 102,
18)
attributes
of
it
An.
in Aristotle
ylyvfrai
p.vt]^r),
Post. B. 19.
e<
<5e
ico a
Alcmaeon
this
when
belief
3 sqq.
e^TTfi/u a,
p.vfjp.r]s
to
memory and
wv
ptv
tK 5
alo6in^,^
epneipias
T/
6/c
K<lt
f7Ti<m/-
From
Agrigcntum
p.ireipi<i.
?>6ga
by
Xpr](riito)v
eViftKws- ^o^i^etv
*;
irtpi
iwi>
a y/n^rrcoi/ aKplft&s
TU
B. c.
CTritTTairda
Antisthcncs
is
KIU (iriarTj^rjs
(Diog.
is
highly
vi. 17).
irepl
TOV oCpavov
(i.e.
TOV
ovpitvnv)
101
iraQi]
it
NOTES
96
mentioned
fifth
and
B. c.
century
TO.
is
[j.fTa>pa
a later date.
It
last
in a
attributed, a period
which
is
it
here
in
C 5
640
C 5
&>S
ov&evi ye 7rpa.yp.dTL.
Tavra)
(sc.
TV<J>Xa>0Kjv
cp.
Soph.
O.
T.
Kai
Kpurepov KT\.
389
Tt]V
Tf^vrjv
<pv
TV(f)\OS.
c 6
irpo To-0
o>[AT]v
ci8( vai
"
(a.
b a).
time.
question of Anaxagoras
K<u
repeats c 4
this refers to
rrap
tK.
a-apKos
prj
(fr.
77
10)
This led
6>?
yap av CK
p,f)
were
TO
els
p./)
ov.
rpo^)f]V
TIJ
rpoc^fj
TTJ
Tvuvra numeral.
d 6
d 8
e/c
e<n(.v
OTL
TOOV bviotv
z.
Cp. 68 e 2 n.
q. KaXw?.
(jierpicos,
This refers to another set of questions, which
4Vnv Y^P KT ^stand in a close relation to Zeno s criticism of the Pythagoreans.
Roughly, we may say that the difficulty here touched upon is the
e 3
<pXe\^
-n-poo-ttvai
of B.
(TW)
That
is
is
Cp.
//.
iii.
193 peiW
a natural
slip.
102
which
is
p.ev
the reading
NOTES
5
TOVTCOV
irepl
TTJV aiTiav
95
The
cp.
KT\.
y6
e 9 n.
t -ireiSav
...
TT6t
.,
this,
aijTT],
o-uvoSos TOO
i]
is
that
in their juxtaposition.
oiJBt
ws
Tr6i0a0ai
We
J>s
The
repetition of
a>?
is
a collo
the unit
have
is
felt it
81
OTL
>4
Arist.
seriously at
6.
fOL<aai.v
itself
comes
into being at
6e TO Trpajroy tv
aweary *X
all.
Gl>
/-^
Cp.
ye^of,
HvOayupcioi).
|xe068ov,
came
unit
loSo b 2O 6Vco?
(ot
any time.
how a
v yiyverai,
Tpo-rrov TT,S
by
still
Met. M.
aTropf iv
)6
are
to bear this
usage.
I make up a confused jumble of my own.
avn-os elKTJ
There can be no doubt that (pupeiv is to make a mess (cp. 101 e i),
and eiKf/, temere, emphasizes that meaning. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 450
*
>
<j>vpa>,
Of
doubt
course, Socrates has not the slightest
is only
this description
of the superiority of his new method, and
a piece of characteristic eip&vcia.
it is natural to think of the
J 8
TIVOS, . . . dvaYiYvwo-KovTos
:
103
Anaxa-
NOTES
97
(cp.
96
C
Kal OTTG UI
The
actual words of
The
^LeKoa-^cre vovs.
avTa
summary
C 7
(1
irepl
Anaxagoras were
TJV,
ciircra
vvv
/j.rj
ecrrt,
rjv
(fr.
12 Diels)
irepl IKCIO-TOVI
onola
cp.
tKeivovi
aviTOti
95
:
e 9
de
11.
is
Kara
that
voviv
to my mind/ as we say.
I cannot believe
phrase involves any reference to the vuvs of
Such a joke would be very frigid.
this was still a living problem in
T)
crrpoyyvK^
tp-avrcS,
common
this
Anaxagoras.
-n-Xareta
flat,
who regarded
it
as
cylindrical.
63
ev para)
so far as we can tell, this was not only the doctrine
Anaxagoras and Archelaus, but also of the early Pythagoreans.
:
of
It
2
the earth was a disk floating on the water (E. Gr. Ph. p. 32). Plato
does not commit the anachronism of making Socrates refer to the
of place here.
98
{jTTodrjuofjLfvos
TOLXOVS
TpoTTtov,
this
TT0060-CJX6VOS
is
B has
of Eusebius.
of
now known
W looks
like
trpos aAX-qXa,
to
again, which
is
as well as
right,
and the
turnings.
be the reading of
which cannot be
an emendation of this.
vnoQcufvos,
104
NOTES
name of rponai to what the
of view, called solstitia.
the
I,
irdo-xei
"
98
Romans, from
<a\
TTOK I, but
Kal
each
to
irdo-i,
KOIVTJ
and
individually
to all
collectively.
>
OUK &v
a^op-i^v
oV
<liT656|j.7}v
<t>ep6p.evos
e\iri&og
woul
TfoXXoO,
(cp.
another Hephaestus
38
eyo)
n*v
(pfpo/i^, II.
i.
592).
cc
uvop ontono
rjdij
nor
dtio*
n\tu>v
p.u>pias
Ach. 1128).
vco ovjSev
own person
his
fJLf
1150 tyw
6pa.ofvv t
yXcocrcr^
(cp. Arist.
TO>
iy/Luxp
my
Knr3uXoov /nfynXr;?).
cast down from Olympus like
f\ni8t>s
appointment.
tivSp*
(irav 5
The word
a man.
avSpa,
KareTTfaov,
KaTf[B\i]6r)v,
xpw[j.vov
in L.Cl
WSQG J b4
u>s
<
vovs
<
ir]
dtaKKO(7fi^/ca}r iravd
/car
o<ra
ol piivi iv.
01
de avrol
anavti
QJ? flrrflv
sq.).
l
b 9
(ivrov
mTiav aiTicurduevns
Aristotle
Tr v yvvalKa raurr^v.
(/tff.
ytyroaticoi
vevpcov,
?*/
V.)
AntlpllO,
says mivra
I.
29
*/
eirniTia>p.nt
p.a/\Xov
a/narat
TWI^
voGi/.
sinews,
became known
et Plat., p.
fiiK.u(oiTo
any
Epao-iaTparos ptv
647
<nv
Kal /^/
ft
C 8
Stands
?x cl
<are
>
ii.
ni
8ta</>i
are the
KaTfvuri<rev
eirrfii
xpciai>
same thing
(rup.,SoXai (d 3),
D.
The
jointed.
Cicero,
as the
tie
Nat.
alwpovjjitvwv
tv rats
crv^poXats,
105
swinging
in their sockets.
NOTES
g8
5
crvYtca}xc|>0LS
4>covds
14)
TOL>
Cp.
60 b
2.
re KrX.
r?;
(i>
p.
332,
e 4
irapa|XvovTa,
Trapa[j.veiv,
p.dvdvos
99
/ir
<p"
o/j/coy
(Suid.
Mc yapa
that Socrates
found friends
s.
v.
).
BOICOTOVS
-f)
Crilo
cp.
might escape
r)
Qr]$ae
?*/
53 b 4 where
Meyu/iaSe.
in
it is
suggested
He would have
is
a 8
irpaTTcov,
va>
98 c 4. The MSS. have Trpurrco, but Heina great improvement and gives /zi ravra its proper
dorf s npdTTwv
is
idiomatic force.
TO
60
P.T)
Y<ip
infinitive justifying a
matory
5 n.
Cp.
o"rrov8r]i>
Epcora 6
avev ov
Z>v)
here
we
cruj/Gu rta
Timaeus.
tSf a^ arrorfXait
flVai
b 4
fi
TTUI- TCOJ
v|/-r]\a4)J)VTs,
fj.tv
T0)l>
ouv
is
6v6iJ.aTi,
not their
defended, though
b 6
TrXeurreoi
\|/r;Xa^)/}creiap
dXXoTpicp
rcii
{^TTO
ouv Tra^ra
TOI) dpicrrov
rr/i>
eorii
TO>^
Kara TO 8vvarov
/CT/\.
e\l/Tj\a(pu>iJ.fv
apa ye
which
So^a^fral 5e
TMT
Cp. 46 c 7
it
CTKUTU>
TU
A.ct& Apostoloruni
?rpo rot)
&.
Vll.
27
olnflov
is
Trpdyp-iira,
104 d
.).
106
NOTES
middle of the
99
fifth
not
o*
cocrTrfp
yf]<i
<j)opuv
rrtpiBtowav KUI
(pfpop,cvov
Trf<f)VKos
TroAAci/a?
(pepfffBcu
Kv^tOois
KUTCO
diii
T>]I>
TOV
avrtjv
The
alriav.
KVK\U>
Ka\
iid&p
T>JS
ovpavov (popdv
Aristophanes makes fun of the aWe/nos Au or who has taken the place
of Zeus.
\)Tfo
Geddes says
in
its
8t
As
Hermann) and
(after
Aristotle
airiov
tii ai.
still
tells
us
TOV
P.CVILV
(de
dfpa
TOV
KuratBev.
its
and
lies
beneath
it
(rrS>fm).
later date.
a kneading-trough
KapBoTvco,
from Hesychius
kneading-trough
cp.
bearing.
matical gender.
TT]V Be
w? olov
words,
TOV KT\.
T
Constr.
jSeXrwrra
8vvap.iv
has
Mi
its full
is
r!]V de
Kfiadai
8vvap.iv rof ovrto vvv (avTa)
As we
meaning. The
TcB^vai.
following
in the
they are
NOTES
99
That being
C 3
TOXJTOV
is
icrxvporepov,
one
this
laxv
(TOVTOV
masc.).
C 5
ws
dX-r]0ws
logy (cp.
binding
itself cp.
80 d6.)> an d here
The hyperbaton is
8co"p.os
used
eVi
ro>i/
tlcr(jf)aXcos
TTporepov TrXoGv
this,
the
TO 8eov (paivfrai
C 9
deov,
emu
fitting,
is
taken as
the
of a normal type.
<al
KcoXu/ia (pnpas.
T4
(ia(f)a\a>s
According
to
opposed
to the slower
remis* (Geddes).
d
d
Goodrich in Class. Rev. xvii, pp. 381 sqq. and xviii, pp. 5 sqq., with
whose interpretation I find myself in substantial agreement.
these words depend on eVi Sei^ij/ 7rouy(ra;^cu and
fl Tr6Trpa
j
y|a.a.T6t>[Acu.
They must be
that
is,
makes
the
same
as ra
OVTO. in
97 d 7
TTJS
<>VTU>V,
no place
in
Seirrepo? ir\ovs
is,
we
shall
Theory of Ideas.
This is a mere
the sun during an eclipse.
