Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Journal of
Computer Science and Control Systems
2
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EDITOR IN-CHIEF
Eugen GERGELY - University of Oradea, Romania
EXECUTIVE EDITORS
Gianina GABOR
Helga SILAGHI
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Mihail ABRUDEAN
Lorena ANGHEL
Gheorghe Daniel ANDREESCU
Angelica BACIVAROV
Valentina BALAS
Barnabas BEDE
Dumitru Dan BURDESCU
Petru CASCAVAL
Horia CIOCARLIE
Tom COFFEY
Geert DECONINCK
Ioan DESPI
Jozsef DOMBI
Toma Leonida DRAGOMIR
Ioan DZITAC
Jnos FODOR
Voicu GROZA
Kaoru HIROTA
Stefan HOLBAN
tefan HUDK
Geza HUSI
Ferenc KALMAR
Jan KOLLAR
Tatjana LOMAN
Marin LUNGU
Anatolij MAHNITKO
Ioan Z. MIHU
Shimon Y. NOF
George PAPAKONSTANTINOU
Dana PETCU
Mircea PETRESCU
Emil PETRIU
Mircea POPA
Constantin POPESCU
Dumitru POPESCU
Alin Dan POTORAC
Dorina PURCARU
Nicolae ROBU
Hubert ROTH
Eugene ROVENTA
Ioan ROXIN
Imre J. RUDAS
Rudolf SEISING
Ioan SILEA
Lacramioara STOICU-TIVADAR
Athanasios D. STYLIADIS
Lorand SZABO
Janos SZTRIK
Honoriu VLEAN
Lucian VINTAN
Mircea VLADUTIU
ahin YILDIRIM
This volume includes papers in the following topics: Artificial intelligence and robotics, Real-time systems, Software
engineering and software systems, Advanced control of electrical drives, Dependable computing, data security and
cryptology, Computer networks, Modern control systems, Process control and task scheduling, Web design, Databases and
data mining, Computer graphics and virtual reality, Image processing.
CONTENTS
DACHIN Tudor1, MEZA Serban2, NEMES Marian3 ,VODA Adriana4, BADILA Florin5 - 1University Lucian Blaga
of Sibiu, Romania, 2Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 3Continental Automotive Systems S.R.L.,
Sibiu, Romania, 4iQuest Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 5Wenglor Electronic, Sibiu, Romania
Complexity Appreciation for BLDC Flat Top Sinus Implementation..................................................................................5
GOYAL Sumit, GOYAL Kumar Gyanendra - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
Use of Artificial Neural Network for Testing Effectiveness of Intelligent Computing Models for Predicting Shelf
Life of Processed Cheese.................................................................................................................................................9
HANGIU Radu-Petru, FILIP Andrei-Toader, MARI Claudia Stelua, BIR Kroly goston - Technical
University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
A Z-Source Inverter for an Integrated Starter Alternator.................................................................................................15
HARLICA Ciprian, SZAB Lornd - Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Real-Time Simulation Environment for Embryonic Networks .........................................................................................19
MARGINEAN Calin1, MARGINEAN Ana-Maria1, VESE Ioana1, TRIFA Viorel1, TRIFU Emil2 - 1Technical
University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 2S.C. TRAMBUS S.R.L., Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Design and Implementation of a PWM Inverter for Reluctance Motors..........................................................................23
RAMAKRISHNAN Sumathi1, MAHALINGAM Usha2 - 1Pavai College of Technology, Namakkal, India, 2Sona
College of Technology, Salem, India
Microstructure Development by Controlling Grain Size ..................................................................................................27
STOJANOVIC Igor, ZDRAVEV Zoran, TASEVSKI Angel - Goce Delcev University, Stip, Macedonia
Progressive Wavelet Correlation as a Tool for Recognition of the Images.....................................................................33
VIATTCHENIN Dmitri - National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
Detecting Outliers in Interval-Valued Data Using Heuristic Possibilistic Clustering........................................................39
4
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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I.
simulations,
INTRODUCTION
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
(3)
Where:
[a,b,c] in [Wb]=[V s] is the complete interlinked
magnetic flux through the coil a, b or c. [a,b,c] in [A] is
the magnetic flux of the wiring a,b, or c. o in [A] is the
magnetic flux in the star point of the equivalent
magnetic circuit. It is an operand in the magnetic model
and is being used to calculate the coupling of the
inductors (mutual inductance in star point). PM in [A]
is the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet. PM[a,b,c]
in [A] is the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet
through the wiring a.b or c. RM[a,b,c] in [H-1] = [A/Wb] is
6
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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SIMULATION MODEL
No core losses;
No eddy currents;
IV.
