C Volume I Part - 2

ALLAHABAD
The water supply to the city of Allahabad is from both surface and ground water sources river Yamuna and 232 tube wells. The tube wells are provided with chlorine doser using
bleaching powder solution and are connected to the water distribution network either directly or
through reservoirs and overhead tanks. Bleaching powder solution is also added manually in
OHTs and in service reservoirs. In addition to this, 2448 India Mark-II handpumps with drawal of
approximately 10 MLD of water are deployed.
In case of surface water, the raw water turbidity was 16 - 20 NTU in the winter and summer
seasons and the filtered water turbidity ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 NTU. The turbidity of raw water
during monsoon varied from 175 to 200 NTU at river intake point and was 1.0 - 4.0 NTU after
filtration. The physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations did not vary at the
river intake point, sedimentation tank and CWR at the treatment plant. The filtered water from
surface water source is disinfected with gaseous chlorine in the inlet channel and stored in the
CWRs. Residual chlorine concentration above 1.0 mg/L was maintained at CWR and the water
was found free from bacterial counts in all the seasons.
All the samples during winter survey showed the residual chlorine levels in range of 0.8 to
1.0, 0.8 to 1.1 and ND to 0.5 in CWRs, SRs and OHTs respectively and no bacterial counts were
found. The consumer end samples at Transport Nagar, Sulem Sarai, Govindpur, Phaphamau,
Kydganj, Karelibagh, Mutthiganj and Beniganj were found contaminated with TC and FC and
residual chlorine was not found. The presence of FC in the samples indicated that the piped
water was getting contaminated due to the leakages.
In summer survey residual chlorine was found in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 mg/L in 13 OHTs. TC
counts were found only one day during sampling in OHT at Baika Bagh, Preetam Nagar and
Kareli No. 1. Out of the samples for the water quality at consumer ends, the samples collected at
Sulem Sarai, Civil lines, Rasulabad, Kydganj, Govindpur, Baika Bagh, Tagore Town, Bairhana,
Atala, Akbarpur, Naini Rajruppur and Chaklal Mohammad were found to be contaminated with
TC and FC.
In monsoon studies residual chlorine was found in all the OHTs samples between 0.1 to 0.5
mg/L and TC and FC counts were not found in any of the samples. The residual chlorine at CWR
and SR was found in the range of 1.2 to 2.0 mg/L and 0.7 to 1.5 mg/L respectively and bacterial
contamination was not observed. The residual chlorine at consumer end was in the range of 0.1
to 0.8 mg/L. Samples collected at Sulem Sarai, Civil lines, Katra 17, Phaphamau, Kydganj,
Baika Bagh, George Town, Tagore Town, Swaraj Nagar, Bairhana, Atala, Gaughat, Akbarpur,
Hanuman Nagar and Maheba were found to be contaminated with TC and FC.
In the winter survey the turbidity of bore well water was within the acceptable limit in all the
samples except in Karbala where the value (17.5 NTU) exceeded the limit for rejection. The
alkalinity exceeded the acceptable limit of 200 mg/L in all the samples except at Church lane;
however, the samples were found within rejectable limit of 600 mg/L. The total hardness in all the
water samples exceeded the acceptable limit but was within the rejectable limit of 600 mg/L. The
chloride and sulphate concentrations were found well within the acceptable limit in all the
samples. The calcium concentrations were found within the acceptable limit except in Naini
where its value was 95 mg/L. The concentration of Magnesium exceeded the acceptable limit in
all the samples except at Mutthiganj.
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Among the heavy metals, arsenic was not detected in any of the samples. The
concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb were found within the acceptable limit in all the
samples except at Daraganj, Kydganj, Choukhandi and Kareli where Fe concentration was
found as 0.24, 0.51 and 0.16 mg/L respectively and Mutthiganj where Cd and Zn concentrations
exceeded the limit.
The Pb content in Civil Lines, Hasimpur, Mutthiganj and Beniganj were
found above the acceptable limit. The Fe levels exceeded the acceptable limit in all the
samples except at Hasimpur. The Mn concentration exceeded the acceptable limit in Hasimpur,
Mutthiganj and Beniganj. The bacteriological analysis of samples for TC and FC indicated their
absence in all the samples. The water at most of the pumping stations and storage tanks was
properly disinfected and showed absence of bacterial counts.
The turbidity levels exceeded the acceptable limit of 5 NTU in Handpumps (India Mark-II)
samples from Katra market, Mutthiganj, Beniganj and Naini handpump water samples; the levels
exceeded the rejection limit of 25 NTU at Beniganj. The TDS concentration exceeded the limit at
Katra market, Naini and Maheba. The total alkalinity was found in the range of 358 to 912 mg/L,
thus exceeding the acceptable limit of 200 mg/L in all the handpump water samples. At
Mutthiganj the value also exceeded the rejectable limit of 600 mg/L. The total hardness ranged
from 348 to 1124 mg/L and exceeded the acceptable limit of 200 mg/L. Water sample from
Mutthiganj handpump showed the highest concentrations of hardness (1124 mg/L) and chloride
(250 mg/L). At Mutthiganj the calcium and magnesium concentration of 200 and 152 mg/L
respectively were found to exceed the acceptable limit. Fluoride levels were found within the
acceptable limit in all groundwater samples. The bacteriological characteristics of water sample
from handpumps showed the absence of TC and FC counts. In summer and monsoon survey
similar trend was observed with marginal difference in the estimated values.
BANGALORE
Arkavathi and Cauvery Rivers are raw water sources. TK Halli and TG Halli are the sites of
Water Treatment Plants.
During winter the turbidity of raw water at TK Halli WTP was ranging from 3.5 to 3.8 NTU the
turbidity of treated water was about 0.9 NTU. Counts for TC and FC were observed in filtered
water. During summer, the turbidity of raw water ranged from 2.2 to 2.7 NTU and the treated
water showed turbidity of 1.7 to 2.4 NTU. The treated water samples were found free from
bacterial contamination after chlorination. During winter sampling at TG Halli WTP the turbidity
of water after filtration was between 0.92 and 3.65 NTU. During summer season turbidity of raw
water varied from 8.3 to 10.3 NTU and treated water showed turbidity of 3.1 to 6.5 NTU. The
treated water samples were found to be free from bacterial contamination. During monsoon raw
water turbidity ranged from 11.6 - 16 NTU, while after treatment it reduced to 6.2 NTU. Counts
for TC and FC were observed in treated water. The physico-chemical characteristics of Treated
Water were within the desirable limit as per CPHEEO Guidelines.
The conductivity of Cauvery water (TK Halli) increased from March in summer and was
higher (465 s/cm) than in monsoon season (151 s/cm). Hardness, chloride, alkalinity and
sulphate also increased in summer. However, the physico-chemical quality was conforming to
CPHEEO Guidelines except turbidity exceeding on few occasions. Residual chlorine of 0.5 to
1.0 mg/L was observed and no bacterial contamination was seen.
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Residual chlorine was not found in water samples of Service Reservoirs during monsoon
sampling from HRBR, MNK, JP Nagar I-Phase, Kumaraswamy layout, Hosahalli. Bacterial
counts for TC and FC were observed in water samples of Jaya Mahal service station, HRBR and
MNK. Water quality of other service station was as per CPHEEO guidelines. The residual
chlorine range was <0.11.0 mg/L at consumer ends. Residual chlorine was nil in some samples.
The bacterial contamination was observed in 12 samples in monsoon. During winter sampling
the residual chlorine range was 0 1.0 mg/L. Bacterial counts were observed when the residual
chlorine was nil. Water quality of other service stations was as per CPHEEO guidelines.
BHOPAL
The water supply for Bhopal city is drawn from surface sources, namely Upper Lake and
Kolar Dam and there is no organised ground water source.
There was no significant change in raw water quality of Kolar Water Treatment Plant on
day-to-day basis except in summer season. During summer, manganese content of raw water
was in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 mg/L. Finished water showed the removal of manganese
completely. During monsoon manganese content was not observed. The treated water quality
during winter, summer and monsoon seasons was found within the desirable limit as per
CPHEEO Guidelines. At the Laxmi Narayangiri Hills Treatment Plant (Birla Mandir WTP), the
quality of treated water was within the desirable limits during winter, summer and monsoon
seasons as per CPHEEO Guidelines.
The upper lake is the common raw water source for Shyamla Hills Water Treatment Plant
(Phase I and Phase II). The raw water quality falls under 'C' category as per CPCB norms.
During summer season, the availability of raw water in upper lake was critical and plants were
operated only for 3 days that too for 4 to 5 hours. The finished water quality was within the
desirable limit as per CPHEEO Guidelines. During monsoon season the plant was not in
operation due to non-availability of raw water from upper lake. During winter season sufficient
residual chlorine was present in sump water. During summer season, the occurrence of TC and
FC counts in filter outlet showed the foul condition of the filter beds. Sump water had sufficient
residual chlorine.
The residual chlorine of sump water was in the range of 0.8 to 2.0 mg/L during winter and
summer seasons in Phulphukta Water Treatment Plant. While, during monsoon season it was in
range of 1.5 to 2 mg/L. Finished water after chlorination was free from bacterial contamination in
all the seasons during the study period. During summer season raw water for Bairagarh
treatment plant is drawn through a dug canal in the upper lake bed fetching water from the
location nearly 1 km away from the intake point. Chemical characteristics of raw water sample
collected from canal were not much different but the physical characteristics were seen
drastically changed in comparison to winter season. This was reflected in an increase in raw
water turbidity during study period. The finished water quality met CPHEEO Guidelines.
Physico-chemical analysis of water of the Idgah Water Treatment Plant showed that the water
quality was as per CPHEEO Guidelines.
BHUBANESHWAR
Kuakhai, Daya and Mahanadi rivers are the water sources for Bhubaneshwar city. No
ground water is used for organised drinking water supply. There was no significant variation in
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chemical quality of water. The physical parameter that was influenced by seasons was turbidity.
All the water treatment plant were performing upto desired level with marginal inadequacies
related to turbidity removal. The chlorine dose was 3 mg/L and adequate residual chlorine was
observed in the sample collected from sump. No bacterial count was observed in any of the
sump water. All the physico-chemical parameters except turbidity of finished water meet the
CPHEEO guidelines. A remarkable reduction in iron levels as well as bacterial counts was
observed from source to distribution.
In the samples from Elevated Service Reservoir during winter, summer and monsoon
seasons, residual chlorine was observed in the range of 1-2 mg/L. No bacterial count was
observed in the samples in all the seasons. In the samples collected at consumer ends, the
residual chlorine was found in the range of 0.2 to 1 mg/L, 0.2 to 2 mg/L, and 0.2 to 1 mg/L in
winter, summer and monsoon seasons respectively. No bacterial count was observed in all the
seasons in the water samples from consumer ends.
CHANDIGARH
The city water supply is from main Bhakra Canal and ground water sources. There are 155 tube
wells and the ground water is mixed and supplied alongwith the treated surface water.
Residual chlorine was found in the range of 0.6 - 0.8 mg/L in the finished water. The raw
water turbidity was observed in the range of 0.7 - 1.0 NTU while in treated water it was between
0.10 and 0.15 NTU. The bacterial contamination was not observed in sump water during all the
three sampling schedules in three seasons. The finished water quality conforms to CPHEEO
Guidelines for drinking water and there was no significant variation in the raw water quality on
day-to-day and seasonal basis and in distribution system and consumer ends. The UGRs were
also found to be free from bacteriological contamination, and may be attributed to proper
chlorination. Samples from consumer ends i.e. from houses, public stand posts contained
sufficient amount of residual chlorine even at the farthest point of water supply. The existing set
up of water treatment and distribution is satisfactory and bacterial contamination was not seen in
the distribution system and consumer ends.
COIMBATORE
Pillur dam on river Bhavani and Siruvani dam on river Siruvani are two major water sources
for Coimbatore city.
The raw water from Siruvani & Pillur dams is very soft with total hardness less than 100 mg/L.
The turbidity of Pillur dam water was in the range of 31 - 40 NTU during winter. During summer
and monsoon, the turbidity of Pillur dam water ranged form 14 to 19 NTU and 10 to 18 NTU
respectively. The tubidity of Siruvani dam water was less than 20 NTU during all the three
seasons except during heavy inflow of southwest monsoon. Residual chlorine was found in the
range of 1.5 - 2.0 mg/L in the finished water at both the plants. The treated water met CPHEEO
guidelines and no significant variations in the raw water quality on day-to-day and seasonal basis
was observed, except the rare cases of bacterial contamination.
During winter, 54 samples were collected from consumer ends and only 9 contained
sufficient residual chlorine. During summer and monsoon seasons respectively 208 and 108
number of water samples from consumer ends were collected and the residual chlorine was nil in
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more than 50% of the samples and most of the samples with nil residual chlorine were positive for
TC & FC. During monsoon season, though sufficient residual chlorine was observed in most of
samples, some of the samples were positive for TC & FC. This may be attributed to insufficient
contact time after application of chlorine dose.
DEHRADUN
The Bindal River is a major raw water source and Mausi fall is yet another source.
There is no significant day-to-day variation in raw water to Dilaram Bazaar Filter House as
well as Shahanshahi Ashram Filter House. Disinfection of filtered water is achieved using
bleaching powder solution. Residual chlorine was found in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 mg/L in the
finished water. The raw water turbidity in all the seasons was in the range of 0.35 to 0.70 NTU
while in sump water it ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 NTU. The total and faecal coliforms were absent in
treated water in all the seasons.
The finished water quality conformed to the CPHEEO
guidelines.
Nitrate was found in the tube wells in the range of 50 - 57 mg/L during all the seasons. During
winter season, the bacteriological contamination due to presence of total and faecal coliforms
was observed in Khurbuda during first two days of sampling. Slight contamination was observed
due to presence of total coliforms. Presence of coliforms in few samples even after the presence
of residual chlorine may be attributed to insufficient contact time in the system.
DURGAPUR
The city draws raw water from the intake canal of the river Damodar by gravity main. The
turbidity in settled water during winter, summer and monsoon was in the range of 4.7 - 5.1 NTU,
0.8 - 2 NTU and 4.2 - 4.9 NTU respectively. In filtered water, the turbidity for winter, summer and
monsoon seasons was in the range of 0.9 - 1.4 NTU, 0.1 - 0.8 NTU and 0.8 - 1.2 NTU
respectively. Adequate residual chlorine was observed in the sample collected from the sump.
No bacterial count was observed in sump water samples. The residual chlorine at MBR was upto
0.5 mg/L in all the seasons. Bacterial count was not observed at reservoir. At consumer ends
residual chlorine was upto 0.5 mg/L and no bacterial count was observed in all the seasons.
FARIDABAD
The only source of water supply to the city is ground water extracted through deep tube wells
and handpumps. There was no significant seasonal variation in groundwater quality. The pH
did not show much variation and ranged from 7.9 to 8.2. Turbidity was found in the range of 0.1 to
0.6 NTU. TDS was found in the range of 615 to 2180 mg/L exceeded the maximum acceptable
limit of 1500 mg/L in two samples collected near Chauhan Nursing Home (2180 mg/L) and in
front of Qtr. No. 63 Green Belt, Sector 7 (1806 mg/L). Total hardness values exceeded the
acceptable value of 200 mg/L and were found to range between 251 to 600 mg/L. Calcium was
found within the acceptable limit in all the samples, whereas, magnesium concentrations
exceeded the limit of >30 mg/L in all the samples. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.81 to
1.40 mg/L and exceeded the acceptable limit in six bore wells. Iron and manganese were found
to be well within the acceptable limits in all the samples. Bacterial contamination was not
observed in any of the sample during the studies conducted in the year 2002 but out of a total of
75 samples collected in October 2004, TC and FC were noticed in 44 and 29 samples
respectively.
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GUWAHATI
The major source of surface water is the Brahmaputra river. The ground water is extracted
through deep tube wells.
There were no significant changes in raw water of Panbazar Water Treatment Plant on dayto-day basis. During winter season raw and settled water turbidity ranged from 2.4 to 5.6 NTU
and 0.3 - 1.5 NTU respectively. During summer turbidity in raw, settled and filtered water ranged
from 1.6 to 2.0 NTU, 0.41 to 0.52 NTU and 0.31 to 0.36 NTU respectively. Finished water
showed the removal of iron and manganese to some extent. During monsoon season turbidity in
raw, settled and filtered water ranged from 1.0 to 2.4 NTU, 0.2 to 1.2 NTU and 0.1 and 1.1 NTU
respectively. The raw water of Satpukhuri Water Treatment Plant had turbidity during winter and
summer ranging between 0.16 and 0.2 NTU and filtered water turbidity was observed in the
range of 0.4 to 0.62 NTU and 0.29 to 0.37 NTU respectively. During monsoon season turbidity of
raw, settled and filtered water ranged from 2.6 to 3.4 NTU, 0.3 to 0.7 NTU and 0.4 to 1.4 NTU
respectively. The total and faecal coliforms counts were found in filtered water in all seasons.
In Kamakhya Water Treatment Plant during winter, the raw water turbidity ranged from 43 to
46 NTU and the settled and filtered water turbidity was found in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 NTU and
0.3 to 0.5 NTU respectively. During summer season the raw water turbidity was recorded in the
range of 1.1 to 1.6 NTU and the settled and filtered water turbidity ranged from 0.42 to 0.52 NTU
and 0.27 to 0.32 NTU respectively. During monsoon season turbidity of raw, settled and filtered
water ranged from 2.8 to 3.2 NTU, 0.1 to 1.3 NTU and 0.8 to 1.6 NTU respectively. The total and
faecal coliforms counts were found in filtered water in all seasons. The residual chlorine
estimated during winter was 0.2 mg/L. In summer residual chlorine was not detected in the
samples. During monsoon season residual chlorine ranged between 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L.
In Zoo Road Water Supply Scheme during summer season turbidity of raw water ranged
between 1.6 and 1.8 NTU and the settled and filtered water turbidity was 0.46 to 0.59 NTU and
0.36 to 0.41 NTU respectively. During monsoon season turbidity of raw, settled and filtered
water ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 NTU, 0.3 to 0.7 NTU and 0.4 to 0.6 NTU respectively. The residual
chlorine was 0.2 mg/L and 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L during winter and summer respectively while during
monsoon season it ranged between 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L.
The raw water of PHED Treatment Plant had turbidity during winter season in the range
between 0.16 and 0.25 NTU and the settled and filtered water turbidity was 0.12 to 0.18 NTU and
0.08 to 0.09 NTU respectively. During monsoon the raw, settled and filtered water turbidity was
in the range of 2.7 to 3.2 NTU, 2.1 to 1.3 NTU and 0.8 to 1.6 NTU respectively. The total coliforms
and faecal coliforms counts were found in filtered water in all the seasons.
The presence of chlorine in the ESR and simultaneously presence of bacteria indicated
insufficient contact time after chlorination of the water. The samples collected at consumer ends
served from the same ESR were found bacteriologically negative. This may indicate that the
contact time after chlorination was adequate as there was a time lag for water from ESR to reach
consumer end.
INDORE
Narmada river and Yashwant Sagar Dam on the Gambhir river are the two major raw
water sources for Indore city. The sources are well protected as there is neither industrial
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pollution nor human and animal accessibility in the vicinity of the pumping stations. There are
1450 tube wells, 446 handpumps and 167 dug wells in the city and supplement the organised
water supply.
Turbidity was acceptable during winter and summer. During monsoon, the river was flooding
and the turbidity of raw water was in the range of 690 to 1530 NTU. Finished water turbidity was
in the range of 0.3 to 3.7 NTU. TC and FC were not detected in filtered water in all seasons. The
treated water quality of Narmada Water Treatment Plant during all seasons was found within the
desirable limit as per CPHEEO guidelines. Treated water quality of the Devdharan WTP was as
per CPHEEO guidelines during winter and the plant was closed due to non-availability of raw
water in Yashwant Sagar Dam during summer and monsoon.
The chlorine solution was added in all the ESR before distribution and the residual chlorine
was found in the range of 0.1 - 0.6 mg/L, in all the seasons. During winter, in all the water samples
of ESR and samples collected from consumer ends, faecal coliform was not detected. TC at
consumer ends was in the range of 7 - 607 CFU/100 ml. During summer on one occasion TC and
FC counts were found occasionally in ESR. At the consumer ends, out of 21 samples, most of
the samples were positive both for TC and FC. The same ESR and 21 locations of distribution
system indicated occasional enroute contamination in the ESR and distribution system. In
summer season water is inadequate and hence supply is on alternate day.
KOCHI
The raw water source is the perennial river Periyar, and was free from noticeable
contamination/pollution. No remarkable changes in the daily water quality were observed but
seasonal changes were noted. Salinity intrusion in the river even beyond the raw water intake
point was a severe problem during summer. The concentrations of all the physico-chemical
parameters except salinity were within the CPHEEO guidelines during all the seasons. During
summer the salinity exceeded CPHEEO guidelines. Out of 30 samples, presence of total
coliforms, faecal coliforms and E-coli were observed in the samples collected from Mattanchery
for all the days and for all the seasons and for all the days, during summer, at Vaduthala West,
Palarivattom, Kadavanthra and Thrikkanarvattom. These are the thickly populated and water
logged areas of the city. The area is also identified as the most cholera and typhoid prone areas
of the State. During winter season, samples from 14 zones showed bacterial contamination for 2
days, but was not persistant and for rest of the days the bacterial count was nil. Delay or
shortage of booster chlorination from main service reservoirs may be the reason for
contamination.
PATIALA
The city of Patiala receives water supply exclusively from ground water sources. There are