Socrates keeps up the irony of the phrase devrepos
1 08
*
TovrjXiov tKXtiirovTa,
illustration.
NOTES
99
TrXovr
rots
that TU
}
c(j-i.iao-L
ot Tu,
a-07 io-ecov
makes
this
quite clear
it
any
justification
question
what causes
to be
the Xoyot
are
mere images
oWa
of ra
On
or ra Tr/xiy^nra.
the
contrary, it will appear that the things of sense may more fitly be
called images of the reality expressed in the Xoyoi.
To use the
language of the Republic, we must not contuse Suirom and enia-rr^r/
with eiVioi a.
CO
12
lKCla>
tv [TOLS]
i.
6. TOl
Tfj)
0)
lK(l(t)
in realities
pY ot s,
TO fV TOLS XnyOLS
OVTd.
The word
is
to Xoyoi.
I -
v-TToOtfxevos iKclo-TOTe
This amounts
to
a 4
science should
ov dv KpCvco KT\.
The
ideal
is
that
We
start
from a proposition
(Xoyof)
which
\ve
ouStv KCUVOV
if
Plato
had been
109
Theory
of
NOTES
ioo
Ideas
the
and
as
if,
is
commonly
believed,
was propounded
it
first
be
for
a pure
mystification.
ou8v
Latine
Lect.
b 3
Ou TraiWat
TT(-rTav|xai.
em non
fin
facit
et
ovdev
et
Trai
finem nullum
ercu
difTerunt Ut
sic
Nov.
Cobet
facit,
500.
p.
pxo|Acu
tmxeipwv . cmSetgaaOai, I am going to try to show
In this construction cpxopai usually takes a future
but,
participle
as Heindorf says, eVi^t/xL? cVidta<rd<u is
instar futuri eVi8eid.
alrias TO l8os,
the sort of causation I have worked out
phrase like this shows how far tl8ns is from being a technical
term. When Socrates wishes to be technical, he speaks of the
just
T-fjs
what
b 4
it
is
What
accepted.
{i7ro(9cfTif
is
cp. 76 d
assumed
is
new
is
and deduction.
TT|V
the application of
This time
b 8
ae[.
Here once
be well known and generally
8 a 6pv\o\ nev
to
last
time
clvevpYjCrtiv
it
J>s
and
e7ri8ei{;(.v
the
it,
method
is
it
there
(a b
a curious and
is
b)
of
to the
for
r/)i/
air lav
Riddell,
Dig.
308 classes this under the head of Hysteron proteron.
You may take it that I grant you this, so
is 8i86vTos
KT\.,
<roi
lose
*iv
no time
in
oi
/c
(pudvois \tyoiv,
Cp. 64 C IO n.
more emphatic than
If we say
p.T( xi K.r.X.
C 3
SKO-rrei
C 5
ovSe 81 tv
fj
SIOTI
tdv
is
<V
oi SeV.
implies (l) that beautiful has a meaning quite apart from any
particular instance of beautiful things, and (2) that this meaning
(A)
is
somehow
partaken
in
in
common, and
their relation
a,
to
rt,
a.
it
is
common
which
in
is
TL.
The
adjective
NOTES
ioo
e^//"
The
We
figurative ways.
may
may
it ; he
only insists that, however we may express it,
beauty that makes things beautiful.
OUT) T| KO.L OTTUS K.T.X. These words are an echo of the formula used
ways of putting
it
is
Km
fore, that
lp-
/cat
It
seems
ovou.aop.(vot t
to
me, there
Wyttenbach
must certainly be
ftirnBtv xciipnvtriv
f)p.as
manuscript
v^cr6(ii) OITIVCS TC
right,
rrpoa-yevofjiev^
The
making use
fact.
of this formula.
Tfpirvuv Aeyef?
are OTrodev
OTTCOS"
^cupftf
tire
yap ybv
ra rotaira ovopi
etr
i(i)i>
f;
pvdos
rj
\oyof
r/
on
%pr]
Trpovayopevtiv nvrov.
The formula
arose
from fear that the gods should be addressed by the wrong name.
(pi Xoj/ /cf/cXnCp. Aesch. A.g. l6o Zeu?, oo-n? TTOT eariv, el ro(V
This connexion is made quite clear in
TOUTO viv Trpoo-fi eVa).
p.(vq),
the passage from the Philebus quoted above, which is introduced
ai>|ra)
by the words To
/car
aj/^pco7roi/,
ou VO.P
In
8 fp.ov deos
dXXa
KrX.,
dfi
Trepa TOV
I
npbs ra
TCOJ/
6fu>v
oyopara OVK
peyiarov
do not go so far as to insist on that
fcrri
<f)6{3nv,
in
Cp.
NOTES
loo
Aristotle Met. A. 6. 987
av
r&v
etr?
i.e.
they
left
utvroi
r\)v
at YlXurutv) eV
it
An.
of eV KOLVW cp. de
Aristotle
b 13
(sc. ol TLvdnyopeioi
d<p(laav
(I8a>v,
A. 4.
KOIVW C^^if,
(for this
Pie
is
and below e
by B
is
meaning
I
think
quite clear
and W, which
it
63, has
in
in
it
TU>
d 9
TOVITOV txP- v
do~(f)a\ovs TTJS
IOI a 5
holding to
s>
Cp. lOld
this.
KO\U>
vnoOf(Tu>s.
a 6
vavrios X6-yos
Tt pas,
KCILTOL
repay Xeyeiy
d 6 ~epus yap av
TT)v -TTpoorfieo-Lv
et
tit]
.
aXXcos TTWS
. .
-q
Theaet. 163
I TT)v
C 2
ot/uai TJV,
o Xe yet?, Phil.
p-tracrxov KT\.,
in
335 b 9
cl8u>v
eras TO IS
f i8ij t
(Idas,
"XX
rw
oxjTrep 6 ev
(fovcriv,
aXXois
cos
ovSev
rn 6e ufdeKTiKa
TU>V
yiyveadai 8e Kara
flprjKocriv, vjrOTi.6fTai
cluvv*
/cat
on dvai
ri]v ueTd\rj\l/iv,
04
v TOUTOIS,
earl
T&V
eKelvos, fTTLTiur]TU>V
p.ev e/cacrrov
OVTU>V
ra ^tv
Xe yerai Kara TO
mentioned.*
p,T<io-xcriv,
Kojx\|/vas
on
yap
KCU
<J>aiScoi/i
z.
q. peBegiv.
NOTES
101
48606,
uAAoiff
man s way
new theory of
while the
It
a(/)eip (ffo^lajjicira).
the plain
irony that
subtlety
naive.
KO/^v/m rnur
TO.
o-avTov cnadv
of speaking
is
is
predication
in
Gorg.
part of the
described as a
is
and
called artless
TT|V
We
in wait
for us.
I
xP- VOS
vTtoBfais
(cp.
el
TIS KT\.
the sense of
17
attack
and Madvig
verse of convincing.
It
conjecture ec/miro
does, however,
seem possible
or
The method
established.
(S(tKTr)pia),
It
till
that
to
is, if
is
in
the re
render
if
he refuses
of Socrates
is
He
different.
first
con
is
it
in their application,
Parm. 13569
(TKonflv ra
a-i
6cm.v eKa&rov
ei
fjLJSuivovTa
mediately after (a
e/c
rtjs inroQeffeas.
5) el rroXXd
(<ITI
(the
v-i>6rts),Ti
\P
(rv^aivfiv KT\.
The method
tested by
the deduction of the
tws av KT\.
It
Kodfcris
is
another matter,
distinct.
is
the opt. in oratio obliqua, though there are several examples in our
texts (G. M. T.
702). The better explanation is that given in L. & S.
(s. 11.
fwf
I.
c)
that
av
is
added
eW)
if
the
NOTES
ioi
event
is
struction
17.
represented as conditional
is eta?
o-Kf\l/aio av,
.
be
and av
is
ecor
till
ra eru/^cuVoj/ra.
In e 2 below the
wp^^v^v, and those who regard the sen
air
TO.
15 pavTiyovv
d 4
Kivrjs 6p[jnr]0evTa
5.
e.
quences have been drawn that we can compare them with one
(2) it is more likely that Plato himself should vary the
tense than that an interpolator should do so.
another, and
el
Bia^covet
is
inconsistent
with the account of the method given at 100 a 4 a ^ev civ poi ^OKTJ
TOVTCO crvp.(f)ct)ve1v Ti6r]p.i us dXrjdr] ovra KT\., but that is a different stage
We
in the process.
first
and then we
by considering whether
the things thus posited agree with one another.
Socrates recognizes that the V7r60ecns is not estab
ireiST| 8e KT\.
vTrodfa-iS)
v7TO$eVecoi>
em
TO>V
avcorepco fKJBaivfLV.
TI licavcv
i.
e.
to
an
apxfj
which no one
will question.
This
is
A vnodfa-is
(Rep. 510 b 7).
adequate without that (cp. below
may
be,
107 b
9).
humanly speaking,
dv
Though
and
it is
<pupoi?.
465
TOJ
at>ra>
Kal prjTOpes.
NOTES
ioi
r/
we take
any account
iKavol
and decline
it.
vivo
their cleverness enables them
KT\.,
a slight redundance in the use of fivvatrdm after (/curoi, but
o-c>4>ias
There
it is
is
easily paralleled.
disturbing their
3
of
its full
weight.
such a deduction.
2
raXXa
TT|V
i.e.
particular things.
are called after them.
iro)vv|juav icr^fiv,
5 ftoKel
is
how
Socrates
.
This
extension
expresses the
Cp. 78 e 2 iravr^v
TU-V (Ktivois
p.to)l>.
AXXd
The
-yap KT\.
attribute.
We
is
pV]p.ao-i)
that
Simmias
is
10
tTtcovvjxiav
>-v
is
tx* 1
The
sentence
is
anacoluthic
has the
115
name
is
substituted.
of being.
Heindorf
12
NOTES
102
quotes Hdt.
ii.
often ovofjui^eiv
C II
44 ipw Hpn/cXeo?
iir(avvfj,ir]V
e^ovroy Gno-iou
So
eivat*
elvai.
recent editors say, but the best attested MS. reading (TW). The
meaning of virexew is much the same as that of Trape ^eif, and it takes
the
"EoiKa
o-iryYP a
a prose style.
language
ojfTTrep ot
in
ev
>tK
^s
epctv,
it
looks as
Wyttenbach took
which
ro>
^i?$;0>iara
^ptu)
infinite
active (urepe^etv),
2a>.<prei
were about
to acquire
as
to the
referring
(rvyypatyiK&s
if I
a~vyypa<f)6fjLvoi,
TO
in
d9
fv TJUIV
us or
others.
it
is
present
we
participate in it.
SVOLV TO eVepov KT\. This alternative
evacuate
The metaphors
are military
It refuses
These words explain the following.
something other than it was by holding its ground and
Here vrro/jLevetv to hold one s ground
admitting smallness.
viro|juvov 8e KT\.
to be
is
withdraw
e 3
in favour
of
(its
vTreKxopeli>
way
to
opposite).
116
NOTES
5
v TouTCd
ou
its
We
for covert
\6-yois
70 d
meanings.