CONTROL TECHNIQUES
8
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(11)
(12)
(13)
All three legs of the inverter must have individual
PWM duty cycles, dependent of the rotor angle. The
duty cycle can be calculated using the below equation:
(14)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
[1] Michel,
Robert.
2009.
Kompensation
von
sttigungsbedingten Harmonischen in den Strmen
feldorientiert geregelter Synchronmaschinen. Dresden :
Vieweg + Teubner, 2009.
[2] Schrder, Dierk. 2009. Elektrische Antriebe - Regelung
von Antriebssystemen. Berlin Heidelberg : SpringerVerlag, 2009.
[3] Tarmoom, Osama. 2006. Beitrag zur Auslegung von
Permanent-Magnet-Motoren fr spezielle Einsatzgebiete
dargestellt am Beispiel einer Versuchsmaschine. Cottbus :
s.n., 2006.
[4] AVR928: Scalar sensorless methods to drive BLDC
motors.
[5] FCM8202 3-Phase Sinusoidal Brushless DC Motor
Controler.
[6] Diplomarbeit 1999 Dozent: L.Wobmann Diplomand:
Patrick Fuhrer Hochschule fr Technik und Architektur
Bern Abteilung Elektrotechnik und Elektronik
[7] Motion Controller mit Sinuskommutierung fr ECMotoren Serir MCBL2805
10
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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B. Honey
Seventy samples of honey of different geographical
and botanical origin were analyzed with an electronic
nose. The instrument, equipped with 10 Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET) and
12 Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensors, was
used to generate a pattern of the volatile compounds
present in the honey samples.
The sensor responses were evaluated by Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) and ANN. Good results
were obtained in the classification of honey samples by
using a neural network model based on a multilayer
perceptron that learned using a backpropagation
algorithm.
According to researchers methodology is simple,
rapid and results suggested that the electronic nose could
be a useful tool for the characterization and control of
honey [5].
C. Beef
A series of partial least squares (PLS) models were
employed to correlate spectral data from FTIR (Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis with beef
fillet spoilage during aerobic storage at different
temperatures (0,5,10,15,and20C).
The performance of the PLS models was compared
with a three - layer feedforward ANN developed using
the same dataset. FTIR spectra were collected from the
surface of meat samples in parallel with microbiological
analyses to enumerate total viable counts.
Sensory evaluation was based on a three-point
Hedonic scale classifying meat samples as fresh, semifresh, and spoiled. The purpose of the modelling
approach employed in this work was to classify beef
samples in the respective quality class as well as to
predict their total viable counts directly from TIR
spectra.
The results obtained demonstrated that both
approaches showed good performance in discriminating
meat samples in one of the three predefined sensory
classes.
The PLS classification models showed performances
ranging from 72.0 to 98.2% using the training dataset,
and from 63.1 to 94.7% using independent testing
dataset.
The ANN classification model performed equally
well in discriminating meat samples, with correct
classification rates from 98.2 to 100% and 63.1 to73.7%
in the train and test sessions, respectively.
PLS and ANN approaches were also applied to
create models for the prediction of microbial counts. The
performance of these was based on graphical plots and
statistical indices (bias factor, accuracy factor and root
mean square error) [6].
D. Dairy products and sterilized drinks
Attention has been focused on the application of
neural networks for developing different models for
various dairy products and milk based sterilized drinks:
Cakes [7]; soft cakes [8]; kalakand [9]; instant coffee
drink [10]; instant coffee flavoured sterilized drink [11,
12]; milky white dessert jeweled with pistachio [13];
brown milk cakes [14]; soft mouth melting milk cakes
[15]; post-harvest roasted coffee sterilized milk drink
[16]; and processed cheese [17,18,19,20,21].
III. METHOD MATERIAL
The input variables used for developing the ANN
computing models were the experimental data of
processed cheese relating to soluble nitrogen, pH;
standard plate count, yeast & mould count, and spore
count; and sensory score assigned by the trained
panelists was output variable (Fig.1). All in all 36
observations for each input and output variables were
used for developing the models.