52 tube wells all over the city. Bleaching powder solution is used to carry out disinfection at the
tube wells. Chlorinators are installed at each tube well with arrangements for regulation of flow.
Operation and maintenance of chlorinators is on contract basis. There is no significant change in
the raw water quality on day-to-day basis as seen in all seasons. During winter and summer 1015 tube well samples were found to contain nitrate exceeding the desirable limit and 3 samples
showed nitrate beyond the permissible limits. All the other physico-chemical parameters and
heavy metals were found to be within the desirable limit of CPHEEO. Water samples from 12
tube wells were found to contain higher range of total dissolved solids during monsoon season.
All the other water quality parameters conform to the CPHEEO guidelines.
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During winter 74 samples were collected daily from consumer ends for a period of 7 days and
only three samples were found to be contaminated with total and faecal coliforms. Out of the 82
water samples collected for bacteriological quality in summer, five samples were found
contaminated with total and faecal coliforms. Residual chlorine was found to be absent in these
samples. During monsoon studies bacteriological contamination was not observed in any of the
59 water samples collected from various consumer ends.
PATNA
Patna, situated on banks of river Ganga has high surface water potential, but its water is not
utilized for water supply to the town. Nature has provided high potential of ground water
resource with good aquifer of adequate depth of 80 m and beyond. Tube wells are used as
source of water supply to Patna city. Patna water supply is mainly through 112 tube wells located
in different parts of the city, supplying to whole city through a distribution network of 400 km. The
water is supplied directly without chlorination.
It was observed in winter and summer survey that total alkalinity varied between 290 and 350
mg/L in tube well water and exceeded the standard of 200 mg/L. The total dissolved solids (TDS)
values varied between 286 and 449 mg/L and were within the acceptable limit of 500 mg/L in
winter and only one sample had marginally higher TDS of 597 mg/L. The total hardness values
exceeded the acceptable limit of 300 mg/L in some of the samples, but were within the rejection
limit of 600 mg/L. The concentration of the Fluoride did not exceed the limit of 1.0 mg/L, while the
concentration of calcium and magnesium exceeded their limits of 75 and 30 mg/L, respectively in
more than 50% of the samples. No phenolic compound was detected in any of the water
samples.
Analytical results of heavy metals in winter and summer showed that concentration of
arsenic, cadmium, copper and chromium were not detected in the samples. Lead and zinc
concentrations were found within acceptable limits. Iron and manganese levels in the samples
exceeded the acceptable levels in more than 50% of samples, however, their contents were
found within the rejection limit of 1 and
0.5 mg/L respectively; except in one sample at Sri
Krishna Nagar tube well the concentration of iron 1.3 mg/L was found marginally higher.
The results of physico-chemical characteristics of water samples collected from 35 tube
wells in monsoon revealed that the values of total alkalinity were less in comparison to summer
survey and it varied from 60 to 210 mg/L. The alkalinity was significantly reduced in water
samples collected from Kamasiko tube well, Khwajekalan, Rajendra Nagar tube well and Kadam
Kuan. TDS in water samples varied between 303 and 850 mg/L and was within the acceptable
limit of 500 mg/L except in water samples collected from Mangal Talab, Katra, Nawab Bahadur
Road, Kamasiko, Khwajekalan and Patna City hospital where the TDS values exceeded the
acceptable limits. In general the TDS concentration in water samples increased in comparison to
their concentrations as observed during summer survey. The TDS values in water samples
collected from tube wells at Kumhrar, Katra, Didarganj and Kamasiko were found double of the
concentration of TDS in water samples collected and analysed at these points during summer
survey.
The values of calcium and magnesium were found within limits of 75 and 30 mg/L
respectively. The concentration of both calcium and magnesium, in water samples were found to
be reduced in comparison to the corresponding values as obtained during summer survey.
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Water samples collected from tube wells at Ashok Nagar, Rajendra Nagar, Jakkanpur and
Lalit Bhawan were found heavily contaminated with TC and FC. It was observed in summer that
tube well water samples were free from coliform contamination except that the contamination
was observed in nine water samples during one day of bacteriological analysis. The results
showed that coliforms contamination was found in water samples collected from 14 tube wells,
while water samples from 21 tube wells were free from coliform contamination in monsoon. A
comparison of results obtained during summer survey and monsoon survey showed that the
coliform contamination in water samples collected from tube wells was increased.
The results of studies on Handpumps in winter and summer showed that the value of TDS
varied between 280 and 677 mg/L and was found to be within the acceptable limit except two
sampling points at Mahendru, Gardanibag and Hartali More. Total hardness varied between
240 and 388 mg/L and was below the rejectable limit. The chloride and fluoride were within the
acceptable limit. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium were found within the limits,
except that the value of calcium exceeded the acceptable limit in two of the water samples at
Mahendru and Gardanibag handpump in winter. Magnesium concentration was found higher in
summer than the limit of 30 mg/L at four sampling locations and also these values were found
higher than the concentration as obtained in winter survey. Cadmium, chromium and copper
were not detected except in two samples. Arsenic concentrations were not detected in any
sample. Lead was within the limits in all the samples. Iron exceeded the acceptable limit in all
the samples, except in Gardanibag. However, the iron values were found within the rejection
limit in all the samples except one sample. Manganese concentration exceeded the acceptable
limits in two samples. The values of TDS in hand pump water samples varied between 270 and
750 mg/L in monsoon and were found to be within the acceptable limit of 500 mg/L except the
TDS in two water samples collected from Beli Road and Gardanibag handpumps exceeded the
acceptable limit. The total hardness in water samples varied between 52 and 132 mg/L and was
within the acceptable limit of
200 mg/L. The values of chloride and fluoride were within the
acceptable limits. The values of calcium varied between 16 and 40 mg/L, and magnesium
concentration varied between 1 and 9 mg/L.
Bacteriological analysis of hand pump water samples in winter showed that TC and FC
counts were not detected in the samples except at Mahendru, Gardanibag and Rajvanshi Nagar.
In summer the coliform contamination was observed in water sample collected from Gardanibag,
Rajvanshi Nagar, Didarganj and Mahendru, whereas other water samples were not
contaminated. The water sample collected from Mahendru, Gardanibag and Rajvanshi Nagar
showed FC contamination. Bacteriological analysis of the water samples collected in monsoon
from handpumps showed the TC contamination in water samples collected from Didarganj. The
trend of the bacteriological contamination remained the same as observed during summer
survey. Water samples collected from Didarganj, Mahendru, Gardanibag and Rajvanshi Nagar
showed TC contamination and were not fit for drinking purposes. The water samples were free
from TC and FC contamination during the monsoon survey.
The water samples collected from three OHTs operated by Patna Medical College and
Hospital and PHED did not show any bacterial contamination.
The water samples collected from tube wells at Katra, Guljar bagh, Bankipur, Chajjobagh,
Shri Krishnanagar and Samanpura were found free from bacterial contamination. However,
water samples collected from Bankipur and Shri Krishnanagar consumer ends indicated the
presence of bacterial contamination. Results were indicative of contamination of drinking water
76
with sewerage systems. Out of 35 Consumer End sample analysed in summer, 25 water
samples were contaminated with TC and FC. The TC and FC counts were found in the range of
2-52 CFU/100 ml and 1-128 CFU/100 ml respectively. The water samples collected from
Chandmani Road, Chajjobagh, New Jakkanpur and Chandpur Bela were found heavily
contaminated. A comparison of bacteriological characteristics of water samples collected from
Chandmani Road and New Jakkanpur, during winter season, with summer season data of
bacteriological analysis of the water samples collected from these locations showed that the
points were heavily contaminated during winter survey than what they were found during
summer survey. Such results indicated the contamination of water with sewerage systems
during its transportation from source to distribution points. TC and FC contamination was
observed in all the water samples collected from consumer ends in monsoon except in seven
samples collected from Katra, Kumhrar, Mahendru, Mithapur, Chaudhary Tola and Saristabad.
It was observed that the water quality undergoes change from source to the distribution points.
PURI
The city receives water from ground water sources only. Since the city is situated near Bay
of Bengal, the ground water near to sea beach is saline. There are two low TDS zones, namely
Baliapanda and Chakratirtha, 2-3 km away from the seashore and these are used to meet the
requirement of potable water. Production wells are constructed for drawal of water from these
two low salinity water zones. The system has the adequacy to meet future demand. Though
these zones are well protected, some detrimental human activities are observed at Baliapanda.
From the data of raw water (source) and finished water samples it was revealed that physicochemical characteristics of ground water are acceptable as per CPHEEO guidelines. Chloride
values were low though the zone is very near to seashore. The turbidity values of ground water
samples changed from source to distribution. There was no variation in the water quality of bore
wells. Bleaching powder is added with ground water for disinfection at Ghodabazar and
Markendeshwar distribution reservoirs and chlorine gas is used at Totagopinath distribution
reservoir. The chlorine dose of 3 mg/L is applied at the distribution reservoir.
At MBR, the turbidity values were found in the range of 0.3 to 1.8, 0.5 to 1.6 and 0.8 to 2.8
NTU during winter, summer and monsoon seasons respectively. At MBR, the residual chlorine
was observed as 2 mg/L during winter. The respective values during summer and monsoon
were 2 to >2 mg/L and 1 to 2 mg/L. No bacterial count was detected at MBR in all the three
seasons. Residual chlorine values at consumer ends in winter, summer and monsoon were
found in the range of <0.2 to 2, <0.2 to 2 and >0.2 to >1 mg/L respectively. No bacterial count at
consumer end was observed in all the seasons.
RAIPUR
The water supply to Raipur city is from both surface and ground water sources. The raw
water source for treatment plant is Kharoon River. There is no intense human activity and
industrial setup in close proximity of intake point on the river and the river is well protected from
pollution. The Kharoon is a non-perennial river and gets dry during February to June. In dry
period the raw water is brought through a canal from the Ravishankar Dam situated on river
Mahanadi. There is one treatment plant in Raipur located near Ravanbhata at the south of the
city. This plant serves the population of about 8 lakhs. The design capacity of the treatment
plant is 47.67 MLD. The water quality after treatment was observed within permissible limit as
77
per CPHEEO guidelines. There was no significant variation in water quality during the study.
The residual chlorine in sump water and reservoirs was 0.5 - 1.5 mg/L.
Twenty percent of the city population is served by 40 bore wells. Bore well water is used
partly for mixing with surface water in service reservoirs and partly distributed directly through
stand posts directly connected to pumping sets. When the bore well water is supplied through
stand posts directly connected to the pumping set, the water is supplied without any treatment.
Such bore well water is not disinfected or chlorinated. The water quality of bore wells for physicochemical parameters during summer, winter and monsoon was found within the permissible limit
as per CPHEEO Guidelines.
Out of 51 samples collected during summer for the evaluation of bacteriological quality at
consumer ends, 10 samples were found contaminated with the total and faecal coliform. The
analysis of bore well water sample for bacteriological quality showed that most of the bore wells
in Raipur are contaminated. In summer 26 bore wells samples were collected of which 13
samples were analysed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters and thirteen were
analysed only for bacteriological quality. It was seen that out of 26 bore wells 3 bore wells were
found contaminated with total and faecal coliform. In monsoon 25 bore well water samples were
analysed and all were found contaminated with total and faecal coliform. In winter water
samples from 20 bore wells were analysed, of which 11 bore wells were contaminated with total
and faecal coliforms.
RANCHI
The source of water for Ranchi is Swarnarekha River. There is no significant variation in
physico-chemical characteristics. The water quality was classified under category C of CPCB
Specification.
Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of finished water meets the CPHEEO
guidelines. Residual chlorine 0.5 - 2 mg/L was maintained in finished water. Field studies and
water quality evaluation has not shown any adverse situation at the treatment plant. Chlorination
was found to be satisfactory. The performance of the water supply system from the treatment
plant to distribution system to consumers end is satisfactory. No chemical or organic
contamination was observed during the study period. No bacterial count was observed in
consumer point samples.
SHILLONG
The water supply in Shillong is from ground water (spring) and surface water (stream)
sources. There are seven natural springs, viz. Wah Risa, Umjasai, Wah Jalynoh, Crinoline,
Madan Laban, Patta Khana and Wah Dienglieng supplying water to the part of Shillong city.
There are additional three surface water sources, namely Umsohlang stream, Umiew river and
Umkhen river providing water to Mawlai (Umsohlang), Mawphlang (GSWS) and Umkhen water
treatment plants respectively.
No significant change was observed in raw water quality on day-to-day basis at Water
Treatment Plants. Field studies and water quality evaluation has not shown any adverse
situation in the treatment plants. No chemical or organic contamination was observed during the
study period. Residual chlorine was found in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 mg/L in the finished water.
78
The finished water quality meets CPHEEO guidelines except for bacteriological contamination in
distribution system. Residual chlorine was found only during monsoon in the service reservoir
samples. Bacteriological contamination in the distribution system and at consumers end was
noticed. Residual chlorine was not observed in the service reservoir samples during study
period. The presence of coliforms in these samples may be attributed to inadequate
chlorination, insufficient contact time and poor maintenance of service reservoirs.
SHIMLA
There are seven surface water sources and four water treatment plants. Cherot nallah, Kufri
nallah and springs are the raw water sources for Dhalli WTP. Ashwani Khad is the source of raw
water for Ashwani WTP. Chairh nallah is the raw water source for chairh WTP. Nauti Khad and
Kalyan nallah are the raw water sources for Gumma WTP. All the sources are well protected. It
was reported that 80% of the population is served by these water supplies.
There was no significant change in raw water quality on daily and seasonal basis. Overall
performance of water works was found satisfactory. The water samples from service reservoir
receiving water from Gumma Water Treatment Plant showed the presence of total coliform count
on some occasions and no faecal contamination was detected during the winter season. Water
quality at distribution system indicated the presence of total coliform in some samples even after
the presence of residual chlorine and may be related to insufficient contact time in the system.
SURAT
The main source of the water for the city is river Tapi, both surface water and ground water
sources are used for water supply, 40 MLD water is drawn from radial collection well in the
riverbed. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration observed was 188 to 227 mg/L. All
the water quality parameters observed in raw water were found within the limits prescribed by
CPHEEO guidelines. Changes in water quality from source to the distribution stations were
negligible. The treated water residual chlorine was observed from 0.7 to 2 mg/L. As far as the
bacteriological quality is concerned, cent percent removal was observed due to high chlorination
practices. Therefore, the overall functioning of the treatment units are observed satisfactory.
UDAIPUR
The city draws water from three freshwater lakes, viz. Jai Samand, Fateh Sagar and Pichola.
The lake Jai Samand, 55 km away from the city, provides major portion of raw water. The
Pichola and Fateh Sagar lakes are located within the city. In addition tube wells and open wells
at several locations in the city are used. There are 78 tube-wells of which 9 are in the lake Fateh
Sagar and operated only when lake water level is very low. Another ground water source is
located at mining area of Rajasthan State Minerals and Mines (RSMM) where water pumped
from the mines is stored in Jhamar Kotra Dam Reservoir, which also serves as water source for
city water supply.
It is evident form the results that the physico-chemical parameters of quality of water
supplied in the city are within the permissible limits of CPHEEO guidelines and there is no
fluctuation on daily basis. No bacterial counts were found in the samples of the service
reservoirs, showing that they are free from contamination. Total 77 samples were collected from
representative consumer ends and 27 samples showed residual chlorine concentration less
79
than 0.2 mg/L of which 11 samples had positive bacterial counts. These samples indicated TNC
values for all the three bacteriological parameters, viz. Total Coliform, E.Coli and Faecal
Coliform.
VARANASI
Surface water source (river Ganga) and ground water sources, contributing almost equally,
are used for water supply to Varanasi. The quality of raw water received at Bhadaini intake point
is satisfactory with respect to physico-chemical parameters. Raw water from ground sources is
drawn through 109 tube wells spread throughout the city with the present yield of approximately
145 MLD. Total coliforms were found in 30%, 47% and 88% of the analysed samples for 1 to 5
days of sampling in different seasons. Faecal coliforms were detected in 10%, 44% and 28% of
the analysed samples. The tube wells water is disinfected by bleaching powder solution.
Contamination of most of the tube wells with coliforms during monsoon season might be due
to percolation of water accumulated in the monsoon ponds. It was observed that cleanliness is
not maintained around some of the tube wells and garbage was also found dumped near pump
house of some tube wells. As there is no proper arrangement for drainage of the wastewater, it is
likely to percolate and result into contamination of sources. There is no adequate security and
protection of tube well sources, hence, bathing and washing activities are common near some of
tube wells premises using the water from bypass pipes like RP Ghat and Bhadani.
Raw, treated and stored water and water at consumer ends were assessed during three
seasons, viz. winter, summer and monsoon. Turbidity of raw water varied between 8 and 10
NTU. Total Alkalinity and Hardness ranged as 200 - 210 and 180 - 184 mg/L respectively. The
parameters of raw water were well within CPCB guidelines for raw water acceptable for drinking
water, except bacterial count and turbidity. The residual chlorine was detected in all the 16 OHTs
in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L and the quality of stored water in reservoirs and tanks was safe for
supplies to consumers.
Results of microbial analysis revealed that the water sample of house connections in
Sheopur and PSP in Lahartara, Mint House, Durgakund, Sundarpur, Rathyatra and PSP in BHU
were found contaminated with total as well as Faecal coliforms and residual chlorine was absent.
Total coliforms were also detected in the samples collected from PSPs in Sarnath, Sikraul,
Nadeser, BHU, Assi, Godaulia and Sigra. Residual chlorine was not detected in these samples
except those of Assi and Godaulia. It has been observed that 20 to 44% of the collected samples
were contaminated with coliforms in various sampling sectors in all the seasons.
Water samples were collected from handpumps for analysis of physico-chemical and
bacteriological parameters and showed that turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), Total
Hardness, Magnesium, Chloride and Fluoride exceeded the limit and all other physico-chemical
parameters were within the acceptable limits as per CPHEEO guidelines. None of the
parameters exceed the permissible limit. Chloride and Fluoride exceeded in one and three
samples respectively. Total coliforms were also detected in all the samples except that of
Kajjakpura and Pitarkunda. Faecal contamination was also found in sample of Bari Piari. Water
from none of these surveyed handpumps was suitable for potability, hence, may be used only in
absence of alternate sources.
80
VISAKHAPATNAM
There are 3 surface water sources and 2 ground water sources for the city water supply. All
the water sources are properly protected. Reportedly there are no industries in the catchment
area.
The turbidity values in treated water exceeded the CPHEEO Guidelines in post-monsoon
and summer seasons in Maghadrigedda phase I and phase II of water treatment plants. The
turbidity of treated water samples in Narava and Tatipudi have been found within the CPHEEO
norms in all the three seasons. The values of iron in post-monsoon season exceeded the
CPHEEO norms in Narava and Tatipudi samples. The values of iron in winter season exceeded
the CPHEEO standards in all the samples except Tatipudi. The values of the remaining
parameters were found well within the limits prescribed by CPHEEO norms.
In post monsoon season a total of 102 samples covering the entire distribution system
encompassing problem areas, low pressure zones, areas with high leakage, dead ends in the
distribution system and farthest points from service reservoirs including the old distribution
system were analyzed for residual chlorine. Out of the 102 samples five samples were found
with residual chlorine less than 0.2 mg/L and were analyzed for bacteriological quality and were
found to have TC and FC count. A total number of 64 samples were analyzed for residual
chlorine during winter season sampling and all were found to have sufficient residual chlorine. In
summer season, a total number of 66 samples were analyzed for residual chlorine in the same
localities. Out of 66 samples 1 sample with residual chlorine less than 0.2 mg/L was analysed for
bacteriological quality and showed presence of TC and FC. In post monsoon season five
samples were found to have TC and FC count. In summer season, out of 66 samples 1 sample
with residual chlorine less than 0.2 mg/L was analysed for bacteriological quality and showed
presence of TC and FC.
4.7
Waste Management and Sanitation
4.7.1 Solid Waste Management