7 sqq.
lp.iv is
avTT] eivai,
(>
admissible with
II
cb/xoXoyf ITO.
TTJV
7mpa|3aXu>v
would
3
is
is
fv -rots irp6cr0v
it
opposite.
p,e p.vTf])j.ai
o-a4>JJs
realism.
to
ira9fjp.a.Ti,
TO>
attacked by
seems
TToX|j.T]K6v
102
head
turning his
Kc{>a/\T]v,
new speaker
to a
bending
(not
as one naturally
).
i. e.
the thing in which there is an opposite
a cold thing that becomes hot and a hot thing that
becomes cold; hot does not become cold, or cold hot. In ilie
TO tvavTiov
form.
It
-rrpdY|j.a,
is
may
TO tv
TTJ
far as
and
<j>L-<ns
ra
ideal
fj
THVTU
^.ev fldrj
o>,
77Tf/>
ftTTuval
fi T/,
word
The lonians meant
a clearer
vavrCa:
r>/
7rpu(5ty/inT<i
fu.
it
TWV dvovTwv Td
TT
a thing.
is
2
the primary substance (E. Gr. Ph.
the world of e ^rj.
by
>6
which
where the
Parill. 132 d
<f)va-(i,
it
iip.iv
in
is
it
Rep. 597 b
(SC. (Viivriov) is
<{>vcrei
to TO ev
opposed
p.
13)
means by
Socrates
expression for
TWI>
fi-uvrum
puyutiTutv.
tKlVO)V
TT)
wv evovTwv
TTCOVV|J.La
Cp.
IO2 b
2.
Y V(TLV
another
T<]V
into
one
OuS au
TX.
On
86 e 5 we have heard
previous occasions (77 a 8
he does not feel his doubts return on
;
KCUTOI
doctrine
,07 b
(Geddes).
X Y W KT X.
<nm
is
hint
that the
and below
NOTES
loa
C lo
tautological
C II
Gcpfiov TL KaXets
cp.
013
o-rrep
e 3
TOX)
EcrTLv
with
WO-T6
6 5
T1H V
Q3 b 4
cp.
ati-rov 6v6p.a,Tos,
fKivou
its
not identical
n.
own name,
the
to be entitled to
p.opc}>T)v
i.e.
of the
i.
e.
tKfivov
TTJV
fldos, e. g.
for fire is
name
).
TI,
and snow
e. g. fire
is
b.
e 4
is
with a nor
e 2
l$(ai>,
is
ei Sous ,
1
always cold.
TO fKfivov
The
eldos.
e 7
104
3.
[X6TO,
that
TOT)
may
(TOUTO
a 3
In addition to
be.
sc.
KdXelv,
Tre4>VK<;vai)
-ft).
its
TnpiTTov}
because
it
is
essentially
(</n
o-ei,
cp.
odd.
Similarly
fire
is
to
which
be followed by
?/
is
demanded by grammar
Tpuis (sc.
eo-r/i>).
On
for Srrep
ought
it
may
series.
For
6 r/Mtcru?
instead of TO ^irrusee L.
118
&
S. s v.
I. 2,
and, for
NOTES
the expression, Theaet. 147 e 5 TO
we divided into two equal parts ).
(
the other row
6 t repos
.
2
O-T-IXOS,
.
tmovcrrjs
up.
1
c 2 v7rop,eivai
104
or
series
still
kept
Cp. 102 d 9 n.
(l-n-o\XtjjLva
vmeKxwpotivTa, as
T|
if
The
heat,
simplest instance
but melts at its
approach.
1
rdSe
... a
KT\.
class of
d S^, but
a class
are
f idr],
and
it
On
three,
We
only speak
forms
or not.
av Karao-xi) KrX.
Things which, though not themselves
do not withstand its attack, are those
opposite to a given thing,
of anything, it compels
which, if one of them has taken possession
but also in every case that of
it not only to assume its own form,
form). The illustration
something opposite to it (i.e. to the attacking
clear that this is the meaning,
it
makes
below
quite
just
given
and will be dealt with in
though the pronouns are a little puzzling,
verb Karfx fiv keeps up the military metaphor
The
notes.
separate
on
for to
occupy
a position
is
>lov
x<*P
wrtx eiv
NOTES
104
70
e 5 n.
auro refers to on av
pleonasm
99 b 6
cp.
me
aurw
del T 68f
jcnrao-^j;,
avTois referring to a av
77
8.
The meaning
is
vTrdpxfiv anao-iv
rr]v
lv
X<*P
For the
fixed
avrov
slight
by d 6 dvay^
Karaa-x^.
is
the form of the odd which prevents the approach of the even to
is the form of cold which
prevents the approach of
three, just as it
heat to snow.
This
last
-i]
e 5
rov upriov.
Avapnos cpa. The precise point of this step in the argument only
odd, does not at first
emerges at 105 d 13 sqq. The term Trfpirro
seem parallel to a term like dvddvaros. As Wohlrab says, the point
would not require to be made in German
for in that language the
s-,
odd
e 7
is
opicrao-Oai
is
W has
opitra<rdat
Set?,
define
Tr.
iroia KT\.
nor snow to
heat, yet fire will not admit cold, nor will snow admit heat.
e 8
atiTo, TO tvavrCov. It is plain from avrb Several in the next line that
fivro
must
refer to the
same thing as
rii>t,
120
NOTES
opposite to
it
e. g.
104
that
snow
will
The same
cold.
10
m((>i
the
shows
latter
that he
in
vuv.
p6i.
is
cm<pep(iv
&c.).
Tr.
it
eVifp/petv
TroXfi/m-,
refers to the
which
means
same thing as
1]
l I
of defence.
It
is,
Suds
we may
say, TO appropej/oi/
Further, fV.tVni
is
not the
I.
G.
T<>
ipTLDl
anacoluthon.
a 2
H-TI
P.GVOV KTX.
its
to
the chief of which are that we have to refer
nvro t// of the
something other than eVeifo and to take e cp on
thing which is being attacked instead of the attacking form.
as an accusative pronoun
Riddell (Dig.
;)
19) took cKelvn (sc.
I prefer to take it as the object of
in apposition to what follows.
The subject of Stfyin&n
6e nr0ru and closely with eV// 6Vi av aiVo ti/.
TO eTri^tpov
Then
will then be 6 av enKpepri n evuvr tov eKtivcp.
repeats 6 av eVi0epr; KT~\. and T/)V TOU emfapafjievov f vainior^Ta repeats
fKeii o.
We have thus an instance of interlaced order (a b a b)
which is, I take it, what Socrates means by speaking
fWro>
difficulties,
j-
o/><C
{>ro
<rvyypa(f>iKus.
a 5
a 6
ay
ust as we llit i s
x ^P ov
Cp. IO4 d 14.
TTJV TOU c PTIOV, SC. Idetiv.
TO Si-n-Xdo-iov, in apposition to ra St ica, which
ou
>
is
the double of
five,
NOTES
105
a 8
most
/xei>
now
any meaning.
interpret
It
is
it is not itself
opposite). The reason is, of course, that TO
always eVic/^fi TO apnov, brings the even into the field to
resist the attack of the odd
for all doubles are even numbers.
It
goes without saying that it will not admit TO dnXoiv which is its own
(to
which
dLirXda-wv
opposite.
ou8 STJ KT\.
The
Ta\\a ra ToiavTo, TO
rjp.
.crv
(^j K.CU
TpiT>j/j.6piov
av (J)
fcal
iravra
TO.
roiavTa
TI]V
or to delete
No
it.
given fraction
all
bring into the field
against the attack of TO o\ov.
in the terms of
o av epcoTw,
they
b5
is
T>}V
readings of the
from the sequel.
MSS.
itself
The
(Church).
question
clear
is
but
the
meaning
vary considerably,
my
b 6
t>
I
Xf^co BT) KT\.,
say this because, as a result of our present argu
ment, I see another possibility of safety over and above (irap ) that
safe answer I spoke of at first (100 d 8).
what must be present in anything, in its body (i.e.
9
co av TL KT\.,
tain,
<u
av
and
it
TO>
e y-yeV/Tcu,
so
have
let
it
stand.
TT|V (l|xa0T],
foolish.
We
cp
predicate of
n-up,
of fire
is
a sufficient
am a
of
NOTES
This does not mean
bodily heat.
105
the least that
in
fire
the only
is
such cause, as appears clearly from the other instances. There are
other causes of disease than fever, and other odd numbers than the
number one (?) p.ovds).
3
dpa KT\.
VXT|
form of
in the
Previously
life
of
life
but,
f<
that participation
TWV vvv
Xe-yo/^ vco//,
we may
To f,
substitute \|/u^^ for W/, just as we may substitute rrt p, nvpfThere is not a word about
p.(n ds for depfjLUTiis, vdoros, Tre/HTToTr/?.
The
itself
a form or
elfins,
nor
is
such an assumption
required.
soul
may
body
(cp. 104 d
IO
I n.\ and
implies no metaphysical theory.
ObKoiJv vj^x 1! KT ^The point is that, though \^i ^?; itself is not
opposite to anything, it always brings into the field something
which has an opposite, namely life. We may say, then, that soul
not admit that opposite (i.e. death), but must either withdraw
will
before
or perish.
it
Ti ouv KrX.
13
that
A.p.ovtrov
TO B
Theaet. 181 d
aXXo, TO Se aXXo,
nXXoiGxrii
17
IO
rt]i>
5 afiovaos
8e $)Qpdv t
Rep. 455
(ifiovu
[iti>
^<-
^^V
Xeyco
i (lT
1
"")
P LKrli
TO &
oi>,
dOiKOV
specially fond.
is
KH
eirtij
Ktt
>
IJIT(U>S,
p-waiKr),
f/)uo"fi.
KrX.
oxiv
death
It
we have
but
excluded
soul
l
withdraw
must
dXXo
TI
nonne.
i.
There
The
is
Therefore the
approach of death.
interposition of the subject is unusual,
in saying that the un
no contradiction
even
is
because
L
-f],
at the
it
is
to TO addvarov.
123
The word
Snow is
is
to
NOTES
io6
a 4
a 8
irayoi
TO
dvj/vKi-ov
if
sense,
d 2
d 3
TOVTOV
-ye
tveKa
5xoiTo
H.T)
cp.
aVT*
85 b
8.
are instances of
introduced by
p.f)
TTU>S
We
or rlva Tponov.
TTMS av
how
^e xuiro;
b 6
emo-Kcirrcat
cra4>f
if
crTepov,
the text
is
504
ib.
Trepiodos,
b.
It
6<3o?
is
is
sound,
a very striking
This sentence
in
is
just like
clear that
the Trpomu
vrrodta-eLs
conscious that
to say
these
but
is
it
V7ro6ea-fts is
to
be found chiefly
in the
Sophist, both dialogues in which Socrates does not lead the dis
cussion.
b 9
TCI JTO
G,V>TO.
is
if
The conclusion
<pvo~iv
dv6pu>nlvi]i>
of the
whole
matter.
TOVTOV
The
coare
ex.op.ev,
fJ.rjd6l>
TL TTfpfl
Myth
(107
ci
115 a 8).