The dataset was randomly divided into two disjoint
subsets, viz., training set having 30 observations, and
Soluble
nitrogen
pH
Standard
plate count
Yeast &
mould count
Sensory Score
Spore
count
N Q Q
exp
cal
MSE
n
1
(1)
1 N Qexp Qcal
RMSE
n 1 Qexp
(2)
N Q Q
cal
exp
R 1
2
1
Qexp
2
N Q Q
cal
exp
E 2 1
1 Qexp Qexp
Where,
(3)
2
(4)
12
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Training
ANN models
Selecting
minimum
error
Evaluation
of error and
weights
d
MSE
RMSE
R2
E2
10
0.002660019
0.051575367
0.948424633
0.997339981
20
0.002422522
0.04921912
0.95078088
0.997577478
30
0.001958471
0.044254619
0.955745381
0.998041529
40
0.001767319
0.042039494
0.957960506
0.998232681
50
0.002009656
0.04482919
0.95517081
0.997990344
60
1.04864E-05
0.003238266
0.996761734
0.999989514
70
8.32216E-07
0.000912259
0.999087741
0.999999168
80
7.6146E-06
0.002759456
0.997240544
0.999992385
90
1.44227E-05
0.003797717
0.996202283
0.999985577
100
2.00537E-05
0.004478131
0.995521869
0.999979946
110
2.48217E-05
0.004982141
0.995017859
0.999975178
120
2.90291E-05
0.005387869
0.994612131
0.999970971
130
3.29264E-05
0.005738157
0.994261843
0.999967074
140
3.66713E-05
0.006055683
0.993944317
0.999963329
150
4.03612E-05
0.006353049
0.993646951
0.999959639
160
2.72909E-05
0.005224066
0.994775934
0.999972709
170
2.44465E-05
0.00494434
0.99505566
0.999975553
180
2.16412E-05
0.004652014
0.995347986
0.999978359
190
1.90509E-05
0.004364729
0.995635271
0.999980949
200
1.67078E-05
0.004087523
0.995912477
0.999983292
V. CONCLUSIONS
An effective new radial basis (exact fit) method
based on artificial neural network is proposed for
predicting the shelf life of processed cheese stored at 78o C. The results were verified by comparing them with
[1] http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/57545/Artificial
_Neural_Networks (accessed on 11.1.2011).
[2] F. Mateo, R. Gadea, A. Medina, R. Mateo and M.
Jimenez, Predictive assessment of ochratoxin A
accumulation in grape juice based-medium by Aspergillus
14
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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ISA;
model;
simulation;
Z-source,
I. INTRODUCTION
The conventional internal combustion engine (ICE)
era is at its dawn because of the increase in fuel prices
and a more stringent legislation on greenhouse gas
emissions. The obvious alternative for personal
transportation is the electric vehicle, but the technology
needed to make this type of vehicles accessible to the
masses is still at an initial stage. The hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV) is a viable compromise until more
efficient batteries or fuel cells are developed.
The HEV comes in different configurations.
Depending on the power flow within the vehicle and on
the energy sources, they can be classified as: series,
parallel, series-parallel or as mild HEVs. The mild HEV
configuration represents the first step in the transition
from an ICE vehicle to a full HEV and onwards to a full
electric vehicle. The integrated starter-alternator (ISA)
unit represents the key difference between an ICE
vehicle and a mild HEV.
The ISA is in fact an electric machine that has a two
quadrant operation thus combining in one unit the starter
and the alternator of a conventional ICE vehicle. Besides
its main function of cranking the ICE and generating
electric power, the ISA can be used to implement other
functionalities that may improve fuel efficiency and ride
comfort, such as: start/stop functionality, power
boosting and regenerative braking.
The ISA is driven by a power converter which, in a
conventional system, is composed of an inverter and a
buck DC-DC converter. The inverter steps up the
voltage of the battery and provides AC to the motor and
the buck converter steps down the rectified voltage in
order to charge the battery when the ISA is in generator
mode.
The traditional inverter configurations used for HEV
are the voltage source inverter (VSI) and the current
Classic arrangement
Coaxial arrangement
Non-coaxial arrangement
16
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Operation modes
The ISAs main function is to generate power while
the ICE is on but it can also assist the engine when high
loads are requested. The systems modes of operation
are:
1) Internal combustion engine cranking
2) Power generation mode
3) Regenerative braking mode
4) Power boost mode
C.