The quantity of solid waste generated per day in the cities under study is shown in Fig. 4.11.
Solid waste management facilities for collection and disposal of the generated waste exist in
most of the cities. The maximum solid waste is generated at Bangalore, 2000 MT/day and least
at Shimla, 60 MT/day (Fig. 4.11). The methods of disposal normally followed are landfilling,
dumping, composting and biological treatment of waste.
4.7.2 Sewerage System and Sewage Treatment

Some of the cities are partially sewered, whereas there are many cities without any
sewerage system. The cities with partial sewer lines are Allahabad, Bangalore, Bhopal,
Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Durgapur, Faridabad, Indore, Kochi, Patna, Puri, Surat, Udaipur,
Varanasi, Vishakhapatnam and city without any sewer lines are Bhubaneshwar, Dehradun,
Guwahati, Patiala, Raipur, Ranchi, Shillong, Shimla. However, none of the cities have the
facilities of treating the total sewage generated in the city. Sewage treatment plant exists in 15
cities. The treated effluent as well as untreated sewage is disposed off in the nearby water
bodies.
81
82
Solid Waste (MT/day)
475
300
800
200
350
250
r
do
In
600
Ko
i
ch
t
Pa
180
l
ia
Cities
323
t
Pa
na
800
Pu
ri
132
r
pu
ai
R
150
80
ng
ll o
i
h
Fig. 4.11 : Solid Waste Generation in the Cities
i
n
h
d
re
at
ar
ba
du
to
ah
a
a
a
rg
r
i
d
b
ri
uw
nd
eh
m
G
D
oi
Fa
ha
C
C
l
650
a
op
Bh
2000
e
ad
or
ab
al
h
g
n
la
Al
Ba
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
im
Sh
la
60
t
ra
Su
da
U
1000
ur
ip
600
i
m
as
na
an
r
at
a
p
a
V
kh
sa
i
V
200
600
4.8
Health Status
The details of diseases prevalence, particularly number of cases of cholera, gastroenteritis,

hepatitis, dysentery, diarrhoea, jaundice and typhoid for the cities of Allahabad, Bangalore,
Bhopal, Coimbatore, Guwahati, Indore, Kochi, Patna, Puri, Raipur, Shimla, Surat, Udaipur,
Varanasi and Visakhapatnam recorded during last five years are given in Table 3.4. There were
no cases of illness due to water borne diseases during last 3 - 5 years in the cities of
Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Durgapur, Patiala, Ranchi and Shillong.
4.9
Training and Human Resource Development
The performance of a plant will only be as good as the designer, the builder and more
importantly the operator allow it to be. Even the best designed and constructed plant cannot
perform well in the hands of a poor operator. Therefore, a competent plant personnel is a sine
quo non to produce, at all times, a consistently good quality, safe water meeting the prescribed
standards.
In number of water supply systems maintained by local bodies, there are too many plant
personnel, especially at the lower level and their productivity is far from satisfactory. With the
result, they constitute a major source of drain on the revenue receipts of the water works.
Excepting in a few states there are no well-defined norms prescribed for the number of personnel
at various levels vis--vis the size of the plant and the treatment flow sheet. Their job description
is not clearly laid down. The other side is that a definite policy for career and human resources
development opportunities for plant personnel is lacking. Also, proper motivation and incentives
aimed at development of technical skill and knowledge in plant operation commensurate with
salaries appears to be missing.
Adequate programmes are not available for sub-professionals like filter operators and
attendants. Necessarily, these courses have to be designed by the state agencies in the local
language keeping in view the educational level of such personnel.
It is also observed that some of the training courses are essentially classroom oriented
without adequate practical or hand-on training. This imbalance in the course contents needs to
be removed through a proper blend of theory and practice. Also a system of certification of plant
operators would seem very necessary in the light of large investments made on sophisticated
plants to ensure their satisfactory performance. Necessary legal provision to this effect should
be made for all the cities / towns preferably at the state level. A system of gradation of the
operators should be devised through a National or State Board.
4.10
Organizational Aspects
The institutional structure for management of water supply in different states takes different
forms such as Public Health Engineering Department (PHEDs), Water Supply and Sewerage /
Drainage Boards, Municipal Corporations, Municipalities etc. While uniformity in structure may
not be feasible because of diverse local factors, there should be only one organisation in one
urban area with full responsibility and accountability for water supply.
Very few local bodies have adequate qualified and competent engineering and technical
personnel for planning, designing and implementing water supply projects on their own. Works
83
of capital nature are, therefore, invariably assigned to the Public Health Engineering Department
or Water Supply and Sewerage/Drainage Boards. While local bodies should take on the full
responsibility for operation and maintenance of water supply systems, experience has shown
that some of them are reluctant to do so because of their weak resource base.
4.11
Financial Aspects
The information on annual expenditure for water supply is available only for eight cities, viz.
Allahabad Rs. 2021.9 Lakhs, Bangalore Rs. 2554 Lakhs, Bhopal Rs. 360 Lakhs, Coimbatore Rs.
537 Lakhs, Indore Rs. 493.6 Lakhs, Kochi Rs. 801 Lakhs, Shimla Rs. 184.4 Lakhs and
Visakhapatnam Rs. 2306 Lakhs. The annual collection towards water charges for the cities of
Allahabad, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Faridabad, Kochi, Patna, Shimla, Varanasi and
Visakhapatnam are depicted in Fig. 4.12.
A major constraint in effective operation and maintenance of water supply systems has been
inadequate financial resources. Because of several contributing factors, the revenue receipts
from water supply rarely meet the expenditure incurred in the production and distribution of
potable water. The shortfall is usually madeup, if at all, through other sources of revenue.
It is imperative that the water supply system must generate necessary funds to meet the
annual cost of operation and maintenance and to provide for a reserve for meeting the capital
expenses for future improvement to the system. This will require suitable restructuring of water
rates and tariff based on the cost of production, operation and maintenance and effective
collection of the same. It would be difficult to collect the entire cost from the beneficiaries. But
the systems have to be maintained properly to utilize the investment already made and
infrastructural facilities created and to provide the basic need of water supply to the people. This
also means stringency on manpower deployment and expenditure incurred on consumables.
4.12
Public Relations
Perhaps, one of the most neglected aspects of water works management has been public
relations. The KAP and Sanitary Survey for all the project cities/towns based on the specified set
of questionnaire was undertaken. In most of the cities it was observed that the awareness about
drinking water pollution, SDWQ programme, health aspects, sanitation etc. among the general
public was less than 50%. On the other hand 50 90% of the respondents from water supply
agencies and health agencies were aware of the SDWQ programme and other aspects of water
supply and sanitation.
The local elite and the common public in general are ignorant about the source of their water
supply, the various steps the water goes through before it is turned into a potable product, the
complexities and cost involved in the process of treatment and distribution. A general
awareness and appreciation of this information could increase the goodwill and cooperation of
the consumers and pave the way for better relations between the two. This could be achieved
through the media, handouts, popular lectures and brochures and through 'open days' when the
population is allowed to visit the water works.
Voluntary agencies can play a useful role in improving the quality of service to community
from local bodies, facilitate community level dialogue in planning, motivation and monitoring of
water supply.
84
85
Rupees (lakhs)
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
ha
la
Al
d
ba
e
or
al
g
n
Ba
1600
2021.9
2307
2554
oi
re
to
ba
537 523.5
re
do
In
493.6
Fa
Cities
a
ab
rid
360.4
i
ch
Ko
801
1150
t
Pa
na
328.7
Fig. 4.12 : Annual Financial Aspects in the Cities
al
op
h
B
360
Annual Expenditure
Annual Water Charges
im
Sh
la
184.4
155.9
na
ra
a
V
si
m
na
at
p
ha
ak
s
Vi
88.8
2306
4402
5.0
Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality (SDWQ)
Any agency responsible for product is also responsible for product quality. The product
quality is subject to the standards. The quality in itself is above the standards. The standards
focus on lowest level of quality; something below which the product is no longer acceptable. But
where are the limits for improving the product or service? The quality, therefore, is under
constant up-surge. With the intrinsic implication of "quality", the product quality control is
imperative. The water supply is an industry with water for public consumption as the product.
The product water quality must be of the standard acceptable for drinking water. Entrusted with
this responsibility, the water supply agency has liberty and responsibility to inspect, protect and
improve the installations and collect and analyze the water samples. All those activities are for
water quality control.
The surveillance of drinking water quality also involves inspection of site and sanitary
condition of installations. The activities of SDWQ include assessment of design, commissioning
and O&M of source, treatment, storage and distribution. The sampling and analysis of water
from source to distribution are main components of SDWQ. The water analysis laboratories of
water supply agency, financial and manpower structure are in the perview of SDWQ. The
surveillance of drinking water quality is to seek the answer to the question is the water supply
agency in a position to give the specified quality of water to total population within reasonable
cost? The SDWQ includes all the activities to seek answer to the question.
5.1
Status of SDWQ
Surveillance of drinking water quality can be defined as the combined measures adopted by
the competent authorities to evaluate the risk to public health of the quality of water provided by
public water systems, as well as to evaluate the degree of compliance with legislation linked with
water quality.
The water quality surveillance is an activity of investigation generally carried out by the
competent public authorities, directed toward identifying and evaluating risk factors associated
with public water system and which can imply a threat to the health of the population. It is an
activity which is preventive as well as corrective in ensuring the reliability and safety of water for
human consumption. Surveillance is preventive because it facilitates the early detection of risk
factors so that action can be taken before abnormalities in water quality occur or negative health
impacts are produced. It is corrective because it permits the identification of sources of
outbreaks of water-related diseases in order to act on them, re-establish water quality and keep
the problem from spreading. If good use is made of the information resulting from this type of
analysis or evaluation, it will be possible to improve standards on drinking water quality, as well
as operational, maintenance, storage and distribution procedures and the regulations
concerning design, construction, building materials or chemicals employed in water treatment.
The guidelines for designing the water quality surveillance programme for the city / town are
illustrated in Annexure IX.
The total percentage of cities, where some SDWQ programme is undertaken regularly is
shown in Fig. 4.13. A total of 26% of the cities, which have SDWQ programme include
Bangalore, Coimbatore, Surat, Kochi, Raipur and Visakhapatnam. In Bangalore, Coimbatore,
Surat, Kochi and Visakhapatnam the sampling frequency is once in a month (Table 3.4). On the
other hand 74% of the total cities do not undertake SDWQ programme. These include
86
Allahabad, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Dehradun, Durgapur, Faridabad, Guwahati,

