CFE Low Flow Rate Trial

Mass Balance
Mass Balance=Feed Ratecondensate rateconcentrate rate=956214.1=18.9 mL /min
Mass Balance Error =

Flow rate =

18.9
100=19.89
95

mL
1 min
1 m3
1000 kg
kg

=0.001583
3
min 60 sec . 1,000,000 mL
sec .
m

95

Energy Balance

Qsens . =mCp T = 0.001583

kg
kJ
4.186
( 10016 ) =556.74 W
sec .
kg C

The latent heat of vaporization at 100 C was calculated to be = 2257.10

Flow rate = 62

mL
1 min
1m 3
1000 kg
kg

=0.001033
3
min 60 sec . 1,000,000 mL
sec .
m

Qvap =m= 0.001033

kg
kJ
2257.10
=2332.33 W
sec.
kg

Then, sum these two values to find the total heat of water:
Qwater , tot =Qsens . +Q vap = 557.27+2332.33=2889.61W
The heat of steam:
Qsteam =0.001751

kg
kJ
2 250.7 =3940.6 W
sec.
kg

Error can be calculated:

Error=

3940.6 W 2889.61W
100=26.7
3940.6 W

The total heat input:

Qtotal heat input =

3940.6 W +2889.61 W
=3415.11 W
2

kJ
kg

The overall heat transfer coefficient is equal to:

U 1=

Q
A T lm

Where;
Log mean temperature = 23.441
A= 0.018 m2
Q = 556.74 W
U 1=

556.74 W
W
=1345.59 2
2
0.018 m 23.441 C
m K

Using the same equation to find U2:

A =0.061 m2
Log mean temperature = 2.4
U 2= 15840.626

W
m2 K

The steam economy:

kg
sec .
kg steam
Steam Economy =
=1.695
kg
kg evaporated
0.001033
sec .
0.001751

For the condenser:

Qwater =mCp T = 0.1892

kg
kJ
4.186
( 53 ) = 2376.86 W
sec.
kg C

The sensible heat for the condenser is equal to:

Qsens . 0.001033

kg
kJ
4.186
( 10014 ) =371.88 W
sec .
kg C

Qvap =m= 0.001033

kg
kJ
2257.10
=2332.33 W
sec.
kg

Qsteam =371.88 W +2332.33 W=2704.21W

The total heat input to the condenser:

Qtotal heat input =

2376.86 W +2704.21 W
=2540.54 W
2

The overall heat transfer coefficient is equal to:

U 1=

Q
A T lm

Where;
Log mean temperature = 42.302
A= 0.367 m2
Q = 2540.54 W
U COND=163.65

W
m2 K
FFE Low Flow Rate Trial

Mass Balance
Mass Balance=Feed Ratecondensate rateconcentrate rate=959316.7=14.7 mL/min
Mass Balance Error =

14.7
100=15.5
95

Energy Balance

Qsens . =mCp T = 0.001583

kg
kJ
4.186
( 10016 ) =556.74 W
sec .
kg C

The latent heat of vaporization at 99 C was found to be = 2259.7

m=5.58

kg
h

Qvap =5.58

kg
kJ
1h
2259.70
=3502.5 W
h
kg 3 600 s

Qwater =556.74 W +3502.5 W =4059.24 W

Qsteam =11.39

kg
kJ
1h
2233.2
=7065.6 W
h
kg 3 600 s

kJ
kg

Error=

7065.6 W 4059.24 W
100 =42.55
7065.6 W

Qtotal heat input =

7065.6+ 4059.24
=5562.42 W
2

The overall heat transfer coefficient is equal to:

U 1=

Q
A T lm

Where;
Log mean temperature = 9.9
A= 0.165 m2
Q = 5562.42W
U tot =3405.22

W
m2 K

The steam economy:

kg
hr
kg steam
Steam Economy =
=2.0412
kg
kg evaporated
5.58
hr
11.39

For the condenser:

Qwater =mCp T = 681. 37

kg
kJ
1 hr
4.186
( 82 )
= 4753.7
hr
kg C
3600 sec.

W
The sensible heat for the condenser is equal to:

Qsens . 5.58

kg
kJ
1 hr
4.186
( 9911 )
=570.97 W
hr
kg C
3600 sec .

Qvap =m= 5.58

kg
kJ
1 hr
2259.7
=3502.54 W
hr
kg 3600 sec .

