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wavelet transforms of
W x (u, s )
x(t )
u ,s
(t ) dt
(1)
x (t )
with
1
C
W (u, s)
x
u,s
(t ) du
ds
s2
(2)
where
Wx (u , s )
(3)
decomposition
seismic
data
in
certainly
frequency
bandwidth,
instantaneous
amplitude
based
on
formulated as:
A(t ) x 2 (t ) y 2 (t )
where
(4)
CWT
is
1
C
x(t )
Wx u, s u ,s t du
du
s 2
1
C
y (t )
and
Wx u, s u ,s t du
du
s 2
A(u , s) W x (u , s )
1/ 2
W x (u , s ) W x (u , s )
(5)
W x( ) (u , s ) W x (u, s )
(6)
with
i
j
u
s
1
Wx (u , s )
u
ss
x(t )
t u t u t u
s u s
s
dt
1
W x (u , s )
s
ss
x(t ) u
t u
dt
s
R R0 (1 i )
R1
(7)
where
permeability and
is rock density,
rock
described as:
R R0
R1
R12 cos
R1
arctan
R R
1
0
i sin
R1
arctan
R R
1
0
(8)
R1
approximate zero or, on the other word, frequency of seismic is very low.
Figure-2.3 shows seismic reflection response from laboratory test among
dry reservoir zones and saturated by water or oil (Korneev, 2004).
Figure-2.4. A seismic line (a) and low frequency (<15 Hz) (b) from Ai Pim
Western Siberia oil (Goloshubin, 2006)
Figure-2.4 shows a seismic line and low frequency (<15Hz) from Ai
Pim Western Siberia oil field was used to image two different types of oilsaturated reservoirs. Black dots show where there is oil; white dots show
where there is no oil. The AC11 is the pore sandstone reservoir (11-15m),
and the Ju0 is fractured shale reservoir (15-20m) well data indicate that the
upper reservoir (marked AC11, Goloshubin, 2006).
sin 2
sin 2
by substituting
sin 2 with
(chi angle or
project angle) which varies between -90 and +90 (Figure 1 and figure 2)
Figure 1. Extended elastic impedance angles can range from -90 and +90 , at
which values
Extended elastic impedance provides a framework to work with prestack AVO but in terms of impedance instead of reflectivity. For the EEI
analysis, EEI logs are generated for each well as a function angle and
correlated with the target petro-physical logs. For each petro-physical log,
cross correlation of EEI logs at different angle is computed and a plot is then
made for the correlation coefficient as a function of angle. EEI can be
defined as:
EEI = 0 0
[( ) ( ) ( ) ]
(9)
where
p=( cos + sin )
q=8 K sin
r=( cos 4 K sin )
0 ,
0 and
Figure 2.
=-90).
(an angel in a physical experiment). (Francis, A., Hicks, G.J,2006). This can
lead to EEI much more efficient than EI method and supposed to give
different outcomes than standard EI inversion method. It is important to
notice that new variable ( ) allows calculation of impedance value beyond
physically
observable
range
of
angle
(including
imaginary
angles
sin 2
= -1.25. It is
volumes.
According
to
his
perspective
under
certain
(10)
sin
replaced by , so
(11)
Figure 3. Comparisons between elastic parameters and equivalent EEI curves for
particular well, representing the high degree of correlation. The EEI
Figure. 4. Cross plot P-Impedance Vs density with gamma ray as color key
On cross plot figures, yellow color is sand area, green color is shale
area, and black area is coal area. On Figure 5 cut off value for Vp/Vs ratio
for sand area is between 1.30 - 1.60. From Figure 6, cut off value for sand
area based on Mu-Rho is above 30 Gpa * g/cc but shaly sand also have
same value. Another cross plot result can be seen on Appendix A.
Figure. 5. Cross plot Vp/Vs ratio Vs P-Impedance with gamma ray as color key
Figure. 6. Cross plot Mu-Rho Vs Lambda-Rho with gamma ray as color key
Figure. 7. Cross correlation between Vp/Vs ratio and EEI angle (chi)
From Figure 7, Vp/Vs ratio have good correlation with EEI log on 62
degree chi angle. Correlation value from Vp/Vs ratio on 62 degree chi angle
is 0.93 of 1.00. On Figure 8, Mu-Rho have best correlation value with EEI
log on -45 degree chi angle. On the other hand, P-Impedance also have
good correlation with EEI log (Figure 9), but from cross plot P-Impedance
cannot be used to separate lithology on target area.
Figure. 9. Cross correlation between P-Impedance ratio and EEI angle (chi)
After we get all best chi angle for all well parameter, we calculate the
associated elastic parameter reflectivity seismic volumes using :
A + B tan( pi/180)