Direct Current Machines

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Formulas
Shunt Generator
For a shunt generator with armature induced voltage Ea, armature current Ia and armature resistance
Ra, the terminal voltage V is:
V = Ea IaRa
The field current I f for a field resistance R f is:
If = V / Rf
The armature induced voltage Ea and torque T with magnetic flux at angular speed are:
Ea = k f = k m
T = k f Ia = k mIa
where k f and km are design coefficients of the machine.
Note that for a shunt generator:
- induced voltage is proportional to speed,
- torque is proportional to armature current.
The airgap power Pe for a shunt generator is:
Pe = T = EaIa = k m Ia
Shunt Motor
For a shunt motor with armature induced voltage Ea, armature current Ia and armature resistance Ra,
the terminal voltage V is:
V = Ea + IaRa
The field current I f for a field resistance R f is:
If = V / Rf
The armature induced voltage Ea and torque T with magnetic flux at angular speed are:
Ea = k f = k m
T = k f Ia = k mIa
where k f and km are design coefficients of the machine.
Note that for a shunt motor:
- induced voltage is proportional to speed,
- torque is proportional to armature current.
The airgap power Pe for a shunt motor is:

Pe = T = EaIa = k m Ia
Series Motor
For a series motor with armature induced voltage Ea, armature current Ia, armature resistance Ra and
field resistance R f, the terminal voltage V is:
V = Ea + IaRa + IaR f = Ea + Ia(Ra + R f)
The field current is equal to the armature current.
The armature induced voltage Ea and torque T with magnetic flux at angular speed are:
Ea = k f Ia = k m Ia
T = k f Ia2 = k mIa2
where k f and km are design coefficients of the machine.
Note that for a series motor:
- induced voltage is proportional to both speed and armature current,
- torque is proportional to the square of armature current,
- armature current is inversely proportional to speed for a constant induced voltage.
The airgap power Pe for a series motor is:
Pe = T = EaIa = k m Ia2
NOTATION
The symbol font is used for some notation and formulae. If the Greek symbols for alpha beta delta
do not appear here [ ] the symbol font needs to be installed for correct display of notation
and formulae.
B
E
f
G
I
j
k
m
N
n
P
p
R

susceptance
induced voltage
frequency
conductance
current
j-operator
coefficient
number of phases
number of turns
rotational speed
power
pole pairs
resistance

[siemens, S]
[volts, V]
[hertz, Hz]
[siemens, S]
[amps, A]
[190]
[number]
[number]
[number]
[revs/min]
[watts, W]
[number]
[ohms, ]

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S
s
T
V
X
Y
Z

voltamperes
slip
torque
terminal voltage
reactance
admittance
impedance
loss angle
magnetic flux
phase angle
efficiency
temperature
angular speed

[volt-amps, VA]
[per-unit]
[newton-metres, Nm]
[volts, V]
[ohms, ]
[siemens, S]
[ohms, ]
[degrees, ]
[webers, Wb]
[degrees, ]
[per-unit]
[centigrade, C]
[radians/sec]

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