C 2
etirep
TJ
T7pa.yfjM.Ti
navTos
tyv\r\
dOAvaTos KT\.
Cp. Rep.
6o8c9
dXX
vTTfp TOCTOVTOV Selv xpuvov ecTTrouSaKeVat,
124
ov\
VTrep
TOV
NOTES
.
107
For
/coXo>i/r?
KfK\r)Tcu.
HelL
;
4
6
IO 4vBa
V. I.
and Xen.
poetical parallels
Tptirvpyla Ka\flrat.
r)
nuncdemum.
5-f|,
tpjicuov,
was sacred
Hermes.
to
Cp. Symp. 217 a 3 ( )/j.mov //y^o-u^it^ov 6av(jL(i(rT()i> and the expression KDLVUS
Ey^jjj,
t<W
KIU
;
(iTvxrj in
Shares
v\)v Be,
TpocJ^s
but, as
:
\tyfTa.i, sc.
1
TO>
Menander
/zo)i/
Tin
evfli-s
I
Kock)
55
(fr.
re
TO>
8aifj.atv
it
as
els
5 n.
r^
ftdificov
The
fiim>.
di tipl
crv^nnpiffTd-
^(lifjaov
/jiuXa.
common
is
fi
XeAoy^fj.
denied by Socrates
TT/n^/yrr/?
says: ov%
in
It
the
was doubt
of Er
Myth
8r]
Ttva
Gorg. 524 a
of Judgement
TOTTOV
is
We
KrX.
OVTOI nvv
learn
8iKd(TDV(nv tv rco
\(tp.>
Orphic.
i^
L.
The
meadow
TIS in allusion to
So
or
some
1076!, 2.
is used to suggest something known
All through this passage
to the speaker and to those whom he addresses, but of which they
shrink from speaking.
8
8ia8iKao-ap.e vovs KrX. In Rep. 614 c4 we read that the Judges, e /mfV/
bade the righteous proceed to the right upwards and
duitiiKwreiai
the wicked to the left downwards. The active is used of the judges
and the middle of the parties who submit their claims to judgement
The meaning cannot be, as has been suggested,
(cp. 113 d 3).
when they have received their various sentences, for that would
means to submit rival
require the passive, and <3u5iKuea$ui always
thing mysterious.
<V/
Cp. 67 c
its
6 TIJV
(TK\ripu>
view, but
(Rep. 61761), where the
"Arra/
Lysias 78 o
iv. 40 cum
dXX
mystic doctrine.
less the
Xoyco, in the
Itcdo-Tou Scujiuv
6
5<u
it is
cp. 81 d 8 n.
claims to a court
:
(p 5-r)
cp.
7 n.
125
5/y,
NOTES
107
e
v0v8e
TOVIS
62
wv
r\)\eiv
ST|
n.
I have
adopted
which reads awkwardly.
cp. d 7 n.
MS.
than the
76 d 8
cp.
fiei,
^v^i]?
>
Cp. Crat.
40005
(referring to the
o>r
Orphic
doctrine).
64
v iroXXats
In
/?<?/.
of a
615 a
we have a
^tXteVr/? iropeia,
In the Phaedrus
249
longer.
65
writers
108 a 4
original play.
KCU Tpi68ovs,
o-xio-ecs T
e 4.
a"
\ureis.
rco
(^eperoi
0vcrt(iv
that
is
ft?
y^eV
77
/6>a^J
vrjcrovs,
p.ciK.apa)i>
eV
et?
r//
rpiofico
Taprapoj/.
c^
ry?
Virgil,
est paries
better attested
r)
(TW
is
Remp.
68co,
540 ///V
^4^;/. vi.
a 5
It is
(85.
(O for 9).
piodorus,
(ITTO
TO)V
alone
TpiodniS Tl^WV
TT/S
fits
the explanation of
Olym
Tll6
a 7
OVK
i.e.
is
irepl
tKetvo (sc.
The verb
TO
aw^a)
tirTo-rjfxtvrj,
in
Trroeto-tfai
.
Cobet proposed olnep, but Cp. 113 a 2 ov
a(ptKvoui>Tai
form
is not out of
The
reads
Schanz
poetical
ot).
(where, however,
oGnrep
place here.
126
NOTES
)
TOIOUTOV
Tav-rqv
o-wfjiuopos
i.
jju
e.
nudQapTov.
resumes
by
a{,TT),
:
itself
...
dv
cos
rf]i>
pev above.
Timaeus.
a-vvodonropos
108
e/iTropos-
alone
for
The word
wayfarer
is
poetical, like
The
they have passed.
Cp. Prot. 320 a 7 nplv (g /if^ar yeyoj c nu.
cp. 107 d 7 #.
va)VTai
till
>
xp
t/>1"-
ai~e
the Kfpiodoi.
8-r]
rives
wv
v-n-
XGovTcov,
when they
dvaYKir]s is
are gone, i. e.
equivalent, as often, to
passed.
There
avayKr,?.
is
no
personification.
Z
fxerptcos
TWV
Z 7
-n-epl
i.
6. AcnXwf.
Cp. 68 6 2 n.
Anaximander and
had been a feature of
the time of
rrepiodoL
yr,s
science
TTfptofios-
From
was.
It
It
fifth
Phaedo; but
it
of Posidonius, as
more
Academy, and
The
the time of Copernicus.
dominated European thought
there must be other
thought is that, if the earth is spherical,
till
leading
oiKovfjifvm
of the sphere.
portion of the surface
127
for our
olKov^^
is
but a small
NOTES
io8
d 4
/<ou
2n/Lu ou
os-
-nputrov nu\\r]criv
Hdt.
tridfipov (cp.
e<pevpf
i.
25).
believe,
Y t&TW) SC. a
"
ws
TTtTTf icr/nat,
d 9
e 4
e 5
is
^apK6tv
we take
if
stand,
IIt-n-6i.crp.ai
<Ls
Bctv
anacoluthon.
p.o-co
TTpL<j>epT)s
ovcra
~.
p. 31).
log
dpos
TT|V
later
its
6p.oioTT]Ta,
This
equiformity.
99 b
is
.).
another instance of
and
6pou>Tr)s
were originally employed where tros and tVor^r would have been
used later.
Cp. Proclus Commentary on the First Book of
Euclid, p. 250. 22 Friedlein Aeyerru yap fir] trpwros fKtwos (0aX)s)
(TTLcTTija ai
i crai
flfj iv
Kal flrrav
(Eucl.
i.
a>s
5)?
apa
icrocrKfXovs al rrpos
7rai/r6?
TTJ
/3aVfi
yto vial
apxa iK&Tepov
Coelo
295 b
1 1 fieri
ue feif, (bfTirep
i/
(Is
TU>V
TU TrXaytn (pepeffdai
TTpus TU
K!VII<TIV
eV^ara
coar
see, the
world
oyuotor J/ra
irpocrijKfi
f%ov,
ap.a
yap
ovofvctvoi
Kara)
TJ
TO
errl
uvaynrjs pevfiv.
as referring to
a 3
is
not
homogeneous
l<roppo-rriav,
in
substance at
128
shall
all.
itself.
NOTES
Anaximander
like the
109
world (ovpavos).
a 6
OHOIGOS
ov
<x
TO.
Cp. Aristotle
loc.
fcrxara e^oy.
a 8
ov8fi>
(Hippolytus,
/\
i.
/".
9. 3).
Cp. 88 a
xpt K T ^-
p.
punrrjs
Acrt aj rfpp.6va
fieyav ^5
YlovTov
otroi re
A/. AT.
rfp/jLOixjuv
Te\p.(i
/car
f^o^ 7/i
Hdt.
cp.
iv.
8.
i.
p.acrLV (
As Wyttenbuch saw,
yap
Ava^ayopiiS
c/jr;fri! ),
which
is
flvai
II;f>p.
So Eur.
45.
vaitrutriv turo).
|
Kal
4>dcr(^),
fi.T\(ivTiK.Sav
GaXarrav olKouvras,
TTJV
-n-epl
(the dti\ciTTa
b 3
6.
Pillars of
of the olnov^evi]
boundary
b 2
The
ib. 9-
vtyrj Xjjv,
^ip-^1
^iaov
fit
y<
t\f>.v
Cp. Hippolytus,
vbup
tv TO IS KoiXo)-
KOI\T}V
Ap^eXnos
(ri]i>
(prjatv),
yr;v),
a view
pevai, but
p. 79,
i).
309)
older view.
(ib. p.
aWrjp
was due
Empedocles
(ib. p.
it
(>
K(t\i>vp.(vos,
1251
to
adhered to the
appears that the Pythagoreans
TO p.tv evayea-rarov (rrixK^v
Cp. Tim. 58 d I afpos (yfvrj}
but
$f
6o\(pa>T(iT<>s
opl-X^ 1! re KnL
12 9
"
K T r
"
NOTES
iog
b
avTTjv
earth
true
the mist
TT|V YTJV:
the
),
and
b 8
aiGepa
fire.
was supposed
last note,
intermediary between
fire
to be air
and
still
further rarefied.
as opix\rj
air,
is
It is
the
and
water.
TOVS iroAXotis tcrX. This implies that Socrates knows the divergent
views of Empedocles and Anaxagoras, the former of whom gave the
name ul6i,p to atmospheric air (E. Gr. Ph. 2 p. 263 sq.), while the
used
latter
of
it
fire (ib. p.
ToiavTa
instance of nepi
one
am
n. i).
:
c.
312
etcoOorcov Xtyeiv
and
understood
Xe yets
is
490 c 8
not
is
parenthetical).
\eyetv
c 2
viroo-T(i0n7]v,
that
air,
mist,
explicativum
ravTuv
ir
5i)
aKpa
quite in order
is
TOLTO
Km
?//za?
for
eivai
jrerrovdevai (cp.
air
TCIVTQV is
72 C 3
is
explanatory of
n.).
(d i).
KaTiSeiv
e 3
<"v
dvaKviTTovTes
e 4
lost
<av)
cp.
Phaedr. 249 c 3
article and
position of the attributive participle outside the
noun is normal when there is another attribute. Cp. Phil. 21 c
The
r&>
nap(i\pr]pa
rjSovrjg 7rpo<rnUTTOvo
i)S t
130
its
NOTES
e 5
OUTCOS
nva
av
illustrated
after
...
d\T]0cos
is
and re-stated
e 7
.
KariSeTv is a good instance of a form of
noted by Riddell (Dig. 209), in which the fact
binary structure
109
it
(a b a).
TO u\T]9ivov
.
ws
Y)
d\T]0J,s
T]Se
...
i]
Y"i
we
o-Yipa-yyes,
a 6
water.
is
a 8
fI
<^P
av Kal
OTTOXJ
y,
there
Though
e.
rrerpa p^y/juru
v<f)a\os
yr\
[f|]
5.
we
TJ,
is
e
x<n<(Ta,
Hesych., Suid.
as
ttcetva, the things above on the true earth which are in turn
superior to what we have as those arc to the things in the sea.
l
KaXov is far the best attested reading, though
-yap ST|
(<n>)
and
Set
Sr;
called beautiful.
It is to
to
Set.
tf"?
we cannot apply
mythical
sarily so, as
best, a
b 6
TI
Y"n
a ^ T1H5
It is, at
Pl<ito,
like balls
made
of twelve pieces
of leather.
This
is
To
(E. Gr. Ph. p. 341 sq.).
pieces of leather, each of which is
the material were not flexible, we should
make
a ball,
we take twelve
a regular pentagon.
If
TTffj-TTTTjs
dtafayptxfr&v
of
perfectly right in his paraphrase
ciKuva TOV TTOVTOS evTi iiraTa, tyyitTTa (T^atpas
(98
e) TO 8e
8u>dKiie8pnv
is
is
fully
explained
1
in
Wyttenbach
note,
2
no
NOTES
from which
will
it
and
Simplicius,
it was
clearly understood by Plutarch,
Proclus, in his Commentary on the First
be seen that
others.
up
>
<
SifiXij.M/ie wj
Elements leads
edifice of the
regular solids
is
(KOO-JLUKO
nXaruwKu
or
represented as a patchwork
This must be the
.).
cp. 81 c 4
own
b 8
colour.
pieces
c 2
way our
(/io/ji a)
n-oXu
fj
In the same
samples.
Sei-ypaTa,
TOVTCOV
Dig.
Laws 892
fj
Meno 8308
Cp.
168).
ypapM*)
e<
ovarrjs
OTTO
(wrijs
peifrvos
(sc.
^v^s)
it
?}
(Riddell,
ToomTijy
irpfafivTepas
rj
<T
CO /AUTOS
TT)V p.ev
C 4
c 6
TT)V 5
*al
oo-T]
Y<ip
hollows
.,
sc.
yr)i>,
all
XeuKTj,
one portion of
the part of
full
of
air
it
one pentagon.
it,
which is white.
tKirXea is quite a
is
no need
to read ffiTrXen
d 3
d 6
dvd Xoyov,
e 3
and so
inevitable mistake
at first did
proportionally.
so W.
B
i
TT)V re XeioTTqTa
Cl
5ie4>0ap(jLvot
b}\
closely
for
together,
KrX.
axnrep
and
ol
fvddde
vrro
VTTO
a-^Trefiovos-
132
TU>V
KOI
6efpo
avvfppvrjKOTUiv
aXp.rjs
goes
with
go
Ste-
NOTES
<f>0aplj.i
air (cp.
oi (so
Stallbaum).
109 b
6).
to animals
rots aXXois,
V7TO
a,
TTO\ITU)V
TU>1
TU>V
and
and plants
a\\d)lf
exposed to view,
tK^avfj,
Kill
The
no
besides.
Cp. Gorg.
47307
ei>a>V.
earth.
This
vvf]croisKT\.
is
an attempt
to
fit
which
130
ii.
tv(\i
is
humourously
paraphrased by as irepippelv TOV dcpa, the air being the sea in which
But they are close to the mainland otherwise
these islands are.
The suggestion of Olympiowe should see them from our hollo\v
dorus, that these men feed on the apples of the Hesperides, is
/jidKapcov
avpai Trfpnrv-oKriv,
Cp.
2
HO d
oirep
TOUTO
am
b4
as might appear.
way of expressing a proportion.
\oynv.
86b9//.).
:
TO.
It
therefore,
aXo-rj
has
o TOTTO? ev
in Plato, this
better.
<|>T|(ias,
to,>a>i/
wrong
to
read
o>
with Ileindorf.
uirfppr^rd
the apographa.
/ceil
The
sight
irdvTa
is,
the hot and cold, but also that oi the wet and dry
TMV
is
climate
Kpii<ns
oi
^povqa-et
367
mark
the regular
.,
(cp.
Kpucriv,
temperamentum
b 6
Cp. Rep.
may
T<>
<<y,\im.
indicate that
Timaeus read
it
K\r;<Vji/,
^, ,/nj
is
seems
used of
di><9pa>7roir)
C 2
>
vision of blessedness.
133
to yiyvecrdtn (a
This
is
l>
i>
a}.
an astronomer
NOTES
in
C 6
C 8
is
auTous
not mentioned.
Heindorf read
conjectured
au.
VTTO yr\v
It assists
223.
inferior
is
are connected
o-vvTeTpfjcrOcu,
from
however,
*
lv *
by subterranean open
ings.
A"af.
avrcov
No change,
Quaest.
to
iv. 2.
of Sophocles runs
o6tv KOI ra ev TJ]
The
understand how
names
as
TOV p,v%nv
PUTVTJ
Devil
TO.
KOiXoofjuiTa
Punchbowl
K p,era(popds
Cp. such
KaXovvTCit.
KpaTJJpes
in English.
It
is
easier to
present context.
v 2iKeXia KT\.
This seems
to
Sicilian
Empedocles,
who explained
63
now confirmed by
e 4
ravra
iravra KrA.
Be
t/cd,
The theory
355 b 32 sqq. ro
is
8 Iv TO
<^
p.e<rov
TWV
yap
ra
p.r)
thus stated
>aiSww
av
is
TTavrvv
vdaros
Ktil
e"r)
nepi re
TU>V
TMV vddraiv
77X^09, e^ ov
ri
Tt]V
Aristotle
in
yfypappevov
Xf yerat -yap
Kin
co?
Stobaeus.
enippvaiv
KCII T(\
rroielv e
efipav,
Kivovpevov 5
ai/co
134
rjp.lv
TUI>
pfuparcoi/.
ra
fie
NOTES
in
TTO\IV KvK\o) TTfptayeiv (Is rrjv opx^v, o&ev rjp^avTo pf ir, TroAAa p.ev Kai
KO.TII
6 4
wcnrep alupav
fie Kai.
ni>ClVTS
TIVO. (cp.
fj$T]
66
KarnvTiKpv
-rfj
b 4
77.),
loi>
ptlv
TUVS
a sort of see-saw,
Ph. 2
p. 79),
close connexion
2
blood (E. Gr. Ph.
253).
p.
Tartarus has
perforated right through.
We are not
another opening antipodal to that first mentioned.
told that it is a straight tunnel, but that seems likely, and we
8ia[XTreps TerpTjp-c vov,
Dante
Hell
it
is
Arcadia
viii.
//.
14.
Cp. Strabo,
(Geddes).
Ktn
p.
ApKufier epe$p,
account of Stymphalus, from which
Tv(p\wi>
OI>TC*V
p./)
of ftcpcdpov,
"
this
is
airfpaaiv.
taken,
is
scil.
Katavothra
"
KaXovaiv
of
ai
The whole
very suggestive
of the
a 4
a 7
present passage.
aXXoGi //. viii. 481.
:
81
otos &v
-yTjs
Aristotle
(/.
c.
colour as the characteristics the rivers derive from the earth they
flow through.
t>
There is no
.
.
pdtriv : Aristotle (loc. tit.) says Z8puv.
comprendra la pense e de
at the centre of the earth.
une pierre jete e dans
irv0p.va
bottom
On
d une extremit^ k
We
T
autre
(Couvreur).
135
irait
indefiniment
must keep
in
mind
NOTES
ii2
this
throughout
The impetus
time, but
b 3
(opp./?)
Aristotle (he.
centre.
indefinitely.
says
Ctt.}
it
falls
it
the earth
falls to
del TTfpl
TO
fj.eaoi>
eiXft-
KCU Kvp.aivei
tides
Ae tius on
Cp.
Tii>a
5i<i
v<//
T(\
Kv/jLcuvfadai
From
TTfXdyr).
we may
this
two
oscillations a day.
b 4
The
r6 vypov.
Trfpi
nveifj-n is
mentioned be
cause the whole theory is derived from that of respiration. Cp. the
account of dva-rrvori in Tim. 80 d I sqq., where much of the phraseo
ro rijs dva-n-vorjs
logy of the present passage recurs
TtflVIU TOS fJ.fV TCI (TLTia TOV TTVpOS, OlCOpOVfJifVOV 8e fVTOS
:
(cp.
avvfTTo/jLevov
much
in
the
b4),
TCIS
(p\e[3as
TTJ
as Plato
ytyovtv
r&J
crvi/niwp^rei (cp.
Brunetto Latini
same way
7TVfl>p.cnl
7) n\r]-
speaks, very
channels through the Earth, like blood through the veins of the
body (Stewart, Myths of Plato p. 103).
,
TO
*Ls
K6tva
TT
side
tirl TiiSe,
(the antipodes),
in
TOV
TO
els
SY|
Kara) caXovp.evov
the words
5r/
and
Ka\ovjjifvov are
a protest
It is just
/ceii/n,
or ra
eK.flvn,
and
we omit
together.
1
in that
with Stobaeus,
8ui in
03
Even if we
understand
phrase
(loc.
rr}?
did I
retain
rr]V
Cp. Aristotle
fnippvcriv iroiflv
I
36
ty exacrra
para
TU>V
pev
NOTES
where TWV pei7tura>f is governed by fmppvinv, and
eKnvct Km (TT\ raSe.
fx
ec/ J
means eV
wo-Trep ol
The word
like irrigators.
is
particular process by which this is done the point of the simile lies
in the way the water rises to a point further from the centre (whether
;
on
this side of
it
4
6
tKeiOev
Sevpo,
towards
us.
back
;
to
All
TOTTOVS KT\.
TOIJS
els
KacrTots
Tie
The etSoTroietrm of \V
simile of the irrigation-channels is kept up.
confirms the (uSoTroi rjTm of Stobaeus, and T has eKaorroi? as well as
The
Stobaeus.
reading of
6o,7oiirw)
inferior
is
to this.
(T))
and
14
there
TJ
in d 5.
has
77
some doubt
is
seems
It
and T\V
ry.
f)
*/
/.
issue
safer,
at a
lower level
antipodes.
\
The
choice of words
criticism
on them)
antipodes
down
is
for
is
only a popular
way
of speaking.
In substance,
me
Tartarus
the earth
centre.
The
difficulties
"*
137
NOTES
H2
from
d 5
("n)
"Q
[eio-pel]
we can take
it
debouches on
If \ve
sc. carpet.
4|irc<rv,
omit
do-pel
with Stobaeus
d 6
77)
77
from Tartarus.
CO-TI 8
Tartarus
told
(or
i)
a KT\.
in
is
As
to
Ka0 vTa
o~ot
wo-TTcp 01 6
TOV
p.xpt
tKartpcocre
<j)ei.s,
for
to
i]8r^
objectless
round
condescend.
\itcrov,
in either direction
far as
as
e 2
means
Ai
\ap.rrpbs
intransitive or rather
is
e^ ft ^ 4 y^P
43
TTJV yf\v it
-n-epl
d 8
spiral
just
s centre.
its
the
middle,
avavres yap KT\., for the part (of Tartarus) on either side (of the
centre) is uphill to both sets of streams, i. e. both to those which
fall
into
it
/carui/riKpu
Kara TO avro
T)
?J
The
p.fpos.
f^trrea-fv
Trpo?
and
which
to those
B and
which
fall
has
Trpos avavres.
into
it
insert in different
How
old
(loc. czL]
6 5
Tvyxavei 8
dpa
OVTO, KT\.
