Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1, 2009
ABSTRACT
This paper reports a part of an ongoing experimental laboratory investigation being carried out to evaluate the
mechanical properties of concrete made with mineral admixtures and local Jordanian materials. Various
percentages of Silica Fume (SF) and Fly Ash (FA) were added at different water/cementitious (w/cm) ratios.
Concrete specimens were tested and compared with plain concrete specimens at different ages. Results indicated
that compressive as well as flexural strengths increased with mineral admixture incorporation. Optimum
replacement percentage is not a constant one but depends on the w/cm ratio of the mix. SF contributed to both
short and long-term properties of concrete, whereas, FA showed its beneficial effect in a relatively longer time.
Adding of both SF and FA did not increase compressive strength in the short-term, but improvements were
noticed in the long-term. Compared with compressive strength, flexural strength of SF concretes has exhibited
greater improvements. Relationships between the 28-day flexural and compressive strengths have been
developed using statistical methods. It is concluded that local concrete materials, in combination with mineral
admixtures, can be utilized in making High Strength Concrete in Jordan and such concrete can be effectively
used in structural applications.
KEYWORDS: High strength concrete, Silica fume, Fly ash, Compressive and flexural strengths,
Jordan.
INTRODUCTION
High Strength Concrete (HSC) is one of the most
significant new materials available to the public to utilize
in new construction and in rehabilitation of buildings,
highways and bridges. The demand for HSC has
increased in Jordan due to the booming of high-rise
buildings and towers.
Benefits of using HSC are: 1) to put the concrete into
service at much earlier age; 2) to build high-rise buildings
by reducing column sizes and increasing available space;
Accepted for Publication on 15/1/2009.
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Results
8.3
281
28
145
260
3.15
Silica fume
90
20,000
2.20
245
5.1
Fly ash
42
500
2.72
990
1.2
BACKGROUND
Fine
Coarse
aggregate
aggregate
Specific gravity
2.46
2.75
Specific gravity (SSD)
2.50
2.78
Apparent relative density
2.56
2.83
Los Angeles abrasion (%)
20.50
Absorption (%)
1.62
1.05
Fineness modulus
4.60
6.00
Voids (%)
36.70
38.10
Unit weight (kg/m3)
1705
1617
A number of studies have been conducted to
investigate the benefits and optimum addition of mineral
admixtures to concrete. Hooton (1993) studied the
permeability and resistance to sulfate attack and alkaliProperty
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Effect of Mineral
Muhannad Ismeik
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Coarse aggregate
Size (mm)
Percent passing
25 mm
100.00
19 mm
98.84
12.7 mm
74.54
9.50 mm
46.26
4.75 mm
1.02
Mix Proportions
Test matrix of mixes is summarized in Table (5).
Many trial batches were performed in the laboratory and
several adjustments were carried out in order to identify
the optimum proportions. The concrete ingredients
selected for use in this study are representative of
materials typically used in Jordan. The concrete mix
composition used for laboratory testing is also close to
Jordanian standards. Three w/cm ratios of 0.30, 0.35 and
0.40 were used. SF replacement ranged from 0 to 15%,
while FA replacement ranged from 0 to 25%. A
combination of both SF and FA replacement was also
used ranging from 10% SF and 10, 15 and 20% FA.
Preparation and Casting of Test Specimens
All experiments were conducted in the concrete
laboratory under a controlled environment and were
properly monitored. Specimens used were standard
cylinders of 150 x 300 mm and prisms of 750 x 150 x
150 mm. Concrete mixes were made in a power-driven
90-liter revolving type drum mixer conforming to ASTM
C192. The coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water
were divided into thirds and added to the mix in
sequence. Super plasticizer was added to the initial
mixing water. The concrete was mixed for about 5
minutes. During mixing, water was added to the mix
incrementally to attain the consistency and slump
required. The time, sequence and method of adding the
aggregates, admixtures and mineral admixtures for each
batch remained unchanged and simulated good field
practice. After mixing, a portion of the fresh concrete was
placed aside for plastic properties determination. Slump
of fresh concrete was measured according to ASTM
C143. Precautions were taken to keep the slump constant
at about 200 10 mm for all specimens. Concrete casting
was performed according to ASTM C192. Molds were
covered to prevent loss of water from evaporation.
Specimens were kept for 24 hours in molds at a
temperature of about 23 C in the casting room, then
cured in the water tank for the specified time at
approximately 23 2 C.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Materials
In this research, ordinary Portland cement type I,
conforming to ASTM C150, was used. Its properties are
shown in Table (1). Properties of SF and FA, conforming
to ASTM C1240 and C618, respectively, are shown in
Table (2). Aggregate, conforming to ASTM C33, was
obtained locally from the Jordan Valley. Sand with a 4.75mm maximum size was used as a fine aggregate. Coarse
aggregate used in this study had a 10-mm nominal size.
