Masonry Movement

& Bond Patterns

Durgesh C. Rai
Professor

Movement

Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur - 208 016

effects of Movement

effects of Movement
Movement

Building elements in state of constant motion

Change in volume due to internal/external stimuli

Cementitious materials shrink and creep

Clay masonry expands
Consider differential movements relative to steel or
concrete frames

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Temperature
Moisture
Elastic deformations due to loads
Creep

Restraining these movements causes stresses

Resulting in cracks
To avoid cracking
Minimize volume change
Prevent source of movement
Accommodate differential movement between
materials
Design movement joints by estimating these
movements

Temperature Movement

Temperature Movement
Movement

Surface temperature can be higher than

ambient temperature

Unrestrained thermal movement is product of

Temperature change
Coefficient of thermal expansion
Length of element

Orientation
Wall type
Colour
Dark south facing wall surface temperature can be
as high as 60C for mean ambient temperature
37.7C

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Governing factors

Thermal Coefficient
(2.5 to 3.6)10-6/F
(4.3 to 5.2)10-6/F
(4.4 to 7.3)10-6/F
(4.5 to 6.0)10-6/F
(6.5 to 12.8)10-6/F

Clay Masonry
Concrete Masonry
Stone
Concrete
Metals (Fe, Al)

Moisture Movement

Moisture Movement

Bricks expand slowly over time upon

exposure to moisture

Clay Brick Masonry

Long-term moisture expansion strain is 0.02%
Moisture induced volume changes not always
reversible

Brick units is smallest when it is cooled after kiln

Expands quickly over first few weeks
Depends on

Concrete Masonry Units

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Susceptible to shrinkage
CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Raw Materials
Firing Temperature (low temperature expands more)

Depends on
Shrinkage Potential
Humidity

Linear shrinkage % varies from 0.03-0.065

depending on moisture content

Expansion Joints

CREEP

Joints should be placed

Under continuing stress conditions unit materials

slowly deform in the application of the stress direction,
which is referred as creep.
It is load and time dependent, however, the maximum
values of creep coefficient are
0.110-4/MPa
Clay Masonry
-4
Concrete Masonry
0.3610 /MPa

Abrupt change in wall height

Any change in thickness of wall
Movement joints in floors, roofs
and foundation
One or both sides of window/door
openings
CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Creep Movements

10

Expansion Joints
Joints

Expansion Joints
Joints

Control joints
To control cracking from shrinkage of CMUs
Pressure relieving or expansion joints
To control expansion of masonry joints

In brick masonry
Width and spacing of expansion joints
W=[0.0002 + 0.0000045(Tmax-Tmin)]L {inches}
S= 24000/(Tmax-Tmin)p {feet}

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

p is ratio of opaque to gross wall area

Tmax and Tmin in F
L is length of wall (in.)

11

12

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Expansion Joints
Joints

Expansion Joints
Joints

Details

Expansion Problems
Diagonal cracks often occur between window and
door openings if differential movement is not
accommodated

Copper

Neoprene

Foam Rubber

Extruded Plastic

13

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Expansion Joint

14

Expansion Joints
Joints

Expansion Joints
Joints

Diagonal cracks often

occur between window and
door openings if
differential movement is
not accommodated
Expansion or control joints
at openings

15

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Expansion Problems

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Expansion Problems

Opposing moisture
expansion of brick and
curing shrinkage of
concrete slab
(foundation) can cause
cracking at building
corners if differential
movement is not
accommodated.

