1.

(a)

Spin (1)

(b)

Further from nucleus (1)

(or more shielded)

(c)
2p
2s

in correct orbitals (1)

correct spin (1)

E n e rg y

1s
2
(d)

(e)

(f)

Energy to remove 1 electron (1) (or 1 mol electrons)

from a gaseous atom (1) (or molecule or 1 mol of atoms/molecules)

Outer electron in an s (2s) orbital (1)

Bes outer electrons is in a p (2p) orbital (1)
higher in energy (1)

Electron is not shielded from nucleus (1)

1
[10]

2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Na to Al are metals (1)

delocalised electrons (1)
Si and P are non metals (with covalent bonds)(1)

Number of protons increases (1)

Electrons in same shell (1) (or same shielding)

(i)
(ii)

stronger metallic bonds in Mg (1)

smaller atoms/ions (1) (or more delocalised es)

macromolecular (1)
covalent (1)

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(iii)
(iv)

sulphur is molecular (1)

weak forces between molecules (1)

argon exists as free atoms (1)

smaller than Cl2 molecules (1)
weaker van der Waals forces (1)

3
[14]

3.

(a)

outer electrons are in third shell (1) (allow 3s, 3p etc NOT 3d)
electronegativity is the power to attract electrons in a covalent
bond (or shared pair) (1)
electronegativity increases from Na to S (1)
because number of protons in the nucleus (or nuclear charge)
increases (1)
and the electrons are in the same shell (or experience the
same shielding) (1)
atomic radius decreases from Na to S (1)
because number of protons in the nucleus (or nuclear charge)
increases (1)
and the electrons are in the same shell (or experience the same
shielding) (1)
(for 'the same reasons as electronegativity increases' scores one only)

(b)

max 7

the trend is a decrease in pH (or from alkaline to acid) (1)(can be implied

from separate values)
Na2O + H2O- 2NaOH product (1) equation (1)
+

(allow Na OH , ignore state symbols)

Na2O is ionic lattice (1)
(if lattice is not mentioned lose mark only once ie allow ionic for
MgO, A12O3)
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 product (1) equation (1)
2+

(allow Mg + 2OH )
MgO is ionic lattice (1)
MgO sparingly soluble (1)
A12O3 is ionic lattice or covalent macromolecular (1)(if covalent
not mentioned lose mark only once)
insoluble in water or no reaction (1)(if formula wrong lose one mark)

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SiO2 is covalent macromolecular (1)(if covalent not mentioned lose

mark only once) insoluble in water or no reaction (1)(formula wrong lose
1 mark)
P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4 product (1) equation (1)(allow P2O5, P4O6, P2O3)
H3PO4 is a strong acid or very acidic (1)
P4O10 is covalent molecular (1)(if covalent or molecular not mentioned
lose mark once only)
SO2 + H2O H2SO3 Product (1) equation (1) or SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Product (1) equation (1)
H2SO3 is a weak acid (1)

H2SO4 is a strong acid or very acidic (1)

SO2 is covalent molecular (1)

SO3 is covalent molecular (1)

(Choose the best of the above two answers if both given)

(c)

max 19

lithium carbonate decomposes on heating (1)

Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2 (1) (allow in words, lose one mark if formula
wrong e.g. LiCO3
other carbonates (or Na2CO3) do not decompose (1)(or stability
increases down the group)
+

the Li ion has a high charge to size ratio (1)(or is very small)
therefore it polarises the carbonate ion (1)(or has a strong affinity
2
for O or Li2O is very stable)

max 4
[30]

4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

power of an atom to attract electrons (1)

in a covalent bond (1)

number of protons increases (1)

electrons in same shell (or similar shielding) (1)

Electronegativity of chlorine

allow 2.8 3.0 (1)

Electronegativity of lithium

allow 0.91 1.5

(d)

forms no compounds (1)

(e)

large difference in electronegativity ionic (1)

small difference in electronegativity covalent (1)

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2
1

(f)

(i)

covalent (1)

(ii)

AlCl3 Al (aq) + 3Cl (aq) (1)

(iii)

pH

allow 25 (1)

Reason

hydrolysis (1)
3+
(or Al high charge or high charge/size ratio)

3+

(g)

ionic (1)

(h)

Equation

Na2O + H2O 2Na + 2OH or ( 2NaOH) (1)

pH

allow 1315 (1)

4
1

2
[16]

5.

increased nuclear charge / nuclear attraction number of protons (1)

same shielding / electrons added to same or outer shell / increase in number (1)
of electrons in outer shell
therefore (outer) electrons attracted / pulled in more strongly or more closely (1)
increased effective nuclear charge worth 2 marks
[3]

6.