Absorption and specific gravity tests were performed for
fine and coarse aggregates according to ASTM C127 and
ASTM C128 specifications. Physical properties and sieve
analysis of aggregates are listed in Tables (3) and (4).
Water needed for the mix was adjusted based on the
absorption of aggregate. In order to achieve an acceptable
workability, a 1 to 3 L/m3 of sulphonated naphthalene
formaldehyde super-plasticizer, conforming to ASTM
C494, was used in all concrete mixes.
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Effect of Mineral
w/cm
Muhannad Ismeik
SF
(%)
0
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
0.30
0
10
10
10
0
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
0.35
0
10
10
10
0
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
0.40
0
10
10
10
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W
(kg/m3)
A
(kg/m3)
131
1398
136
1474
134
1574
50
Age: 7 days
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
w /cm=0.40
40
30
20
0
10
15
20
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
w /cm=0.40
50
40
30
0
10
15
20
Age: 90 days
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
w /cm=0.40
60
50
40
0
10
15
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20
Effect of Mineral
Muhannad Ismeik
60
Age: 7 days
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
50
w /cm=0.40
40
30
20
0
10
15
20
25
30
70
Age: 28 days
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
60
w /cm=0.40
50
40
30
0
10
15
20
25
30
Age: 90 days
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
w /cm=0.40
60
50
40
0
10
15
20
25
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30
50
Age: 7 days
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
w /cm=0.40
40
30
20
0+0
10 + 10
10 + 15
10 + 20
Figure (7): Effect of silica fume and fly ash on the 7-day compressive strength.
60
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
w /cm=0.40
Age: 28 days
50
40
30
20
0+0
10 + 10
10 + 15
10 + 20
Figure (8): Effect of silica fume and fly ash on the 28-day compressive strength.
60
Age: 90 days
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
w /cm=0.40
50
40
30
0+0
10 + 10
10 + 15
10 + 20
Figure (9): Effect of silica fume and fly ash on the 90-day compressive strength.
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Effect of Mineral
Muhannad Ismeik
11
Age: 28 days
10
9
8
w /cm=0.30
w /cm=0.35
w /cm=0.40
6
0
10
15
20
10
15% SF
12.5% SF
10% SF
7.5% SF
5% SF
0% SF
7
Age: 28 days
6
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Water/Cementitious materials
12
Age: 28 day
8
0
36.00
38.00
40.00
42.00
44.00
46.00
48.00
50.00
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Testing of Specimens
The specimens were tested in dry state following the
moist curing. A compression machine, conforming to
ASTM C39, was used for all compression strength testing
at a load rate of 0.15 MPa/s. For each specimen, the load
was continuously applied without shock until failure.
Two-point load flexural testing was conducted in the
same fashion and conforming to ASTM C78. The average
strength of three specimens from each batch was reported
as final compressive and flexural strengths. Tests were
performed at 7, 28 and 90 days for the compressive
strength and at 28 days for the flexural strength.
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Effect of Mineral
Muhannad Ismeik
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f r = 1 . 20
fc
MPa
(1)
f r = 0 . 94
fc
MPa
(2)
(3)
(4)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully recognizes the financial support
of Al-Isra University during his tenure there. The Arab
Center for Engineering Studies kindly provided all testing
services. Manaseer Ready Mix Concrete graciously
donated all the aggregates needed for the project.
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Effect of Mineral
Muhannad Ismeik
REFERENCES
ACI 363. 1997. State-of-the-Art Report on High-Strength
Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, Missouri, USA.
Bhanjaa, S. and Sengupta, B. 2005. Influence of Silica Fume
on the Tensile Strength of Concrete, Journal of Cement
and Concrete Research, 35: 743-747.
Cetin, A. and Carrasquillo, R. L. 1998. High-Performance
Concrete: Influence of Coarse Aggregates on
Mechanical Properties, Journal of ACI Materials, 95:
252-261.
Gonen, T. and Yazicioglu, S. 2007. The Influence of
Mineral Admixtures on the Short and Long-Term
Performance of Concrete, Journal of Building and
Environment, 42: 3080-3085.
Haque, M. N. and Kayali, O. 1998. Properties of HighStrength Concrete Using a Fine Fly Ash, Journal of
Cement and Concrete Research, 28: 1445-1452.
Hooton, R. D. 1993. Influence of Silica Fume Replacement
of Cement on Physical Properties and Resistance to
Sulfate Attack, Freezing and Thawing and Alkali-Silica
Reactivity, Journal of ACI Materials, 90: 143-151.
Lam, L., Wong, Y. L. and Poon, C. S. 1998. Effects of Fly
Ash and Silica Fume on Compressive and Fracture
Behavior of Concrete, Journal of Cement and Concrete
Research, 28: 271-283.
Langan, B. W., Weng, K. and Ward, M. A. 2002. Effect of
Silica Fume and Fly Ash on Heat of Hydration of
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