Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Arriola, Gus. "Gordo." Environment and Society Portal. 1984. Print.


Gordo is a daily comic strip created by Gus Arriola and was the first major

comic with Hispanic characters. It honored Rachel Carson on the anniversary

of her death with both a Sunday and weekday strip, which assisted in my

research by allowing me to understand how environmentalists felt towards

Carsons work. It also helped in my research by strengthening the impact of

her legacy and its continuing relevance twenty years after her death.

Carson, Rachel. "Environmental Hazards: Control of Pesticides and Other Chemical

Poisons." Subcommittee on Reorganization and International Organizations

of the Committee on Government Operations. 4 June 1963. Rachel Carson

Council. Web.



This source was a transcript of Rachel Carsons testimony before the

congressional subcommittee that was investigating the claims made in her

book. It was one of her last public appearances and final plea to the public to

change the way we treat our ecosystems. She discusses the sources of

contamination and the ways the government can help to fix it, inserting real

pieces of legislation into her argument to strengthen her point. It helped me

to understand her perspective on the issue after the publication of Silent

Spring and to strengthen my own project by hearing her side of her public

battle.

Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston: Mariner, 1962. Print.


This book was the basis for the entirety of my research. Written by Rachel

Carson in 1962, it demonstrates the clear, climactic style of writing that

allowed her to explain pesticide use and its effects so poignantly to the

American public. This writing style was also helpful to me- by hearing

Carsons own words, I was able to capture the spirit of her fight and place it

into my own project. This edition also included an introduction by Linda

Lear, which detailed Carsons background as a writer, and an afterward by

Edward O. Wilson about Silent Springs effect on the environmental

movement.

DDT- For Control of Household Pests. United States Department of Agriculture Mar.

1947: Print.


This was an advertisement run by the USDA condoning the use of the DDT

pesticide for controlling pests inside the home. It is significant because at this

time, even the government was in support of the damaging pesticide- it


wasnt until Rachel Carson that it was considering harmful. It helped me to

capture why the public believed DDT was good and understand the appeal

that allowed it to become such an integral part of American culture.

DDT on the Farm. 1952. Valhalla Movement, Montreal.


This photograph depicted four men on a farm- two city officials observing as

two farmers sprayed DDT on their crops. Since none of the men are wearing

any protection, it helped me to understand the misinformation the public

received about the safety of synthetic pesticides. It also contributed to my

website by demonstrating how liberally DDT was used, especially on crops.

Doomsday for Pests. Prod. Jerry Fairbanks. Sherwin-Williams DDT, 1947. Film.


This was a propaganda film advertising Pestroy, a new pesticide brand

created by Sherwin-Williams. It discusses the benefits of DDT and presents it

as a miracle product. To do this, it depicted scientists in high-tech

laboratories and other imagery seen as new and advanced. It aided me in my

research by showing me first-hand exactly how DDT became popularized-

through the deliberate use of advertising that showed only the benefits of

DDT.

Eisenstaedt, Alfred. Rachel Carson at Microscope. 1963. Chatham University,

Pittsburgh.


This is a photograph of Rachel Carson sitting at a microscope in her home

examining a petri dish under a microscope. It was taken by Alfred

Eisenstaedt, the photographer responsible for the iconic Times Square kiss

photo after V-J day. This photo was an example of those neglected by the

press because it portrayed Rachel Carson as the scientist she was, which

helped me to understand how she was shown in popular culture by her

critics.

"Go Ahead and Eat, Says Cranberry Expert." Mirror News [Los Angeles] 11 Nov.

1959: n. pag. Print.


This source was a newspaper article about the Cranberry Scare of 1959, one

of the first environmental trepidations in American history. It helped me to

understand the feelings the public had towards the environment in 1959

that allowed them to accept and fight for Silent Spring. I also included a

photograph of the article in my project as it strengthens the idea that

environmentalism was just starting to grow in the late 1950s.

Konig, George. Child Delousing. 1945. National Public Radio, Texas.


This was a photograph of a child being sprayed directly with DDT to cure

head lice prior to the DDT ban in 1972. It helped to demonstrate to me just

how liberally DDT was used- neither the child nor the nurse administering

the treatment were wearing any type of protection. It allowed me to

understand the reasons why Rachel Carson wanted to change the way the

public viewed chemicals- to give the public the protection it so desperately

needed.

Lear, Linda, ed. Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson. Boston:

Beacon, 1998. Print.


This book was a collection of the lost writings of Rachel Carson, including

early wildlife writing, journal entries and a letter to her physician near the

end of her life. It was an incredibly powerful glimpse at Carson outside of the

public eye and gave me valuable insight about her personality and activism.