From the graph:

Mg above Na (1)
Al similar to or above Mg (1)
Si above Na and Mg (1)
P lower than Mg, Al and Si (1)
S above P, lower than Si (1)
Ar lowest (1)

Sodium, magnesium and Al metallic (1)

Strength of metal-metal bonds increases from Na to Al (1)
More protons (or bigger charge on ion or more delocalised electrons) (1)
Ions attract delocalised electrons more strongly (1)

Silicon has covalent bonds (1)

Macromolecule (1)
Many strong bonds to be broken (1)

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S8 (1)
P4 (1)
C12 (1)
weak intermolecular forces (1)
van derWaals (1)
Stronger between larger molecules (1)

Argon consists of free atoms with weak van der Waals forces between atoms (1)

1
[21]

7.

(a)

F ir s t
io n is a tio n
e n e rg y

(1 )
(1 )

N e

N a

M g
A l
E le m e n t

Si

(1 )

(b)

Ne

(c)

Explanation for neon

Ne + e (1)

1
Neons electron is in a lower (2p) shell (1)

attracted more strongly to (or less shielded from) the nucleus (1)
Explanation for magnesium

more protons (1)

electrons in same shell

or
(d)

similar shielding (1)

Als outer electron is in a 3p sub-shell (1)

higher in energy than 3s in Magnesium (1)

(e)

Element with lowest melting point

neon (1)

Explanation

free atoms (1)

weak van der Waals forces (1)

3

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(f)

Element with highest melting point

silicon (1)

Explanation

macromolecular (1)
covalent bonds (1)

3
[16]

8.

general increase across period (1)

can score this and points 4, 7 on graph
because number of protons (or nuclear charge) increases (1)
but electrons in same shell (or similar shielding) (1)
fall from Mg to Al (1)
Als outer electron is in a p orbital (1)
higher in energy than s electron in Mg (1)
if wrong period 1
fall from P to S (1)
two of the p electrons in S are paired (or in same orbital) (1)
[9]

9.

(a)

ionic (1)
strong forces between ions (1)
this also scores ionic mark
or much energy required to break bonds

(b)

molecular (1)
{vdW or dipoledipole
{weak forces between molecules (1)
this also scores molecular mark
or not much energy required to {separate molecules
{break forces

(c)

Al +

3
Cl2 AlCl3 (1)
2

allow 2 and Al2C6

(d)

3+

AlCl3 Al (aq) + 3Cl (1)

3+

allow Al(H2O)6
2 5 (1)
(e)

etc
2

molecular (1)

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nonpolar (1)
{v.d.W
{weak forces between molecules (1)
or not much energy needed to overcome forces
(f)

SiCl4 + 4H2O Si(OH)4 + 4 HCl (1)

or SiCl4 + 2H2O SiO2 + 4 HCl

3
+

or 4H + 4Cl

1 to +1 (1)

2
[12]

10.

(a)

(b)

Elements in the p block have their outer electron(s) in

p orbital(s) or levels or sub-shells (1)
example of element (1)
correct electronic configuration (1)

Pattern in the change in the properties of a row of elements (1)

OR Trend in the properties of elements across period

Repeated in the next row (1)

OR element underneath (or in same group) has similar properties

atomic radius
decreases across the row (1)
CE if trend is wrong

number of protons increases (1) (or nuclear charge increases)

more attraction for electrons in the same shell (1)
electronegativity
increases across the row (1)
number of protons increases (1) (or nuclear charge)
atomic radius decreases (1) (or shielding remains the same or electrons
in the same shell) more attraction for bonding or shared electrons (1)

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conductivity
decreases row (1)
OR significant drop from Al to Si

NaAl metals (1)

OR metallic bonding or description of metallic bonding

Two of Si - Ar non metals (1)

OR molecular or covalent

EITHER electrons free to move (delocalised) in metals

OR electrons unable to move in non-metals (1)

13
[16]

11.