Electric machines
For functioning as both a starter and an alternator the
electric machine must have a wide constant power speed
range. It must provide a high starting torque for engine
cranking even at very low temperatures and it must have
a high efficiency in generator mode at speeds ranging
from 1500 rpm to 4000 rpm. At the moment the two
competing electric machines for ISA applications are the
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) and
the Induction Machine (IM).
III. Z-SOURCE INVERTER
The Z-Source inverter, shown in Fig. 1, replaces the
dc-link present in a conventional VSI with an impedance
network composed of two capacitors and two inductors.
This enables the inverter to utilize the shoot-through
(short circuit) states of the phase legs in order to boost
the dc-bus voltage. By varying the active state and
shoot-through duty ratios, the ZSI can either buck or
boost the dc-bus voltage.
A.
Control methods
In order to utilize the shoot-through states the pulse
width modulation (PWM) control used for conventional
inverters needs to be modified. Several control methods
have been proposed:
1) Simple boost control (SBC)
This method was first proposed in [1] and it utilizes
an upper and a lower limit to control the shootthrough states. When the triangular carrier wave is
greater than the upper limit, or lower than the lower
limit, the inverter is in shoot-through state, the rest
of the time the control is the same as a normal
carrier-based PWM. This methods disadvantage is
the high voltage stress on the switches.
3M [4].
B.
Component rating
The inverters boost factor B and gain G can be
determined using the following [4]:
1
(1)
B
3M 1
Vm
M
MB
ES / 2
3M 1
(2)
3d S TS MI m cos
8k v ES (1 d S )
(4)
C.
DC-DC converter
In order to accept a reverse power flow from the ISA
to the battery, a current fed Z-source dc-dc converter,
proposed in [5] and [6] has been adopted.
This converter consists of a bi-directional switch,
composed of two IGBTs and two diodes, a second
switch and an inductor placed between the Z network
and the 3 phase bridge and a smoothing capacitor. The
bi-directional switch replaces the Z-source network
diode so that, depending on the desired operating mode,
the converter can now accept a direct or a reverse power
flow. This converter can perform either as a buck
converter, either as a reversed polarity buck-boost
converter depending on the duty ratio.
By controlling the duty ratio of the switches the
converter output voltage can be regulated. The voltage
transfer ratio of the converter is determined with the
following equation [6]:
2D 1
(5)
G
D
Activepower
Voltage
Frequency
Polepairnumber
Ratedspeed
Ratedtorque
Statorcurrent
Efficiency
Powerfactor
7.5kW
72V
100Hz
15
400rpm
150Nm
66A
86.8%
0.65
(7)
18
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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A. SINGLE-POINT DEFECTS
A single-point defect can produce different
characteristic fault frequencies in the vibration spectrum
of the machine. These frequencies are predictable and
depend on the surface of the bearing which contains the
fault [12].
The single-point defects cause periodic impulses in
vibration signals. Amplitude and period of these
impulses are determined by shaft rotational speed, fault
location and bearing dimensions. Therefore, a specific
frequency can be attributed to each component of the
bearing [13].
The fundamental cage frequency is given by:
f
d
f c r 1 cos
2 D
D
d2
f r 1 2 cos 2
d D
f id n f r f c
nf r
2
1 cos
D
(2)
(3)
nf r
d
1 cos
2d D
(4)
(5)
f od 0.4 n f r
(6)
f bng f s m f V
(1)
(7)
current spectrum.
22
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
I. INTRODUCTION
The advance of incremental motion control systems,
where one usually uses stepping motors, has been
enforced by the multiplicity of their utilization in digital
controlled machine-tools drives, peripheral computer
equipments, telecommunications through laser and
satellites, nuclear techniques, industrial robots,
aeronautical and military equipments etc. In this context,
the VRSMs promise the low-cost production and
motivate the comprehensive research and design
although they are not included in the classical treatment
of the DC or AC electrical drives.
Among reluctant motors, variable reluctance
stepping motors (VRSM) and switched reluctance
motors (SRM) are the most popular. VRSM, which is
very representative as reluctant motors, serves especially
in digitally controlled open-loop positioning servosystems and is very suitable for board instrumentations.
SRM has imposed itself in the last years, especially in
variable speed applications, due to the simple
technology involved. It is used especially in speed
servo-systems and operates with self-commutation of
their phases.