It also contains an introduction by editor Linda Rear about the legacy of

Silent Spring itself and how it has permanently embedded itself into

American culture.

Lehrer, Tom. Pollution. Atlantic Records, 1967. MP3.


This was an audio recording of Tom Lehrers song Pollution, a satirical

piano piece about environmental damage in America. It reflected the many

environmental issues facing the nation in 1967 and can be considered the

first activist song of the new movement. It aided in my research by helping

me to understand how people during this time felt about pollution and how

awareness began to grow about the environmental crusade itself.

Malarious Areas of the United States. Digital image. Center for Disease Control. Pan

American Health Organization, Dec. 1969. Web.


This image depicts four maps of the United States with highlighted portions

showing areas infected by Malaria- beginning at 1882 and ending in 1935. It

is significant because these statistics were taken prior to Paul Mllers

discovery of DDT, therefore showing how disease carrying insects had

ravaged the American south. It allowed me to demonstrate why DDT was

used so liberally because of the large numbers of insects.

Near Total DDT Ban Announced. Digital image. Michigan State University. Library of

Congress, 1972. Web.


This was a digital image of a newspaper headline published the year of the

DDT ban. While it is just a small clipping, one is able to see the words

Environmental Protection Agency announced, suggesting that this is one of

the agencys first major achievements. In addition, the size of bold typeset of


the headline allowed me to see how large and controversial a decision the

DDT ban was in 1972.

Norris, Len. "Silent Spring by Rachel Carson the Pesticide Threat." The Vancouver

Sun. Vancouver: 1964. Print.


This was a comic depicting a housewife swatting flies with her copy of Silent

Spring. It reflected the opinions of Carsons critics, who believed her to be an

irrational woman with a great fear of bugs. This new perspective assisted me

in my research by showing me ways that Carson was criticized by the public,

which was incredibly beneficial when juxtaposed to the pro-Rachel Carson

Peanuts cartoons.

Nutrition Lab at American Cyanamid. 1960. University of New Mexico, New Mexico.


This is a photograph of a research lab at American Cyanamid, the chemical

company that employed outspoken Rachel Carson critic Dr. Robert White-

Stevens. The bright colors and large bottles of chemicals show the

stereotypical idea of how new, harmless technologies were developed in

the 1960s. It helped me in my project by strengthening my idea of how

people felt about chemicals during this time and how those chemicals were

created.

"Press Conference, 29 August 1962." Interview by John F. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy

Presidential Library & Museum. JFK Foundation, Web.


This source was a recording of a press conference held by President John F.

Kennedy in 1962, shortly before the Science Advisory Committee had begun

to research Silent Spring. It demonstrates Kennedys knowledge of the

environmental movement, which is crucial to understanding how public

sentiment influenced White House actions. It also helps to strengthen the

idea that Carson and Silent Spring had become an international movement.

Schutz, Bob. Rachel Carson at Typewriter. 1963. AP Images, New York.


This is a photograph of Rachel Carson sitting at the typewriter she used to

write Silent Spring at her home in Washington, D.C. As a primary source, it

helped me to see the way Rachel Carson wanted to be portrayed in the

media- as a brilliant writer and scientist- rather than a housewife and

mother. I used it in the publication section of my website to show how

Silent Spring was written.

Shapiro, Judy. E-mail interview. 28 Jan. 2015.


This source was an e-mail interview with Judy Shapiro, a woman who grew

up during the thalidomide era and the early age of the environmental


movement. Her personal experiences- especially her childhood witnessing

victims of thalidomide- helped me gain a new, personal perspective about

Rachel Carsons work. It also helped me to visualize what growing up in an

unregulated chemical industry was like.

The First Earth Day. 1970. Science Blogs, By Greg Laden.


This was a photograph of a rally commemorating the first earth day in the

United States in 1970. It depicts the passion and enthusiasm of the

American environmental movement by showing a large crowd being led by a

supporter. It aided in my research by showing what a significant legacy

Rachel Carson left behind and how that legacy still exists today.

Use of Pesticides. Rep. President's Science Advisory Committee. John F. Kennedy

Presidential Library and Museum, 15 May 1963. Web.


This source was the online publication of Use of Pesticides, the report

investigating Rachel Carsons claims as requested by President John F.

Kennedy. It is a fifty-page document detailing their findings- however, what

was most helpful to my research was the last section that requested agencies

take action to help the environment. This document was successful in

validating Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, silencing chemical companies and

taking the first steps towards environmental protection in America.