Patiala, Patna, Puri, Ranchi, Shillong, Shimla, Indore, Udaipur and Varanasi.
5.2
SDWQ Programme Planning
Organizing and implementation of surveillance of drinking water quality programme are no

longer matter of debate. Having spent nation-wide multiple resources on the installations of
public water supply schemes with the objective of provision of safe water supply to the
population, it is logically obvious to know the results of these efforts. This is highly essential to
known that the resources are aptly utilized or need on-line intervention
or improved productivity. The surveillance of drinking water quality is not for finding fault in any
particular sector of organised community water supply and implicating punishment but for
integrated assessment of organised community water supply for ranking and improvement. All
the relevant agencies and personnel must understand this aspect of surveillance programme.
An enforceable corrective action for specific improvement with identified responsibility is an
integrated part of surveillance outcome.
The objectives of the surveillance of drinking water quality call for uniformity in formulating
the SDWQ programme. Considering the national coverage of SDWQ and large local variations,
it is neither possible nor desirable of formulate a uniform standard for rigorous implementation.
There are several local and regional variations in total design of water supply schemes. The
persistant changes due to erratic urbanization demand alterations in water supply installations
and practices and this call for modified SDWQ. Such modifications need not rest on excuses as
sound socio-economic, scientific and engineering analysis of changed situations is possible.
The change in SDWQ and variation in adoption of guidelines for SDWQ must be based on strong
foundation of relevant knowledge.
Several local variations warranting the difference in conducting SDWQ were noticed in
course of these studies. The cases of erratic local decisions were noted. On certain matters
high degree of uniformity of strongly objectionable nature was observed. Coverage of all such
local variations, errors and erroneous uniformities is not aimed in the studies. The important
issues are discussed for consideration in SDWQ for a city.
The city of Mumbai uses Vaitarna impoundment water as sources of raw water for public
water supply. As an inflow of recharge water in the dam takes considerable time before reaching
the point of intake of water supply scheme, the physico-chemical and bacterial water quality is
stabilized. No daily changes are anticipated and frequency of sampling and analysis must take
cognizance of this site-specific situation. The Kake dam in Ranchi in highly influences by
wastewater flow, solid waste dragged into water and washing of cattle and vehicles. The dam
did not overflow in last 10 years. A proposal was prepared for desilting of dam. The dam does
not need desilting. Protection of dam from influence of polluting waste and pollution causing
human actives is highly essential.
The water distribution network of Ranchi needs
interconnection to utilize the Swarnarekha water in part of the city with low supply levels. The
water sources of the city of Bangalore are under the threat of pollution due to colonies and slums
occupying the sensitive catchment area resulting in discharge of waste and interference in
natural impounding watershed. This is leading to closure of these water bodies. The intake of
Kolar Water Works of Bhopal in from a single sluice get of the Kolar dam and bottom water of the
dam is susceptible to change in water quality due to change in bacterial degradation of
sediments. The temperature of water zone in the vicinity of the sediment influences the bacterial
87
88
74%
Cities
No
Yes
26%
Cities
Bangalore
Coimbatore
Kochi
Raipur
Surat
Visakhapatnam
Fig. 4.13 : Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality Programme in the Cities
Allhabad
Bhopal
Bhubaneswar
Chandigarh
Dehradun
Durgapur
Faridabad
Guwahati
Indore
Patiala
Patna
Puri
Ranchi
Shillong
Shimla
Udaipur
Varanasi
degradation of sediments. This temperature changes seasonally. The season change,

therefore, influence iron and management content of water. For prompt modification of
treatment commensurate with raw and treated water quality, the raw water sampling schedule of
Kolar water supply scheme demand frequent sampling. This site-specific situation is different
from the condition of Vaitarna dam.
Erroneous uniformity of objectionable nature in water treatment plants pertains to addition of
chemicals in the treatment as a most important singular factor. Almost all the water treatment
plants add alum blocks in raw water channel as a measure of alum dosing. Even the treatment
plant having the functional chemical dissolution assembly, resort to throwing alum blocks in raw
water channel at some stages. Whatever may be the reasons for such emergent actions, there
need by strict vigilance to suppress this way of chemical dosing. Chlorination also need be done
by appropriately dissolving the chlorine gas in gas dissolution assembly and dispensing
uniformly dispersed and dissolved bleaching powder solution.
Community base approach to surveillance of drinking water quality has been tried at some
cities. One of the examples is Bhagidari scheme for improvement of water and sanitation
services in NCT-Delhi. The water supply agency of the city of Bangalore has designed elaborate
and effective consumer services schemes. The complaints are properly recorded, grievances
and complaints regarding water supply are attended at fixed places at the fixed and wellinformed periodicity. Modern methods are adopted for convenience of consumers in making
payments of water bills.
With reliance on the data obtained through the interaction with the city agencies, KAP
survey, interaction with the officers of city water supply agency and consumers during the course
of discussion while collecting the samples and the organised workshop for the project is
considered together for preparing the guidelines for SDWQ programme. Long standing
experience of the project team in handling various water supply related project cannot be kept
aside while formulating the plan for SDWQ and this has been reflected in the foregoing
discussion.
The guidelines for staff pattern of the laboratories, parameters of water quality assessment,
frequency of sampling for bacteriological and physico-chemical parameters for surveillance of
drinking water quality and identification of the instruments and equipment for water quality
assessment laboratory has been prepared for the planning of surveillance of drinking water
quality programme. The information is presented in table through Table 5.1 to 5.4. The planning
of manpower and infrastructure may be done considering this information. A reasonable
uniformity in SDWQ programme is essential for generation of comparable information.
The SDWQ programmes for each city, thus, need be planned taking cognizance of both
favourable and adverse local variations in all the aspects and issues of surveillance and keeping
the national objective of providing safe domestic water supply at the reasonable cost.
89
Table 5.1
Suggested Guidelines for Staff Pattern of the Laboratories
Sl. No.
1.
Designation
Category
No.
City / District Water Supply Agency - Laboratory for Monitoring Water Quality
Team - 1
1.1
Executive Analyst
Grade Rs.
8000-275-13500
1.2
(Post Graduate in Chemistry /

Bacteriology/Microbiology/Environmental
Science and minimum 5 years of experience in
analysis of water and related material with
knowledge of established techniques of
chemical and bacteriological analysis of water &
materials normally used in water treatment
excluding the functional group analysis and
monomer content estimation but including
physical methods of quality control of polymers
used in water treatment. Knowledge of PC
operation with computer operated monitoring
and measuring devices, Windows and MS
Office)
Team Leader of Team -1 & Reporting to Head of
Water Supply Agency
Assistant Analyst
(Post Graduate in Chemistry with knowledge of
established techniques of Physico-chemical
analysis of water, alum, bleaching powder,
chlorine solutions and lime. Knowledge of PC
operation with computer operated monitoring
and measuring devices, Windows and MS
Office)
1.3
(Post Graduate in Bacteriology / Environmental

Sciences / Microbiology with knowledge of
established techniques of bacteriological
analysis of water. Knowledge of PC operation
with computer operated monitoring and
measuring devices, Windows and MS Office)
1.4
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
Grade Rs.
5500-175-9000
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
Grade Rs.
5500-175-9000
Assistant Analyst
Suitable support staff and infrastructure or out

sourcing of associated jobs
e.g. PC Operation, Photocopying, Cleaning,
Stores, Transport
90
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
One per plant of

capacity upto 200 mld
or multiple upto 4 plants
in single campus or
within 5 km from the
plant of highest capacity
with total capacity of the
system not exceeding
150 mld or proportional
variation
One per plant of
capacity upto 200 mld
or multiple upto 4 plants
in single campus or
within 5 km from the
plant of highest capacity
with total capacity of the
system not exceeding
150 mld or proportional
variation
2.
Water Supply of the City and District - Laboratory for Surveillance of Drinking
Water Quality
Team 2
2.1
Superintending Analyst
Science and minimum 10 years of
experience in analysis of water and
related material with knowledge of
established techniques of chemical and
bacteriological analysis of water &
materials normally used in water
treatment excluding the functional group
analysis and monomer content
estimation but including physical
methods of quality control of polymers
used in water treatment. Knowledge of
PC operation with computer operated
monitoring and measuring devices,
Windows and MS Office)
Team Leader of Team - 2 & Reporting to
Surveillance committee as mentioned at
Sr. No. 6.10 of Volume I
2.2
Grade Rs.
14300-40018300
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
Grade Rs.
8000-275-13500
Executive Analyst
Science and minimum 5 years of
experience in analysis of water and
related material with knowledge of
established techniques of chemical and
bacteriological analysis of water &
materials normally used in water
treatment excluding the functional group
analysis and monomer content
estimation but including physical
methods of quality control of polymers
used in water treatment. Knowledge of
PC operation with computer operated
Team Leader of Team -1 & Reporting to
Head of Water Supply Agency
91
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
2.3
Assistant Analyst
Grade Rs.
5500-175-9000
(Post Graduate in Chemistry with

Physico-chemical analysis of water,
alum, bleaching powder, chlorine
solutions and lime. Knowledge of PC
operation with computer operated
2.4
Assistant Analyst
Grade Rs.
5500-175-9000
(Post Graduate in Bacteriology /

Environmental Sciences / Microbiology
with knowledge of established
techniques of bacteriological analysis of
water. Knowledge of PC operation with
computer operated monitoring and
measuring devices, Windows and MS
Office)
2.5
3.
One per plant of

capacity upto 200
mld or multiple upto
With promotional 4 plants in single
avenues in three campus or within 5
higher grades in km from the plant of
time scale
highest capacity
with total capacity of
the system not
exceeding 150 mld
or proportional
variation
AND
One per population
of 10 -20 lakhs
served in the
distribution system
One per plant of
capacity upto 200
mld or multiple upto
With promotional 4 plants in single
avenues in three campus or within 5
higher grades in km from the plant of
time scale
highest capacity
with total capacity of
the system not
exceeding 150 mld
or proportional
variation
AND
One per population
upto10 lakhs served
in the distribution
system
Suitable support staff and infrastructure

or out sourcing of associated jobs
e.g. PC Operation, Photocopying,
Cleaning, Stores, Transport
State Agency Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality

Team - 3
3.1
Chief Analyst
Grade Rs.
18400-45020000
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
Team Leader of Team - 3 &

Chief Executive of Surveillance of
Drinking Water Quality in the St ate
92
3.2
Expert Analyst
- Microbiology
- Analytical Chemistry
- Organics
- Pesticides
- Instrumentation Specialist
- Trace Metals
Grade Rs.
14300-40018300
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
3.3
Assistant Analyst
(Post Graduate in Chemistry with
Physico-chemical analysis of water,
alum, bleaching powder, chlorine
solutions and lime. Knowledge of PC
operation with computer operated
Assistant Analyst
Grade Rs.
5500-175-9000
3.4
3.5
3.6
(Post Graduate in Bacteriology /

Environmental Sciences / Microbiology
with knowledge of established
techniques of bacteriological analysis of
water. Knowledge of PC operation with
computer operated monitoring and
measuring devices, Windows and MS
Office)
Suitable support staff or out sourcing of
consolidated analytical assignment to an
organisation
Suitable support staff and infrastructure
or out sourcing of associated jobs
e.g. PC Operation, Photocopying,
Cleaning, Stores, Transport
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
Grade Rs.
5500-175-9000
With promotional
avenues in three
higher grades in
time scale
Grade and scale of pay as per Central Government Employees Year Book 2005, A Nabhi
Publication, New Delhi 110 001.
93
Table : 5.2
Parameters for Water Quality Assessment
Sl.
No.
Parameter
Method(s)
Physical
1.
Colour
Visual comparison method

Spectrophotometric method
Threshold odour test
Flavour threshold test
Flavour rating assessment
Flavour profile analysis
pH meter
pH paper
Nephelometer
2.
3.
Odour
Taste
4.
pH
5.
Turbidity
6.
7.
Conductivity
Dissolved Solids
By Conductivity Meter
Filtration and Evaporation method
Computation from conductivity measurement
8.
Alkalinity
9.
10.
Total Hardness
Iron
11.
12.
Chloride
Residual Free Chlorine
13.
14.
Calcium
Magnesium
pH meter
Potentiometric Titration
Titration method
EDTA titrimetric method
Atomic absorption spectrometric method
Inductively coupled plasma method
Argentometric method
Iodometric method I
Iodometric method II
Amperometric titration method
Low level amperometric titration method
DPD ferrous titrimetric method
DPD colorimetric method
By chloroscopes
15.
Manganese
16.
Sulphate
17.
Nitrate
18.
Fluoride
Chemical

Per sulphate method
Ion chromatographic method
Gravimetric method with ignition of residue
Gravimetric method with drying of residue
Turbidimetric method
Ion chromatographic method
U.V spectrophotometric screening method
Nitrate electrode method
Cadmium reduction method
Automated cadmium reduction method
Automated hydrazine method
Ion selective electrode method
94
19.
Sodium
20.
Potassium
21.
Phenolic Compounds
22.
Cyanide
SPADNS method
Flame emission photometric method
Flame emission photometric method
Chloroform extraction method
Direct photometric method
Cyanide selective electrode method
Colorimetric Method
Heavy Metals
23.
Copper
24.
Nickel
25.
Mercury
26.
Cadmium
27.
Arsenic
28.
Lead
29.
Zinc
30.
Chromium
31.
Aluminium

Neocuproine method
Bathocuproine method
Heptoxime method
Dimethylglyoxime method
Cold vapour atomic absorption method
95
Dithiozone
method
Dithiozone method
Silver diethyldithiocarbamate method
Mercuric bromide stain method
Dithiozone method
Zincon method
Colorimetric method
Eriochrome cyanine method
Automated pyrocatechol violet method
Pesticides
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Dieldrin
Aldrin
Endrin
Lindane
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
o,p -DDT
p,p -DDT
pp' -DDE
BHC
Methoxychlor
Chlordane
Liquid - liquid extraction Gas Chromatographic

Method I
Liquid - liquid extraction Gas Chromatographic
Method II
Radioactivity
44.
45.
"Alpha" activity
"Beta" activity
Counting method
Counting method
Bacteriology
46.
Total Coliform
47.
Faecal Coliform
Membrane Filter Technique

Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique
Membrane Filter Technique
Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique
96
Table : 5.3
Frequency of Sampling for Bacteriological and Physico- Chemical Parameters
for Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality
Sl. No.
Location
1.
Source - Surface Water
1.1
-Rivers / Infiltration Wells
Parameter
Frequency of
Sampling
Minimum
Number of
Samples
Once in a month
Once in a week
Once in three
months
Once in six
months
Once in a month
Once in a month
Once in three
months
Once in six
months
Once in a month
Once in a week
Once in a month
Once in three
months
One per source
10 % of the total
sources
Pesticides
Bacteriological
Once in a month
Once in a month
Once in six
months
Once in a year
Once in a month
Physico-Chemical
Heavy Metals
Pesticides
Once in a month
Once in a year
Once in 3 years
Bacteriological
Physico-Chemical
Heavy Metals
Pesticides
1.2
- Impounded Reservoirs of
Sustained impoundment
Bacteriological
Physico-Chemical
Heavy Metals
Pesticides
1.3
2.
- Impounded Reservoir
with Seasonal Variation
and getting dried up in
Scarcity Season
Bacteriological
Physico-Chemical
Heavy Metals
Pesticides
One per source
One per source
Source - Ground Water
2.1
-Tube Wells
2.2
-Hand Pumps
Bacteriological
Physico-Chemical
Heavy Metals
10 % of the total
sources
5 % of the total
sources
Contd ...
97
Contd...
Sl. No.
3.
Location
- Treated water before

chlorination
3.2
-Various Units of the plant
3.3
- Sump, Master Balancing

Reservoir, Ground Level
Reservoir, Elevated Service
Reservoir, Overhead tank
Distribution System
4.1
Frequency of
Sampling
Minimum
Number of
Samples
Treatment Plants
3.1
4.
Parameter
- Stand Post and Consumer

Ends
Bacteriological
Physico-Chemical
Heavy Metals
Pesticides
Bacteriological
pH, Turbidity,
Alkalinity,
Conductivity,
Sulphate
Bacteriological
pH, Turbidity,
Conductivity,
Residual chlorine
Bacteriological
pH, Turbidity,
Conductivity,
Residual Chlorine
Once every day