Despite of their excellent robustness as actuators in
special applications, both types of motors are confronted
24
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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26
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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V. CONCLUSIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of optimal design and control
methods for manufacturing processes is needed for
effectively reducing part cost, improving part delivery
schedules, and producing specified part quality on a
repeatable basis. Existing design methods are generally
ad hoc and lack adequate capabilities for finding
effective process parameters such as deformation rate,
die and work piece temperature, and tooling system
configuration. This situation presents major challenges
Where,
28
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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III.
Where
u(t) = the input signal to the plant model
e(t) = the error signal is defined as e(t) = r(t) y(t)
and
r(t) = the reference input signal.
y(t) = plant output
Kp, Ti and Td are the proportional gain, integral time
and derivative time respectively.
The coefficients Kp, Ti, Td and P, I, D are related by:
P = Kp
I = Kp/Ti
D = KpTd
The controller has three parts: The proportional term
is providing an overall control action proportional to the
error signal through the all-pass gain factor. The integral
term is reducing steady-state errors through lowfrequency compensation by an integrator. The
derivative term is improving transient response through
high-frequency compensation by a differentiator.
A. Fuzzification:
The grain size control of the 0.3% carbon steel is
designed based on 2 inputs and 1 output. Inputs for
this controller are error and change in error and the
output is grain size. Fuzzification is where we define
the quantization and membership function for the
input and output variables in universe of discourse. It
involves the conversion of the input and output
signals into a number of fuzzy represented values
(fuzzy sets).
30
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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C. Inferencing:
The inference mechanism provides the mechanism
for invoking or referring to the rule base such that the
appropriate rules are fired. There are several
methodologies to derive the inferencing method.
Two most common methods used in FLC are the
max-min composition and max(algebraic) product
composition. The inference or firing with this fuzzy
relation is performed via the operations between the
fuzzified crisp input and fuzzy relation representing
the meaning of the overall set of rules. As a result of
composition, one obtains the fuzzy set describing the
fuzzy value of the overall control output. For this
system, max-min composition is used for the
inferencing.
D. Defuzzification:
The function of defuzzification is scale mapping
which converts the range of values of output variable
into corresponding universe of discourse and it yields
a non-fuzzy (crisp) control action. For this system,
centroid method is used for defuzzification. It is
given by the algebraic expression,
z*
( z).z.dz
( z).dz
c
C. Error:
The following Integral Square Error and Integral
Absolute Error values have been obtained using PID
and FLC.
Table 2. Error Comparison
Set
point
ISE
IAE
PID
FLC
PID
FLC
26m
301.7
27060
5.069
321.3
30m
282.7
24610
4.972
297.4
35m
260.6
21800
4.93
269.9
VII. CONCLUSION
32
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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REFERENCES
[1] D.E. Kirk: Optimal Control Theory: An Introduction,
Prentice-Hall
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970,
pp. 29-46 and pp. 184-309.
[2] W.G.Frazier et.al.,Application of control theory
principles to optimization of grain size during hot
extrusion,Materials Science
and Technology, Vol
14, pp.25-31, Jan 1998.
[3] James C Malas et.al.,Optimization of microstructure
development
during hot working using control
theory,Metullurgical and Materials
Transactions
A, Vol 28 A, pp.1921-1930, Sep 1997.
[4]. L.W. Ma, X. Wu and K. Xia, Microstructure and
property of a medium carbon steel processed by equal
channel angular pressing, materials forum volume
32 2008, Edited by J.M. Cairney, S.P. Ringer and R.
Wuhrer Institute of
Materials Engineering
Australasia Ltd.
34
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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x y j xi j mod N yi ,
j = 0, 1, , N-1 (1)
i 0
FN x TN ,M , R H 1 FM , R Hx
x1 x N 1
x0
x
x2 x0
.
X 1
x N 1 x0 x N 2
FM , R
(2)
FN / R, R H1 x
(7)
TN / R, N / R 2 , R I R U 2,11 FN / R 2 , R 2 H 2 x
x y 0R Hx k R Hy k R
(3)
k 0
1 1 1
W
.