(a)

Macromolecular or giant structure (1)

Accept diamond shaped lattice
Intermolecular forces / molecular lattice / comparison to
graphite structure, = con

Held together by covalent bonds (1)

Giant covalent structure earns both M1 and M2
(Much) energy needed to break bonds
Or many bonds to be broken (1)
Mark tied to earning covalent M2
If explanation is clearly of ionic bonding = CE
Vand der Waal / temporary induced dipole-dipole / London / disperse forces (1)
Forces increase with size or with number of electrons or with surface area etc. (1)
Description must be of the molecules of P and S
P4 or Mr = 124 (1)
S8 or Mr = 256 (1)
If M6 (i.e. P4) and M7 (i.e. S8) are not attempted, allow S
molecule bigger /more surface area than P molecule for 1 mark

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(b)

Diagram NaCl = cubic (1)

Allow if 3 full faces shown correctly
C l

N a+
C l

N a+

C l

N a+
C l

N a+

Ions identified and placed properly (1)

If diagram shows + and signs rather than symbols for ions,
identification of the ions could be from the text
(Bonding) identified in writing as being ionic (1)
Not ionic molecule
Due to strong electrostatic attractions or similar description
about attraction between oppositely charged ions.(1) QoL
Not just: ionic bonds are strong / need much energy to break
bonding

(c)

Be no reaction with water or steam (1)

Not: Be does not dissolve
Mg reacts with steam

or reacts slowly with cold/hot water (1)

White solid (not precipitate) formed

Bubbles (1)

or Mg glows or burns (with bright white light)

Not fizzes or gas evolved

Mg + H2O MgO + H2
Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2 (1)
Condition, equation and observation marks are tied. Candidate
cant mix-and-match but, when both conditions quoted, select
the higher scoring option
[15]

12.

(a)

2A1+ 3CuCl2

2A1C13 + 3Cu;
(accept multiples/fractions)
OR
2A1+ 3Cu

2+

cranford community college

2A1

3+

+ 3Cu;

(b)

(i)

increases;

(ii)

lower than expected / lower than Mg /

less energy needed to ionise; e removed from (3)p sub-level;

(e removed may be implied)

of higher energy / further away from nucleus / shielded by 3s e s;

1
1

2+

(c)

Al (g) Al (g) + e ;

(d)

trend: increases;

more protons / higher charge on cation / more delocalised e / smaller

atomic/ionic radius;

stronger attraction between (cat)ions and delocalised/free/mobile e

OR
stronger metallic bonding;

1
[9]

13.

(a)

(i)
2000

M e ltin g 1 6 0 0
p o in t / K
1200
800
400
0

M1
M2
M3

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X
N a

M g

A l

Si

Si:
cross 1200
Cl:
cross below S
Ar:
cross below Cl
[allow, even if M2 wrong)
[If Cl cross missing and Ar below S, allow M3]

C l

X
A r

1
1
1

10

(ii)

Si is macromolecular/giant molecular/giant covalent/ giant atomic

Covalent bonds need to be broken/accept overcome
[Not loosened/weakened]

1
1

Covalent bonds are strong / many covalent bonds involved/requires

much energy/hard to break
[Tied to break or near miss in M2] [Not structure is broken]
[Must mention covalent somewhere in part (a)(ii) to earn
M2/M3]

[If van der Waals/IMF mentioned M2/M3 = CE = 0.

[If ions mentioned M1/M2/M3 = CE = 0]
(iii)

(b)

Intermolecular force = van der Waals/induced

dipoledipole/dispersion forces

QoL Sulphur has greater Mr / size / surface area/more electrons/more

atoms so stronger intermolecular forces (comparison)
[Mark separately] [Not more shells]

Trend:

Decreases
[If trend wrong = CE = 0]

Increase in size of ion/atom / more shells / decrease in charge density /

decrease in charge size ratio
Weaker attraction for delocalised/free/sea of electrons / weaker
metallic bonding
[Ignore shielding] [van der Waals etc. = CE = 0 for M2 and
M3]

1
1

[11]

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11