A^epovra
evnv
Hvpi<p\fyfda>v
Cp. Od.
xi.
re peoucri
KWKVTOS 6\
o$
8>]
513 fvBa
"2rvyos
p.ev
vdaros
aTroppco^.
e 6
e^cm-arco,
e 7
rap!
furthest
KVK\O>,
138
to
be no doubt that
NOTES
can be used as an adverb
-rrepi
i>fip.ns
Cp. Tim. 40 u6
LaiVS 964 e 4 nepl oXrp KI<\M TI]V
also found written in one word (v. L. & S.
in this phrase.
The phrase
iro\ti>6pav.
s.
112
and
v. TTfpiKVKXos)
is
how B
this is
writes
it
Perhaps Hermann
here.
is
doubtless
so.
i.e.
Acheron
is the
antipodal
It is
counterpart of Oceanus, running in the opposite direction.
fitting that the place of the dead should be in the other hemisphere.
In the Axiochus, an Academic dialogue of the third century B.C.,
we
are told
TO
~fpov
VITTO
ov
TU>V
(371 b 2) that
took possession of
ijpto (paiplov.
yj\v
:
f>a>v
io8b
cp.
iroXXoov
the Acherusian
Lake
is
subterranean.
4.
all
al
except
T&V opdcos
0iXo(ro0oiWo>i
Cp. 114 b 6
sqq.
tis TO.S
TWV
Jcocov Y^vtcrgis,
and Acheron.
centre (112 e 6
i.
e.
at a point intermediate
As Oceanus
Acheron
n.),
flows
will
amiTa>,
branch
off
i.
e.
Cp. 81 e 2 sqq.
between Oceanus
furthest
from the
Oceanus.
t
tK^aXXci,
issues
synonymous with
I
branches
off
(from Tartarus).
and so
is e /c/3oXij
The word
with
is
eVpo/}.
"n-vpl
139
NOTES
H3
ranean.
but this
rfj yfj,
most
quite unnecessary.
They
coiling itself round inside the earth (ambire
;
is
;
cp. //. xxii. 95 e\ia-crop.i>ns nfp\
of a serpent coiling himself round (the inside of) his nest
(Monro). Cp. 112 d 8 uxnrep ol 6 0eif.
ou <rup.(jieiYvt p.6vos TCO viSaTi
cp. //. ii. 753
y f (sc. TiTapfjcrios)
3
aXXa TC JJLIV Kadurrtpdev eirippeei TJVT
HrjVi( oa /ZjUtcryerai apyvpo8iv*] 9
Xfiy
e\aiov*
b 4
a7roppa>.
the earth s
at a
<TTLV
e/c/SoX^
opposite side.
av Tijxcoo-i
6
o-n-T]
but nearer
than the
it
fnfioXr)
of Acheron,
it
b 8
d 2
olov 6 Kvavos
it is not certain what substance is intended.
In
Theophrastus Kvavo? is lapis lazuli and that stone is probably
meant here. In any case, we are to think of a bluish grey, steely
:
like this,
though
form became
d 4
ot
107 d 8 H.
cp.
in
95
trivial,
&v 86cocriv,
c 3
is
we have
those
who
a regular
forensic expression.
*
pc o-us,
/zerpt co?
which stands
for eu.
The
besides that.
d
d
KaGaipojxevoi
A^fpovamfia.
Purgatory
is
Cf. Suid.
NOTES
(j.
V.
d/inpr^ara
ra>j/
ou KoXnoT^piw, pYrrrcuj/
Kcii
They
di^pajTrcoj/.
are purified by
fire
as
by water.
well as
SiSovTts SLKO.S
113
is
subordinate to
Ka@aipofj.evoi,
purged by punish
ment.
8
etiepYecriwv,
this
connexion (opp.
ddtKry/zara).
to
Cp.
the
The rudiments
of
it
great sinners
eleventh book of the Odyssey. From the Gorgias
are eternally punished as Trap adely para.
we
The
never.
nevermore,
ov-rrore,
p.Tap.fXov
have lived
impersonal verb
may
cp.
(rv\n\,i.pnv oi-rw,
(
1 c
Apol. 24 d 4
for him.
when it is good
ye crot,
TOIOVTCO TIVU aXXcp Tpoircp, in some other way of
viz. as those who have done wrong VTT opyrjt.
Rep. 346 b 4
the
same
and
Any
p-t\ov
sort,
This fits
Kal Kara).
Cp. 112 b 3 Kvpaivfi
scheme. Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus rise
\Vhen the water in T.irtarus rushes Vi
in opposite hemispheres.
fKflva by
ru5f it casts them out by Pyriphlegethon, when it rushes
TO Kvp-a,
the reflux.
avu>
Cocytus.
Kara TDV KUKVTOV,
Cyr.
vii. 5.
Xip-v-Tjv
we
site to
8ia<J>p6vTo>s
to
contrasted with those who have lived /ze crwr (113 d 4).
lives,
For
\Ve must understand &V or some such word with
a 5 r b opfos (sc.
281
Stallbaum
Euthyd.
an
compares
such
ellipse
n vnepyatopivr), Symp. 181 b 6
as
<7iW.
C<TT\V
141
NOTES
H4
same word
01
ayaQoi
Meno 89 a 6 ov/c
pei yevfcrdai,
ai/
irl
c 3
avev
O-COJAOLTCOV
760
cp.
rw
(pvcrft ot
3 o-Ktyai
davpa-
o>$-
dyaOoL
The
(sc. dya$ot).
an obvious interpolation.
is
12
344
f?fj>
added by Theodoret
yns: i. e. on the true earth
7TpoKKpi(T0ai
C 2
325 b
cp. Prof.
(sc. dyaflol),
(rwparwv.
^copls-
This
the state
is
Church
of the
C 4
olKTjo-eis
We
TOTJTOJV KaXXiovs.
Timaeus
c 7
troieiv,
TTOIOVCTLV (0(TT
BiKlJlf
C 8
orros
OV-Y
5oKeI,
To
probable tale
63 C I sqq., IO8 d
?}
608 b 4 Meyay
K.O.KOV yfi//tr^a(,
7r)o/<ei.e^a
is
5
de
aiov,
d
e
irXt ov
<j
ol/j-ai
ci
it is
fJ.eyas,
.
ra ye
ovaa
av
dia/j.a^niprjv,
evidently
is
).
at>r<u
ciTrepYa^o-Gai,
l<ava>s
r<H
OTWOVV
TTJS d8e\(prjs,
al TT\COV
p.r)
op65)s Trpay/nart
loXecor HpaKXel), 6 d
ffioTjdrjcrev (sc.
.,
r)
e /Mos
eav eu,
loXecoy
fjLTjrpbs
i.
C 7 6 5e
cp. 77 e 8.
Odrepov
The phrase
297
that
Cp. 85 d
ciraSeiv
p.i]v
Siicr^vpiVaa^ai.
sc. e?i/fu,
so.
it is
6 dycuj/,
Kal
oa ou
^i^^)) (paiverai
17
...
C
i>
Xoyou Sacr^upicratp.^v, on
Contrast d 4 eVeiTrfp a^ai/arov ye
TTCLV
VTTfp TOV
The
KT\.
[xtv otiv
Rep.
cp.
ro xp^oTOf
KCU
<j
SldoJ al.
p.1]
eVifT/ce^o/iei/os
Odrepov
meaning
is
142
to
erroi^crav.
d^iKfTO,
I
77X17^ rf/j
do not think
(Hein-
NOTES
114
We
ws
It is
of his
own
Hirschig for once seems to be justified in an a&VjPlato should spoil the effect
words two lines below by anticipating them here.
KaXfj:
o-if.
very
av dvT|p rpa^iKos,
4>cuT]
veKpov Xoveiv
(l
in
tmo-Ts XXcis
Cp. 116 b
<.lT7OK.pil>(T0(U
-n-Xcov
will profit
Ou
<rroiT]o-Te,
nothing
is
Kn\ TO
ft
TOV
ru
009
ru>v
pei.
Xoya>f
"(.\vi]
will
you
do no good
ye ciVTQS TrTri(TTfVKfV
(j)apfj.aKov
(I yO-O
ATToXXofico^jo? So^a^etj
h.6i]val(i)V (piXorrjaifiv
fp.f
(115 b
The
it
,
T1]V
,iie
KrX.
Aelian, V. //. i. 16, has another version of this,
not likely to have composed himself: Ki TTCO? v-rrtp i^wv
TT6L00)
which he
Kci\(cs
urfyn npfo-puTy
4.
I
ouStv
Meno 76 a 9
The
vox propria
the
is
would say
in the play
TTpO(TT<lTTtlS
Practical Application.
man
as the
elvai, 8rj\6s
faTL ^e OVK
fluu>s.
ppl/J.p.(
VOV (V
This
on
fitra
TTJV
e^
7ru>p.a
may
7TO<Tl
K(IL
KftCTOfjUVOV
be a fragment
of
Aeschines or another.
7
oOros
when
i
TTWS
6-q
used
is
of
<>
is
idiomatic
deiKTiKv?.
indirect deliberative.
Goodwin, /I/.
once more the allusive and mysterious
:
Odin-fl
\L*
Tivas
The omission
Socrates here.
ScjKpciT-rjs,
the pronoun
7".
drj.
677.
Cp. 107
d 7 n.
5
aXXcos
r\v
X YIV
OUTOS
30 minae
may
Cp.
76
riYY u5 TO
-
e 4.
become
Critobulus,
We
and Apollodorus,
to
(y
fi
NOTES
ii5
C 3
mony
K.OI
ere
7reprreXot}<rt
/jiev
ocrra irpOTidevTai
dvio-TdTo
means
a 5
I
a room
(116 a
and the
eVeiSaj/ 5e
rj
itself
Ttpo&r)<TovTai
vcxpov,
(K(popa
?J
Thuc.
34. 2
ii.
118 a 17).
Tore 8 av, as
1056
b
b
els
their dead
LS atiTo TOVJTO,
K<U
for burial
davovra
ra
(Maying out
TTpodfCTLf
justified
e 5
The
irpoTL0Tat KT\.
fK(j>opd
oiKT]|j.a
if
rore
fjifv
had preceded.
o /xeV,
and eWi/aif
is
be construed with
fiinXe^^ets) is apparently a
be implied that the women of Socrates
In fact,
family were well known to Echecrates and his friends.
eWtmi has much the same effect as the yiyvoxrKfis yap with which
Xanthippe is introduced (Go a 2). It is surely impossible to believe
(to
It
conjecture.
seems
to
with some editors that Xanthippe is not included among the oixemi
The mere fact that the youngest child is brought back
yvvalKcs.
seems
b 3
to
show
that she
SC.
BioAex^eis,
O.VTOIS,
xpovov.
began
iroXiJVKTX.
in the
is.
I-
e.
roly
iraiSiois
Kal
rals
yvvai^iv.
As
morning, and
last
The
words
for
\htPhaedo
upon sunset on one of the
is
now
close
longest days of the year, it is plain that Socrates spent several hours
alone with the women and children. There is no trace of indiffer
ence to them.
b 8
C 5
d 6
stepping up to him.
XP VCP? during the thirty days (cp. 58 a 4
Socrates had been in prison.
CTTCLS irap
To\JTo>
auTov,
TC
dv8pu;v XOXTTOS,
a few phrases.
144
In Attic Xoxrro?
is
.)
for
which
confined to
NOTES
7
airoBaKputi
6 avGpwTTos.
It
Cp. App.
not the
is
this sense of
that there
cp.
77X10$-
meaning cannot be
Hdt.
is still
viii.
He means
own
4>ti86p,evos
it,
that,
though no longer
to
p.auTc3,
6eiXr)
make myself
don
dXXcos TToUi,
HT|
45 a
Rep. 328 a
(/Jci
is
my
ridiculous in
Begin
the lees
refuse me, a
rep iraiBi,
maioribus nostris,
is
it
common
Cp.
colloquialism.
10.
it
is
-rrpos (})(ipp.aKa,
Kat p,d\a
iXecos- is
otiSe
est
spare halfway,
(Geddes).
to
to his servant.
a
^
95
Sw.
nam, ut visuin
est,
sorry saving
Crito
TrufyieVi
ei>\
b 4
it
visible,
fiea-a-oBi (pfideadiiL,
n.
The
77X10) o-Kifiixj/xeW.
eyes.
nothing in
i.
23 a^a
still
b 3
juice.
of the
I.
administers
Eleven.
For
man who
is
the hemlock-draught
116
i Xecos,
8ia<J>0ipas
Plutarch
uses
cf)6(ip(ii>
and
/cal
<p6op<i
of mixing
rpf.T7f.rai
XP^ S
K T\.
Tavp-qSov viropXfvj/as.
with
bull.
An
picture here.
KOTO) is, indeed,
v7Toft\6\l/iis is
bull
from
to
do
of an angry
dnoravpovadai, which refer to the glare
angry or threatening look would be quite out of the
Tuu/>oua-$m,
about to
its
quite
toss.
It
means
to look
askance
at
(UTTIJS/JH),
J.z/.),
we
and,
see that
NOTES
ii7
meaning was
the original
then, a
It is,
mischievous look
(TKtLV
avrov
6i77ti
KpiTia TOLT
Synip. 174 b
%is
I Traiy
C 4
-mcrx6p.6vos
phrase.
for
mv, he
Stesichorus
e. g.
Cp.
TpCKayvvov
lips
KaAai.
e& Xfiy
TTI"
|
ai>
Trpo? Cp.
eVt Selnvov.
("mXr/ros
last drop.
a>s
rcw
eVra>
Trpos TO
fr.
-nlvfiv
2*u(pioi>
de
SeVas-
Xapui>
The rendering
to the
it
putting
to his
Hermann
K. F.
pevos
is
The
interpretation.
has
it
in
TO. d)T(l.
*
icai
p,d\a euxepws,
means
8v<rx
cmciKws,
do-raKTi
fairly
not
and
fastidious
if it
}*
pretty well
in single
l>
that
is
Sa/cpuot/,
1646 acrraKTi
the reading of T.
Plut.
Timoleon
7 TO de TipoXeovTos
iv.
.
481
nddos
Kare/<Xao-/9^
.
cfciXov
/cureVXao-e
KO.I
r/
T op,
avve-
tv evx^^P-ia
Il8 a
TO.S
TfTpippevr)
^ti^pciv ye
a 2
-n"r)-yvuTO
f)
/cat
I
Cp.
KVTHJias
60 a 3
n.
Cp. Arist.
dia dvfias.
Sucr^ei /afpoi/*
Cp. 77
^uvrnpos
arpaTro?
MaAiora
|
-ye.
TavTLKvrjjJiia.
b 4 n.
the
man himself
146
(not Socrates).
It is
im-
NOTES
&
"HTpov
Arrows
a
TU>
vTroyacrrpiov E\\t]ViKws
TOL^WV
awake cured
KrjpvKci
iv. II
^uco,
i/\e&>
tjrpov
cock to
<5eiVe
|
Ta7ri8op7ra
who
like those
TimaeuS,
MoeriSc
118
(Vmcr$e.
ui Tiv
Socrates hopes to
-fifxeis,
appreciations.
TU>V
<\)(\w
2o)K.)aT/
17
oy
e -a)
KCU d XXccs,
(Tdbv
and
i"n>8pa
OVK av al
in general.
characteristically Attic.
We
The ralm
find the
same thing
in
tragedy and
the Orators.
147
L 2
is
in
APPENDIX
DEATH BY HEMLOCK
IT
is
expressly stated by
Xenophon (Hell. ii. 3. 56) that Theraa draught of Kvvfinv, and Plutarch says
As described in the riiacao, the
36).
and
>\at.
</V;/Ar,
It is to be noted
that the juice was prepared from pounded seeds.
further that wine was used as an antidote in cases of such poisoning.
Pliny tells us this of cicuta (Hist. Nat. xiv. 7), and Plato himself
1
This agrees very well
implies the same of Kcomoi/ in the Lysis.
with the warning given to Socrates by the expert not to talk too
much (Phaed. 63 d 5 sqq.). He explains that this will impede the
way.
Ku>vtiov,
Professor C. R. Marshall,
who says
that
Personally
am
Lys. 219 e 2 olov (I alo6avoi.ro avrov (ruv vbv] Kuvfiov -nt-nomura, dpa
Ti-oiofr av olvov, ttntp TOVTO rjyolro rof viv cuativ ;
nepi TTO\\OV
149
APPENDIX
was due
conium.
to
It is difficult to
II
From
conium
this
it
is
no
is
certainly
rejecting the philological evidence.
APPENDIX
The
fl\U><!
K(l\
eVl
padias
TU>V
n>]
lpytr/Z; VCOV.
VT^VU>S
as follows
is
Karepya(/)^iei>a>i ,
"imTaCTOS
ground
for
II
TrapoLjJila Tyroi
scientific
yap
eVi
fj
TU>V
Trdvv
TLS K(lT/TKliaaf
iiras vrrdp^eiVf TO
rerrapay 8io~Kovs ourcoj, oocnrf TIIS p.v ftiap-erpovs
fie roO
TrputTov SI CTKOU TTU^OS eTTtTpirov p.tv eivat roD devrepov, f]/jii6\iov 8e
TOV rptrou, (^TrXacrtov Se TOU TerdpTov, Kpovop,vov$ 5e TOVTOVS eVireXeri/
at>ra>i/
<rv}j.(f)a)viav
nvd.
<ai
rovTdnv
7re/)i
ApuTTi
6fu>pias.
Sa^tttt),
i/Gv
>{;(vos
eart
^9 Krco?
a0
aurtoy ^fipovpyelv^
XeyeaQdt
fie
/<nt
T/]V KaXovfJLtvrjv
K.a.1
TXavKOV
rexvtjv.
ry
eVe pa
Te%i>r)
ypap-p-aTcov,
Trnpot^uia fitefioa/j.
OVTOS
fji>
fie
fj.fj.vrjTai
NiKo/cX^s eV ra)
dvarideaat FAavKO)
K ai
(Tioijpov K.6\\t]criv
dorf), is fuller,
versions.
One
says that
T/jtVofia X(I\KOVV
Kp
)UOfie j/OU
<TTf(pdvr)i>
TOVS Tf
Trjv
it is
(/)
&V
flefirjKf
ai
KOI TO
re
(ivd)
ru? pd{3dovs
fiia
p.eo~ov
TfTay/Jievas
<f)dfyyea6ai
be,
TTofin?
tinctively
\vf>as
(fxovfj.
If this is
Pythagorean invention.
150
I.
Aeschylus 107 e 5
Aesop 60 c I
Alcmaeon c,6 b 5
96
Anaxagoras 72 c 4 96 b 3
d I
97 d 9
97 c i
99 b 8
;
Antisthenes 59 b 8
Apollodorus 59 a 9 Ii5d7
Apollo Hyperboreus 60 d 2
85
18 a 7
Athenagoras 62 b 3
H4a5;
Copernicus 108 c 8
Corybantes 78 a 4 78 a 8
;
b6
Epaminondas 61 d
Epichannus 65 b 3
Epigenes 59 b 8
Eretria 57 a i
Eubouleus Sod
Euclides 59 c 2
Eupolis 70 c
Euripus 90 c 4
Euxitheus 62 b 4
Evenus 60 d 3
i
Hades Sod 6
Heracles 89C5; Pillars of 109
b i
Heracliteans 96 b 4
Heraclitus 60 b 7 70 e I 87 b 7
90 c 5.
Hermogenes 59 b 7
Herodotus 96 a 8
Homer 70 b 3 112 a 2
Homeric Hymn 60 d 2
;
a6
86
Callimachus 5903
Cebes 59 c i
Clearchus 62 b 4
Cleombrotus 59 c 3
Cocytus njbi;
Elis 57 a
d 2
64
Asclepius
c 8
a2
Kgypt 80
in
3
96
69 c 2
1 08 c 8
96 b 4
99 b 6
1
09 b 6 1 09 c i 1 1 1 e i 1 1 1
Apollo Pythius 60 d 2
108
Archelaus 96 b 3
97 b 8
c8; 109 b 3
Archytas 61 67
Argives 89 c 2
Aristippus 59 c 3
Aristophanes 70 c i 96 a 2
Aristotle 91 a 2
96 b 3
94 e 5
96 b 5 1 1 1 e 4
1
Kchecrates 57 a
Democritus 9913 8
Diogenes of Apolionia
Empedocles 65 b
Crito 59 b 7 115 d 7
Critnbulus 59 b7; Ii5d7
Ctesippus 59 b 9
;
114
lolaus 89 c
Pyriphlegethon H3
113 b6; Ii4a5
Pythagoras 57 a i 96 a 8
Pythagoreans 57 a I 59 c i 60
d i
61 a3
61 c 6
61 d 7
6l d8 6 1 67 62 b4 63 d i
64 b 3 66b4; 6705 7264;
Lamprocles 60 a
Lysis 61
d;
Menexenus 5909; 60 a
Meno
73 b
77eS;
960
II
Orpheotelestae 69 c 3
62b3sqq.
Orphicism
;
67 c 5
78 a 4
Sicily
78 a 8
6307
70 c 5
82 d 6
85 a 2; 85
d3 92 a 6
9763; iooa3;
109 b 6
Pythian Apollo 60 d 2
Neoplatonists 11366
67 a 8
72 b i
in
Sicyon 57 a
Simmias 59
I
65 d 4
Sophists 69 b 2
Sophroniscus 60 a 2
Stoics 62 b 3 96 b 5
Stymphalus 112 a 2
70 e I
85 d 3
Parmenides 65 b
d
107
96 e 8
104
b6
Tarentum 61 e7
Phaedo 57 a i
Phaedondas 5902
Tartarus 112 a
Philolaus 59 c i 61 d 7 61 e 7
65 d 1 1 86 b 6
Phlius 57 a I
57 a 7
59 c i
61 d 7
Phrygians 78 a 4
Plato 59 bio; 97 a 6 ; 107 b 6;
;
Thebes 59
Xenophon 59
aXf
06 a 3
e 4
12 b 3
d/coAatria 68 e 3
aicopa
aXaa>v
92 d 4
1 1
KTpvu>i>
a7
a\oyos 68 d 12
1 1 1 b 6
auadfjs 62 e 6 ; 105 c
aXtroff
1 1 1
aia>p5>
61 e 7
80 d 6
aXXo TL fj 64 c 4
aXXorpios 99 b 5
aXXcoy 76 6 4
79 a 4
69 C
d\r)dcos
85 a 7
1
61 d 7
GREEK WORDS
89 a 3
ado^acTTOs 84 a 8
aiSrjs
Zeno 90 b 9
Zeus Chthonius Sod 7
a-ya/zeVcos
adepp.0?