2 1 1
(4)
x y 0R
R 1
(5)
FM1 FM Hx k R . * FM Hy k R
k 0
(6)
TN , N / R, R H11
FN x
N / R, N / R 2 , R
I R U 2,11 FN / R 2 , R 2 H 2 x
(8)
U 2,1 I N / R2 W1 I R
(9)
V8,4 C8V21V4,21
(10)
0
V 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 7 0 5 6
6 1 0 3 2
0
0
0
2 1 0 3 6
6
0
0
2
0
0
6 7 0 5 2
0
0
0
0
2 1
0 3 6
0
0 5 2 0 6 7
1
0
0
0
0 5 6
0 2 7
2
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0 3 2
0 6 1
(11)
T2M ,M ,2 I 4 I M W I 4 V 1
3.
and FM ,8 Hy by
4.
T8M ,4M ,2 I M V2 , respectively. Multiply the resulting vectors point by point and take the inverse
Fourier transform of size 8M to obtain the correlation at odd indices.
36
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Coarse-Correlated
Candidate
Match?
No
Medium-Correlated
Candidate
Match?
No
Fine-Correlated
Candidate
Match?
Abandon Search
No
Fully-Correlated
Candidate
Match?
No
Image Found
Query Interface
PL/SQL
Similarity Measure
Image Size
Coarse
Correlation
JDBC
Image Database
Medium
Correlation
Internet
HTTP
Intranet
Fine
Correlation
Full
Correlation
Threshold
Server
Extranet
Matlab Server
Server
Client
| A(q) R(q) |
| A(q) |
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
-1
Retrieved
images
761
435
113
19
Precision
0,01
0,02
0,07
0,42
TABLE 2. flower10.jpg.
Threshold
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
-1
Retrieved
images
911
640
285
79
18
Precision
0,007
0,009
0,02
0,08
0,33
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
-1
Retrieved
images
879
500
200
37
Precision
0,001
0,002
0,005
0,27
0,5
TABLE 4. 40.jpg.
Threshold
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
-1
Retrieved
images
854
541
174
27
Precision
0,001
0,002
0,006
0,37
0,5
(12)
181.jpg
183.jpg
38
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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TABLE 5. 181.jpg.
Threshold
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
-1
Retrieved
images
332
77
Precision
0,006
0,03
0,67
TABLE 6. 50.jpg.
Threshold
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
-1
Retrieved
images
719
412
119
14
Preliminary Remarks
40
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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vector
t1
i
x [ x
of intervals
t1 (min)
i
, x
t1 (max)
i
xi ( x 1i ,, x it ,, xim )
1
where
t1
i
-cluster.
fuzzy
l
A(l ) A l ,
So,
(0,1] ,
where
the
(1)
Al {xi X | A ( xi ) } ,
-level
(2)
,
(6)
t1 ( t 2 )
max xi
min xit1 ( t2 )
i ,t 2
i ,t 2
set
x ( x t ) [ x ( x t (min) ), x ( x t (max) )] ,
and
l
( )
el arg max li , xi Al
li
0 , x i X
(3)
l 1
for some
,
(7)
1 m 1
t (t )
t (t ) 2
) x (x
)
2 x (x
m1 t 1 2 t {min,
max}
( x t1 (min) ) ( x t1 (min) ) 2 , ,
xj
1 m1
xi
max
2
t
(max)
t
(max)
m1 t1 1
xi ( x 1
) xj (x 1
)
(8)
42
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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2
t (min)
) x ( x t (min) ) ,
(9)
1 m x (x
2
t
t
(max)
(max)
2m1 t 1 ( x
) x (x
)
x
x ( x t (min) ) x ( x t (max) )
1
1
m1
m1
t1 1
2
x ( x t (min) ) x ( x t (max) )
i
(10)
2
for all i , j 1,, n and 1 .
The matrix of fuzzy intolerance relation
I [ I ( xi , x j )] , i , j 1,, n is a result of application
of formulae (7), (8) or (9) to the family of intervalvalued fuzzy sets {x1 ,..., x n } . The matrix of fuzzy
A.
A.
x 1
x 2
[30, 80]
[40, 50]
[60, 70]
[80, 90]
[50, 90]
[80, 100]
[180, 220]
[190, 200]
[180, 220]
[210, 230]
[210, 240]
[240, 250]
[10, 20]
[10, 20]
[270, 300]
[280, 300]
[140, 150]
[160, 170]
[130, 190]
[170, 180]
[120, 160]
[110, 130]
[160, 190]
[110, 180]
[140, 150]
[130, 150]
[170, 180]
[180, 190]
[10, 20]
[280, 290]
[270, 300]
[10,20]
Experimental Results
44
Volume 5, Number 2, October 2012
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