Once in a month
Once in six
months
Once in a year
Once every day
Once every day
One per treatment

plant
Once every day

Once every day
From 50% of the

mentioned units
Once every day

Once every day
From 30
representative
locations
From appropriate
units
Water Sampling and Analysis for Heavy Metals and Pesticides is to be conducted by
the State Agency - Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality
98
Table 5.4
Instruments & Equipment for Water Quality Assessment Laboratory
Sl. No.
Instruments
1.
Items
Level of Laboratory State/ District/ City

State
2.
Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer

(GCMS)
Atomic Adsorption Spectrometer (AAS)
3.
Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC)
State
4.
State
6.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography

(HPLC)
Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer
(ICPS)
Total Organic Carbon Analyzer
7.
Stereo Microscope
State, District and City
8.
Flame Photometer
9.
Spectrophotometer (Visible & Ultraviolet)
10.
Monopan Digital Balance
11.
Conductivity Meter
12.
pH Meter
13.
Jar Test Apparatus
14.
Specific Ion Meter
State and City
15.
Microscope
State and City
5.
State
State
State
Equipment
1.
Deep Freezer
State and City
2.
Refrigerator
3.
Micro Wave Oven
State and City
4.
Kjel Plus Nitrogen Analyzer
State and City
5.
Arsine Generating Apparatus
State and City
6.
Muffle Furnace
7.
Magnetic Stirrer
8.
Oven
9.
Autoclave
10.
Membrane Filter Assembly

0
11.
Incubators 37 C & 44 C
12.
Distillation Apparatus
13.
Centrifuge
14.
15.
Colour Comparator and Comparator test set for

residual chlorine or Chloroscopes
Celsius Thermometer
16.
Colony Counter
17.
Vaccum Pump
99
18.
Deep Freezer
State and City
19.
Heating Mantle and Hot Plates
20.
Fuel Gas cylinder or pipe gas supply
21.
Burners
22.
Imhoff Cones
23.
Specific Ion electrodes (F, Cyanide & others)
State and City
24.
Fume Coup Board
25.
Physical Balance
26.
Water Bath 12 Concentric Holes and Discs
27.
Dessicators
28.
Soxhlet Extraction Unit
29.
BOD Incubator
30.
Fire Extinguisher
31.
First Aid Kit
32.
33.
Safety Equipments (Goggles, apron, gloves,

gas mask)
UPS Generator
34.
PC with printer
35.
Telephone
36.
Motorcycles with sampling kits
District and City
37.
Ice boxes
38.
Sieve Shaker with standard sieves
39.
Rotary Shaker
40.
Air conditioner
100
6.0
Recommendations
Recommendations are framed on the basis of the findings of the study. These are under ten
sub-heads that are source, treatment, storage and reservoirs, distribution, leak detection, quality
control, administrative and financial structure, staff, public awareness and organisation structure
for surveillance of drinking water quality. The recommendations take cognizance of the safety
and dependability of source and runs through a series of issues up to independency of the
authority of the organisational structure of the agency to conduct surveillance of the drinking
water quality. Public participation and multi laboratory approach has been recommended for
credibility and low budget functioning of surveillance programme. Finally apex level supervision
is a must. Empowerment does not mean anarchy. CPHEEO may periodically review SDWQ.
6.1
Source
Holological approach to the resolution of the problems in urban water supply based on the
concept of environmental carrying capacity is essential and need be practiced for
sustainable solution to the problems of dependability of sources
There is a need for a more realistic estimate of water needs through accurate projection of
future population based on past growth trends, per capita water demand and the
requirements of sectors of development other than water for domestic use and human
consumption
Augmentation of supply should be so planned and implemented that by the time the existing
capacity reaches its exploitation to the limiting capacity, the facility for expansion goes on
stream, so that there are no uncovered developing localities in terms of organised public
water supply
Water sources should always be protected from trespass, particularly sinking of bore wells
within few meters, even in privately owned land, should be covered in prevention of
trespass, as such bores are sunk only after the yield of public water supply tube well is
adequately established
No human activities like wastewater disposal, bathing, washing of cloths, washing of

animals/vehicles should be permitted in the vicinity and particularly upstream of raw water
intake and/or impounded water bodies
Area around the bore / tube wells should be properly fenced in order to prevent entry of
animals near the sources; in crowded localities where such source can not be isolated by
fencing, the land surface should be properly treated to prevent seepage of water or
wastewater in the vicinity of the installation
Solid waste disposal sites and septic tanks should not be located in the vicinity of ground
water sources; in any case if these are located in proximity, the source should be abandoned
6.2
!
Treatment
Design of treatment flow sheet should not be decided as a matter of routine but based on an
assessment of water quality and treatability studies to meet the prescribed standards of
101
finished water quality

!
Defective design, construction noted by O&M agency at any later stage must be rectified by
the commissioning agency on the demand
Small plants, which cannot afford technical resources, support services and competent
personnel for operation and maintenance, simple, proven systems such as horizontal-flow
rectangular settling tanks (without mechanical sludge removal mechanism) should be
preferred
Baffled hydraulic mixing devices and pebble-bed flocculators, when properly designed could
provide simple alternatives to conventional systems without compromising on the functional
efficiency
Installation of mastermeters (Venturi/Orifice type) at the raw water pumping station(s) or a

measuring flume/weir in the raw water inlet channel with appropriate indicating, recording
and integrating system should be made mandatory for all water works to provide accurate
information on raw water inflow which is vital for plant operation and control
Master meters should also be installed in the clear water pumping stations to facilitate
maintaining a record of the quantity of finished water supplied into the distribution system
Gadgets in the treatment plant must be in working order and the person in charge at the level
of Assistant Engineer should be responsible for the up keep, operation and maintenance of
the gadgets
Appropriate alum dosing arrangements should be made functional and practice of adding
alum blocks in raw water channels as a matter of alum dose must be discontinued forthwith
All the chemicals added in water treatment must be in the form of solutions and in some case
it may be up to the extent of finely dispersed slurry as in case of lime addition
All the polymers added in water treatment must be thoroughly dispersed and should not be in
the form of clots
Treatment plant must be properly designed and constructed and must be certified to that
level by the design, construction and commissioning agency before handing over to the user
and operating and maintaining agency
Under Indian Scenario the use of chlorine for disinfection continues to be a major
environmental health safety aspect of water treatment. This is so because the residual
chlorine at consumer end signifies the mitigation of any likely inline contamination, as such
the presence of residual chlorine at the tap of Public Stand Post (PSP) as well as consumer
connection is a must. This aspect is of significance in all the water supply scenarios
irrespective of the surface or ground water source commissioned through any devices
including borewells. This scenario must be followed for all the ground and surface water
sources supplying water through the storage reservoirs. Pot chlorination is recommended
for open dug wells
102
Jar test for fixing chemical dose and chlorine demand tests at treatment plant must be done
Estimation of residual chlorine in distribution system and at the consumer ends is equally
essential and must be conducted
With the massive increase in density of population, water supply free from bacterial
contamination must be ensured
Some research grade technologies are available for chlorination of the handpump water
coupled with the stroking device. These technologies have, however, not received the
status of wide spread application technology and some further research is essential before
the reliability of such technologies are well established. In view of these constraints of the
bores installed with handpumps should be changed to the water supply system comprising
of borewell powered pumping arrangements with elevated reservoirs with stand posts. In
this modification, the provision exist for chlorination of the water from borewells at the stage
of detention in elevated reservoir where the spot chlorinator is deployed
Entire area occupied by treatment plant irrespective of whether directly in use or not, must be
protected from unauthorised entry and grazing and passage of animals
Most commonly prevalent 'the squeaking wheel gets the grease' approach to the
maintenance of water works should be discarded forthwith in favour of an organised system
of preventive maintenance with effective higher-level supervision to improve functional
reliability and productivity of water works as a whole
6.3
Storage and Reservoir
All the organised water supply must have the elevated service reservoirs and gravity
distribution system initiated from the service reservoir at all levels with safe approach for
inspection and sampling. The storage and service reservoirs and distribution system should
be designed in such a manner that the critical minimum pressure is available at the furtherest
end of distribution system
Storage and service reservoir constructed on the ground level at an elevation must be
protected from human and animal intrusion, preferably within the boundary of a distance of 2
m on all sides
All the service reservoirs must be cleaned periodically
6.4
Distribution
Distribution system must be designed with appropriate population projection
Adhocism in selection of material and dimension and head consuming fixture such as
number of bends etc., should be discontinued. The decisions on these matters should be
well exercised on the basis of engineering norms and should be properly documented
In a proposal for modification of the water supply system from sources to distribution, the
priority must be assigned to the renovation of the existing potentially health hazard causing
103
distribution system
!
There are many instances that the water distribution fixture passes through or is aligned with
sewerage and wastewater system. The back suction and intrusion of wastewater during
service period has been noted in the studies under intermittent water supply. Under any
circumstances, the joint of the water distribution fixtures must not be directly in contact with
the wastewater and sewerage system
Equitable water heads at all the distribution points must be ensured by properly putting the
ferruled devices and break pressure devices at proper locations
Fouling of the water line by any miscreant must be dealt seriously
Use of the suction pumps at consumer end must be strictly prohibited
In renovation of the existing distribution system care must be taken that the joints do not
come in direct contact with wastewater
Public stand post should be properly commissioned keeping the total number as per the
norms
6.5
Leak Detection
Organised leak detection must be conducted at least once in three years to evaluate the
water distribution system and repairs of the leaking locations
Repairs of the leak on the basis of complaint, observation of flying squads and the report of
surveillance must be undertaken on priority
All leakage complaints and reports must be properly entered in the centrally maintained
register and authorised acknowledgement should be given to the complainant by the
receiver
Proper maps of the distribution system need be displayed and stored at the prominent places
Public inspection should be made on request with nominal payment for any missing linkages
Guidelines need be evolved for control of UWF and maximum limit must be established with
well-delineated norms taking cognizance of topography and terrain
Public stand post must be safeguarded against tampering using auto-shut-off devices The
present scenario yet emphasizes the role of public awareness in controlling UWF from stand
posts. It is well known to most of the stakeholders that the effect of this awareness is not that
significant, yet need be emphasised. Some of the photosensitive devices, appointment of
external service agency as part time workers and beautified controlled stand post with
access control may be some of the ideas
Based on SDWQ report, immediate action should be taken for detection of leakage in the
distribution system
104
6.6
Quality Control
Requirement of scheduled laboratory tests for plant control needs no emphasis. At the
minimum, these should include tests for turbidity and pH of water at various stages of
treatment and residual chlorine in finished water so as to ensure effective control on
chemical dosing and plant operation
For plants treating waters of fluctuating quality, especially turbidity, a jar-testing machine is
essential to determine the optimum chemical dose(s)
Availability of competent staff, timely allocation of funds and motivation of the staff must be
ensured to use available facilities / equipment for quality assurance
All consumable material used in water treatment plant must conform to the relevant
specification adopting the national guidelines, norms and standards wherever available and
the material should be purchased from an ISO 9001:2000 / BIS certified manufacturers
Water from various points from sources up to distribution should be analysed with periodicity
and number of samples as per CPHEEO norms
Monthly synopsis of water quality at the consumer end giving the details of samples, which
were out side the standards, should be published
6.7
Administration and Financial Structure
Institutional structure for management of water supply in different states takes different
forms such as Public Health Engineering Department (PHEDs), Water Supply and
Sewerage / Drainage Boards, Municipal Corporations, Municipalities etc. While uniformity
in structure may not be feasible because of diverse local factors, there should be only one
organisation, in one urban area, which will be fully responsible and accountable for water
supply
Appropriate decision need be taken to evolve the mechanism and establish the single
umbrella structure for each city. The single umbrella system may belong to Local Self
Government or a Board constituted for the water supply or the department of the State
Government
Such system should not have any intermingling of any responsibility of the staff serving
under different authorities
Water supply and sewerage system should be integrated under the control of the single
agency and the responsibility of the water supply, from the source to distribution may be
entrusted to the single agency in the following manner
-
For the city having the Corporation: Water Supply and Sewerage Board at the city level
or a department of corporation where separate Board is not in existence
Township or city of Municipality level: State level Public Health Engineering Department
or Water Supply and Sewerage Board
105
Water supply agency must generate necessary funds by way of tariff collection and tariff
enhancement to meet the cost of water treatment, operation and maintenance of the system
and also to meet the capital expenses for bringing improvement in the system
Collection of revenue should be assigned to the banks with a modern remittance system,
such as, drop boxes for the cheques, electronic money transfer and honouring standing
instructions
Uniform Finance and Account Codes (UFAC) for all the cities covering each activity of water
supply and recovery of charges from consumers and beneficiaries are feasible and
guidelines for Uniform Finance and Accounts Code need be evolved
Defaulter list must be published in local newspapers within the 45 days of the last date of
default
There should be national / regional guidelines and norms for establishing the tariff of water
supply and the regional standards must be evolved for fixing the rate of water supply and all
the beneficiaries regardless to house connection or stand post must be included in tariff list
with stringency of recovery
Yearly financial structure should be made for the up keep of the system
Measures to improve the financial resource base, especially of local bodies could include:
6.8
Grant-in-aid from the State/Centre to the deserving cases based on their merits in
performance
Systematic and regular waste and leakage survey and detection followed by prompt
corrective measures to bring about a reduction of the shortfalls in water production and
improve the financial returns from water tariff
Levy of realistic water tariff for domestic, commercial and industrial uses and full
realization thereof
Concessional power tariff for water works
Infusion of professionalism in water supply management including selective

privatisation, if necessary
Staff
There is a need to expand and elaborate the guidelines for the staff and their responsibilities
There is an urgent need for rationalisation of water works staffing pattern that would ensure
effective operation and maintenance of costly assets, improve productivity and reduce O&M
costs
All the operational staff of the water supply agency as well as the staff of identified
laboratories must be trained with due periodicity in relevant professional as well as human
106
resource aspect including the personality development techniques

!
Water supply agency should evaluate the performance of the various units in the
organisation and identify the need for qualified and trained manpower
6.9
Public Awareness
Water supply agency should have Public Relation Officer with a responsibility to organise
public interaction. One of the approach may be to orally present the water supply information
with audio visual aids at prominent conglomeration including the schools and colleges with a
question and answer session. The report of such interaction be widely published in local
newspapers and electronic media
One of the most neglected aspects of water works management has been public relations.
The local elite and the common public in general are ignorant about the source of their water
supply, the various steps the water goes through before it is turned into a potable product, the
complexities and cost involved in the process of treatment and distribution. A general
awareness and appreciation of this information could increase the goodwill and cooperation
of the consumers and pave a way for better relations between the professional and social
sectors. This could be achieved through the media, handouts, popular lectures and
brochures and through 'open days' when the citizens are allowed access to the water works
Voluntary agencies can play a useful role in improving the quality of service to community
from local bodies; facilitate community level dialogue in planning, motivation and monitoring
of water supply
Complaint receipt desk should have the timing convenient to public particularly, the
employed staff in the city / town
6.10
!
Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality
Surveillance should be entrusted to a committee. The committee may be constituted with

representatives as mentioned below:
(i)
Chairman of City Water Supply and Sewerage Board or

Municipal Commissioner or Revenue / Divisional Commissioner
(In case of cities / towns not having Water Supply Boards
or City Corporation)
(ii) A Nominee of the Mayor, preferably from the corporators
(iii) Officers of the relevant water supply agency
(iv) Senior Officer of the Health Department of the city
(v) Senior Officer of the Health Department of the State
(vi) Representative of Chamber of Commerce
(vii) Representative of the University or Education
Department or Education Institute
(viii) Representative of the Local Chapter of the Indian
Medical Association
(ix) Representative of the Geology Department or Water
107
Chairman
Member
Members (2)
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Resources Department or Pollution Control Board or CGWB

(x) Representative of registered NGO in the jurisdiction of the
local water supply agency
(xi) Superintending Analyst of Laboratory for Surveillance of
Drinking Water Quality
(xii) One of the Executive Engineers of the relevant water
supply agency
Member
Member
Convenor
All the units, departments, functional infrastructure and / or system from management of
sources up to distribution may preferably be asked to acquire ISO 9001:2000 certification or
certificate of any other nationally approved accreditation body
Water quality assessment for water quality surveillance should be totally independent from
the water quality control agency
Assignment of collection and analysis for the identified parameters of the analysis conducted
for surveillance of drinking water quality may be entrusted to the appropriate department or
institute or college under the jurisdiction of the university / research organisation or the
laboratory of a reputed public trust. In all such cases the Organisation / Institute to the extent
of undertaking in part or completely the programme of SDWQ will be responsible to the
SDWQ committee constituted as mentioned earlier
There has to be laboratories, which take care of sampling and analysis for total parameters
of BIS 10500. The number of laboratories should be decided by the Central Authority
(CPHEEO) in consultation with state agency in such a manner that each state has one
laboratory at the state capital and additional to the extent of total five for the state
These laboratories may be preferably under the control of the State Public Health
Engineering Department / Water Supply Board / Corporation and may be associated with
other agencies, such as, universities, state agencies and other institute under Central / State
/Autonomous control. There performance as much as related to SDWQ will be reported to
the committee
Instrumental facilities for these laboratories should be commensurate with the latest edition
of Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater" and its equivalent
version. Such laboratories should undertake routinely the periodic analysis of water samples
within the region and should undertake the research in the field of analytical techniques for
preparedness to cope up with frontier challenges in adopting the analytical techniques for
the identified as well as predicted parameter of analysis to ascertain safe water supply
SDWQ and quality control data must be stored in safe place by the city authority for a period
of five years
Water quality data limited to the extent of a photocopy or printout of relevant pages of
document should be made available to any body on demand against the nominal
payment
Data bank may be established for water quality surveillance and health status of the
population
CPHEEO may periodically review SDWQ.

108
Annexures
Annexure I
Proforma for Collection of Secondary Data for Whole
Cities / Towns
1. Sources of water supply
No. of sources
Type of sources : (surface / ground)
l Surface sources : River / lake / canal / reservoir / any other
l Ground sources : Bore well / spring / any other
Quantitative aspects of sources
l Minimum flow / discharge
Qualitative aspects of sources
l Water quality data from the records
Provision for protection of source
Sanitary condition near source
Source(s) of pollution in the vicinity
2. Water Treatment Plant(s)
Name of and location treatment plant

Plant ownership
Year of construction
Capacity : Design and present (MLD)
Population served : Design and present
Source of raw water
Present yield (MLD)
Treatment flowsheet with stretch
Distribution zones fed by the plant
Agency incharge of O&M
3. Lab facilities at the plant
Instruments and their condition

Chemicals and glassware
Staff including incharge of laboratory
Details of the analysis carried out in the laboratory
l Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters tested
l Frequency of testing
l Sources / locations of samples
l Water quality data available in the laboratory (last 2-3 years)
Records maintained in the laboratory
4. Distribution System
No. and name of distribution zones in the city

Areas and population served by each zone
Distribution zone maps if available
109
Details of the each zone

No. of connections
No. of service reservoirs
l Timings and duration of water supply
l Booster chlorination facilities
Provisions for avoiding cross connections
Areas of low pressure in each zone
Operating problems often encountered
l Taste and odour
l Turbidity in treated water
l Other problems
Details about leak detection programme
Quantity of UFW (unaccounted for water)
l
5. Review of the existing water quality surveillance programme (WQSP)
Frequency of sampling and sampling locations

No. of samples collected per month
Physico-chemical, biological and bacteriological parameters being analysed
Water quality data for last 5 years
Review the data for the following
l Number of months in which standards were not meet
l Adequacy of the number of samples collected for bacteriological analysis from distribution
system
l Identification of specific areas in which standards are not met
Details of manpower involved
Existing infrastructural facilities available
Financial resources
Deficiencies / problem faced and action plan proposed, if any, for the improvement
Laboratory facilities for WQSP
l Instruments available along with the year of procurement, make / model and their current
status
l Glassware and chemicals availability
l Details of sample collection and analysis (frequency, number and parameters)
l Methods used for various physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters
l Proposed plan if any for the augmentation of facilities
l Financial resources along with the charges for sample analysis
l Manpower details for samples collection and analysis
6. Municipal Solid Waste Management :
Total quantity of solid waste generated per day

Mode of Transportation of waste/collection system
No. of collection points
Locations of disposal site
Method of Treatment and Disposal
Quantity of Hospital Waste regenerated
Whether any water body located near the disposal site
Operation and maintenance facilities
110
Problems associated with the system

Odors*
Aesthetics *
l Fly breeding*
l Rodents*
l Mosquitoes *
l Ground Water Pollution*
l Fire Hazards due to methane generation*
Existing measures applied for the control of the above factors.
l
7. Domestic Wastewater Management
Quantity of waste water generated daily (MLD)

Number, name and Location of Treatment Plant (s), if any
Capacity of the each plant
Treatment flow sheet with stretch
Disposal of effluent and sludge
8. Health Status
Prevalence of water borne diseases for last 5 years

l
l
l
l
Name of diseases
No. of affected people (year wise)
Factors attributing to diseases
Preventive measures adopted during emergencies
111
Annexure - II
Proforma for Collection of Secondary Data for
Water Supply Network
1. RAW WATER SOURCES/INTAKE
(a) Observe & Collect information :

Sanitary condition around intake point
Sources of pollution in the vicinity of intake (1 km)
Details about intake point
Human activities near intake
Measures taken for the protection of intake point (Fencing, etc.)
2. WATER TREATMENT PLANT (S)

(a) Raw Water Flow Measurement
Type of device
Condition of device (working/not working), accuracy
(b) Coagulation
Chemical used for coagulation
Point of application
Method of dose control
Physical condition of alum solution and storage tank dosing
equipment, regulating valves etc.
Continuity in alum dosing
Frequency of jar test (observe the condition of jar test machine)
(c) Chemical Mixing and Flocculation
l Working condition of mixers
l Floe formation weak/satisfactory
l Settleability of floes
(d) Sedimentation
Clarity of settled water
Vegetation/weed growth in units
(e) Filtration
Condition of filter and appurtenances (rate setter, controller, indictor etc.)
Length of run
Backwashing operation
l Duration of air and water scour
l Condition of filter bed (mud balls, cracks, undulations on beds)
l Uniform distribution of back wash water through filter bed
l Down-time due to backwashing operation
Condition of filtrate collection chambers (clean, covered etc.)
112
(f) Disinfection
Frequency of tests for chlorine demand
Chemicals and for disinfection
l Chlorine gas
l Bleaching powder
l Any other
Frequency of test for available chlorine in B.P.T.
Strength of solution used
Actual dose of chlorine applied
Condition of dosing equipment (Chlorinator)
Leaks of chlorine gas
Safety equipment (available/not available)
Points of application of chlorine dose
Stock of chemicals
(g) Clear Water Reservoir
Material of construction, capacity, No. of compartments
Location and sanitary conditions around
Provision of ventilation, overflow, mosquito and other aquatic insects prevention
Frequency of cleaning
Date of last cleaning
(h) Waterworks Waste
Point of disposal of backwash water and clarifiers sludge
Volume of total waste (% of water treated)
(i) Laboratory Facilities
Number, location, frequency and parameters tested for water samples
Manpower
Conditions of various instruments/equipments in the lab.
Records of water quality data
Methods followed for various physico-chemical and bacteriological parameter
Facilities of instrument/equipment repairs
113
Annexure III
Proforma for Report on Existing Status of Surveillance of Drinking
Water Quality Supply in the Cities
CITY :
! Municipal area :
! Total population :
! Annual expenditure for water supply :
Parameters
1. Water supply
1.1 Water supply to the city
1.1.1 Surface water
1.1.2 Ground water through public water supply schemes
1.1.3 Private ground water source
1.2 Sources of raw water
1.2.1 Number and types of sources
1.2.2 Protection of sources
1.2.3 Augmentation
1.2.4 Sources of pollution in the vicinity
1.2.5 Staff engaged in source management and financial requirements
1.3 Water treatment plants
1.3.1 Total water supply
1.3.2 Number, name of each treatment plant and capacity
1.3.3 Distance of source from the treatment plant
1.3.4 Pretreatment, if carried out before water is transported to treatment plant
1.3.5 Population served Present water supply
1.3.6 Treatment plant type
Conventional
Non-conventional
Partial treatment
Disinfection
1.4 Laboratory and analytical facilities for city water supply
1.4.1 Central Laboratory facility
Adequate, inadequate and absent
Maintenance
Staff pattern
1.4.2 Plant site laboratory facility
Adequate, inadequate and absent
Maintenance
Staff pattern
1.5 Distribution
1.5.1 Master balancing reservoirs (Only No.) and Service reservoirs
1.5.2 Distribution system map - available / not available
114
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
Type of system - continuos / intermittent

Average number of hours of water supply
Programme for leak detection & wastage prevention
2. Water Quality Surveillance Programme

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Existing / Not Existing : if yes : Interlinkages of Department's

Frequency of sampling
Parameters Analyzed
Number of samples not meeting standards
Laboratory Facilities
Financial Resources
3. Water Charges
3.1 Traffic pattern
3.2 Annual collection
3.3 Annual expenditure
4. Solid Waste Management
4.1 Total quantity generated / day / day
4.2 Methods of disposal
4.3 Disposal Sites
4.3.1 Location
4.3.2 Brief description
4.4 Water Pollution due to solid waste disposal sites
5. Sewage Disposal System
5.1 Quantity of sewage
5.2 Area covered with sewerage system
5.3 Treatment and disposal
6. Health Status
6.1 Prevalence of Water Born DiseasesNames of the Diseases,
Number of Affected Persons
6.2 Preventive measures
7. Human Resources
7.1 Number of Persons Engaged
7.1.1 Source management
7.1.2 Transmission
7.1.3 Treatment plant
7.1.4 Distribution system
7.1.5 Sampling
7.1.6 Analysis
7.2 Training
115
Annexure IV
Questionnaire for One - Shot KAP Survey
General, Public and Health Agencies
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
Q.8
Q.9
Q.10
Q.11
Q.12
Q.13
Q.14
Q.15
Q.16
Perceived sate of drinking water supply in the city - town

Effects of contaminated drinking water on the public health
Level of concern with the present state of drinking supply
Sources of drinking water contamination
Opinions regarding paying higher prices for drinking water of high quality
Opinions whether Government is doing something for supply of drinking water as per
India Standard Specifications
Knowledge of individuals / institutions with surveillance of drinking water quality
programme
Awareness of drinking water quality tests requirement
Awareness of the drinking water quality standards specification of CPHEEO / ICMR
and BIS
Primary sources of information on water quality
What respondents can do to minimise the contamination of drinking water supply
Frequency of testing of surveillance of drinking water quality and maintenance
Health status data of the city / town of last five years
Any established correction towards drinking water quality data and diseases identified
each year
What are the measures adopted by health agencies to prevent the endemics
What are the precautionary measures taken by the health agencies in the monsoon
season
Sources of Drinking Water

Q.17
Q.18
Q.19
Q.20
Q.21
Q.22
Who supervises the water supply

i) Owner
ii) Community caretaker
iii) Other community representative
iv) Project staff
v) Other
How much is charged for the water ?
Who did the actual construction of the water supply?
i) Community
ii) NGO/Donor
iii) Contractor
vi) Government agency
v) Other (Who)
vi) City/Town/District Council (LC III - V)
Which project/organisation sponsored the design and construction
Has any repair or rehabilitation work been carried out on the water supply
What was the most recent repair ? Who did this ?
i) Community
ii) City/Town/District Council (LC III - V)
116
iii) Government agency

iv) NGO/Donor
v) Owner
Q.23 Who is responsible for maintenance of the source
i) Community
iv) NGO/Donor
v) Owner
Q.24 Who is responsible for cleaning the area around the source
i) Community
iv) NGO/Donor
v) Owner
Q.25 How often is the done
i) Daily
ii) More than once a week
iii) Weekly
iv) More than once a month
v) Monthly
vi) Less than once a month
vii) Don't know
Q.26 Whether the supply is continuous or intermittent
Q.27 Does the source dry up
Q.28 If the source does dry up does this happen
i) Daily
ii) Monthly
iii) Seasonally
iv) Occasionally
Q.29 Are the air vents or inspection cover insanitary
Q.30 Is the storage tank cracked, damaged or leak
Q.31 Are the vents and covers on the tank damaged or open
Q.32 Do the community report any pipe breaks in the last week
Protected Spring
Q.33
Q.34
Q.35
Q.36
Q.37
Q.38
Q.39
It the spring unprotected - (Y/N)

Is the masonry protecting the spring faulty
Does spilt water flood the collection area
Can animals have access within 10 m of the spring
Is there a latrine uphill and / or with in 30 m of the spring
Is the diversion ditch above the spring absent or non-functional
Are there any other sources of pollution uphill of the spring
117
Annexure V
Water Supply Agencies Managers/Plant Operators/Laboratory Chemists/ Distribution
System Operation
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
Q.8
Q.9
Q.10
Q.11
Q.12
Q.13
Q.14
Q.15
Q.16
Q.17
Q.18
Q.19
Q.20
Q.21
Q.22
Q.23
Q.24
How do the drinking quality supply is regulated in the city / town

Narrate the specific tasks carried out by the water supply agency
Checking compliance with monitoring requirements and water quality standards
Seeing undertakings to carry out improvement works
Checking compliance with undertakings and taking appropriate enforcement action if
they are not being met
Recording, assessing / reporting on incidents affecting drinking water quality
Maintaining a national database of water supply zones and water quality
Key performance indicators to measure improvement in drinking water quality
Checking that local authorities are complying with the relevant legal requirements for
private water supplies
To ensure that the various bodies are working in harmony
How do the raw and final water supply samples analysis are regularly carried out in
the laboratory
Checking compliance with monitoring parameters and laboratory facility
Seeing undertaking to carryout improvement and modifications in the existing
facility
Checking compliance with undertakings and taking appropriate enforcement action if
they are not being met
Recording, assessing / reporting on routine sample analysis
Maintaining a separate record of routine water samples analysis
Checking compliance, for improvement and modifications in existing laboratory
practices
Checking compliance for undergoing the improvement / training for enhancement of
the existing knowledge of the laboratory personnel
To ensure that the existing staff employed for routine analysis and operation
maintenance of the laboratory appliances are working in harmony
How do you manage the leakages / maintenance of public supply taps
How about the sewerage system management nearby the public water supply
around 10 m of area
- (Y/N)
Is there any on-site sewer disposal system within 30 m of any tap stand - (Y/N)
How frequently the complaints against the pipe breaks are received
- (Y/N)
Is the main pipe exposed anywhere in the parish
118

Drinking Water
Q.1
Does the sources dry up
Q.2
If the source does dry up, does this happen
v)
Daily
vi) Monthly
vii) Seasonally
viii) Occasionally
Q.3
Is drinking water kept in a separate container (ask to be shown this)?

Yes
Q.4
No
Is drinking water container kept above floor level and away from contamination
Yes
Q.5
No
Do water containers have a narrow mouth / opening

Yes
Q.6
No
Do containers have a lid / cover

Yes
Q.7
No
Is this is in place at time to visit

Yes
Q.8
No
How is water taken from the container

Yes
Q.9
No
How is water taken from the container

Poured
Q.10
Cup
Is the utensil used to draw water from the container clear

Yes
Q.11
No
It the utensil used to draw water the container kept away from surfaces and stored in
a hygienic manner
Yes
Q.12
Other Utensil
No
How often is the container cleaned

Every Day
Every Month
Every Week
Q.13
How is the container cleaned

Yes
Q.14
No
Is the inside of the drinking water container clean

Yes
Q.15
Rarely
No
Is the outside of the drinking water container clean

Yes
No
119
Never
Annexure VI
Principles of Water Supply Source Protection
!
The contamination, pollution and any degradation of the quality of water supply sources have
damaging effects on health, well-being and economy, as well as on the general environment.
Water, being as essential of life, is one of the most valuable resources of man. Therefore,
everyone has a natural right to safe, acceptable quality water for drinking, culinary and other
domestic uses.
The water purveyor, be it an individual, a utility or the municipality, has a natural right to good
quality raw water.
The responsibility for preventing and abating pollution and contamination of raw water
sources rests with those who discharge, directly or indirectly, waste products into the raw
water sources or the land, as well as with those who cause unacceptable land use conditions
within the watershed.
All water and land users are responsible for taking effective action to identify and reduce to
the lowest practical level pollution of raw water sources.
All levels of government and regional planning and water resources agencies must
coordinate their efforts in managing, regulating and monitoring water resources.
Land, water and air are interrelated resources, and planning for their protection,
management and use must consider their mutual impacts and influences in an integrated
manner.
Where reasonable access to other water bodies is available, public water supply source
reservoirs must not be used for recreational purposes.
Primary body contact sports such as swimming, water-skiing and wading must not be allowed
in water supply sources.
Distribution or equalizing reservoirs from which water is supplied directly to the public
requires the strictest of controls and must under no conditions or circumstances be used for
any type of recreation.
Control of the quality of water supply sources (including catchment basins, impoundments
and distribution reservoirs) is imperatives to facilitate the effective and economical
production of safe, adequate and aesthetically acceptable water for domestic uses, and to
enhance to economic value of the water for municipal and industrial purposes.
120
Water Supply Source

Monitoring & Inspection Considerations
!
Watershed Inspection
Physical Conditions within the watershed, particularly near reservoirs, in relation to :
l Erosion, sedimentation, silt movement
l Floating solids, debris, oil, grease, algal mats
l Excessive vegetative growth, unusually enriched growth of green grass (indicative of
sewage contamination, e.g., by failure of septic tanks)
l Changes to water course path or conditions
l Slumping, terrain heaving, drift wood etc.
Waste Disposal
l
l
l
l
l
Solid wastes dumping