Xanthippe 60 a 2
UT]a>v
Thracians 78 a 4
ii5d;
II.
Telephus 107 e
Terpsion 5902
aVa/3tcoo-/co^iai
dvaKadiop,ai 60 b
nva<dfj.TTTu>
152
71613; 89 b IO
72 b
II.
GREEK WORDS
109 e 4
dva\a/j.(3dva)
75 e
drexvus 59 a 4 90 c 4
drpmros 66 b 3
avfrtns 71 b 3
niVdf 58 c I 65 d 5 65 e 3
ntmj? Kad avroi 64 C 6 6507
;
avafj.i/j.vfl(TKci) 72 e 7
72 e 4 sqq.
avdvTTjs 112 e 2
ai>(ifj.t>r]ais
dva7j-ifj.TT\rj/j.
67 a
83 d IO
87 a 2
.
pa)
62
u<ppa>v
e 6
<I\I/VKTOS
76 d 9
69 b 7
75b7
u>$r]s
60 e 2
d(po(riovfj.cn
06 a 8
&IKXOI 69
(1
dffpei
63 a 2
60 a 4
dvfv<pi)nw
57 a 5
@dpj3apoi 78 a 4
QavKuvia 95 b 6
ftfptQpov 1 12 a 2
of taro)?
ftorjdoj
i/ai
<W/p
1 1
3 e 2
80 b 4
avoia 91 b 5
civnrjros
euTn7ro5{8a>/ut
di>ra7ro<5o<rir
fiovXo/jicu
69 c 6
74 d 9
yfXiuTfiv
64 b
71 c 8
72 a 12
70 C 4 sqq.
84 c 6
aimXa/j/3ura> 87 a 6 J 88 d 4
1)
9 ioi e I
dfTiXoy<Ko? 90
dvriTf)(vos 60 d 9
d-rrdya) 58 b 3
aTraidevTos 9! a 2
arrXorj- 62 a 3
7ro3oX?7 75 d IO
opnt 69 b 4
vot 1 1 6 d 7
vp.i 72 b 9
77 a 5
92 d I
ywris
dt>TiXa/3>7
8aifj.cav
Sfly^a
(Seii
107 d 6
nob 8
84 b
fiet. dj/)
(<,v8ei
8265
58 b 7
SrjuOTiKos 82 a II
^lu/BdXXco 67 e 6
6d 5
73 ^ ^
8iadiKuofj,cii 107 d 8
S(H/3X7rci)
64 a 6
fitntpai
H3d3
78C2
8tK/iai 68 C 6
8402
ota/cfXf uojUdt 6l
SiaKpiva 71 b 6
<5iAnp.3uz>a>
C4
8iaXKTiKof 76 b
5tXe/crof 62 a 9
Ilob7
fitapunoXoyco 70 b 6
5i. ivo.a 65 e 7
dtavaias Xoyitrp-ds 79
Appovia 8563
ioi e 2
;i
8/auXos 72 b 3
II7C7
66 b 8
dr^rcoy loo d 3
b3
Otdypo^tjLia
60 e 2
Cl7TO7TflpU>fJ.ai
dfTOpp^TOS 62 b 3
1 17 b 6
86 d 8
aTrro/zat 64 a 4
apa 68 b 9 ; 80 d 5
Spa 70 e I
^p/iofa) 93 a 1 1
93 c 6
;
e9
Sff-po
avw 5^ b8
69 d 3
66 b
Scti/drr;?
11708
airo(T7rei>d<0
of
13; 95
;i
yoijrewo 8 1
63 e 9
62 a 5
71
yiTJ(TL(t)S
KTi
SS e 2
/Sdp/Sopos
8m(p(p6i>T(os
in
8ia(pvT)
153
85 b 3
64 d 9
98 C 8
Staijbf pa)
14 b 7
1OI d
II.
GREEK WORDS
8163
r,dns
Il6e
nXios
95 b 8
K(pu\aioi>
96 C
Kf(pa\T]
KIM 93 a
83 d 4
rjrpov 1 1 8 a 5
fjXos
IOI c 8
105 c 2
KOTTTO^ai 60 b I
K0fj.\l/{in
Ko/j.\l/os
Qararw 64 b 5
63 e I o
78 b 9
88 b 4
urjpevco
68 e 2 83 e 6
K6<Tp.ios
iiib2
Kpavis 86 b 9
KpiiTrjp III d 5
jcTi}/irt 62 b 8
Kvui us 113 b 8
KVK\OS TTJS yfvevfws 72 b
<9parTu>
KL KVOS
dappoi)
11463
iioijni 5865
fldrepov
6 fia
58 b 2
58 a IO
tffcopui
tfeoopis
0/n>Xa>
Bvaria
66 a 3
86 65
76 d 8
108 a 5
b
lepos 85
1
Kv\iv8ovnai 8 1 d
1 14 a
5
KVfjLtiii-ta 112 b 3
Xet/xcoi
XfLurrjs
64 a 5
IO7 d 7
I jo d 6
\oyiopat 65 c 2
67 b
Zei
62 a 8
Xoyov
76 b 5
62 b 2 62 d 6
e x ea
60 d I 61 b 4
Xoyoy Tor firm 78 d I
XcJyof
58 b
Ka6npp.6s 69 C 2
KtiQupiTis 67 c 5
e6
Ku&<ipws 65
XWO-TOV
/Lif -ya
99 b 8
Afarti ^.
d 7
^tV/;. 70
/card
^. 94 e 5
K(/r(3(iXXa) 88 c 4
(cara/cXaco 117 d 6
) 60 a I
Ka/jSoTrnf
fj.f\fTo>
79 e 3
8 1 a I
97 ^ 6
solitariuiH 63 e 6
1 1
3 d 4
p-fTaxfip^ofjicn 84 a 5
^tf Tf vcroofj.druxTi
1
b6
p.(T6\ci)
76 e 9
89 b 2
p,fT(<apos
f/6
82 b 8
96 d 6
73 ^ 2
/zi;
59^8
9105
08 c 3
64 C 8
/Mt(ToXoyof
89 d I
58 C
^loipa (t)tiu)
155
70^8
68 a
93 d 9
/uerep^o/iot
K(ir(i(p(vyu>
Kevrpov
c 7
63
95 b
p.t(Tus
KcXetco
65 d 13
fj-fv
<:.
Kcirr/yopS)
d6
T]<j(n
62 b
p.f dodos
Xt yco
fJiiynS
1 1
p.(iKapu>v
59 a 9
KOTTfos 7
82d6
Xvtrts
;
69 C 4
Ka8i(TTrjfj.L
83 c 3
i^vos 115 b 9
Kar(i\j/aco
82 e 4
\nvflavat
09 a 3
KTTOfiia 96 a 8
UTXVS 65 d 12
v
Kropponia
(.Vroj
Kvpa
7 b 3
puo>s
lcru>s
8464
1 1
a 6
62 e 2
70 b 2
TrapaTrtTTTco 66 d 5
7rapcm $77p,i 6567
Trapei/it 59 a 2
ndpepyov 91 a 8
Trapirjfju 90 d 9
7ra.p(ifj.v6in
f
j
69 C 8
98 c 7
vapflrjKoCpopos
veCpov 80
irapia-Tijfu.
Traor^o)
TTtpi c.
60 a 4
fi??
TTfpi
68
114 C 4
82 C 5
ol<o(j)dopia
b 7
Op.r)piK>? 95
otKr/oriy
107 e 4
95 b 6
TTfplTT-Off IO4 d 12
108 e 5
70 b 2
TrXarrco 82 d 3
7r\foi>eKTiKa)S 91 b I
Trvei na 70 a 5
1 2 b
4
TTOlKiXoS IIO C 6
TTOtCO
17
US 82
a II
61 c 3
7roXXa/ci?
6063; 6 1 a 6
Tro\vOpl>\rjTOS
TroXi
TTOVU>
TOO b 4
78 a 3
88 a 8
7rpdyp,a 6 1 C 8
63 a
64 e 4
75 e 4
d5
85 d I
Trpo^eats
11563
Trpo6vp.oifj.in
79 d 6 103 a I
os 68 e 4 96 a 2
96 c I
at 63 d 4
7902; 84 d 5
;
TTpOOl/JLLOV
Trpo r
75 b 7
6O d
69 a6;
H7b6
86 e 3
poayiyvop.ni 69 b 4
88 b 3
Trpocr^)epa) 63 d 8
Trporepat a 59 d 8
Trpocra Sco
7T
70 c 4
75 d 7
ou 57 a 7
103 all
57 a I
84 a 4
cii
7rapa/3(iXXa)
12 C 7
112 d 6
II2C3
i/eo-ia
65 b 4
TrepirpeTra)
dto? 7
jreptoSos
oparos So C 3
75 a 2
73 a 10 94 a I
64 a 4 69 d 2 ; 82 c 3
tvTa, rd IOI d4
ovdap.nv 72 C I
oL pat-dr 108 e 5
oicria 65 d 13
1 1
66 b
e4
TrepteA/TTco
59 e 7
77 b 4
ui>
gen. 58 a i
^. 5806; 64 d 8
TTfpt KVK\CO I
109 b 6
109 a 2
op.a)vv/j.os 78 e 2
OP, TO 65 C 9
oWa, r 65 03 ;
oj/rt, rco 63 e 9
63 e 9
p.r]
<:.
58 e
94 a 12
112 C 7
ico
oia
9864
p.Op/JLO\l/K6LOV
5807; 586!
7r/;o<TJjKet>
TTporiBffiai
7TTooi)p.t
11563
68 c 9
108 b
6oe8
82 e
65 C 6
62 c 10
me
156
63 a 7
81 a
II.
<ra<pJ7f
57bi;
6id8;
GREEK WORDS
65 b
8603; 9404
94 c 5
99 b 4
70 a 5 70 b 3
co
89 b I
s 80 c 6
87 a 3
85 a 7
96 c 2
ioo d i; nob 7
i
95 b i
s
\lsrj\a(p)
71
wpa 80 c 7
w? 58 e 4
o)f ay 82 e 6
69
III.
GRAMMATICAL
omission of 62 c 7
Aorist in impatient questions 86 d 7
Aorist participle (synchronous) 58 b 8
Aorist, empirical 73 d 7 73 d 9
Asyndeton explicativum 61 a i
Attraction of prepositions 75 b 6
Crasis 58 e 3
Disjunctive question 68 a 3
av,
58 e
60 c
60 co
Infinitive,
epexegetic 84 c 3
exclamatory 60 b
99 b 2
82 b 10
PLEASE
<
CARDS OR
DO NOT REMOVE
SLIPS
FROM
THIS
UNIVERSITY OF
PA
4279
P3
1911
cop. 2
Plato
Plato
TORONTO
Phaedo
LIBRARY