Secondary Sources:

Dant, Sara. E-mail interview. 13 Feb. 2015.


This interview was done over e-mail with Dr. Sara Dant, a history professor

at Weber State University and expert on environmental politics in the United

States. Her responses were unique in that they focused on the power of

Rachel Carsons work because of her gender, a perspective that I did not

receive from any other interviewees. Her answers helped me to shape a

conclusion and analysis that was more specific to Rachel Carson as a person-

not just Rachel Carson as a scientist.

Deam, Jim. E-mail interview. 2 Feb. 2015.


This was an interview conducted over e-mail with Dr. Jim Deam, a chemical

engineer who has worked in the industry for over 50 years. His perspective

was crucial to understanding the impacts of Silent Spring from the industry it

most directly affected, and helped me to balance my research by

understanding Carsons story from all possible points of view.

Edwards, J. Gordon. "The Lies of Rachel Carson." 21st Century Science & Technology


Summer 1992. Web.


This source was a magazine article criticizing Silent Spring written by Dr. J.

Gordon Edwards, then a biology professor at San Jose State University and an

outspoken critic of Rachel Carson and the DDT ban. It went page by page in

Silent Spring, taking Carsons quotes and analyzing them based on accuracy.

While this source was considerably biased, it helped me to understand the

flaws in Silent Spring that made Carson the subject of so much controversy.

This made my research more balanced overall.

Graham, Frank, Jr. Since Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Print.


This book was exceptional in its ability to describe Rachel Carsons legacy

and the impact she left on the environmental movement. As a field editor for

Audubon Magazine, a nature magazine, author Frank Graham Jr.s writing

creates a poignant retrospective about our ecosystems and the destruction

we have caused. This source was helpful to me in that it provided specific

examples of pesticide use in America and its effects, as well as an appendix

detailing specific pesticides (including DDT) and how they work against

wildlife. It allowed me to gain a scientific understanding of what we can do to

improve the health of our ecosystems, a movement that was sparked by

Rachel Carson.

Griswold, Eliza. "How Silent Spring Ignited the Environmental Movement." The New

York Times 21 Sept. 2012: Print.


This source is a newspaper article covering Rachel Carsons impact on the

environmental movement. It discusses her early life in Springdale,

Pennsylvania, Silent Spring, and the relevance of the reforms made today. It

helped me create a more well-rounded project by hearing Carsons story in

someone elses words, giving me new details I would not have discovered

otherwise.

Hughes, J. Donald. E-mail interview. 6 Feb. 2015.


This interview was conducted over e-mail with Mr. J. Donald Hughes, a

Professor Emeritus at the University of Denver and the author of An

Environmental History of the World: Humankind's Changing Role in the

Community of Life. His responses focused on the movement that came from

Carsons work, which gave me new insight that I was unable to find

anywhere else. In addition, Mr. Hughes also directed me to other sources that

proved very helpful in my research.

Key, Francis S. The Star Spangled Banner. Michel Simone. Rec. 27 Jan. 2009. Smith &

Co. MP3.


This was a recording of the Star Spangled Banner as performed by Michel

Simone, a concert pianist. Its subtle, proud notes were both respectful and

powerful, exactly what I wanted to convey when talking about the legacy of

Rachel Carson. It assisted in my research by allowing me to draw emotion

from my readers, an important part of honoring the memory of Rachel

Carson.

Lindblom, Keith. E-mail interview. 12 Feb. 2015.


This was an e-mail interview with Mr. Keith Lindblom, who manages the

American Chemical Society's National Historic Chemical Landmarks

Program. His responses were especially well-rounded in that he included

both a historians and a chemists perspective on Rachel Carson. This

included the scientific explanation of what DDT is and how it works against

the environment. This helped me to better understand why Carson worked

so hard to ban it.

Lytle, Mark. E-mail interview. 5 Feb. 2015.


This interview was conducted over e-mail with Dr. Mark Lytle, a professor of

historical, environmental and urban studies at Bard College and the author

of The Gentle Subversive: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Rise of the

Environmental Movement. Lytle was an incredibly knowledgeable source who

discussed Carsons story in great detail, most specifically what made her so

successful as an author. This was a section I found difficult to research and

Lytles contributions helped me to fully understand this part of Carsons life.

Madison, Mark. E-mail interview. 4 Feb. 2015.


This source was an e-mail interview with Dr. Mark Madison, a historian at

the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. His responses helped me to

understand Rachel Carsons story from the perspective of an

environmentalist, the group of people she impacted most directly.

Additionally, Madisons responses focused on the role of environmental

toxins, helping me to better understand the effect these substances have on

the environment.