Disposal or spreading of sludges on land
Oil drums, large chemical containers, other unwarranted industrial and household
materials, equipment, appliances, and goods
Liquid waste discharges including septic tank effluents (pumpouts)
Channelled or unchannelled surface run-offs or washwater
Land Use
- Changes in site use (number of people, additions to buildings, repairs or additions to septic
systems).
- Activities in watershed-recreation, waste disposal on land and injection wells, construction,
forestry operations etc.
- Industrial storage facilities for fuels or chemicals.
- Aerial spraying of chemical pest or weed control agents within or surrounding the
watershed.
- Condition of any road crossing, causeways, beaches, slopes, etc.
- Grazing of domesticated animals (cattle, sheep, horses) and condition of the yards.
- Utilization of transportation corridors for the movement of materials which may result in
contamination should an accident occur.
121
Annexure VII
Note on Plant Maintenance and Records
The primary goal of maintenance is to provide protection of the investment, whether it is
public or private enterprise. There are three special areas of maintenance viz. house keeping,
preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance.
Housekeeping
Most of the times, the appearance of grounds add the buildings is an accurate indication of
the preventive and corrective maintenance habits of the plant operator. Good housekeeping can
help gain public support, and certainly make a lasting impression on persons visiting the plant.
The water treatment plants (WTP) do not stay new but they can almost always be clean. A
schedule for cleaning windows, washing walls and floors, and dusting is necessary. Some
maintenance items require daily attention, whereas others require weekly, monthly, or even only
annual consideration.
Proper paint is an important factor of housekeeping maintenance. Brightly painted valve
handles, clean shiny equipment surfaces and light airy interiors make a once dull plant a pleasant
place to work. Grounds beautification should also be considered equally as important as good
maintenance of buildings and equipment. A green lawn adjacent to WTP, enhances the
appearance tremendously. However, appearance is not the only advantage. A well kept lawn
and trees keep the summer temperatures lower in buildings and prevent wind-blown dust from
entering the equipment.
Preventive Maintenance
It is of the utmost importance that all operators form the habit of keeping their mechanical
equipment in good repair. Successful preventive maintenance depends largely on knowledge,
persistent hard work, and a sincere interest. Knowledge can also be gained by experience.
Manufacturers -should provide instructions on operation and maintenance, Of the equipment
which may include the following:
! Information on proper method of installation, as correct installation is a prerequisite for proper
operation
! Lubrication instructions, which should be studied and carried out before the equipment is
placed in operation
! An explanation of proper operation, so that incorrect operation can be recognised, as well as
pointers to help locate reasons for failure
! Procedures for dismantling and reassembling for repairs
! Parts list and repair order instructions
In brief, the operator should be provided with all the essential needed for a programme of
preventive maintenance in his plant.
Preventive maintenance should be planned and scheduled operation designed to minimize
deterioration and correct deficiencies on the spot. It is nothing more than a method of keeping
122
facilities in good condition by assigning specific people to specific tasks on a predetermined

schedule. It corrects defects in the early stages before they develop into major repairs or
replacements.
Corrective Maintenance
Corrective maintenance means the repair or replacement of badly worn parts, or parts which
have physically failed in service. It refers to those situations which have passed the preventive
maintenance stage, either gradually through normal wear and tear, or abruptly by physical
failure.
For corrective maintenance, a stock of spare parts must be kept up to fun inventory, as the
replacement part is generally needed yesterday. The supervisor / operator should also know
which local supply house can serve him with needed materials, and which local machine and
repair shop is equipped and has competent personnel to aid him, if necessary. If an efficient
preventive maintenance programme is carried out, corrective maintenance will be held to a
minimum.
Plant Records
Maintaining plant records is the keystone for good plant operation. Records are necessary
for various important reasons such as:
! An aid to better operation,
! Proof of effective operation, and
! A journal for future reference
To avoid misinterpretation and confusion, records should be clear and concise, and
information must be in common units. Uniformity and simplicity is necessary to assist others in
making comparisons and analyses of records. With the aid of records, it is possible to determine
the best time to take units out of service for repair or maintenance. Trends noted in the records
can serve as a guide to changes in operational procedures. This is especially true in a new plant
or a remodelled plant where procedures are initially set up arbitrarily.
Records provide the basic data for proof of efficiency of operation. A water treatment plant is
designed to perform various functions and remove turbidity of raw water to a desirable limit in
various unit operations. The record will indicate whether the plant is obtaining this efficiency. If
not, procedures should be studied to determine what changes could increase the efficiency.
The use of records for future reference is of great importance. The plant incharge who will
make reviews and studies of the records will be able to plan the operations and maintenance
effectively.
Equipment Manuals
Each piece of equipment in operation at the plant has some type of manual, giving all the
pertinent information needed for operation, maintenance, spare parts ordering, and lubrication.
These manuals should be placed on file and made available to all plant personnel at all times.
123
Routine Plant Maintenance

This is to be generally accomplished by the shift operator. Each shift has its specific duties,
which should be placed in a permanent record available to the operator, and subject to change.
In conjunction with this, there should be a daily log listing the equipment to be checked each shift.
Routine Operating Procedure
Routine maintenance should be set up as a plant policy. These should be written up and
placed in. a permanent folder and accessible to the operator at all times. Any changes in
operational procedures should be posted so that all the operators know what is going on at all
times, no matter which shift they are working.
Grease Chart
The grease chart should include all pieces of equipment that requires greasing, which need
lubrication on a monthly basis. All other equipment requiring special lubricants and varied
attention may be included in annual maintenance schedule.
Equipment Maintenance Inspection
Periodic inspection, other than which appear on regular maintenance schedules, pays
dividends. If operator or maintenance personnel notice that some piece of equipment is not
functioning properly, he should try to correct the fault immediately. Whether or not the operation
is corrected, the operator should report it to the supervisor.
Annual Maintenance Schedule
This schedule should include all maintenance projects for the entire year, such as
housekeeping, preventive and corrective maintenance, whether it occurs weekly, monthly, semi
annually, or annually.
Daily Work Layout
A daily sheet, which should be posted for three shifts, may include items that appear on the
Annual Maintenance Schedule, which are assigned in addition to normal operational duties.
There should also be some space for each operator to indicate whether or not his work has been
completed and space for his signature. 'Me sheet may also have space for remarks or
explanations, if necessary. 'Me daily work sheet should he made out a day ahead, giving the
person in charge and opportunity to plan ahead.
Spare Parts Stock Level Control
This record deals with the items, which are frost responsible for the continuous operation of
the plant. The spare parts record should be listed on a separate sheet, following each specific
piece of equipment in the maintenance record. Some units will have spare parts as part of the
original equipment. Experience will also indicate as to which parts are critical items in the
inventory.
124
Expendable Shop Supplies Control

Bolts, nuts, nails, and screws are items which seem to be those that are never the right size,
but an adequate stock of these items will save a tot of time. A separate record, with a running
inventory, should be kept which allows lime to replenish the supplies before they are depleted.
Tools & Maintenance Equipment
Operators can not be mechanics without tool. A plant must have good tools and a basic
amount of these are necessary, which should be available to the Operators at all times. By
placing all the tools on a panel board for use and inspection, loss will be a negligent matter.
125
Annexure VIII
Detailed List of Maintenance Activities
It must be brought out that any attempt to list maintenance activities necessarily refers to
preventive maintenance activities comprising maintenance works and maintenance oriented
inspections. Such lists, in absence of any experience, could be developed from the
recommendations contained in standard manuals viz. Manual on Water Supply and Treatment
3rd Edition, Revised and Updated, May 1999. from the equipment suppliers literature.The
frequency recommended for an activity be initially adopted on an adhoc basis, keeping in view
the fact that the same are not sacrosanct and that these could and should be modified based on
experience gained from time to time. 'Me list of maintenance activities presented hereunder is
meant to serve only as an initial guide.
126
Section / part to be
attended
Maintenance to be carried out
Frequency / Time
Interval between
two consecutive
activities
A. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
1.
Bearing
Checking of temperature
2 months
2.
Glands
Checking / changing of gland packing
1 month
3.
Bearing
Checking / greasing
1 months
Replacement
6 months
4.
Gauges
Calibration
12 months
5.
Valves
Changing of gland packing
12 months
6.
Exhaust pumps
and auxiliaries
Checking / changing of gland packing
12 months
7.
Impeller
Checking of impeller blades, sleeves,

efficiency, rings, bearing, impeller nut etc.
12 months
B. ELECTRICAL MOTORS
1.
Induction motor,
stator and rotor
Cleaning by air blower and general

inspection
3 months
2.
Slip ring device
Closing of slip rings and adjustment of

carbon brushes, short circuiting jaws,
oiling clutch etc.
1 month
3.
Bearing
Lubrication
1 month
4.
Windings
Checking of motor after taking out its

rotor, dust blowing, checking of end
connections, testing of insulation, no-load
testing
24 months
C. POWER TRANSFORMER
1.
Checking of silica gel, topping of

transformer oil, temperature gauge, vent
pipe, voltage tap changing switch. (These
works are not to be attended to in rainy
season)
6 months
2.
Filtration of oil, checking of di-electric

strength, viscosity of oil terminal boxes,
insulators, general tightening of fastner,
stopping of leakages
12 months
3.
Functional test
12 months
4.
Checking of core of the transformer and

its windings and insulation conditions
60 months
127
attended
Frequency / Time
Interval between
two consecutive
activities
D. SWITCHGEARS (AIR OR OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS)

1.
Circuit breaker
Checking of fastenings, moving and fixed

contacts, no vast coil, overload coil,
interlock system, condition of transformer
oil, knife switches and insulation
3 months
2.
Oil tank
Cleaning and topping of oil, checking

dielectric strength of transformer oil
12 months
3.
Contacts
Changing of old and sluggish transformer

oil of circuit breaker changing of old and
worn out contacts
12 months
E. ALUM DOSING EQUIPMENT

1.
Saturation tank
Cleaning, checking of acid resistant

costing
12 months
2.
Pipe and
conduits
Cleaning and removal of deposits
1 month
3.
Measuring of
control devices
Checking and calibration
1 month
F. CLARIFLOCCULATOR AND THEIR DRIVE

1.
Trolley wheels
Lubrication
1 month
2.
Reduction gear
box
Checking and topping of oil
1 month
3.
Turn table
mechanism
Checking and topping of oil
3 months
4.
Vertical slip ring

motor
Dust blowing, checking of carbon

brushes, bearing etc.
3 months
5.
Rail/track
Checking alignment
6 months
6.
Reduction gear
box
Checking of helical or spurgear condition
7.
Rubber tyre or
Iron wheels
Checking for wear and tear and its

positioning
6 months
8.
M.S. Serapen
Checking fasteners
12 months
9.
Turn table
mechanisms
Checking of its sprockets, chains, steel

balls and grease boxes
12 months
G. FILTERS
1.
Filter media
Topping of sand
6 months
2.
Filter media
Checking E.S. and U.C.
60 months
128
attended
Frequency / Time
Interval between
two consecutive
activities
3.
Under drain
system
Checking of nozzles, pipes and duet etc.
60 months
4.
Sluice valves
packing
Changing of gland
12 months
5.
Guages and
indicators
Checking accuracy and calibration
1 month
6.
Filter box
Checking for leakages, cleaning, Lime

washing
6 months
H. CHLORINATORS
1.
Indicator
Checking and calibration
1 month
2.
Chlorine
conveying pipes
and valves
Checking and cleaning
1 month
3.
Gas masks
Functional checks
1 month
4.
Gas leakage
Checking of leakage
5.
Liquid trap
Opening and cleaning
Daily
1 month
I. SLUICE VALVES
1.
Glands
Checking and changing of glands in case

of daily operated valves
12 months
2.
Valve function
Functional check in case of rarely

operated valves
12 months
J. CLEAR WATER RESERVOIR

1.
Cleaning and lime washing of sides
12 months
2.
Check for leakage
36 months
3.
Check condition of accesses and air

vents
12 months
Notes
1. The activities concerning valves, motors, pumps etc. are not repeated as relevant
activities will be applicable wherever these units exist
2. Some activities are based on CPHEEO recommendations with appropriate modifications
based on experience
129
RECOMMENDED STAFFING PATERN FOR WATER WORKS

Sl.
No.
System Component
Recommended Staff
Remarks
1.
Raw water pump house
Pump operator
Healper
One/shift
One/shift
Pump operator
should be ITI
certificate
(wiremen/electrician)
holder
2.
Raw water rising main
Fitter/Helper
One No.
For every 8 km
length or part thereof
3.
Treatment plant
Filter operator
Helpers
One/shift
Two/shift
For every 50 mld

plant capacity for part
thereof
4.
Clear water pump house
Pump operator
Helper
One/shift
One/shift
Pump operator
should be ITI
certificate
(wiremen/electrician)
holder
5.
Plant laboratory
Chemist
Lab. Assistant
Lab. Attendant
One No.
One No.
One No.
For every 100 mld

plant capacity or part
thereof
Notes
1. The above staffing pattern provides for the requirements at the water works only
2. Unskilled labour/mazdoor would be extra depending upon the size of the plant and specific
needs
3. One Assistant Engineer will be incharge of plants with capacities upto 100 mld
4. For metropolitan cities with plants of capacities larger than 100 mld, the staff may be
suitably increased.
130
Annexure IX
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Programme
1. Necessity of Surveillance Programme
Water is indispensable for life. Consumers must have an acceptable quality water supply in
adequate quantity. The supplier must make every effort to provide water of the best quality
under any given circumstances but in no case of the quality lower than the National Standards. In
this context, the first line of defense is the evaluation of the physical, chemical and
microbiological quality of the water. Such an evaluation is made by performing analysis, carrying
out surveillance and control of the treatment processes.
It has been recognized that the greatest risk of falling prey to diseases caused by pathogenic
microorganisms lies in the consumption of water polluted by human or animal feces. Water that is
fit for human consumption when it enters the distribution system may deteriorate before reaching
the consumer. Once in the distribution system, water may become contaminated for different
reasons: crossed connections; back siphonage; broken pipes; fire hydrants, faults in home
connections and defective reservoirs; and during the laying of new pipes or repair work carried
out with few security measures. Another recontamination factor, of importance in cities or
localities where there is a shortage of water, is the interruption of the supply as a result of rotation
of service from one supply area to another in an attempt to cover the demand for water.
2. Benefits of the Surveillance and Control of Water Quality
The good quality of drinking water assures the consumer of protection against the presence
of pathogenic agents and physical and chemical compounds harmful to health. The information
provided by drinking water surveillance and control programmes, in addition to the obvious
benefit of reducing water-borne diseases, provides a means of improving the quality of the water
supply service. Improvement in the quality of the water supply service is achieved by: a)
identifying the need to extend the basic sanitation infrastructure, b) rehabilitating the water
supply system, c) training staff in charge of the operation, maintenance and administration of the
water supply and sewage services, d) identifying measures for preserving water sources, and e)
bringing up-to-date the regulations, standards and codes of good practice relating to the quality
of water for human consumption. In addition, the processing of information at the regional or
national level make it possible for the country to plan national investment in extending service
coverage, and improving and rehabilitating services in the water and sanitation sectors.
3. Objectives of Water Quality Surveillance
The effectiveness of the surveillance work depends on good planning with specific
objectives. The objectives will vary according to the country's national and regional conditions
and priorities. They include: a) monitoring quality trends in the water supply service; b) identifying
the main deficiencies of the water supply services; c) verifying the operational efficiency of the
treatment plants; d) making information available at the pertinent levels for planning future
investments in rehabilitation, improvement or expansion of the water supply service; e) detecting
sources of contamination; f) improving standards, regulations or codes of practice aimed at
enhancing the quality of the services; g) providing sanitary education for users of water supply
services, etc.
131
4. Elements of Surveillance and Control

Surveillance programme must contain two basic elements applicable to the quality control of
water. In addition to these basic elements, there are others that can be regarded as support
activities and that contribute to the execution of surveillance and control programmes. The basic
elements are :
- Evaluation of the physical, chemical and microbiological quality and
- Sanitary inspection.
In turn, the complementary or support elements are :
Human, material and financial resources
Operation and maintenance of all the installation
Timely expansion of services
Information flow
Relevant awareness
4.1
Physico-chemical and Microbiological Evaluation
The water samples should be taken from representative locations at the source, at
appropriate stages of the treatment process, storage reservoirs, distribution or service
reservoirs, primary distribution network, secondary network, and domestic connection and
possibly domestic storage. Sampling from domestic connections facilitates the development of
sanitary education programmes in the community.
Physico-chemical and microbiological evaluation of water includes the following factors:
! Selection of sampling places or points
! Indicators and parameters
! Frequency of sampling
! Analysis
! Quality of the analysis and quality control.
4.1.1
Selection of sampling places or points
The World Health Organization indicates the criteria to be applied in selecting sampling
points. The sampling points should be :
! Representative of the water supply area
! Uniformly distributed throughout the water supply area
! Proportional to the number of inhabitants in each supply area
The sample points need be located at :
- Outlet of the water treatment plant, storage reservoirs, distribution reservoirs and wells
- Representative points of primary distribution network
- Service points of secondary distribution network
- Domestic containers in few agreed cases, to identify the need and impact of sanitary
education programmes
132
The sampling points may be fixed or may be changed but should be within the scope of the
group being sampled. The point is further elaborated that the sampling points may change within
the primary distribution net work but those should not be in secondary distribution net work in lieu
of primary distribution net work . The fixed sampling points are taps or faucets installed at certain
points of the primary distribution network and at the outlet from the water treatment plant, wells,
reservoirs, pumping stations, etc. In case of groundwater sources (wells, springs, galleries, etc.),
two sampling points must be selected, one to determine the quality of water from the source and
the other, to evaluate the quality of water supplied to the population, in case there is piped water
supply and the point of supply is away from the sources.
The location of the fixed points and variable points depends on the level of risk. The fixed
points are, accordingly, located in the places of greatest risk, and in each sampling campaign two
thirds of the samples must be taken from these points, if possible. Areas with a history of frequent
leaks, low pressure, high population density, absence of drainage, final sections of pipes, etc.
are considered to be areas of greatest risk. The variable points are located in the areas of least
risk in each supply area, and in each sampling schedule no less than one third of the required
number of samples may be taken from these points.
4.1.2
Indicators and parameters
For surveillance of the quality of drinking water the World Health Organization recommends
the evaluation of quality, quantity, coverage and continuity of service. In turn, the quality indicator
has been divided into: (a) evaluation of water quality; and (b) sanitary inspection of the water
supply system.
In the case of water quality control programmes where the coverage, cost, continuity and
quantity are known, the evaluation is normally reduced for determining the quality of the service
in three aspects: analytical, physical conditions of the infrastructure, and operational conditions
of the water distribution system.
The parameters for water quality analysis must be in agreement with the water quality
standards, with the competent authorities, and with the analytical capacity of the laboratory. The
lists of the principal analytical parameters along with the frequency of sampling for physicochemical and bacteriological quality need be recommended in the execution of water quality
surveillance and control programmes.
4.1.3
The frequency of sampling in the distribution system should take into account the population
of each supply area and its category, i.e. urban, semi-urban. Thus, in highly populated supply
areas, samples must be taken more frequently than in less populated areas. The WHO
Guidelines are very clear with respect to microbiological quality in the system of distribution, but
somewhat vague when dealing with the physico-chemical aspect as well as with regard to the
evaluation of the water at the treatment plant outlet, water wells and components of the
distribution system, so it is left to the judgment of the agency to determine the frequencies of
sampling, bearing in mind the quality of the source and its variability.
The standard condition refers to the number of samples the surveillance agency normally has
to take from the supply areas in order to assess compliance with the values laid down in the water
133
quality standard for each parameter. The reduced condition is adopted when, after a certain
number of years, usually three, the parameters comply with the values required by the water
quality standard. If for any reason the values stated in the standard on drinking water quality is
not being complied with, increase the number of samples according to the condition of sampling
encountered. Thus, if it is in reduced condition it must be returned to standard, and if it is in
standard condition the sampling frequency must be increased by 50 or 100 per cent. For supply
areas or service reservoirs that supply or store a combination of groundwater and surface water,
the tables for surface water are to be applied.
4.1.4
Analysis
Physical-chemical and microbiological analysis must be carried out following standardized

procedures so that the results produced by the different laboratories in charge of surveillance
and control are compatible and comparable. It is recommended that in programmes for the
surveillance and control of drinking water quality, the analysis be carried out using universally
accepted procedures in order to guarantee the results of the analysis and make sure they are
comparable. Among the most well known procedures are the methods recommended by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the Standard Method for the Analysis of
Water and wastewater published by the AWWA, USPH and WPCF of the United States of
America. Normal methods of water analysis to be adopted by surveillance and control
programmes must be tried out under local conditions to test their accuracy and precision.
4.2
Site and Sanitary Inspection
The site inspection is very important parameter of surveillance programme. From he safely
of source upto condition of distribution network can be properly assessed on the basis of site
data. In most cases, sanitary inspection enables an accurate interpretation of the laboratory
results. The sanitary inspection provides advance identification of risks that can result in water
contamination or failures in the operation or maintenance of the water supply system. The site
and sanitary inspection should be carried out by competent staff members. By making a visual
inspection of the physical conditions of the components of the water system, and observing the
practices exercised throughout the system, it is possible to detect the presence or possible
presence of factors which indicate that the quality of the water for human consumption is liable to
deteriorate. The sanitary inspection comprises: (a) evaluation of the physical conditions of the
system, and (b) evaluation of the conditions of hygiene. The physical conditions of the supply
system refer to the structural safety and operational safety provided by each of the components
that make up the water distribution system, as well as the structural and operational safety of the
treatment plant, in the preservation and conservation of water quality. The site and sanitary
inspections should coincide with the collection of samples for physico-chemical and
bacteriological quality.
4.3
Human Resources
Staff needs for the implementation of a surveillance or control programme in water supply
services vary a great deal and there is no reliable method of determining the number of staff
members necessary to serve a given population, or the number needed for taking a given
quantity of samples in different kinds of water supply systems. To estimate needs in terms of
human resources, the following factors have to be taken into account:
134
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Analytical parameters
Schedule of on site analysis, camp analysis and laboratory analysis
Sample preservations
Geomorphology of the area
Demographic conditions
Size and complexity of the supply system
Distance of sampling points and water supply systems
Condition of road and traffic
Type of vehicle used
Season and climate
Sampling facilities
Cooperation of the staff of water supply agency
Cooperation of the community
Degree of training of the staff conducting surveillance.
4.4
Material Resources
The material resources include both the laboratory facilities and infrastructural material
support such as vehicles, boats and other facilities essential for surveillance programme.
4.4.1
Laboratory Facilities
As for the laboratory, whose job it is to identify the physico-chemical and microbiological
characteristics of water samples obtained in the supply system in order to determine the
appropriateness and safety of the treatment and distribution processes, this is the area which
calls for the resources both human and financial. Laboratory work must be carried out based on
a concept of efficiency and effectiveness. In fact, the efficiency and effectiveness of the
laboratory will be measured by the prompt performance of the analysis and reporting of results,
as well as by the reliability of the results.
To comply with this last point, a system will need to be put in place to monitor the analytical
quality and guarantee the accuracy of the analytical results. The quality of the analytical
information will have a direct repercussion on the identification and effectiveness of the
corrective steps to be taken in order to amend defects in the supply system, which has given rise
to the deterioration of water quality.
With regard to equipment, the laboratory should have a variety of materials congruent with
the level of surveillance or control planned for the country, region, or locality. Generally speaking,
laboratory materials fall into the following categories:
!
!
!
!
!
Equipment and instruments

Furniture
Reagents for physical chemical analysis and culture media for bacteriology
Laboratory glassware
Miscellaneous materials and calibration standards.
In principle, analysis should be carried out in a laboratory as near as possible to the place
from which the samples are obtained, in order to reduce to a minimum the risk of their being
135
altered during transport, mainly in the case of the microbiological samples. An added advantage
is that the closer the laboratory, the lower the transport costs.
With reference to the organization of a system of surveillance laboratories, it will nearly
always be necessary to have a structure based on a central laboratory, a certain number of
regional laboratories, and a series of basic laboratories at the district level. This structure may be
complemented with staff using portable equipment to make on site measurements of the most
important parameters, as a means of ensuring greater decentralization and coverage.
The central or referral laboratory should be an accredited one or recognized by an
organization of repute and prestige in the national scenario. It should be equipped to deal with the
parameters identified in the quality standard for drinking water. The central laboratory, besides
complying with these tests and fully guaranteeing the quality of its own analysis through a quality
assurance programme, should also be responsible for performing external control on the quality
of the analysis performed by the smaller laboratories.
The regional laboratories should be capable of carrying out a moderate series of physical,
chemical and microbiological analysis, which must be subject to quality assurance programmes
to guarantee their quality. In addition they should have the capacity to offer support services to
the district laboratories or to the staff carrying out tests using portable equipment.
With reliance on this general information, specific observations in the field and institutional
capabilities, a set of guidelines is prepared for conducting the water quality control and
surveillance of drinking water quality. The supportive laboratory facilities are included in the
main presentation of this volume.
4.4.2
Infrastructural Facilities and Transport
Another element of the utmost importance in the tasks of surveillance or control of drinking
water quality is infrastructural facilities and transport. The means of transport must be suited to
the climate, terrain and local customs. The different options include using four wheeled vehicles,
motorcycles, boats, as well as going on foot. One of the criteria to determine the most suitable
means of transport is the time that will elapse between the taking of the samples and fetching to
the laboratory. The operational and maintenance costs of the different means of transport will
also have to be taken into account, as well as their service life.
In different areas, a duly conditioned motorcycle can be highly adaptable to the requirements
of programmes for the surveillance and control of drinking water quality. Motor cycles can usually
carry both the portable equipment for analysis and the training material; they are a far low cost
option; they can take the staff quickly from one point to another over any kind of terrain and are
less likely to be pressed into service by other departments.
The staff must also be provided with relevant things they need to discharge their duties, such
as identification, the right kind of clothing for the climatic conditions of the work area, facilities for
the preservation and transport of water samples, and office supplies that enable them to record
information on the spot.
4.5
Budgetary Resources
The central or state governments should finance the institution responsible for sanitary
136
surveillance at the national or state level, as part of the policy to safeguard the health of the
population.
In large cities, where there is a corporation responsible for the water supply, a large portion of
the cost of sanitary surveillance is to be usually assumed by the corporation. In such cases
advantages can be taken of the facilities for the quality control of the water it supplies.
In the surveillance and control of small and medium sized water supply systems, where the
cost-benefit ratio is far higher than in larger localities, strategies must be adopted to reduce
surveillance and control costs to a minimum, mainly in the budget lines of laboratories, staff, and
transport, which are normally those that demand the highest expenditure. One strategy in this
context is to make use of the organizational structures already existing in the communities, for
example the committees responsible for managing the water supply systems, and the
community health programmes.
4.6
Training
The success of a programme for the surveillance and control of water quality depends on the
quality and quantity of the human resources, so it is essential that the human resources are
frequently exposed to latest development and feed back from the experience of conducting the
surveillance programme. Training should be designed in such a way that it not only impart the
knowledge but induce culture of critical observation, self-education and whole some human
growth. This integral human growth of an individual directly benefits the institutions in which
those persons work. For that reason, the training mission is to offer guidance and training to all
staff members involved in surveillance and control work, as well as to community health
promoters and those who carry out administrative functions in rural communities, to encourage
them to support the water quality surveillance and control activities.
The areas where training should normally be given are:
Surveillance and control
- Basic concepts
- Planning
- Execution
- Site, sanitation and operational inspection
Sampling
- Taking samples
- Preservation
- Safe handling
Transportation
Handling of portable equipment for analysis
Water analysis
- Physical
- Chemical
- Bacteriological
137
Analytical quality control
Processing of information
Identification and selection of preventive and corrective measures
Audits
- Sampling
- Analysis
- Site, sanitary and operational inspection
- Institutional
Reports
Layout
Clarity of language
Relevance of coverage and statements.
5.
Application of the Surveillance Information
Not only the information obtained by the surveillance useful in assuring the quality of drinking
water by protecting the consumer from the risk of harmful pathogenic, physical and chemical
agents in the water; but in addition the processing of all the surveillance information produces
complementary benefits. Also, a regional or national database facilitates the identification of
needs in the water and sanitation sector and can, therefore, be a valuable tool in planning the
country's investment in extension of coverage, improvement and rehabilitation of water supply
services.
5.1
Information Flow
Communication between the water supply agency and the surveillance body must be
completely fluent and unrestricted; there must be permanent dialogue. The water supplier is
under the obligation to report to the local, regional or national office of sanitary or operational
surveillance, as the case may be, all the information obtained in the execution of its water quality
control programme in the supply system it administrates. For its part, the sanitary or operational
surveillance body must perform strict follow-up, in particular on the procedures used for
obtaining information in the field, sampling, analytical methods used on the water samples, data
management, among others, in order to verify the accuracy of the results and their compliance
with the regulations.
There should be a mechanism to allow information to flow faster in cases of emergency
and/or force majeure, to ensure effective coordination so that corrective measures may be taken
jointly and timely. Such an impact is highly beneficial for both institutions because the population
attended to will see for themselves that joint efforts are being made by the water supplier and the
surveillance body to safeguard the public health and well-being. Fig. 1 shows flow of information
and information management for relevant actions by the water supply agency and the
surveillance body.
138
At all times the supplier must be careful not to conceal information and the surveillance body
must refrain from acting as an inquisitor, because this could lead to a strained or conflictive
relationship between the two institutions. Worse still, if the two belong to different sectors, it may
lead to problems of a political nature, which could seriously tarnish the image of water ventures.
5.2
Data Processing and Report
The processing of data produces information and it is the use of this information generated by
the surveillance and/or control programme which enables rational improvements to be made to
the water supply systems, the term rational implying that the human and economic resources
available are used with maximum efficiency for the benefit of public health.
The information on the quality of the water and any defects that may have been encountered
in water supply system must be properly validated to make sure that the data to be processed
reflect as faithfully as possible the quality of the water supplied and the condition of the
infrastructure. In the validation process, information that is immaterial or inconsistent from an
analytical point of view may be discarded, as well as data inconsistent from a qualitative or
appreciative point of view in the case of validation of site specific and sanitary inspections; so that
the information to be processed and analyzed will be completely reliable. The process of
validation of analytical information is carried out by means of quality assurance and quality
control tests, while the validation of the sanitary inspections is performed by means of random reinspection of a percentage of the facilities assessed.
The acceptable or reliable results should be stored in a data base, and special programmes
should be used to classify the information and correlate it in order to identify problems and their
causes. This will make it possible, in turn, to identify the pertinent corrective measures.
The results from each administrative region must be reported, clearly indicating points and
areas where deficiencies have been detected, complemented by a representation of the historic
behavior of each supply area. The contents of this report could be the following:
! Percentage of positive samples Total coliforms and E.Coli
! Percentage of doubly positive samples in components and supply areas Total coliforms and
E.Coli
! Percentage of samples exceeding the limits established for chemical substances in the
standards on drinking water quality
! Sanitary condition of the components
! Condition of the supply areas with respect to water quality and continuity
! Main defects in the components of the water supply system
! Percentage of samples that comply residual chlorine.
5.3
Corrective Measures
The final result of the several tasks involved in drinking water quality control permits the
identification of risks the water supply system can present and leads to a determination of the
corrective measures that need to be taken to remedy the defects identified in operational and
administrative aspects and in the infrastructure of the water supply system, from the treatment
plant to the consumer end. Corrective measures at the level of the water supply infrastructure
should be directed toward improving the quality of the water service by taking timely action to
139
ensure the conservation and preservation of the water service in general and drinking water
quality in particular.
5.4
Preventive Measures
It is possible that at the beginning of the water quality control programme, the activities
resulting from recommendations will be of a corrective nature, and these corrective measures
will continue until a sanitary consolidation of the water supply system has been achieved. Later,
the control work will include follow-up to verify the conservation and maintenance of drinking
water quality. It will establish the exact frequencies of application of preventive measures, mainly
concerning the conservation and cleanliness of the supply system's infrastructure, but also with
reference to preventive measures to be adopted in operational and administrative aspects,
training and public relations.
140
141
Surveillance
Body
Low Risk
Corrective
Measures
Problem
Identification
Processing of
Information
Data Base
Acceptable
Results
Validation of Information
No Risk
Monitoring
Normal
Results
NonConfirming
Water Quality
Safe Water
Supply
Immediate
Intervention
Alert
Fig. 1 : Information Management in Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality
Water Supply
Agency
Report
High Risk
Site and Sanitary Inspection
Planning

C Volume I Part - 2

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C Volume I Part - 2

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ALLAHABAD

Waste Management and Sanitation

4.7.1 Solid Waste Management

4.7.2 Sewerage System and Sewage Treatment

Solid Waste (MT/day)

Fig. 4.11 : Solid Waste Generation in the Cities

The details of diseases prevalence, particularly number of cases of cholera, gastroenteritis,

Training and Human Resource Development

Fig. 4.12 : Annual Financial Aspects in the Cities

Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality (SDWQ)

Allahabad, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Dehradun, Durgapur, Faridabad, Guwahati,

SDWQ Programme Planning

Organizing and implementation of surveillance of drinking water quality programme are no

Fig. 4.13 : Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality Programme in the Cities

degradation of sediments. This temperature changes seasonally. The season change,

(Post Graduate in Chemistry /

(Post Graduate in Bacteriology / Environmental

Suitable support staff and infrastructure or out

One per plant of

(Post Graduate in Chemistry with

(Post Graduate in Bacteriology /

One per plant of

Suitable support staff and infrastructure

State Agency Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality

Team Leader of Team - 3 &

(Post Graduate in Bacteriology /

Visual comparison method

Atomic absorption spectrometric method

Atomic absorption spectrometric method

Liquid - liquid extraction Gas Chromatographic

Membrane Filter Technique

Source - Surface Water

-Rivers / Infiltration Wells

One per source

One per source

One per source

Source - Ground Water

- Treated water before

-Various Units of the plant

- Sump, Master Balancing

- Stand Post and Consumer

Once every day

One per treatment

Once every day

From 50% of the

Once every day

Level of Laboratory State/ District/ City

Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer

Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC)

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

State, District and City

State, District and City

Spectrophotometer (Visible & Ultraviolet)

State, District and City

Monopan Digital Balance

State, District and City

State, District and City

State, District and City

Jar Test Apparatus

State, District and City

Specific Ion Meter

State and City

State and City