The total heat input:

Qsteam =570.97 W +3502.54 W =4073.51 W

Error=

4073.51W 3502.54 W
100 =14.02
4073.51 W

Qtotal heat input =

4753.7 W +4073.51 W
=4413.61W
2

The overall heat transfer coefficient is equal to:

U cond =

Q
A T lm

Where;
Log mean temperature = 35.71
A= 0.367 m2
Q = 4413.61 W
U cond =336.73

W
2
m K
CFE / FFE Low Flow Rate Trial

Mass Balance
Mass Balance=Feed Ratecondensate rateconcentrate rate=958013.55=1.45 mL /min
Mass Balance Error =

1.45
100=1.53
95

Energy Balance

Qsens . =mCp T = 5.7

kg
kJ
1hr
4.186
( 10011 )
=589.88 W
hr
kg C
3600 sec.

The latent heat of vaporization was found to be = 2255

m=4.8

kg
hr

Qvap =4.8

kg
kJ
1 hr
2255
=3006.67 W
hr
kg 3 600 sec .

Qwater =589.88W +3006.67 W =3596.55 W

kJ
kg

Qsteam =9.86

Error=

kg
kJ
1 hr
2233.2
=6113.75 W
hr
kg 3 600 sec .

6113.75 W 3596.55 W
100 =41.17
6113.75 W

Qtotal heat input =

6113.75 +3596.55
=4855.15 W
2

For FFE side:

Qvap =0.813

Qsteam =5.7

kg
kJ
1 hr
2255.00
=509.25W
hr
kg 3 600 sec .

kg
kJ
1 hr
2233.2
=3535.9W
hr
kg 3 600 sec .

Qtotal heat input =

Error=

509.25 W +3535.9 W
=2022.58 W
2

3535.9 W 509.25W
100 =85.6
3535.9W

The overall heat transfer coefficient for CFE side is equal to:

U 1=

Q
A T lm

Where;
Log mean temperature = 37.12
A= 0.0164 m2
Q = 589.88W
U 1=968.97

W
2
m K

The heat transfer coefficient for the phase change is equal to:
U 2=

Q
A T lm

Where;
Log mean temperature = 8.9
A= 0.0626 m2

Q = 3006.67 W
U 2=5396.61

W
m2 K

Total heat transfer coefficient:

U tot =

Q
A T lm

Where;
Log mean temperature = 8.9
A= 0.165 m2
U tot =630.61

W
m2 K

The steam economy:

kg
hr
kg steam
Steam Economy for CFE side=
=2.0167
kg
kg evaporated
4.8
hr
9.86

kg
hr
kg steam
team Economy for FEE side=
=1.188
kg
kg evaporated
4.8
hr
5.7

For the condenser:

Qwater =mCp T = 681. 37

kg
kJ
1 hr
4.186
( 112 )
= 7130.54
hr
kg C
3600 sec .

W
The sensible heat for the condenser is equal to:

Qsens . 4.8

kg
kJ
1 hr
4.186
( 10012 )
=491.16 W
hr
kg C
3600 sec .

Qvap =m= 4.8

kg
kJ
1 hr
2255
=3006.67 W
hr
kg 3600 sec.

The total heat input:

Qsteam =3006.67 W + 491.16W =3497.83 W

Error=

7130.54 W 3497.83 W
100 =50.95
7130.54 W

Qtotal heat input =

7130.54 W + 3497.83W
=5314.19W
2

The overall heat transfer coefficient is equal to:

U cond =

Q
A T lm

Where;
Log mean temperature = 35.87
A= 0.367 m2
Q = 5314.19W
U cond =403.68

W
m2 K

Discussion:
For the climbing film evaporator, as the feed rate increases, the distillate, the
concentrate and the steam rates increase. For the falling film evaporator, the distillate
rate is not affected much and the concentrate rate increases. Steam economy is a
measure of the efficiency of the evaporation system. The resulted calculations may
show some inaccurate results due to some errors for the experiment procedure. By
comparing the steam economy of each system, the efficiency will be evaluated. Since
the larger flow of steam will produce a higher steam economy which means the lower
efficiency of the system.
The individual systems CFE and FFE are compared and based on the evaporation rate
and steam economy, the FFE system showed a higher efficiency than the CFE system.
A slightly difference in the evaporation rates which resulted in a small difference in
the steam economy since more evaporation rate in the FFE system caused a lower
steam economy. Therefore; the FFE system is considered as a slightly higher efficient
than the CFE system.
For the third run, the system is run in series. According to the calculated data, the
system showed a much higher efficiency with a greater evaporation rate.
Theoretically, the series system should provide a higher efficiency than running the
CFF or FFE systems individually.