Matthiessen, Peter, ed. Courage for the Earth: Writers, Scientists, and Activists

Celebrate the Life and Writing of Rachel Carson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,

2007. Print.


This book was a collection of writings by scientists and authors detailing

Silent Springs contributions to science and how they have helped shape a

new generation of environmental activism. One of the most helpful of these

works was titled Rachel Carson and Silent Spring and was written by Al

Gore. It discussed the how Carson shaped the role of the environment in


American government and was invaluable to creating my own project about

the legacy Carson left. John Hays A Long View of Rachel Carson was also

beneficial- it discussed what made Rachel Carson so successful and her

visions for the environment.

McKie, Robin. "Rachel Carson and the Legacy of Silent Spring." The Guardian.

Guardian News and Media Limited, 26 May 2012. Web.


This article discussed Silent Spring and its impacts largely from the

perspective of Rachel Carson. It was written by Robin McKie, a science and

technology editor from The Guardian, a Pulitzer Prize winning publication.

What was most helpful to my research was the section about the chemical

companies retaliation against Carsons claims. This gave me an in-depth look

at how far the industry really went to protect themselves from Rachel

Carsons rubbish research.

Musil, Robert. E-mail interview. 31 Jan. 2015.


This source is an e-mail interview with Dr. Robert Musil. Dr. Musil is the

president of the Rachel Carson Council and the former CEO of the 1985 Nobel

Peace Prize-winning Physicians for Social Responsibility. He also holds a

Ph.D. from Northwestern University. This was an incredibly in-depth

interview that covered every aspect of Rachel Carsons life, from her work to

her influence to her gender. Dr. Musil was an extremely beneficial source that

helped me to better understand Rachel Carsons life and legacy.

"Preventing Pollution in the Lower Duwamish." King County Archives. King County,

29 Oct. 2014. Web.


This was an article discussing river pollution in King County, Washington

before environmental regulations were put in place. It also included a

timeline of its environmental cleanup- most of it in place after the publication

of Silent Spring. This helped my research by showing me the nationwide

impact that Carsons work had and provided an image of the river before

cleanup efforts began that I was able to use in my website.

Souder, William. On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson. New York:

Crown, 2012. Print.


Published on the 50th anniversary of Silent Spring, this source was a

retrospective of Rachel Carsons life and her fight to stop pesticide overuse. It

also delved into the attacks from chemical industries and the creation of

DDT. It was an excellent overview of Carsons life, allowing me to supplement

my projects with information that I was unable to find elsewhere. Souder is

also an accomplished nature writer, giving a unique perspective to Carsons

story that included detailed descriptions of environmental effects.


Stoll, Mark. "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, A Book That Changed The World."

Environment & Society Portal. Rachel Carson Center, 2012. Web.


This source was an online exhibit about Rachel Carson and the publication of

Silent Spring written by Mark Stoll, a history professor at Texas Tech

University. It went into incredible detail about the life and legacy of Rachel

Carson, and included many multimedia sources such as videos, audio clips

and photos. These helped link me to many other research points I would

not have found otherwise, such as the international movement that Silent

Spring created.

Waddell, Craig, ed. And No Birds Sing: Rhetorical Analyses of Rachel Carson's Silent

Spring. Southern Illinois U, 2000. Print.



This book was a collection of essays about the effectiveness of Rachel

Carsons Silent Spring in conveying the message of widespread pesticide use

and the techniques Carson used to do so. One of the most compelling was

written by Paul Brooks, Carsons editor, who discussed the production of the

book and its effects. It helped me to realize the widespread influence that

Carson had because of her earlier nature writings, a factor I previous did not

consider when analyzing Carsons success.

Whorton, James. Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT

America. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1974. Print.


This book discussed health and pesticide usage before the release of DDT. It

focused specifically on the increasing insect population, the need for a

method of control and the hazards of DDT. Written by Dr. James Whorton,

who has a BS degree in science, this source was able to effectively capture the

truth about the growing DDT epidemic in relation to Rachel Carson. It helped

me to understand how pesticides were treated in the early 19th century and

how they become an epidemic.

Woodley, Sherrida. E-mail interview. 6 Feb. 2015.


This source was an e-mail interview with Ms. Sherrida Woodley, the author

of the speculative fiction novel Quick Fall of Light and a Rachel Carson

scholar. This interview focused largely on Carsons legacy, which helped me

adapt my own conclusion to incorporate new ideas on how her work lives

on. Ms. Woodley also discussed Rachel Carsons life before Silent Spring,

which was incredibly beneficial to my research.