16

Expansion Joints
Joints

Water Ingress

Expansion Problems

Water Penetration in Brick Walls

Brick parapets are sensitive to temperature since they

are exposed to changing temperature on both sides

Reasons
Most single wythe walls leak
Water passes through head joints and intersections of head
and bed joints
Water ingress through joint lamination (avoid high IRA)
Units do not leak until internally cracked

Elongation will be
longer than for wall
below
Roof

17

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Parapet

18

Water Ingress

Water Ingress

Reasons

Reasons

Joint profiles: concave vs. raked

Poor workmanship

Poor drainage around building

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Rough joints with voids

19

20

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Water Ingress

Water Ingress

Three Rules to Mitigate Water Ingress

Three Rules to Mitigate Water Ingress

Good design

Proper materials

Provide barrier type wall

Provide weep holes and flashing
Proper joint design

Low IRA units

Non-corrosive flashing

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

High Quality Workmanship

21

22

Pre-wet bricks with high IRA

Lay units soon after laying mortar
Dont furrow bed joints deeply
Filled head joints and tight bed joints
Keep drainage space clear of mortar

Water Ingress

Remedies of Leaky Walls

Ideal solution
Demolish, re-design and re-construct

Alternative cost-effective solution

Re-pointing of mortar joints and filling cracks

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Colourless coatings
Use with caution
May not prevent leakage
Efflorescence problems
Units may spall or disintegrate
Subsequent re-pointing requires re-coating

Masonry Bonds

23

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Bonds and Patterns in Masonry

Bonds and Patterns in Masonry

Masonry

Bond

Structural bonds

Structural Bond
Method by which individual
masonry units are interlocked or
tied together to cause entire
assembly to act as a single
structural unit

Three methods
Overlapping (interlocking ) the masonry units
Metal ties embedded in connecting joints
Adhesion of grout to adjacent wythes of masonry

Head joints
Collar joints

Overlapped bonds

Bed joints

Pattern which bricks and mortars

joints make on face
It can be due to structural bond/or purely
decorative one

Mortar Bond
Adhesion of bricks to the mortar

25

Variation of two traditional methods of bonding

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Pattern Bond

English Bond
Alternate courses for headers and stretchers

Flemish Bond
Alternate headers and stretchers in every course
Pattern so arranged appears as headers and stretcher arranged
in vertical lines

26

Bonds and Patterns in Masonry

Masonry

Bonds and Patterns in Masonry

Masonry

Structural bonds

Structural bonds

4% of wall surface composed of headers and distance

between adjacent headers not exceeding 600 mm
horizontally and vertically
Common (American) bond has
Header course every fifth course (sixth or seventh)
Header course is started with (three quarter brick)
Dutch bond is variation of English bond in which stretcher course
in alternate course do not align vertically

27

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Stretcher develop longitudinal bending strength

Header develop transverse bonding strength
Building code requires

28

English bond

Flemish bond

Even Layer

Even Layer
Odd Layer
Even Layer
Odd Layer
Even Layer
Odd Layer

Odd Layer
Even Layer
Odd Layer
Even Layer
Odd Layer

29

Elevation
Even Layer

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Elevation

Odd Layer
Brick arrangement in the alternative
layers

Credits: CVR Murty

30

Brick arrangement in the alternative

layers

Credits: CVR Murty

Arrangement
of bricks in the
odd layers

More nos.
of
connectors

Less nos. of
connectors

- Indicating Connectors (Headers)

31

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Credits: CVR Murty

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Flemish
Bond

Odd Layer

Corner with English bond

Connectors

English
Bond

Even Layer

32

Arrangement of
bricks in the
even layers

Credits: CVR Murty

Corner with English bond

cross with English bond

Arrangement of bricks in
the odd layers

Arrangement of bricks in
the even layers

Credits: CVR Murty

33

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Arrangement
of bricks in
the odd layers

Arrangement
of bricks in the
even layers
Credits: CVR Murty

34

Indian Standards
Masonry related
IS:1905-1987
Code of Practice for Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry
(3rd Revision 1961, 1969)

IS:1077-1986
Specifications for Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks

IS:2212-1962

CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Indian Standards
on Masonry

Code of Practice for Brickwork

IS:2185-141 & 142

36

CE625A/Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014

Specifications for Concrete Masonry Units (Solid and Hollow)

IS:3952-1978
Specifications for Burnt Hollow Clay Blocks

IS:3316-1974
Specifications for Stones (in regular size)

IS:2250-1981
Code of Practice for Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortar